Report of the International Law Commission

国际法委员会报告

Sixty-third session

第六十三届会议

(26 April–3 June and 4 July–12 August 2011)

(2011年4月26日至6月3日和7月4日至8月12日)

General Assembly Official Records Sixty-sixth session Supplement No. 10 (A/66/10)

大会 正式记录 第六十六届会议 补编第10号(A/66/10)

Note

说明

Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures.

联合国文件都用大写英文字母附加数字进行编号。

Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document.

凡是提到这种编号，就是指联合国的某一个文件。

The word Yearbook followed by suspension points and the year (e.g. Yearbook … 1971) indicates a reference to the Yearbook of the International Law Commission.

前有年份和省略号的“年鉴”(如《1971年…年鉴》)是指《国际法委员会年鉴》。

A typeset version of the report of the Commission will be included in Part Two of volume II of the Yearbook of the International Law Commission 2011.

委员会报告的排版本将载入《2011年国际法委员会年鉴》第二卷第二部分。

Chapter I

第一章

Introduction

导言

1. The International Law Commission held the first part of its sixty-third session from 26 April to 3 June 2011 and the second part from 4 July to 12 August 2011 at its seat at the United Nations Office at Geneva.

1. 国际法委员会于2011年4月26日至6月3日在联合国日内瓦办事处委员会所在地举行了第六十三届第一期会议，于2011年7月4日至8月12日举行了第二期会议。

The session was opened by Mr. Nugroho Wisnumurti, Chairman of the sixty-second session of the Commission.

本届会议由委员会第六十二届会议主席努格罗霍·维斯努穆尔蒂先生主持开幕。

A. Membership

A. 委员

2. The Commission consists of the following members:

2. 委员会包括下列成员：

Mr. Mohammed Bello Adoke (Nigeria)

穆罕默德·贝洛·阿多克先生(尼日利亚)

Mr. Ali Mohsen Fetais Al-Marri (Qatar)

阿里·穆赫辛·费塔伊斯·马里先生(卡塔尔)

Mr. Lucius Caflisch (Switzerland)

卢修斯·卡弗利施先生(瑞士)

Mr. Enrique J. A. Candioti (Argentina)

恩里克·坎迪奥蒂先生(阿根廷)

Mr. Pedro Comissário Afonso (Mozambique)

佩德罗·科米萨里奥·阿丰索先生(莫桑比克)

Mr. Christopher John Robert Dugard (South Africa)

克里斯托弗·约翰·罗伯特·杜加尔德先生(南非)

Ms. Concepción Escobar Hernández (Spain)

孔塞普西翁·埃斯科瓦尔·埃尔南德斯女士(西班牙)

Mr. Salifou Fomba (Mali)

萨利富·丰巴先生(马里)

Mr. Giorgio Gaja (Italy)

乔治·加亚先生(意大利)

Mr. Zdzislaw Galicki (Poland)

兹齐斯拉夫·加利茨基先生(波兰)

Mr. Hussein A. Hassouna (Egypt)

侯赛因·哈苏纳先生(埃及)

Mr. Mahmoud D. Hmoud (Jordan)

马哈茂德·哈穆德先生(约旦)

Mr. Huikang Huang (People’s Republic of China)

黄惠康先生(中华人民共和国)

Ms. Marie G. Jacobsson (Sweden)

玛丽·雅各布松女士(瑞典)

Mr. Maurice Kamto (Cameroon)

莫里斯·卡姆托先生(喀麦隆)

Mr. Fathi Kemicha (Tunisia)

法蒂·卡米沙先生(突尼斯)

Mr. Roman Anatolyevitch Kolodkin (Russian Federation)

罗曼·阿纳托利耶维奇·科洛德金先生(俄罗斯联邦)

Mr. Donald M. McRae (Canada)

唐纳德·麦克雷先生(加拿大)

Mr. Teodor Viorel Melescanu (Romania)

特奥多尔·维奥雷尔·梅莱斯卡努先生(罗马尼亚)

Mr. Shinya Murase (Japan)

村濑信也先生(日本)

Mr. Bernd H. Niehaus (Costa Rica)

贝恩德·尼豪斯先生(哥斯达黎加)

Mr. Georg Nolte (Germany)

格奥尔格·诺尔特先生(德国)

Mr. Alain Pellet (France)

阿兰·佩莱先生(法国)

Mr. A. Rohan Perera (Sri Lanka)

罗汉·佩雷拉先生(斯里兰卡)

Mr. Ernest Petrič (Slovenia)

埃内斯特·彼得里奇先生(斯洛文尼亚)

Mr. Gilberto Vergne Saboia (Brazil)

吉尔贝托·贝尔涅·萨博亚先生(巴西)

Mr. Narinder Singh (India)

纳林德尔·辛格先生(印度)

Mr. Eduardo Valencia-Ospina (Colombia)

爱德华多·巴伦西亚－奥斯皮纳先生(哥伦比亚)

Mr. Edmundo Vargas Carreño (Chile)

埃德蒙多·巴尔加斯·卡雷尼奥先生(智利)

Mr. Stephen C. Vasciannie (Jamaica)

史蒂芬·瓦钱尼先生(牙买加)

Mr. Marcelo Vázquez-Bermúdez (Ecuador)

马塞洛·巴斯克斯－贝穆德斯先生(厄瓜多尔)

Mr. Amos S. Wako (Kenya)

阿莫斯·瓦科先生(肯尼亚)

Mr. Nugroho Wisnumurti (Indonesia)

努格罗霍·维斯努穆尔蒂先生(印度尼西亚)

Mr. Michael Wood (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland)

迈克尔·伍德先生(大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国)

B. Casual vacancy

B. 临时空缺

3. On 28 April 2011, the Commission elected Ms. Concepción Escobar Hernández (Spain) to fill the casual vacancy occasioned by the death of Ms. Paula Escarameia.

3. 2011年4月28日，委员会选举孔塞普西翁·埃斯科瓦尔·埃尔南德斯女士(西班牙)填补因保拉·埃斯卡拉梅亚女士去世造成的临时空缺。

On 17 May 2011, the Commission elected Mr. Mohammed Bello Adoke (Nigeria) to fill the casual vacancy occasioned by the resignation of Mr. Bayo Ojo.

2011年5月17日，委员会选举穆罕默德·贝洛·阿多克先生(尼日利亚)填补因巴约·奥霍先生辞职造成的临时空缺。

C. Officers and the Enlarged Bureau

C. 主席团成员和扩大的主席团

4. At its 3080th meeting on 26 April 2011, the Commission elected the following officers:

4. 在2011年4月26日举行的第3080次会议上，委员会选出了下列主席团成员：

Chairman:

主席：

Mr. Maurice Kamto (Cameroon)

莫里斯·卡姆托先生(喀麦隆)

First Vice-Chairman:

第一副主席：

Ms. Marie G. Jacobsson (Sweden)

玛丽·雅各布松女士(瑞典)

Second Vice-Chairman:

第二副主席：

Mr. Bernd H. Niehaus (Costa Rica)

贝恩德·尼豪斯先生(哥斯达黎加)

Chairman of the Drafting Committee:

起草委员会主席： (罗马尼亚)

Mr. Teodor Viorel Melescanu (Romania)

特奥多尔·维奥雷尔·梅莱斯卡努先生(罗马尼亚)

Rapporteur:

报告员：

Mr. A. Rohan Perera (Sri Lanka)

罗汉·佩雷拉先生(斯里兰卡)

5. The Enlarged Bureau of the Commission was composed of the officers of the present session, the previous Chairmen of the Commission and the Special Rapporteurs.

5. 委员会扩大的主席团由本届会议主席团成员、委员会前任主席 和特别报告员 组成。

6. On the recommendation of the Enlarged Bureau, the Commission set up a Planning Group composed of the following members: Ms. M.G. Jacobsson (Chairperson), Mr. L. Caflisch, Mr. E. Candioti, Mr. P. Comissário Afonso, Mr. C.J.R. Dugard, Ms. C. Escobar Hernández, Mr. G. Gaja, Mr. Z. Galicki, Mr. H.A. Hassouna, Mr. M.D. Hmoud, Mr. M. Kamto, Mr. F. Kemicha, Mr. R.A. Kolodkin, Mr. T.V. Melescanu, Mr. D.M. McRae, Mr. S. Murase, Mr. B. Niehaus, Mr. G. Nolte, Mr. A. Pellet, Mr. E. Petrič, Mr. G.V. Saboia, Mr. N. Singh, Mr. E. Valencia-Ospina, Mr. E. Vargas Carreño, Mr. S.C. Vasciannie, Mr. M. Vázquez-Bermúdez, Mr. N. Wisnumurti, Mr. M. Wood, and Mr. A.R. Perera (ex officio).

6. 根据扩大的主席团的建议，委员会设立了由下列委员组成的规划组：雅各布松女士(主席)、卡弗利施先生、坎迪奥蒂先生、科米萨里奥·阿丰索先生、杜加尔德先生、埃斯科瓦尔·埃尔南德斯女士、加亚先生、加利茨基先生、哈苏纳先生、哈穆德先生、卡姆托先生、法蒂·卡米沙先生、科洛德金先生、梅莱斯卡努先生、麦克雷先生、村濑先生、尼豪斯先生、诺尔特先生、佩莱先生、彼得里奇先生、萨博亚先生、辛格先生、巴伦西亚－奥斯皮纳先生、巴尔加斯·卡雷尼奥先生、瓦钱尼先生、巴斯克斯－贝穆德斯先生、维斯努穆尔蒂先生、伍德先生和佩雷拉先生(当然成员)。

D. Drafting Committee

D. 起草委员会

7. At its 3080th meeting on 26 April 2011, the Commission established a Drafting Committee, composed of the following members for the topics indicated:

7. 在2011年4月26日举行的第3080次会议上，委员会为下列专题设立了由下列委员组成的起草委员会：

(a) Effects of armed conflicts on treaties: Mr. T.V. Melescanu (Chairman), Mr. L. Caflisch (Special Rapporteur), Mr. E. Candioti, Mr. S. Fomba, Mr. Z. Galicki, Mr. H. Huang, Ms. M.G. Jacobsson, Mr. M. Kamto, Mr. S. Murase, Mr. E. Petrič, Mr. G.V. Saboia, Mr. M. Vázquez-Bermúdez, Mr. N. Wisnumurti, Mr. M. Wood and Mr. A.R. Perera (ex officio).

(a) 武装冲突对条约的影响：梅莱斯卡努先生(主席)、卡弗利施先生(特别报告员)、坎迪奥蒂先生、丰巴先生、加利茨基先生、黄先生、雅各布松女士、卡姆托先生、村濑先生、彼得里奇先生、萨博亚先生、巴斯克斯－贝穆德斯先生、维斯努穆尔蒂先生、伍德先生和佩雷拉先生(当然成员)。

(b) Drafting Committee on responsibility of international organizations: Mr. T.V. Melescanu (Chairman), Mr. G. Gaja (Special Rapporteur), Mr. E. Candioti, Mr. S. Fomba, Mr. H. Huang, Ms. M.G. Jacobsson, Mr. M. Kamto, Mr. D.M. McRae, Mr. S. Murase, Mr. E. Petrič, Mr. G.V. Saboia, Mr. E. Valencia-Ospina, Mr. Vázquez-Bermúdez, Mr. N. Wisnumurti, Mr. M. Wood, and Mr. A.R. Perera (ex officio).

(b) 国际组织的责任问题起草委员会：梅莱斯卡努先生(主席)、加亚先生(特别报告员)、坎迪奥蒂先生、丰巴先生、黄先生、雅各布松女士、卡姆托先生、麦克雷先生、村濑先生、彼得里奇先生、萨博亚先生、巴伦西亚－奥斯皮纳先生、巴斯克斯－贝穆德斯先生、维斯努穆尔蒂先生、伍德先生和佩雷拉先生(当然成员)。

(c) Expulsion of aliens: Mr. T.V. Melescanu (Chairman), Mr. M. Kamto (Special Rapporteur), Mr. P. Comissário Afonso, Ms. C. Escobar Hernández, Mr. S. Fomba, Mr. Z. Galicki, Mr. M.D. Hmoud, Mr. D.M. McRae, Mr. G.V. Saboia, Mr. N. Singh, Mr. E. Valencia-Ospina, Mr. E. Vargas Carreño, Mr. S.C. Vasciannie, Mr. M. Vázquez-Bermúdez, Mr. N. Wisnumurti, Mr. M. Wood and Mr. A.R. Perera (ex officio).

(c) 驱逐外国人：梅莱斯卡努先生(主席)、卡姆托先生(特别报告员)、科米萨里奥·阿丰索先生、埃斯科瓦尔·埃尔南德斯女士、丰巴先生、加利茨基先生、哈穆德先生、麦克雷先生、萨博亚先生、辛格先生、巴伦西亚－奥斯彼纳先生、巴尔加斯·卡雷尼奥先生、瓦钱尼先生、巴斯克斯－贝穆德斯先生、维斯努穆尔蒂先生、伍德先生和佩雷拉先生 (当然成员)。

(d) Protection of persons in the event of disasters: Mr. T.V. Melescanu (Chairman), Mr. E. Valencia-Ospina (Special Rapporteur), Mr. E. Candioti, Mr. C.J.R. Dugard, Ms. C. Escobar Hernández, Mr. M.D. Hmoud, Ms. M.G. Jacobsson, Mr. D.M. McRae, Mr. S. Murase, Mr. G. Nolte, Mr. E. Petrič, Mr. G.V. Saboia, Mr. N. Singh, Mr. E. Vargas Carreño, Mr. S.C. Vasciannie, Mr. M. Vázquez-Bermúdez, Mr. N. Wisnumurti, Mr. M. Wood and Mr. A.R. Perera (ex officio).

(d) 发生灾害时的人员保护：梅莱斯卡努先生(主席)、巴伦西亚－奥斯皮纳先生(特别报告员)、坎迪奥蒂先生、杜加尔德先生、埃斯科瓦尔·埃尔南德斯女士、哈穆德先生、雅各布松女士、麦克雷先生、村濑先生、诺尔特先生、彼得里奇先生、萨博亚先生、辛格先生、巴尔加斯·卡雷尼奥先生、瓦钱尼先生、巴斯克斯－贝穆德斯先生、维斯努穆尔蒂先生、伍德先生和佩雷拉先生(当然成员)。

8. The Drafting Committee held a total of 27 meetings on the four topics indicated above.

8. 起草委员会就以上四个专题共举行了27次会议。

E. Working Groups and Study Groups

E. 工作组和研究组

9. At its 3080th meeting on 26 April 2011, the Commission reconstituted the following Working Groups and Study Groups:

9. 在2011年4月26日举行的第3080次会议上，委员会重新设立了下列工作组和研究组：

(a) Working Group on Reservations to treaties: Mr. M. Vázquez-Bermúdez (Chairman), Mr. A. Pellet (Special Rapporteur), Mr. E. Candioti, Ms. C. Escobar Hernández, Mr. S. Fomba, Mr. G. Gaja, Mr. M.D. Hmoud, Mr. H. Huang, Mr. M. Kamto, Mr. D.M. McRae, Mr. G. Nolte, Mr. E. Petrič, Mr. N. Singh, Mr. M. Wood and Mr. A.R. Perera (ex officio).

(a) 对条约的保留问题工作组：巴斯克斯－贝穆德斯先生(主席)、佩莱先生(特别报告员)、坎迪奥蒂先生、埃斯科瓦尔·埃尔南德斯女士、丰巴先生、加亚先生、哈穆德先生、黄先生、卡姆托先生、麦克雷先生、诺尔特先生、彼得里奇先生、辛格先生、伍德先生和佩雷拉先生(当然成员)。

(b) Study Group on Treaties over time: Mr. G. Nolte (Chairman), Mr. E. Candioti, Mr. P. Comissário Afonso, Mr. C.J.R. Dugard, Ms. C. Escobar Hernández, Mr. G. Gaja, Mr. M.D. Hmoud, Ms. M.G. Jacobsson, Mr. M. Kamto, Mr. D.M. McRae, Mr. T.V. Melescanu, Mr. S. Murase, Mr. B.H. Niehaus, Mr. E. Petrič, Mr. N. Singh, Mr. E. Valencia-Ospina, Mr. E. Vargas Carreño, Mr. S.C. Vasciannie, Mr. M. Vázquez-Bermúdez, Mr. N. Wisnumurti, Mr. M. Wood and Mr. A.R. Perera (ex officio).

(b) 条约随时间演变研究组：诺尔特先生(主席)、坎迪奥蒂先生、科米萨里奥·阿丰索先生、杜加尔德先生、埃斯科瓦尔·埃尔南德斯女士、加亚先生、哈穆德先生、雅各布松女士、卡姆托先生、麦克雷先生、梅莱斯卡努先生、村濑先生、尼豪斯先生、彼得里奇先生、辛格先生、巴伦西亚－奥斯皮纳先生、巴尔加斯 •卡雷尼奥先生、瓦钱尼先生、巴斯克斯－贝穆德斯先生、维斯努穆尔蒂先生、伍德先生和佩雷拉先生(当然成员)。

(c) Study Group on The Most-Favoured-Nation clause: Mr. D.M. McRae and Mr. A.R. Perera (Co-Chairs), Mr. L. Caflisch, Mr. E. Candioti, Ms. C. Escobar Hernández, Mr. G. Gaja, Mr. M.D. Hmoud, Mr. S. Murase, Mr. B.H. Niehaus, Mr. G. Nolte, Mr. G.V. Saboia, Mr. N. Singh, Mr. S.C. Vasciannie, Mr. M. Vázquez-Bermúdez, Mr. N. Wisnumurti and Mr. M. Wood.

(c) 最惠国条款研究组：麦克雷先生和佩雷拉先生(联合主席)、卡弗利施先生、坎迪奥蒂先生、埃斯科瓦尔·埃尔南德斯女士、加亚先生、哈穆德先生、村濑先生、尼豪斯先生、诺尔特先生、萨博亚先生、辛格先生、瓦钱尼先生、巴斯克斯－贝穆德斯先生、维斯努穆尔蒂先生和伍德先生。

10. The Planning Group established or reconstituted the following Working Groups:

10. 规划组设立或重新设立了以下工作组：

(a) Working Group on Methods of work: Mr. H.A. Hassouna (Chairman), Mr. L. Caflisch, Mr. E. Candioti, Mr. S. Fomba, Mr. Z. Galicki, Ms. M.G. Jacobsson, Mr. T.V. Melescanu, Mr. S. Murase, Mr. E. Petrič, Mr. G.V. Saboia, Mr. N. Singh, Mr. E. Valencia-Ospina, Mr. S.C. Vasciannie, Mr. M. Vázquez-Bermúdez, Mr. N. Wisnumurti, Mr. M. Wood and Mr. A.R. Perera (ex officio).

(a) 工作方法问题工作组：哈苏纳先生(主席)、卡弗利施先生、坎迪奥蒂先生、丰巴先生、加利茨基先生、雅各布松女士、梅莱斯卡努先生、村濑先生、彼得里奇先生、萨博亚先生、辛格先生、巴伦西亚－奥斯皮纳先生、瓦钱尼先生、巴斯克斯－贝穆德斯先生、维斯努穆尔蒂先生、伍德先生和佩雷拉先生(当然成员)。

(b) Working group on the Long-term Programme of Work for the quinquennium: Mr. E. Candioti (Chairman), Mr. L. Caflisch, Mr. P. Comissário Afonso, Ms. C. Escobar Hernández, Mr. S. Fomba, Mr. G. Gaja, Mr. Z. Galicki, Mr. H.A. Hassouna, Mr. M.D. Hmoud, Mr. H. Huang, Ms. M.G. Jacobsson, Mr. R.A. Kolodkin, Mr. D.M. McRae, Mr. T.V. Melescanu, Mr. S. Murase, Mr. G. Nolte, Mr. A. Pellet, Mr. E. Petrič, Mr. G.V. Saboia, Mr. N. Singh, Mr. E. Valencia-Ospina, Mr. E. Vargas Carreño, S.C. Vasciannie, Mr. M. Vázquez-Bermúdez, Mr. A.S. Wako, Mr. N. Wisnumurti, Mr. M. Wood and Mr. A.R. Perera (ex officio).

(b) 五年期长期工作方案工作组：坎迪奥蒂先生(主席)、卡弗利施先生、科米萨里奥·阿丰索先生、埃斯科瓦尔·埃尔南德斯女士、丰巴先生、加亚先生、加利茨基先生、哈苏纳先生、哈穆德先生、黄先生、雅各布松女士、科洛德金先生、麦克雷先生、梅莱斯卡努先生、村濑先生、诺尔特先生、佩莱先生、彼得里奇先生、萨博亚先生、辛格先生、巴伦西亚－奥斯皮纳先生、巴尔加斯·卡雷尼奥先生、瓦钱尼先生、巴斯克斯－贝穆德斯先生、瓦科先生、维斯努穆尔蒂先生、伍德先生和佩雷拉先生(当然成员)。

F. Secretariat

F. 秘书处

11. Ms. Patricia O’Brien, Under-Secretary-General, the Legal Counsel, represented the Secretary-General.

11. 副秘书长兼法律顾问帕特里夏·奥布赖恩女士担任秘书长的代表。

Mr. Václav Mikulka, Director of the Codification Division of the Office of Legal Affairs, acted as Secretary to the Commission and, in the absence of the Legal Counsel, represented the Secretary-General.

法律事务厅编纂司司长瓦奇拉夫·米库尔卡先生担任委员会秘书，并在法律顾问缺席时代表秘书长。

Mr. George Korontzis, Deputy Director, served as Deputy Secretary.

副司长乔治·科伦济斯先生担任副秘书。

Mr. Trevor Chimimba and Mr. Arnold Pronto, Senior Legal Officers, served as Senior Assistant Secretaries.

高级法律干事特雷沃尔·齐敏巴先生和阿诺德·普龙托先生担任高级助理秘书。

Mr. Gionata Buzzini and Ms. Hanna Dreifeldt-Lainé, Legal Officers, served as Assistant Secretaries to the Commission.

法律干事焦纳塔·布津尼先生和哈娜·德雷菲尔特－莱恩女士担任委员会助理秘书。

G. Agenda

G. 议程

12. At its 3080th meeting, on 26 April 2011, the Commission adopted an agenda for its sixty-third session consisting of the following items:

12. 在2011年4月26日第3080次会议上，委员会通过了包含下列项目的第六十三届会议议程：

1. Organization of the work of the session.

1. 会议工作安排。

2. Reservations to treaties.

2. 对条约的保留。

3. Responsibility of international organizations.

3. 国际组织的责任。

4. Effects of armed conflicts on treaties.

4. 武装冲突对条约的影响。

5. Expulsion of aliens.

5. 驱逐外国人。

6. The obligation to extradite or prosecute (aut dedere aut judicare).

6. 引渡或起诉的义务(aut dedere aut judicare)。

7. Protection of persons in the event of disasters.

7. 发生灾害时的人员保护。

8. Immunity of State officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction.

8. 国家官员的外国刑事管辖豁免。

9. Treaties over time.

9. 条约随时间演变。

10. The Most-Favoured-Nation clause.

10. 最惠国条款。

11. Programme, procedures and working methods of the Commission and its documentation.

11. 委员会的方案、程序和工作方法以及文件。

12. Date and place of the sixty-fourth session.

12. 第六十四届会议的日期和地点。

13. Cooperation with other bodies.

13. 与其他机构的合作。

14. Filling of casual vacancies in the Commission.

14. 填补委员会临时空缺。

15. Other business.

15. 其他事项。

Chapter II

第二章

Summary of the work of the Commission at its sixty-third session

委员会第六十三届会议工作概况

13. As regards the topic “Reservations to treaties”, the Commission had before it the seventeenth report (A/CN.4/647) of the Special Rapporteur, addressing the question of the reservations dialogue, as well as addendum 1 to the seventeenth report (A/CN.4/647/Add.1), which considered the issue of assistance in the resolution of disputes concerning reservations, and also contained a draft introduction to the Guide to Practice.

13. 关于“对条约的保留”专题，委员会收到了特别报告员第十七次报告(A/ CN.4/647)，其中阐述了关于保留对话的问题，并收到了第十七次报告增编1 (A/CN.4/647/Add.1)，其中审议了为解决有关保留问题的争端而提供协助的问题，并载有《实践指南》的导言草案。

Furthermore, the Commission had before it the comments and observations received from Governments on the provisional version of the Guide to Practice on Reservations to Treaties, adopted by the Commission at its sixty-second session (2010) (A/CN.4/639 and Add.1).

此外，委员会还从各国政府收到了对于委员会第六十二届会议(2010年)通过的《对条约的保留实践指南》暂定版本提出的评论和意见(A/CN.4/639和Add.1)。

14. The Commission established a Working Group in order to proceed with the finalization of the text of the guidelines constituting the Guide to Practice, as had been envisaged at the sixty-second session (2010).

14. 委员会建立了一个工作组，以便按照第六十二届会议(2010年)的设想，着手最终敲定构成《实践指南》的准则案文。

The Commission also referred to the Working Group a draft recommendation or conclusions on the reservations dialogue, contained in the seventeenth report of the Special Rapporteur, and a draft recommendation on technical assistance and assistance in the settlement of disputes concerning reservations, contained in addendum 1 to the seventeenth report.

委员会并向工作组转交了一份载于特别报告员第十七次报告中的关于保留问题对话的建议或结论草案，以及一份载于第十七次报告增编1中的关于对解决保留问题争端提供技术援助和协助的建议草案。

15. On the basis of the recommendations of the Working Group, the Commission adopted the Guide to Practice on Reservations to Treaties which comprises an introduction, the text of the guidelines with commentaries thereto, as well as an annex on the reservations dialogue.

15. 委员会根据工作组的建议，通过了《对条约的保留实践指南》，其中包含一项导言，带有评注的指南案文，以及关于保留问题对话的附件。

In accordance with article 23 of its Statute, the Commission recommended to the General Assembly to take note of the Guide to Practice on Reservations to Treaties and to ensure its widest possible dissemination.

根据委员会《章程》第23条，委员会建议大会注意到《对条约的保留实践指南》并确保尽可能广泛的散发。

16. The Commission also adopted a recommendation to the General Assembly on mechanisms of assistance in relation to reservations (chap. IV).

16. 委员会并通过了向大会提出的关于保留问题的协助机制的一项建议(第四章)。

17. Concerning the topic “Responsibility of international organizations”, the Commission adopted, on second reading, a set of 67 draft articles, together with commentaries thereto, on the responsibility of international organizations, and in accordance with article 23 of its Statute recommended to the General Assembly to take note of the draft articles in a resolution and to annex them to the resolution, and to consider, at a later stage, the elaboration of a convention on the basis of the draft articles.

17. 关于“国际组织的责任”的专题，委员会经二读后通过了一套共67条的国际组织的责任条款草案及条款草案的评注，并根据其《章程》第23条建议大会通过一项决议注意到该条款草案并将该条款草案附在该决议之后，并考虑在以后某个阶段根据该条款草案拟订一项公约。

18. In the consideration of the topic at the present session, the Commission had before it the eighth report of the Special Rapporteur (A/CN.4/640) surveying the comments made by States and international organizations on the draft articles on responsibility of international organizations adopted on first reading at the sixty-first session (2009) and making recommendations for consideration by the Commission during the second reading.

18. 委员会在本次会议上审议这一专题时，收到了特别报告员的第八次报告(A/CN.4/640)，其中综述了各国和各国际组织对于在第六十一届会议(2009年)一读上通过的国际组织责任条款草案提出的意见，并提出了供国际法委员会在二读时审议的建议。

The Commission also had before it the comments and observations received from Governments (A/CN.4/636 and Add.1) and international organizations (A/CN.4/637 and Add.1) on the draft articles adopted on first reading (chap.

委员会并从各国政府(A/CN.4/636和Add.1)及国际组织(A/CN.4/637和Add.1)收到了对一读时通过的条款草案的评论和意见(第五章)。

V). 19. As regards the topic “Effects of armed conflicts on treaties”, the Commission adopted, on second reading, a set of 18 draft articles and an annex (containing an indicative list of treaties the subject matter of which involves an implication that they continue in operation, in whole or in part, during armed conflict), together with commentaries thereto, on the effects of armed conflicts on treaties, and in accordance with article 23 of its Statute recommended to the General Assembly to take note of the draft articles in a resolution and to annex them to the resolution, and to consider, at a later stage, the elaboration of a convention on the basis of the draft articles.

19. 关于“武装冲突对条约的影响”这一专题，委员会二读通过了一套共18条的武装冲突对条约的影响条款草案和一项附件(其中载有一个指示性条约清单，其中所列条约的主题事项含有在武装冲突期间这些条约继续全部或部分施行之意)，以及这些条款草案的评注，并根据《章程》第23条建议大会在一项决议中注意条款草案，并将草案列为决议的附件，且在以后某一阶段考虑根据条款草案拟定一项公约。

20. At the present session, the Drafting Committee continued and concluded its consideration (commenced at its sixty-second session (2010)) of the second reading of the draft articles on the effects of armed conflicts on treaties (chap. VI).

20. 在本届会议上，起草委员会继续并完成了武装冲突对条约的影响条款草案二读的审议(审议是自第六十二届会议(2010年)开始的)(第六章)。

21. In relation to the topic “Immunity of State officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction”, the Commission considered the second (A/CN.4/631) and third (A/CN.4/646) reports of the Special Rapporteur.

21. 关于“国家官员的外国刑事管辖豁免”专题，委员会审议了特别报告员的第二次(A/CN.4/631)和第三次(A/CN.4/646)报告。

The second report reviewed and presented the substantive issues concerning and implicated by the scope of immunity of a State official from foreign criminal jurisdiction, while the third report addressed the procedural aspects, focusing, in particular on questions concerning the timing of consideration of immunity, its invocation and waiver.

第二次报告审议并介绍了国家官员对外国刑事管辖的豁免范围所涉及和所引起的实质问题，而第三次报告讨论了程序问题，尤其侧重于考虑豁免的时间、豁免的援引和放弃等问题。

The debate revolved around, inter alia, issues relating to methodology, possible exceptions to immunity and questions of procedure (chap. VII).

除其他方面外，辩论围绕着方法、对豁免的可能例外以及程序等问题进行(第七章)。

22. Concerning the topic “Expulsion of aliens”, the Commission had before it addendum 2 to the sixth report (A/CN.4/625/Add.2) as well as the seventh report (A/CN.4/642) of the Special Rapporteur.

22. 关于“驱逐外国人”专题，委员会收到了特别报告员第六次报告增编2 (A/CN.4/625/Add.2)及第七次报告(A/CN.4/642)。

The Commission also had before it comments and information received thus far from Governments (A/CN.4/604 and A/CN.4/628 and Add.1).

委员会并收到了迄今为止从各国政府收到的意见和资料(A/CN.4/604和A/CN.4/628和Add.1)。

23. Addendum 2 to the sixth report completed the consideration of the expulsion proceedings (including the implementation of the expulsion decision, appeals against the expulsion decision, the determination of the State of destination and the protection of human rights in the transit State) and also considered the legal consequences of expulsion (notably the protection of the property rights and similar interests of aliens subject to expulsion, the question of the existence of a right of return in the case of unlawful expulsion, and the responsibility of the expelling State as a result of an unlawful expulsion, including the question of diplomatic protection).

23. 第六次报告增编2完成了对驱逐程序的审议(包括执行驱逐决定、对驱逐决定提出上诉、确定目的国以及过境国保护人权等问题)，并审议了驱逐的法律后果(尤其是对受驱逐的外国人的财产权和类似利益的保护、如发生非法驱逐情况下返回权的存在问题以及驱逐国对于非法驱逐的责任，其中包括外交保护问题)。

Following a debate in plenary, the Commission referred seven draft articles on these issues to the Drafting Committee, as well as a draft article on “Expulsion in connection with extradition” as revised by the Special Rapporteur during the sixty-second session (2010).

在全体会议开展辩论之后，委员会将有关这些问题的七个条文草案送交起草委员会，并送交了特别报告员在第六十二届会议(2010年)上修改的“与引渡有关的驱逐”的条文草案。

24. The seventh report provided an account of recent developments in relation to the topic and also proposed a restructured summary of the draft articles.

24. 第七次报告对最近有关这一专题的发展作了阐述，并提出了经修改的条款草案概述。

The Commission referred the restructured summary of the draft articles to the Drafting Committee (chap. VIII).

委员会向起草委员会送交了经修改的条款草案概述(第八章)。

25. In relation to the topic “Protection of persons in the event of disasters”, the Commission had before it the fourth report of the Special Rapporteur (A/CN.4/643 and Corr.1), dealing with the responsibility of the affected State to seek assistance where its national response capacity is exceeded, the duty of the affected State not to arbitrarily withhold its consent to external assistance, and the right to offer assistance in the international community.

25. 关于“发生灾害时的人员保护”专题，委员会收到了特别报告员第四次报告(A/CN.4/643和Corr.1)，讨论了在超越受灾国家的本国应对能力时寻求援助的责任问题，受灾国不得任意拒绝外来援助的义务，以及国际社会表示提供援助的权利。

Following a debate in plenary, the Commission decided to refer draft articles 10 to 12, as proposed by the Special Rapporteur, to the Drafting Committee.

在全体会议开展辩论之后，委员会决定将特别报告员所提议的第10至第12条草案送交起草委员会。

26. The Commission provisionally adopted six draft articles, together with commentaries, including draft articles 6 to 9, which it had taken note of at its sixty-second session (2010), dealing with humanitarian principles in disaster response, human dignity, human rights and the role of the affected State, respectively, as well as draft articles 10 and 11, dealing with the duty of the affected State to seek assistance and with the question of the consent of the affected State to external assistance (chap. IX).

26. 委员会暂时通过了六个条文的草案及其评注，其中包括委员会在第六十二届会议(2010年)上注意到的第6至第9条草案，分别涉及应对灾害的人道主义原则问题、人的尊严、人权和受灾国的作用，此外还有第10和第11条草案，分别涉及受灾国寻求援助的义务和受灾国同意接受外来援助的问题(第九章)。

27. Concerning the topic “The obligation to extradite or prosecute (aut dedere aut judicare)”, the Commission considered the fourth (A/CN.4/648) report of the Special Rapporteur addressing the question of sources of the obligation to extradite or prosecute, focusing on treaties and custom, and concerning which three draft articles were proposed (chap.

27. 关于“引渡或起诉的义务(aut dedere aut judicare)”专题，委员会审议了特别报告员第四次报告(A/CN.4/648)，讨论了引渡或起诉的义务的起源问题，集中关注条约和习惯，对此提出了三项条文草案(第十章)。

X). 28. In relation to the topic “Treaties over time”, the Commission reconstituted the Study Group on Treaties over time, which continued its work on the aspects of the topic relating to subsequent agreements and practice.

28. 关于“条约随时间演变”的专题，委员会重新设立了条约随时间演变问题研究组，该研究组继续就这一专题涉及嗣后协定和实践的方面开展工作。

The Study Group first completed its consideration of the introductory report by its Chairman on the relevant jurisprudence of the International Court of Justice and of arbitral tribunals of ad hoc jurisdiction, by examining the section of the report which addressed the question of possible modifications of a treaty by subsequent agreements and practice as well as the relation of subsequent agreements and practice to formal amendment procedures.

该研究组首先审查了报告中讨论条约可能经由嗣后协定和实践而修改的那一节，以及嗣后协定和实践与正式的修正程序之间的关系，以此完成了对研究组主席就国际法院和具有特别管辖权的仲裁法庭的相关判例而作的介绍性报告之审议。

29. The Study Group then began its consideration of the second report by its Chairman on the jurisprudence under special regimes relating to subsequent agreements and practice, by focusing on certain conclusions contained therein.

29. 研究组随后重点审议了研究组主席第二次报告中所载的某些结论，以此审议了特殊制度下与嗣后协定和实践有关的判例。

In the light of the discussions, the Chairman of the Study Group reformulated the text of nine preliminary conclusions relating to a number of issues such as reliance by adjudicatory bodies on the general rule of treaty interpretation, different approaches to treaty interpretation, and various aspects concerning subsequent agreements and practice as a means of treaty interpretation (chap. XI).

研究组主席根据讨论改写了涉及一些问题的九项初步结论的案文，所涉及的问题有：裁判性机构对于条约解释一般规则的依赖，条约诠释方面的不同方式，以及嗣后协定和实践作为解释条约手段的不同方面(第十一章)。

30. Regarding the topic “The Most-favoured-nation clause”, the Commission reconstituted the Study Group on the Most-Favoured-Nation clause.

30. 关于“最惠国条款”专题，委员会重新设立了一个最惠国条款研究组。

The Study Group held a wide-ranging discussion, on the basis of the working paper on the Interpretation and Application of MFN Clauses in Investment Agreements and a framework of questions prepared to provide an overview of issues that may need to be considered in the context of the overall work of the Study Group, while also taking into account other developments, including recent arbitral decisions.

研究组根据最惠国条款在投资协定中的解释和适用问题工作文件，并根据一项为了能概要总结在研究组总体工作中可能需要审议的问题而制定的问题框架，举行了涉及面宽广的讨论，讨论同时还考虑到其他情况的发展，包括最新的仲裁决定。

The Study Group also set out a programme of work for the future (chap. XII).

研究组为今后制定了工作方案(第十二章)。

31. The specific issues on which comments by Governments would be of particular interest to the Commission in relation to topics that remain under its consideration are found in chapter III.

31. 与委员会正在审议的专题相关的委员会特别想听取意见的具体问题见第三章。

32. The Commission established a Planning Group to consider its programme, procedures and working methods (chap. XIII, sect. A).

32. 委员会建立了一个规划组，以审议其方案、程序和工作方法(第十三章，A节)。

As a result of the work undertaken throughout the quinquennium by the Working Group on the Long-Term Programme of Work, the Commission decided to include in its long-term programme of work the following topics: “Formation and evidence of customary international law”, “Protection of the atmosphere”, “Provisional application of treaties”, “The fair and equitable treatment standard in international investment law”, and “Protection of the environment in relation to armed conflicts” (chap. XIII, sect. A.1).

由于长期工作方案规划组在整个五年期所开展的工作，委员会决定在其长期工作方案中纳入以下专题：“习惯国际法的形成与证据”，“保护大气层”，“条约的临时适用”，“国际投资法律中的公正和公平待遇标准”，及“武装冲突所涉及的保护环境问题”(第十三章，A.1节)。

The Commission reconsidered its methods of work and adopted recommendations on, inter alia, Special Rapporteurs, Study Groups, the Drafting Committee, preparation of commentaries to draft articles, how to make the Commission’s report more informative and the relations between the Commission and the Sixth Committee (chap. XIII, sect. A.2).

委员会审议了其工作方法，并在各项建议中尤其通过了关于以下方面的建议：特别报告员、研究组、起草委员会、条款草案评注的拟订、如何使委员会报告内容更充实以及委员会与第六委员会之间的关系(第十三章，A.2节)。

33. The Commission continued traditional exchanges of information with the International Court of Justice, the Asian-African Legal Consultative Organization, the European Committee on Legal Cooperation and the Committee of Legal Advisers on Public International Law of the Council of Europe, and the Inter-American Juridical Committee.

33. 继续与国际法院、亚非法律协商组织、欧洲法律合作委员会国际公法法律顾问委员会以及美洲法律委员会开展传统的信息交流。

Members of the Commission also held informal meetings with other bodies and associations on matters of mutual interest (chap. XIII, sect. D).

委员会成员并与其他机构和协会就共同感兴趣的问题举行了非正式会议(第十三章，D节)。

34. A training seminar was held with 26 participants of different nationalities (chap. XIII, sect. H).

34. 为属于不同国籍的26名参加者举行了一次培训讲习班(第十三章，H节)。

35. The Commission decided that its next session be held at the United Nations Office in Geneva in two parts, from 7 May to 1 June and 2 July to 3 August 2012 (chap. XIII, sect. B).

35. 委员会决定下届会议于2012年5月7日至6月1日和7月2日至8月3日分两期在联合国日内瓦办事处举行(第十三章，B节)。

Chapter III

第三章

Specific issues on which comments would be of particular interest to the Commission

委员会特别想听取意见的具体问题

A. Immunity of State officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction

A. 国家官员的外国刑事管辖豁免

36. What approach would States wish the Commission to take on this topic?

36. 各国希望委员会如何处理此专题？

Should the Commission seek to set out existing rules of international law (lex lata), or should the Commission embark on an exercise of progressive development (lex ferenda)?

委员会应寻求拟订现有的国际法规则(现行法)， 还是应着手一项逐渐发展的工作(拟议法)？

37. Which holders of high office in the States (Heads of State, Heads of Government, Ministers for Foreign Affairs, others) enjoy de lege lata, or should enjoy de lege ferenda, immunity ratione personae?

37. 在属人豁免的问题上，国家的哪些高级官员(国家元首、政府首脑、外交部长等) 享受现行法，或应当享受拟议法？

38. What crimes are, or should be, excluded from immunity ratione personae or immunity ratione materiae?

38. 哪些罪行不享受或不应当享受属人豁免或属事豁免？

39. It would greatly assist the Commission if States could provide information on their law and practice in the field covered by the Special Rapporteur’s three reports (A/CN.4/601, A/CN.4/631 and A/CN.4/646).

39. 各国如能提供特别报告员三次报告(A/CN.4/601、A/CN.4/631和A/CN.4/ 646)所涉及的领域中的法律和实践资料，则会对委员会大有帮助。

Such information could include recent developments in the case law and legislation.

这种资料可包含案例法和立法方面的最新动态。

Information on the procedural issues covered by the Special Rapporteur’s third report (A/CN.4/646) would be particularly helpful.

特别报告员第三次报告(A/CN.4/646)所涉及的程序问题方面的资料将会特别有用。

B. Expulsion of aliens

B. 驱逐外国人

40. With regard to the topic “Expulsion of aliens”, the Commission would like to know from States whether, in their national practice, suspensive effect is given to appeals against an expulsion decision:

40. 关于“驱逐外国人”专题，委员会想知道，各国的实践是否使下述人等针对驱逐决定所提出的上诉具有暂停作用：

• relating to an alien lawfully in the territory;

• 合法地处在一国境内的外国人？

• relating to an alien unlawfully in the territory;

• 非法地处在一国境内的外国人？

• relating to either, irrespective of category.

• 上述两种人不作区分？

41. Does a State that has such a practice consider it to be required by international law?

41. 有这种做法的国家是否认为这是由国际法所要求的？

42. The Commission would also welcome the views of States on whether, as a matter of international law or otherwise, an appeal against an expulsion decision should have suspensive effect on the implementation of the decision.

42. 委员会还想了解各国对下述问题的看法：作为国际法事项或作为其他事项，对驱逐决定提出的上诉是否应对决定的执行具有暂停作用？

C. Protection of persons in the event of disasters

C. 发生灾害时的人员保护

43. The Commission reiterates that it would welcome any information concerning the practice of States under this topic, including examples of domestic legislation.

43. 委员会重申，欢迎提供关于此专题的国家实践的任何资料，包括国内立法实例。

It would welcome, in particular, information and comments on specific legal and institutional problems encountered in dealing with or responding to disasters.

委员会尤其欢迎提供关于在救灾或灾害应对方面遇到的具体法律和体制问题的资料和意见。

44. The Commission has taken the view that States have a duty to cooperate with the affected State in disaster relief matters.

44. 委员会认为各国有义务在救灾事项上与受灾国合作。

Does this duty to cooperate include a duty on States to provide assistance when requested by the affected State?

这种合作义务是否包括在受灾国提出请求时各国须提供援助的义务？

D. The obligation to extradite or prosecute (aut dedere aut judicare)

D. 引渡或起诉的义务(aut dedere aut judicare)

45. Are there, in the legislation of States or in the case law of domestic tribunals, certain crimes or categories of crimes in respect of which the obligation to extradite or prosecute has been implemented?

45. 在各国立法中或在国内法庭的案例法中，是否存在着已经对其实施了引渡或起诉义务的罪行或罪行类别？

46. If so, has a court or tribunal ever relied, in this respect, on customary international law?

46. 如果有，法院或法庭在这方面是否曾依据过习惯国际法？

E. Treaties over time

E. 条约随时间演变

47. The Commission, in its consideration of the topic “Treaties over time”, attempts to clarify the practical and legal significance of “subsequent agreements” and the “subsequent practice” of the parties as a means of interpretation and application of treaties (article 31 (3) (a) and (b) of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties).

47. 委员会在审议“条约随时间演变”这一专题时，试图澄清各方的“嗣后协定”和“嗣后惯例”作为解释和实施条约的手段的实际意义和法律意义(《维也纳条约法公约》第31条第3款(a)和(b)项)。

In this context, the Commission reminds States of its request, contained in its 2010 report, to provide it with one or more examples of “subsequent agreements” or “subsequent practice” which are or have been relevant to the interpretation and application of one or more of their treaties.

在这方面，委员会提醒各国注意委员会2010年报告里所载的请求， 委员会请各国再提供一两个在解释和实施条约方面尤其具有相关意义的“嗣后协定”和“嗣后惯例”实例。

The Commission would be interested, in particular, in instances of interpretation by way of subsequent agreements or subsequent practice which have not been subject to judicial or quasi-judicial proceedings.

委员会也特别愿意了解通过与司法或准司法程序无关的嗣后协定和嗣后惯例进行解释的实例。

F. The Most-Favoured-Nation clause

F. 最惠国待遇

48. In order to complete its work on the Most-Favoured-Nation clause in relation to the field of investment law, the Study Group on The Most-Favoured-Nation clause plans to consider whether any use of Most-Favoured-Nation clauses in areas outside those of trade and investment law could provide it with guidance for its work.

48. 为了完成与投资法领域有关的最惠国待遇条款方面的工作，最惠国待遇研究组计划审议在贸易和投资法领域以外使用最惠国待遇条款的情况是否能对其工作提供任何指导。

Accordingly, the Commission would appreciate being provided with examples of any recent practice or case law in relation to Most-Favoured-Nation clauses in fields other than trade and investment law.

因此，委员会很愿意得到在贸易和投资法领域以外使用最惠国待遇条款的最近实践或案例法实例资料。

G. New topics

G. 新专题

49. The Commission decided to include in its long-term programme of work five new topics referred to in paragraphs 365 to 367 of the current report.

49. 委员会决定在其长期工作方案里列入本报告第365至367段提到的五项新专题。

In the selection of these topics, the Commission was guided by the following criteria that it had agreed upon in 1998, namely that the topic (a) should reflect the needs of States in respect of the progressive development and codification of international law, (b) should be sufficiently advanced in stage in terms of State practice to permit progressive development and codification and (c) is concrete and feasible for progressive development and codification, and (d) that account should also be taken of those topics that reflect new developments in international law and pressing concerns of the international community as a whole.

在选择这些专题时，委员会遵循它在1998年所商定的下述标准， 即专题(a) 应反映各国在逐渐发展和编纂国际法方面的需要；(b) 专题在国家实践的阶段性方面应足够先进，以容许进行逐渐发展和编纂工作；(c) 专题应具体可行，宜于进行逐渐发展和编纂工作；(d) 还应当考虑到那些反映国际法中新动态和整个国际社会的紧迫关切事项的专题。

The Commission would welcome the views of States on these new topics.

委员会欢迎各国就这些专题发表意见。

50. In addition, the Commission would welcome any proposals that States may wish to make concerning possible topics for inclusion in its long-term programme of work.

50. 此外，委员会欢迎各国就可能列入长期工作方案的专题提出任何建议。

It would be helpful if such proposals were accompanied by a statement of reasons in their support, taking into account the criteria, referred to above, for the selection of topics.

在提出这些建议时，最好同时说明理由，并考虑到上文提到的选择专题的标准。

Chapter IV

第四章

Reservations to treaties

对条约的保留

A. Introduction

A. 导言

51. The Commission, at its forty-fifth session (1993), decided to include the topic “The law and practice relating to reservations to treaties” in its programme of work and, at its forty-sixth session (1994), appointed Mr. Alain Pellet Special Rapporteur for the topic.

51. 委员会第四十五届(1993年)会议决定将“与对条约的保留有关的法律与实践” 专题列入其工作方案，并在第四十六届(1994年)会议上决定任命阿兰·佩莱先生为这个专题的特别报告员。

52. At the forty-seventh session (1995), following the Commission’s consideration of his first report, the Special Rapporteur summarized the conclusions he had drawn from the Commission’s debate, including a change of the title of the topic to “Reservations to treaties”; the form the results of the study should take, namely, a guide to practice in respect of reservations; the flexible way in which the Commission’s work on the topic should be carried out; and the consensus in the Commission that there should be no change in the relevant provisions of the 1969, 1978 and 1986 Vienna Conventions on the Law of Treaties.

52. 在委员会第四十七届(1995年)会议审议了第一次报告 之后，特别报告员概述了作出的结论，包括将专题的标题改为“对条约的保留”；研究结果应该采取保留方面的《实践指南》的形式；委员会对于这个专题的工作应该采取灵活的方式；委员会的协商一致意见认为，不应对1969年、1978年和1986年《维也纳公约》的相关条款作出任何改动。

In the view of the Commission, those conclusions constituted the results of the preliminary study requested by the General Assembly in resolutions 48/31 of 9 December 1993 and 49/51 of 9 December 1994.

委员会认为，上述结论是大会1993年12月9日第48/31号决议和1994年12月9日第49/51号决议要求进行的初步研究取得的成果。

The Guide to Practice would take the form of draft guidelines with commentaries, which would be of assistance for the practice of States and international organizations; the guidelines would, if necessary, be accompanied by model clauses.

关于《实践指南》，它将采取对国家和国际组织的实践有帮助的附有评注的准则草案的形式；在必要情况下，这些准则将附有示范条款。

At the same session (1995), the Commission, in accordance with its earlier practice, authorized the Special Rapporteur to prepare a detailed questionnaire on reservations to treaties, to ascertain the practice of, and problems encountered by, States and international organizations, particularly those which were depositaries of multilateral conventions.

在同届(1995年)会议上，委员会按照以往的做法， 授权特别报告员编写一份关于对条约的保留的详细调查表，以查明国家和国际组织、尤其是多边公约保存人的实践和遇到的问题。

The questionnaire was sent to the addressees by the Secretariat.

这份调查表由秘书处寄给了收件人。

In its resolution 50/45 of 11 December 1995, the General Assembly took note of the Commission’s conclusions, inviting it to continue its work along the lines indicated in its report and also inviting States to answer the questionnaire.

大会1995年12月11日第50/45号决议注意到委员会的结论，请它按照其报告中所载述的方针继续工作，并请各国对调查表作出答复。

53. At its forty-eighth (1996) and forty-ninth (1997) sessions, the Commission had before it the Special Rapporteur’s second report, to which was annexed a draft resolution on reservations to normative multilateral treaties, including human rights treaties, which was addressed to the General Assembly for the purpose of drawing attention to and clarifying the legal aspects of the matter.

53. 委员会第四十八届(1996年)和第四十九届(1997年)会议收到了特别报告员的第二次报告。 报告附有关于对包括人权条约在内的多边规范性条约的保留问题的一份决议草案。 该决议草案是对大会提出的，目的是提请注意并澄清这个事项所涉及的法律问题。

At the latter session (1997), the Commission adopted preliminary conclusions on reservations to normative multilateral treaties, including human rights treaties.

在后一届(1997年)会议上，委员会通过了关于对包括人权条约在内的规范性多边条约的保留问题的初步结论。

In its resolution 52/156 of 15 December 1997, the General Assembly took note of the Commission’s preliminary conclusions and of its invitation to all treaty bodies set up by normative multilateral treaties that might wish to do so to provide, in writing, their comments and observations on the conclusions, while drawing the attention of Governments to the importance for the Commission of having their views on the preliminary conclusions.

大会1997年12月15日第52/156号决议注意到委员会的初步结论，并注意到委员会请所有愿意这样做的由规范性多边条约设立的条约机构以书面方式就这些结论提出评论和意见，同时提请各国政府注意委员会很需要得到它们对初步结论的意见。

54. From its fiftieth session (1998) to its sixty-first session (2009), the Commission considered 14 more reports and a note by the Special Rapporteur, along with a memorandum by the Secretariat on reservations to treaties in the context of succession of States, and provisionally adopted 199 draft guidelines and the commentaries thereto.

54. 自第五十届(1998年)会议起至第六十一届(2009年)会议，委员会审议了特别报告员提出的另外14份报告 和一份说明 以及秘书处编写的关于在国家继承情况下对条约的保留的备忘录并暂时通过了199条准则草案及其评注。

55. At its sixty-second session (2010), the Commission, having completed the provisional adoption of the Guide to Practice on Reservations to Treaties, indicated that it intended to adopt the final version of the Guide to Practice during its sixty-third session (2011), and that, in doing so, it would take into consideration the observations of States and international organizations as well as the organs with which the Commission cooperates, made since the beginning of the examination of the topic, together with further observations received by the Secretariat of the Commission before 31 January 2011.

55. 在第六十二届(2010年)会议上，委员会暂时通过了《对条约的保留实践指南》并表示打算在第六十三届(2011年)会议上通过《实践指南》的定稿，在这样做时会考虑到各国、各国际组织及委员会与之合作的机关自本专题开始审议以来所发表的意见以及委员会秘书处在2011年1月31日之前所收到的进一步意见。

B. Consideration of the topic at the present session

B. 本届会议审议此专题的情况

56. At the present session, the Commission had before it the seventeenth report of the Special Rapporteur (A/CN.4/647 and Add.1), which it considered at its 3099th, 3104th and 3106th meetings, on 6, 13 and 15 July 2011, as well as the comments and observations received from Governments on the Guide to Practice as provisionally adopted by the Commission at its sixty-second session (A/CN.4/639 and Add.1).

56. 在本届会议上，委员会收到了特别报告员的第十七次报告(A/CN.4/647和Add.1)，并在2011年7月6、13和15日举行的第3099、3104和3106次上进行了审议。 委员会还收到了各国政府就委员会第六十二届会议暂时通过的《实践指南》发来的评论和意见(A/CN.4/639和Add.1)。

57. At its 3080th meeting, on 26 April 2011, the Commission decided to establish a working group on reservations to treaties, chaired by Mr. Marcelo Vázquez-Bermúdez, to work on finalizing the Guide to Practice as envisaged by the Commission at its sixty-second session (2010).

57. 在2011年4月26日第3080次会议上，委员会决定设立对条约的保留工作组，由马塞洛·巴斯克斯－贝穆德斯先生担任主席，负责完成委员会第六十二届(2010年)会议所设想的最后敲定《实践指南》案文的工作。

The Working Group reviewed the version of the Guide to Practice provisionally adopted in 2010 on the basis of the changes proposed by the Special Rapporteur in the light of the oral and written observations made by States on the topic since 1995.

工作组根据特别报告员参照各国自1995年以来就专题所提出的口头和书面意见而提议的修改，审查了2010年暂时通过的《实践指南》案文。

58. At its 3090th meeting, on 20 May 2011, the Commission took note of the first report of the Chairman of the Working Group on Reservations to Treaties, in which he presented to the Commission the text of the guidelines constituting the Guide to Practice on Reservations to Treaties (A/CN.4/L.779), as finalized by the Working Group.

58. 在2011年5月20日第3090次会议上，委员会注意到对条约的保留工作组主席提出的第一次报告。 工作组主席在该报告中向委员会提出了经工作组敲定的构成《对条约的保留实践指南》的准则案文(A/CN.4/L.779)。

59. At its 3099th meeting, on 6 July 2011, the Commission entrusted the Working Group on Reservations to Treaties with the task of finalizing the text of a draft recommendation or conclusions of the Commission on the reservations dialogue, contained in the Special Rapporteur’s seventeenth report (A/CN.4/647, para. 68).

59. 在2011年7月6日第3099次会议上，委员会委托对条约的保留工作组敲定特别报告员第十七次报告(A/CN.4/647, 第68段)所载的关于保留对话的委员会建议或结论草案。

At its 3106th meeting, on 15 July 2011, the Commission also referred to the Working Group a draft recommendation of the Commission on technical assistance and assistance in the settlement of disputes concerning reservations, as proposed by the Special Rapporteur in the addendum to his seventeenth report (A/CN.4/647/Add.1).

在2011年7月15日第3106次会议上，委员会还将特别报告员在其第十七次报告增编(A/CN.4/647/Add.1)中提出的关于在解决事涉保留的争端方面提供技术援助和协助的委员会建议草案转给工作组。

60. At its 3114th meeting, on 28 July 2011, the Commission took note of the second report of the Chairman of the Working Group on Reservations to Treaties and of the recommendations of the Working Group with respect to (1) conclusions and a recommendation on the reservations dialogue, intended to appear in an annex to the Guide to Practice on Reservations to Treaties (A/CN.4/L.793), and (2) a draft recommendation of the Commission to the General Assembly on mechanisms of assistance in relation to reservations (A/CN.4/L.795).

60. 在2011年7月28日第3114次会议上，委员会注意到对条约的保留工作组主席提出的第二次报告和工作组就下述事项提出的建议：(1) 关于保留对话的结论和建议，拟作为《对条约的保留实践指南》的附件(A/CN.4/L.793)；(2) 委员会向大会提出的关于在保留事项上建立协助机制的建议草案(A/CN.4/L.795)。

61. At its 3118th and 3120th to 3125th meetings, from 5 to 11 August 2011, the Commission adopted the guidelines and commentaries constituting the Guide to Practice on Reservations to Treaties, including an introduction to the Guide to Practice and an annex setting out conclusions and a recommendation of the Commission on the reservations dialogue.

61. 在2011年8月5日至11日第3118次和第3120至3125次会议上，委员会通过了构成《对条约的保留实践指南》的准则及其评注，包括《实践指南》的导言以及载有关于保留对话的委员会结论和建议的附件。

62. The text of the guidelines constituting the Guide to Practice on Reservations to Treaties followed by an annex on the reservations dialogue is reproduced in section F.1 below; the text of the Guide to Practice including an introduction, commentaries, the annex on the reservations dialogue and a bibliography is reproduced in the continuation of section F.2, contained in an addendum to this report (A/66/10/Add.1).

62. 构成《对条约的保留实践指南》的准则案文以及关于保留对话的附件载录于下文F.1节；《实践指南》案文，包括导言、评注、关于保留对话的附件以及参考文献，载录于F.2节，但另以本报告增编形式(A/66/10/Add.1)印发。

63. In accordance with its Statute, the Commission submits to the General Assembly the Guide to Practice on Reservations to Treaties, together with the recommendation set forth in section C below.

63. 委员会根据其章程，向大会提交《对条约的保留实践指南》，同时提交载于下文C节中的建议。

64. The Commission also submits to the General Assembly the recommendation on mechanisms of assistance in relation to reservations, set forth in section D below.

64. 委员会还向大会提交载于下文D节中的关于对条约的保留方面协助机制的建议。

1. Consideration of the seventeenth report of the Special Rapporteur

1. 审议特别报告员的第十七次报告

(a) Introduction by the Special Rapporteur

(a) 特别报告员的介绍

65. The seventeenth report (A/CN.4/647) dealt with the question of the reservations dialogue, while the addendum to it (A/CN.4/647/Add.1) addressed the question of assistance in the settlement of disputes concerning reservations and proposed a draft introduction on how to use the Guide to Practice.

65. 第十七次报告(A/CN.4/647)处理了保留对话的问题，而其增编(A/CN.4/647/ Add.1)在解决事涉保留的争端方面提供协助的问题并提出了一项关于如何使用《实践指南》的导言草案。

66. The Special Rapporteur recalled that the phrase “reservations dialogue” was not a term of art with a precise meaning but an expression he himself had coined in the addendum to his eighth report (A/CN.4/535/Add.1).

66. 特别报告员提到，“保留对话”这一词语并不是含义确切的术语，而是他自己在其第八次报告增编(A/CN.4/535/Add.1)中新造的一个说法。

The expression “reservations dialogue” alluded to the fact that, independently of the substantive and procedure rules applicable to reservations, contracting States and contracting international organizations could, and in many cases did, engage in an informal dialogue concerning the permissibility, scope and meaning of the reservations or objections to reservations formulated by a contracting State or a contracting organization.

“保留对话”暗指这样的事实：抛开适用于保留的实质性和程序性规则不谈，缔约国和缔约国际组织可能，事实上也确曾就一缔约国或一缔约组织提出的保留或对保留提出的反对的允许性、范围和含义开展非正式的对话。

Such a dialogue, which could take place before as well as after a reservation was formulated, could take many forms and employ a wide variety of methods.

这样的对话可以在提出保留之前和之后进行，可采取多种形式，并可利用多种方法。

While the normal interplay of objections and acceptances often served to start a reservations dialogue, the practice revealed the existence of sui generis reactions to reservations, reactions that constituted neither acceptances nor objections but that could nonetheless be taken into account by the author of the reservation — who might, in some cases, be induced to withdraw its reservation or limit its scope — or by dispute settlement bodies or treaty monitoring bodies.

虽然反对与接受之间的通常互动往往构成保留对话的起点，但实践也表明，存在着对保留的自成一格的反应，这种反应既不属于接受，也不属于反对，但仍然可以被保留的提出者或被争端解决机构或条约监督机构所考虑，保留的提出者在某些情况下甚至有可能因之而撤回保留或缩小其范围。

A particular form of reservations dialogue took place under the auspices of treaty monitoring bodies, especially those charged with monitoring the implementation of human rights treaties.

在条约监督机构特别是负责监督人权条约实施的机构主持下，有一种特定形式的保留对话。

The Special Rapporteur stressed that the reservations dialogue offered advantage, notably, that it sought to prevent positions from becoming fixed, to allow the author of the reservation to explain its reasons and to facilitate better understanding among the parties concerned.

特别报告员强调，保留对话具有优点，尤其是它力求防止各方立场固定下来，使保留方能够解释其理由，并有助于有关各方加深相互理解。

The Special Rapporteur therefore thought that the Commission should not only take that practice into account but should encourage it, while taking care not to destroy its spontaneity and effectiveness through a legal formalism that might make it inflexible.

因此特别报告员认为，委员会不仅应考虑到这方面的实践，而且应鼓励这种实践，但同时应小心谨慎，不用法律形式主义破坏其自发性和有效性，从而使其僵化。

That was the purpose of the draft recommendation or conclusions on the reservations dialogue proposed in the seventeenth report, which was intended to encourage States and international organizations to engage in such a dialogue whenever possible in the manner they deemed appropriate.

这正是第十七次报告所提出的关于保留对话的结论和建议草案的目的， 其用意是鼓励各国和各国际组织只要有可能，便以它们认为适当的形式开展这种对话。

The Special Rapporteur thought it preferable to address the question of the reservations dialogue, not in the body of the Guide to Practice, but in an annex to the Guide that could take the form of recommendations or conclusions.

特别报告员认为最好在《实践指南》正文之外处理保留对话问题，以建议或结论的形式作为《指南》的附件。

67. The Special Rapporteur noted that the reservations dialogue was not always successful and sometimes ended without resolving differences of opinion that could have practical consequences.

67. 特别报告员指南，保留对话并不总是成功的，有时也解决不了意见分歧，从而意见分歧会产生一些实际后果。

Nonetheless, it was not appropriate for the Commission to propose a full-fledged dispute settlement mechanism in the context of reservations, in view, among other things, of the flexible nature of the Guide to Practice.

尽管如此，有鉴于《实践指南》的灵活性，委员会不宜在保留的事项上提出一个全面的解决争端机制。

The Special Rapporteur thought it preferable that the Commission suggest a flexible mechanism of assistance in relation to reservations, one that could provide both technical advice and assistance in resolving differences concerning reservations.

特别报告员认为，在保留方面，委员会最好提出一项灵活的协助机制，这样的机制在解决与保留有关的分歧时应既能提供咨询意见，又能提供援助。

The main features of such a mechanism were outlined in the draft recommendation on technical assistance and assistance in the settlement of disputes concerning reservations, contained in the addendum to the seventeenth report.

第十七次报告增编中所载的关于在解决涉及保留的争端方面提供技术援助和协助的建议草案概述了这种机制的主要特征。

68. The draft introduction to the Guide to Practice, also contained in the addendum to the seventeenth report, was intended to provide clarification as to the content, purposes and structure of the Guide and the legal nature of the rules formulated in the guidelines that constituted it.

68. 《实践指南》的导言也载于第十七次报告增编， 其目的是就指南的内容、目的和结构以及构成指南的准则中所述规则的法律性质作出澄清。

(b) Action taken on the seventeenth report

(b) 就第十七次报告采取的行动

69. Since the idea of a draft recommendation or conclusions on the reservations dialogue had been favourably received by the members of the Commission, the Commission instructed the Working Group on Reservations to Treaties to finalize the text in question.

69. 就保留对话拟订一项建议或结论草案的想法得到委员会委员们的赞同，故委员会指示对条约的保留工作组最后敲定有关案文。

The Commission subsequently decided to attach an annex to the Guide to Practice, containing conclusions and a recommendation on the reservations dialogue.

委员会随后决定将关于保留对话的结论和建议作为附件附于《实践指南》之后。

70. Although some members had expressed doubts about the idea of proposing a specific mechanism of assistance in relation to reservations to treaties, the Commission entrusted the Working Group on Reservations to Treaties with the task of considering the draft recommendation on that subject proposed by the Special Rapporteur.

70. 虽然一些委员对于在条约的保留事项上提出一个具体的协助机制的想法表示了怀疑，但委员会仍委托对条约的保留工作组负责审议特别报告员就这一问题所提出的建议草案。

The Commission subsequently adopted the recommendation contained in section D below.

委员会随后通过了载于正文D节的建议。

71. The proposal of the Special Rapporteur to preface the Guide to Practice with an introduction was favourably received by the Commission.

71. 特别报告员关于为《实践指南》加一个导言的建议得到委员会的赞同。

C. Recommendation of the Commission concerning the Guide to Practice on Reservations to Treaties

C. 委员会就《对条约的保留实践指南》提出的建议

72. At its 3125th meeting, on 11 August 2011, the Commission decided, in accordance with article 23 of its Statute, to recommend to the General Assembly to take note of the Guide to Practice and ensure its widest possible dissemination.

72. 在第2011年8月11日第3125次会议上，委员会根据其章程第23条决定建议大会注意到《实践指南》并确保最广泛的散发。

D. Recommendation of the Commission on mechanisms of assistance in relation to reservations to treaties

D. 委员会就对条约的保留方面的协助机制提出的建议

73. At its 3125th meeting, held on 11 August 2011, the Commission decided to transmit to the General Assembly the following recommendation:

73. 在第2011年8月11日第3125次会议上，委员会决定向大会转交下列建议：

“The International Law Commission,

“国际法委员会，

Having completed the preparation of the Guide to Practice on Reservations to Treaties,

完成了《对条约的保留实践指南》的拟订工作，

Aware of the difficulties faced by States in the formulation, interpretation, assessment of the permissibility, and implementation of reservations and objections thereto,

意识到各国在提出、解释、实施保留和对保留的反对以及评估其允许性方面所面临的困难，

Attaching great importance to the principle that States shall settle their international disputes by peaceful means,

高度重视各国应以和平方式解决其国际争端的原则，

Considering that the adoption of the Guide to Practice could be supplemented by the establishment of flexible mechanisms to assist States in the implementation of the legal rules applicable to reservations,

考虑到《实践指南》的通过可辅以灵活机制的建立，以协助各国实施适用于保留的法律规则，

Suggests that the General Assembly:

建议大会：

1. Consider establishing a reservations assistance mechanism, which could take the form described in the annex to this recommendation;

1. 考虑建立一个保留协助机制，可以采取本建议的附件中所描述的形式。

2. Consider establishing within its Sixth Committee an ‘observatory’ on reservations to treaties, and also recommend that States consider establishing similar ‘observatories’ at the regional and subregional levels.

2. 考虑在第六委员会范围内设立对条约的保留“观察台”，并且还建议各国考虑在区域和分区域层级上建立类似的“观察台”；

Annex

附件

(i) The reservations and objections to reservations assistance mechanism could consist of a limited number of experts, selected on the basis of their technical competence and their practical experience in public international law and, specifically, treaty law.

(一) 保留和反对保留的协助机制可以由数量有限的专家组成，根据他们在国际公法和具体条约法中的技术能力及其实践经验予以甄选。

(ii) The mechanism could meet, as needed, to consider problems related to reservations, or objections to and acceptances of reservations, that would be submitted to it.

(二) 这一机制可以视需要开会，以审议提交给它的与保留或反对和接受保留相关的问题。

(iii) The mechanism could make proposals to requesting States in order to settle differences of view concerning reservations.

(三) 该机制可以向请求国提出建议，以解决对保留的不同意见。

States that have such differences could undertake to accept proposals for their resolution as compulsory.

有此种分歧的国家可以承诺接受强制性解决的建议。

(iv) The mechanism could also provide a State with technical assistance in formulating reservations to a treaty or objections to reservations formulated by other States.

(四) 该机制还可在对条约提出保留或对其他国家的保留提出反对方面提供技术援助。

(v) In making its proposals, the mechanism should take into account the provisions on reservations contained in the 1969, 1978 and 1986 Vienna Conventions on the Law of Treaties and the guidelines contained in the Guide to Practice.”

(五) 在作出建议时，该机制应考虑到1969年、1978年和1986年《维也纳公约》中所载对保留的规定和《实践指南》所载准则。 ”

E. Tribute to the Special Rapporteur

E. 向特别报告员表示感谢

74. At its 3125th meeting, on 11 August 2011, the Commission, after adopting the complete Guide to Practice on Reservations to Treaties, adopted the following resolution by acclamation:

74. 在2011年8月11日第3125次会议上，委员会在通过了完整的《对条约的保留实践指南》之后，以鼓掌方式通过了下列决议：

“The International Law Commission,

“国际法委员会，

Having adopted the Guide to Practice on Reservations to Treaties,

通过了《对条约的保留实践指南》，

Expresses its deep appreciation and warm congratulations to the Special Rapporteur, Mr. Alain Pellet, for the outstanding contribution he has made to the preparation of the Guide to Practice on Reservations to Treaties through his tireless efforts and devoted work, and has no doubt that the Guide to Practice will be a valuable tool in solving numerous problems posed by reservations to treaties and interpretative declarations.”

向特别报告员阿兰·佩莱先生表示深挚感谢和热烈祝贺，感谢并祝贺他通过不懈努力和专注的工作为拟订《对条约的保留实践指南》作出了杰出贡献，相信《实践指南》在解决对条约的保留和解释性声明所引起的众多问题方面将是一个宝贵的工具。

F. Text of the Guide to Practice on Reservations to Treaties, adopted by the Commission at its sixty-third session

” F. 委员会第六十三届会议通过的《对条约的保留实践指南》案文

1. Text of the guidelines constituting the Guide to Practice, followed by an annex on the reservations dialogue

1. 构成《实践指南》的准则案文以及关于保留对话的附件

75. The text of the guidelines constituting the Guide to Practice on Reservations to Treaties adopted by the Commission at its sixty-third session, followed by an annex on the reservations dialogue, is reproduced below.

75. 委员会第六十三届会议通过的构成《对条约的保留实践指南》的准则案文载录如下。

Guide to Practice on Reservations to Treaties

对条约的保留实践指南

1. Definitions

1. 定义

1.1 Definition of reservations

1.1 保留的定义

1. “Reservation” means a unilateral statement, however phrased or named, made by a State or an international organization when signing, ratifying, formally confirming, accepting, approving or acceding to a treaty, or by a State when making a notification of succession to a treaty, whereby the State or organization purports to exclude or to modify the legal effect of certain provisions of the treaty in their application to that State or to that international organization.

1. “保留”是指一国或一国际组织在签署、批准、正式确认、接受、核准或加入条约，或一国发出继承条约的通知时所作的单方面声明，不论其措辞或名称如何，该国或该组织意图藉此排除或更改条约中某些规定对该国或该国际组织适用时的法律效力。

2. Paragraph 1 is to be interpreted as including reservations which purport to exclude or to modify the legal effect of certain provisions of a treaty, or of the treaty as a whole with respect to certain specific aspects, in their application to the State or to the international organization which formulates the reservation.

2. 第1款应解释为包括这样的保留：其目的是为了排除或更改条约中某些规定或整个条约的某些特定方面对提出保留的国家或国际组织适用时的法律效力。

1.1.1 Statements purporting to limit the obligations of their author

1.1.1 旨在限制声明方义务的声明

A unilateral statement formulated by a State or an international organization at the time when that State or that organization expresses its consent to be bound by a treaty, by which its author purports to limit the obligations imposed on it by the treaty, constitutes a reservation.

一国或一国际组织在表示同意受条约约束时提出单方面声明，意图藉此限制该条约施加于它的义务，此项声明即构成保留。

1.1.2 Statements purporting to discharge an obligation by equivalent means

1.1.2 旨在以相当方式履行义务的声明

A unilateral statement formulated by a State or an international organization at the time when that State or that organization expresses its consent to be bound by a treaty, by which that State or that organization purports to discharge an obligation pursuant to the treaty in a manner different from, but considered by the author of the statement to be equivalent to that imposed by the treaty, constitutes a reservation.

一国或一国际组织在表示同意受条约约束时提出单方面声明，意图藉此以不同于条约规定的但声明方认为与条约规定相当的方式履行条约规定的义务，此项声明即构成保留。

1.1.3 Reservations relating to the territorial application of the treaty

1.1.3 涉及条约领土适用范围的保留

A unilateral statement by which a State purports to exclude the application of some provisions of a treaty, or of the treaty as a whole with respect to certain specific aspects, to a territory to which they would be applicable in the absence of such a statement constitutes a reservation.

一国提出单方面声明，意图藉此排除条约中某些规定或整个条约的某些特定方面对某一领土的适用――如无此项声明即可适用，此项声明即构成保留。

1.1.4 Reservations formulated when extending the territorial application of a treaty

1.1.4 在扩大条约领土适用范围时提出的保留

A unilateral statement by which a State, when extending the application of a treaty to a territory, purports to exclude or to modify the legal effect of certain provisions of the treaty in relation to that territory constitutes a reservation.

一国在将条约适用范围扩大到一领土时提出单方面声明，意图藉此排除条约中某些规定对该领土的法律效力，此项声明即构成保留。

1.1.5 Reservations formulated jointly

1.1.5 联合提出的保留

The joint formulation of a reservation by several States or international organizations does not affect the unilateral character of that reservation.

若干国家或国际组织联合提出一项保留，不影响该保留的单方面性质。

1.1.6 Reservations formulated by virtue of clauses expressly authorizing the exclusion or the modification of certain provisions of a treaty

1.1.6 根据条约中明确准许排除或更改某些规定的条款提出的保留

A unilateral statement made by a State or an international organization when that State or organization expresses its consent to be bound by a treaty, in accordance with a clause expressly authorizing the parties or some of them to exclude or to modify the legal effect of certain provisions of the treaty with regard to the party that has made the statement, constitutes a reservation expressly authorized by the treaty.

一国或一国际组织在表示同意受条约约束时，根据某一条款作出单方面声明，如该条款明示准许各缔约方或某些缔约方排除或更改条约中某些规定对作出此种声明的缔约方的法律效力，此项声明即构成保留。

1.2 Definition of interpretative declarations

1.2 解释性声明的定义

“Interpretative declaration” means a unilateral statement, however phrased or named, made by a State or an international organization, whereby that State or that organization purports to specify or clarify the meaning or scope of a treaty or of certain of its provisions.

“解释性声明”是指一国或一国际组织为了阐明或澄清条约或其中某些规定的含义或范围而作出的单方面声明，不论其措辞或名称如何。

1.2.1 Interpretative declarations formulated jointly

1.2.1 联合提出的解释性声明

The joint formulation of an interpretative declaration by several States or international organizations does not affect the unilateral character of that interpretative declaration.

若干国家或国际组织联合提出的解释性声明，不影响该解释性声明的单方面性质。

1.3 Distinction between reservations and interpretative declarations

1.3 保留与解释性声明的区别

The character of a unilateral statement as a reservation or as an interpretative declaration is determined by the legal effect that its author purports to produce.

作为保留或作为解释性声明的单方面声明，其性质由声明方意图产生的法律效力决定。

1.3.1 Method of determining the distinction between reservations and interpretative declarations

1.3.1 确定保留与解释性声明之区别的方法

To determine whether a unilateral statement formulated by a State or an international organization in respect of a treaty is a reservation or an interpretative declaration, the statement should be interpreted in good faith in accordance with the ordinary meaning to be given to its terms, with a view to identifying therefrom the intention of its author, in light of the treaty to which it refers.

为了确定一国或一国际组织对一条约提出的单方面声明是保留还是解释性声明，应当参照所针对的条约，根据其用语的普通含义，本着善意解释该声明，以期从中找出声明方的意图。

1.3.2 Phrasing and name

1.3.2 措辞和名称

The phrasing or name of a unilateral statement provides an indication of the purported legal effect.

可从单方面声明的措辞和名称看出意图产生的法律效力。

1.3.3 Formulation of a unilateral statement when a reservation is prohibited

1.3.3 在禁止保留时提出单方面声明

When a treaty prohibits reservations to all or certain of its provisions, a unilateral statement formulated in respect of those provisions by a State or an international organization shall be presumed not to constitute a reservation. Such a statement nevertheless constitutes a reservation if it purports to exclude or modify the legal effect of certain provisions of the treaty, or of the treaty as a whole with respect to certain specific aspects, in their application to its author.

在条约禁止对其所有规定或某些规定作出保留的情况下，不应将一国或一国际组织就那些规定提出的单方面声明视为保留，但此种声明如果其意图是排除或更改条约的某些规定或整个条约的某些特定方面在对声明方适用时的法律效力，则构成保留。

1.4 Conditional interpretative declarations

1.4 有条件的解释性声明

1. A conditional interpretative declaration is a unilateral statement formulated by a State or an international organization when signing, ratifying, formally confirming, accepting, approving or acceding to a treaty, or by a State when making a notification of succession to a treaty, whereby the State or international organization subjects its consent to be bound by the treaty to a specific interpretation of the treaty or of certain provisions thereof.

1. 一国或一国际组织在签署、批准、正式确认、接受、核准或加入条约时提出单方面声明，或一国在通知对条约的继承时提出单方面声明，从而使该国或该国际组织同意受条约约束一事取决于对条约或对其某些规定的特定解释，此项声明即构成有条件的解释性声明。

2. Conditional interpretative declarations are subject to the rules applicable to reservations.

2. 有条件的解释性声明须遵守适用于保留的规则。

1.5 Unilateral statements other than reservations and interpretative declarations

1.5 保留和解释性声明以外的单方面声明

Unilateral statements formulated in relation to a treaty which are not reservations nor interpretative declarations (including conditional interpretative declarations) are outside the scope of the present Guide to Practice.

就条约提出的既非保留也非解释性声明(包括有条件的解释性声明)的单方面声明，不属于本《实践指南》的范围。

1.5.1 Statements of non-recognition

1.5.1 不予承认的声明

A unilateral statement by which a State indicates that its participation in a treaty does not imply recognition of an entity which it does not recognize is outside the scope of the present Guide to Practice even if it purports to exclude the application of the treaty between the declaring State and the non-recognized entity.

一国提出单方面声明，表明该国对条约的参与并不意味着对该国不承认的某一实体予以承认，则此项声明不属于本《实践指南》的范围，即使该声明的目的是排除条约在声明国和声明国不予承认的实体之间的适用。

1.5.2 Statements concerning modalities of implementation of a treaty at the internal level

1.5.2 关于在内部履行条约的方式的声明

A unilateral statement formulated by a State or an international organization whereby that State or that organization indicates the manner in which it intends to implement a treaty at the internal level, without affecting its rights and obligations towards the other contracting States or contracting organizations, is outside the scope of the present Guide to Practice.

一国或一国际组织提出单方面声明以说明该国或该组织意图在内部履行条约的方式，而不影响它相对于其他缔约国或缔约组织而具有的权利和义务，则此项声明不属于本《实践指南》的范围。

1.5.3 Unilateral statements made under a clause providing for options

1.5.3 根据含有任择内容的条款作出的单方面声明

1. A unilateral statement made by a State or an international organization, in accordance with a clause in a treaty permitting the parties to accept an obligation that is not otherwise imposed by the treaty, or permitting them to choose between two or more provisions of the treaty, is outside the scope of the present Guide to Practice.

1. 一国或一国际组织根据条约某一条款作出单方面声明，如该条款准许各缔约方接受并非该条约加诸缔约方的一项义务，或准许各缔约方在该条约的两项或两项以上规定中间作出选择，则此项声明不属于本《实践指南》的范围。

2. A restriction or condition contained in a statement by which a State or an international organization accepts, by virtue of a clause in a treaty, an obligation that is not otherwise imposed by the treaty does not constitute a reservation.

2. 一国或一国际组织作出声明，借助于条约中的一项条款接受并非该条约加诸缔约方的一项义务，此种声明中载列的限制或条件不构成保留。

1.6 Unilateral statements in respect of bilateral treaties

1.6 对双边条约的单方面声明

1.6.1 “Reservations” to bilateral treaties

1.6.1 对双边条约的“保留”

A unilateral statement, however phrased or named, formulated by a State or an international organization after initialling or signature but prior to entry into force of a bilateral treaty, by which that State or that organization purports to obtain from the other party a modification of the provisions of the treaty, does not constitute a reservation within the meaning of the present Guide to Practice.

一国或一国际组织草签或签署了一项双边条约，但在该条约生效前提出了单方面声明，意图藉此促使另一缔约方更改条约的规定，此项声明不论其措辞或名称如何，不构成本《实践指南》所指的保留。

1.6.2 Interpretative declarations in respect of bilateral treaties

1.6.2 对双边条约的解释性声明

Guidelines 1.2 and 1.4 are applicable to interpretative declarations in respect of both multilateral and bilateral treaties.

准则1.2和1.4均适用于对多边条约和双边条约的解释性声明。

1.6.3 Legal effect of acceptance of an interpretative declaration made in respect of a bilateral treaty by the other party

1.6.3 对双边条约的解释性声明获得另一缔约方接受所产生的法律效力

The interpretation resulting from an interpretative declaration made in respect of a bilateral treaty by a State or an international organization party to the treaty and accepted by the other party constitutes an authentic interpretation of that treaty.

作为双边条约缔约方的国家或国际组织对该条约作出的解释性声明所产生的并获得另一缔约方接受的解释，构成对该条约的权威解释。

1.7 Alternatives to reservations and interpretative declarations

1.7 替代保留和解释性声明的程序

1.7.1 Alternatives to reservations

1.7.1 替代保留的程序

In order to achieve results comparable to those effected by reservations, States or international organizations may also have recourse to alternative procedures, such as:

为了达到与保留类似的效果，国家和国际组织也可采取替代程序，例如：

• the insertion in the treaty of a clause purporting to limit its scope or application;

• 在条约中增列旨在限定其范围或适用的条款；

• the conclusion of an agreement, under a specific provision of a treaty, by which two or more States or international organizations purport to exclude or modify the legal effect of certain provisions of the treaty as between themselves.

• 根据条约的一项明确规定缔结协定，使两个或两个以上国家或国际组织可根据协定排除或更改该条约中的某些规定在它们之间的法律效力。

1.7.2 Alternatives to interpretative declarations

1.7.2 替代解释性声明的程序

In order to specify or clarify the meaning or scope of a treaty or certain of its provisions, States or international organizations may also have recourse to procedures other than interpretative declarations, such as:

为了阐明或澄清一条约或其中某些规定的含义或范围，国家和国际组织也可采用替代解释性声明的程序，例如：

• the insertion in the treaty of provisions purporting to interpret the treaty;

• 在条约中增列旨在解释该条约的规定；

• the conclusion of a supplementary agreement to the same end, simultaneously or subsequently to the conclusion of the treaty.

• 在缔结条约的同时或之后，为同一目的缔结补充协定。

1.8 Scope of definitions

1.8 定义的范围

The definitions of unilateral statements included in the present Part are without prejudice to the validity and legal effects of such statements under the rules applicable to them.

本部分所载列的单方面声明的定义，不妨碍这些声明根据对其适用的规则所具有的有效性和法律效力。

2. Procedure

2. 程序

2.1 Form and notification of reservations

2.1 保留的形式和通知

2.1.1 Form of reservations

2.1.1 保留的形式

A reservation must be formulated in writing.

保留必须以书面形式提出。

2.1.2 Statement of reasons for reservations

2.1.2 说明保留的理由

A reservation should, to the extent possible, indicate the reasons why it is being formulated.

保留应当尽可能说明提出保留的理由。

2.1.3 Representation for the purpose of formulating a reservation at the international level

2.1.3 在国际一级提出保留的代表

1. Subject to the usual practices followed in international organizations which are depositaries of treaties, a person is considered as representing a State or an international organization for the purpose of formulating a reservation if:

1. 在不违反作为条约保存人的国际组织所遵守的通常惯例的前提下，下列情况中的人士被视为代表一国或一国际组织提出保留：

(a) that person produces appropriate full powers for the purposes of adopting or authenticating the text of the treaty with regard to which the reservation is formulated or expressing the consent of the State or organization to be bound by the treaty; or

(a) 该人士出示适当全权证书，表明有权通过或认证提出的保留所涉及的条约案文或有权表示该国或该组织同意受该条约约束；或

(b) it appears from practice or from other circumstances that it was the intention of the States and international organizations concerned to consider that person as representing the State or the international organization for such purposes without having to produce full powers.

(b) 从惯例或其他情况看，有关国家或国际组织有意认为该人士为此种目的能代表该国或该国际组织，无须出示全权证书。

2. In virtue of their functions and without having to produce full powers, the following are considered as representing their State for the purpose of formulating a reservation at the international level:

2. 以下人士因其职务无须出示全权证书，被视为代表其本国在国际一级提出保留：

(a) Heads of State, Heads of Government and Ministers for Foreign Affairs;

(a) 国家元首、政府首脑和外交部长；

(b) representatives accredited by States to an international conference, for the purpose of formulating a reservation to a treaty adopted at that conference;

(b) 就对一国际会议通过的条约提出保留而言，各国派驻该国际会议的代表；

(c) representatives accredited by States to an international organization or one of its organs, for the purpose of formulating a reservation to a treaty adopted in that organization or organ;

(c) 就对一国际组织或其一个机关里所通过的条约提出保留而言，各国派驻该组织或机关的代表；

(d) heads of permanent missions to an international organization, for the purpose of formulating a reservation to a treaty between the accrediting States and that organization.

(d) 就对委派国与一国际组织间的条约提出保留而言，常驻该组织的代表团团长。

2.1.4 Absence of consequences at the international level of the violation of internal rules regarding the formulation of reservations

2.1.4 违反与提出保留有关的内部规则在国际一级不产生后果

1. The competent authority and the procedure to be followed at the internal level for formulating a reservation are determined by the internal law of each State or the relevant rules of each international organization.

1. 提出保留的内部主管当局和应遵循的内部程序由每一国国内法或每一国际组织的有关规则确定。

2. A State or an international organization may not invoke the fact that a reservation has been formulated in violation of a provision of the internal law of that State or the rules of that organization regarding competence and the procedure for formulating reservations for the purpose of invalidating the reservation.

2. 一国或一国际组织不得以保留的提出违反了关于提出保留的权限和程序的该国国内法规定或该组织的规则为理由宣布保留无效。

2.1.5 Communication of reservations

2.1.5 保留的告知

1. A reservation must be communicated in writing to the contracting States and contracting organizations and other States and international organizations entitled to become parties to the treaty.

1. 保留必须以书面形式告知缔约国、缔约组织以及有权成为条约缔约方的其他国家和国际组织。

2. A reservation to a treaty in force which is the constituent instrument of an international organization must also be communicated to such organization.

2. 如果一现行条约是一国际组织的组成文书，则对此条约的保留也必须告知该组织。

2.1.6 Procedure for communication of reservations

2.1.6 告知保留的程序

1. Unless otherwise provided in the treaty or agreed by the contracting States and contracting organizations, the communication of a reservation to a treaty shall be transmitted:

1. 除非条约另有规定或各缔约国和缔约组织另有协议，对条约之保留的告知：

(i) if there is no depositary, directly by the author of the reservation to the contracting States and contracting organizations and other States and international organizations entitled to become parties to the treaty; or

(一) 在没有保存人的情况下，应由提出保留方直接送交缔约国和缔约国际组织以及有资格成为该条约缔约方的其他国家和国际组织；或

(ii) if there is a depositary, to the latter, which shall notify the States and international organizations for which it is intended as soon as possible.

(二) 在有保存人的情况下，应送交保存人，由其尽早通知所要送交的国家和国际组织。

2. The communication of a reservation shall be considered as having been made with regard to a State or an international organization only upon receipt by that State or organization.

2. 对一国或一国际组织而言，保留的告知只有在该国或该国际组织接获后才应视为已送达。

3. The communication of a reservation to a treaty by means other than a diplomatic note or depositary notification, such as electronic mail or facsimile, must be confirmed within an appropriate period of time by such a note or notification.

3. 如果对条约的保留是以电子邮件或传真而非外交照会或保存人通知的方式告知，该告知必须在适当的一段时间内以外交照会或保存人的通知加以确认。

In such case, the reservation is considered as having been formulated at the date of the initial communication.

在这种情况下，保留则视为在最初告知之日提出。

2.1.7 Functions of depositaries

2.1.7 保存人的职能

1. The depositary shall examine whether a reservation to a treaty formulated by a State or an international organization is in due and proper form and, if need be, bring the matter to the attention of the State or international organization concerned.

1. 保存人应审查由一国或一国际组织提出的对某一条约的保留是否具有应有的适当形式，并在必要时将问题提请有关国家或国际组织注意。

2. In the event of any difference appearing between a State or an international organization and the depositary as to the performance of the latter’s functions, the depositary shall bring the question to the attention of:

2. 如果一国或一国际组织同保存人之间对保存人履行职能有分歧，保存人应将此问题：

(a) the signatory States and organizations and the contracting States and contracting organizations; or

(a) 提请各签署国和签署组织以及缔约国和缔约组织注意，或

(b) where appropriate, the competent organ of the international organization concerned.

(b) 在适当情况下提请有关国际组织的主管机关注意。

2.2 Confirmation of reservations

2.2 保留的确认

2.2.1 Formal confirmation of reservations formulated when signing a treaty

2.2.1 正式确认在签署条约时提出的保留

If formulated when signing a treaty subject to ratification, act of formal confirmation, acceptance or approval, a reservation must be formally confirmed by the reserving State or international organization when expressing its consent to be bound by the treaty.

凡在签署须经批准、正式确认、接受、核准的条约时提出的保留，须由保留国或保留国际组织在表示同意受条约约束时正式予以确认。

In such a case, the reservation shall be considered as having been formulated on the date of its confirmation.

在这种情况下，该项保留应视为在其确认之日提出。

2.2.2 Instances of non-requirement of confirmation of reservations formulated when signing a treaty

2.2.2 在签署条约时提出的保留无须予以确认的情况

A reservation formulated when signing a treaty does not require subsequent confirmation when a State or an international organization expresses by signature its consent to be bound by the treaty.

如一国或一国际组织通过签署条约表示同意受其约束，在签署该条约时提出的保留无须事后予以确认。

2.2.3 Reservations formulated upon signature when a treaty expressly so provides

2.2.3 条约明文规定可在签署时提出的保留

Where the treaty expressly provides that a State or an international organization may formulate a reservation when signing the treaty, such a reservation does not require formal confirmation by the reserving State or international organization when expressing its consent to be bound by the treaty.

如条约明文规定一国或一国际组织可在签署条约时提出保留，此种保留无须由保留国或保留国际组织在表示同意受条约约束时正式确认。

2.2.4 Form of formal confirmation of reservations

2.2.4 正式确认保留的形式

The formal confirmation of a reservation must be made in writing.

正式确认保留必须以书面形式作出。

2.3 Late formulation of reservations

2.3 过时提出保留

A State or an international organization may not formulate a reservation to a treaty after expressing its consent to be bound by the treaty, unless the treaty otherwise provides or none of the other contracting States and contracting organizations opposes the late formulation of the reservation.

一国或一国际组织不得在表示同意受条约约束后提出保留，除非条约另有规定或其他缔约国和缔约组织均不反对过时提出保留。

2.3.1 Acceptance of the late formulation of a reservation

2.3.1 接受过时提出保留

Unless the treaty otherwise provides or the well-established practice followed by the depositary differs, the late formulation of a reservation shall only be deemed to have been accepted if no contracting State or contracting organization has opposed such formulation after the expiry of the twelve-month period following the date on which notification was received.

除非条约另有规定或保存人遵守的已确立的惯例不同，只有在收到通知之日起十二个月期限届满之后，仍没有任何缔约国或缔约组织对一过时提出的保留提出反对，该保留才可视为已被接受。

2.3.2 Time period for formulating an objection to a reservation that is formulated late

2.3.2 对过时提出的保留提出反对的期限

An objection to a reservation that is formulated late must be made within twelve months of the acceptance, in accordance with guideline 2.3.1, of the late formulation of the reservation.

对过时提出的保留提出反对，必须在准则2.3.1所规定的接受过时提出的保留的十二个月期限之内作出。

2.3.3 Limits to the possibility of excluding or modifying the legal effect of a treaty by means other than reservations

2.3.3 对以非保留方式排除或限制条约法律效力所作的限制

A contracting State or a contracting organization cannot exclude or modify the legal effect of provisions of the treaty by:

缔约国或缔约组织不得通过下列办法排除或更改条约规定的法律效力：

(a) the interpretation of an earlier reservation; or

(a) 对先前作出的保留加以解释；或

(b) a unilateral statement made subsequently under a clause providing for options.

(b) 事后根据含有任择内容的条款作出单方面声明。

2.3.4 Widening of the scope of a reservation

2.3.4 扩大保留范围

The modification of an existing reservation for the purpose of widening its scope is subject to the rules applicable to the late formulation of a reservation.

修改一项现有的保留以扩大其范围，须遵守过时提出保留所适用的规则。

If such a modification is opposed, the initial reservation remains unchanged.

如果对此种修改提出了反对，则最初的保留保持不变。

2.4 Procedure for interpretative declarations

2.4 解释性声明的程序

2.4.1 Form of interpretative declarations

2.4.1 解释性声明的形式

An interpretative declaration should preferably be formulated in writing.

解释性声明最好以书面形式提出。

2.4.2 Representation for the purpose of formulating interpretative declarations

2.4.2 提出解释性声明的代表

An interpretative declaration must be formulated by a person who is considered as representing a State or an international organization for the purpose of adopting or authenticating the text of a treaty or expressing the consent of the State or international organization to be bound by a treaty.

解释性声明必须由被视为代表一国或一国际组织通过或认证条约案文或表示该国或该国际组织同意受条约约束的人士提出。

2.4.3 Absence of consequences at the international level of the violation of internal rules regarding the formulation of interpretative declarations

2.4.3 违反与提出解释性声明有关的内部规则在国际一级不产生后果

1. The competent authority and the procedure to be followed at the internal level for formulating an interpretative declaration are determined by the internal law of each State or the relevant rules of each international organization.

1. 提出解释性声明的内部主管当局和应遵循的内部程序由每一国国内法或每一国际组织的有关规则确定。

2. A State or an international organization may not invoke the fact that an interpretative declaration has been formulated in violation of a provision of the internal law of that State or the rules of that organization regarding competence and the procedure for formulating interpretative declarations for the purpose of invalidating the declaration.

2. 一国或一国际组织不得以解释性声明的提出违反了关于提出解释性声明的权限和程序的该国国内法规定或该组织的规则为理由宣布解释性声明无效。

2.4.4 Time at which an interpretative declaration may be formulated

2.4.4 可提出解释性声明的时刻

Without prejudice to the provisions of guidelines 1.4 and 2.4.7, an interpretative declaration may be formulated at any time.

在不妨碍准则1.4和2.4.7的规定的条件下，解释性声明可随时提出。

2.4.5 Communication of interpretative declarations

2.4.5 解释性声明的告知

The communication of written interpretative declarations should follow the procedure established in guidelines 2.1.5, 2.1.6 and 2.1.7.

书面解释性声明的告知应当遵循准则2.1.5、2.1.6和2.1.7中所确立的程序。

2.4.6 Non-requirement of confirmation of interpretative declarations formulated when signing a treaty

2.4.6 无须确认在签署条约时提出的解释性声明

An interpretative declaration formulated when signing a treaty does not require subsequent confirmation when a State or an international organization expresses its consent to be bound by the treaty.

如一国或一国际组织通过签署条约表示同意受其约束，在签署该条约时提出的解释性声明无须事后予以确认。

2.4.7 Late formulation of an interpretative declaration

2.4.7 过时提出解释性声明

Where a treaty provides that an interpretative declaration may be formulated only at specified times, a State or an international organization may not formulate an interpretative declaration concerning that treaty subsequently, unless none of the other contracting States and contracting organizations objects to the late formulation of the interpretative declaration.

当条约规定只能在特定时间内提出解释性声明时，一国或一国际组织不得在其后提出有关该条约的解释性声明，除非其他缔约国和缔约组织均不反对过时提出解释性声明。

2.4.8 Modification of an interpretative declaration

2.4.8 修改解释性声明

Unless the treaty otherwise provides, an interpretative declaration may be modified at any time.

除条约另有规定外，解释性声明可随时修改。

2.5 Withdrawal and modification of reservations and interpretative declarations

2.5 撤回和修改保留和解释性声明

2.5.1 Withdrawal of reservations

2.5.1 撤回保留

Unless the treaty otherwise provides, a reservation may be withdrawn at any time without the consent of a State or of an international organization which has accepted the reservation being required for its withdrawal.

除条约另有规定外，保留可随时撤回，无须经业已接受保留的国家或国际组织同意。

2.5.2 Form of withdrawal

2.5.2 撤回的形式

The withdrawal of a reservation must be formulated in writing.

撤回保留必须以书面形式提出。

2.5.3 Periodic review of the usefulness of reservations

2.5.3 定期审查保留的功用

1. States or international organizations which have formulated one or more reservations to a treaty should undertake a periodic review of such reservations and consider withdrawing those which no longer serve their purpose.

1. 对条约提出一项或多项保留的国家或国际组织应定期审查各项保留，并考虑撤回已不适用的保留。

2. In such a review, States and international organizations should devote special attention to the aim of preserving the integrity of multilateral treaties and, where relevant, consider the usefulness of retaining the reservations, in particular in relation to developments in their internal law since the reservations were formulated.

2. 在进行这样的审查时，国家和国际组织应对维护多边条约的完整性这一目标给予特别注意，并在必要时，尤其是根据其国内法自从提出保留以来的演变情况，考虑各项保留是否仍然有用。

2.5.4 Representation for the purpose of withdrawing a reservation at the international level

2.5.4 在国际上提出撤回保留的代表

1. Subject to the usual practices followed in international organizations which are depositaries of treaties, a person is considered as representing a State or an international organization for the purpose of withdrawing a reservation made on behalf of a State or an international organization if:

1. 在不违反作为条约保存人的国际组织所遵守的通常惯例的前提下，下列情况中的人士视为代表一国或一国际组织撤回所提出的保留：

(a) that person produces appropriate full powers for the purpose of that withdrawal; or

(a) 就撤回保留而言，该人士出示了适当的全权证书；或

(b) it appears from practice or from other circumstances that it was the intention of the States and international organizations concerned to consider that person as representing the State or the international organization for such purpose without having to produce full powers.

(b) 从惯例或从其他情况看，有关国家和国际组织有意认为该人士为此种目的能代表该国或该国际组织，无须出示全权证书。

2. In virtue of their functions and without having to produce full powers, the following are considered as representing a State for the purpose of withdrawing a reservation at the international level on behalf of that State:

2. 以下人士因其职务无须出示全权证书，被视为代表一国并能以该国的名义在国际一级撤回保留：

(a) Heads of State, Heads of Government and Ministers for Foreign Affairs;

(a) 国家元首、政府首脑和外交部长；

(b) representatives accredited by States to an international organization or one of its organs, for the purpose of withdrawing a reservation to a treaty adopted in that organization or organ;

(b) 就撤回对一国际组织或其一个机关里所通过的条约的保留而言，各国派驻该组织或机关的代表；

(c) heads of permanent missions to an international organization, for the purpose of withdrawing a reservation to a treaty between the accrediting States and that organization.

(c) 就撤回对委派国与一国际组织间的条约的保留而言，常驻该组织的代表团团长。

2.5.5 Absence of consequences at the international level of the violation of internal rules regarding the withdrawal of reservations

2.5.5 违反与撤回保留有关的内部规则在国际上不产生后果

1. The competent authority and the procedure to be followed at the internal level for withdrawing a reservation are determined by the internal law of each State or the relevant rules of each international organization.

1. 撤回保留的内部主管当局和应遵循的内部程序由每一国国内法或每一国际组织的有关规则确定。

2. A State or an international organization may not invoke the fact that a reservation has been withdrawn in violation of a provision of the internal law of that State or the rules of that organization regarding competence and the procedure for the withdrawal of reservations for the purpose of invalidating the withdrawal.

2. 一国或一国际组织不得以保留的撤回违反了关于撤回保留的权限和程序的该国国内法规定或该组织的规则为理由宣布撤回无效。

2.5.6 Communication of withdrawal of a reservation

2.5.6 撤回保留的告知

The procedure for communicating the withdrawal of a reservation follows the rules applicable to the communication of reservations contained in guidelines 2.1.5, 2.1.6 and 2.1.7.

撤回保留的告知程序遵循准则2.1.5、2.1.6和2.1.7所载的保留的告知所适用的规则。

2.5.7 Effects of withdrawal of a reservation

2.5.7 撤回保留的效果

1. The withdrawal of a reservation entails the full application of the provisions to which the reservation relates in the relations between the State or international organization which withdraws the reservation and all the other parties, whether they had accepted the reservation or objected to it.

1. 在撤回一项保留的国家或国际组织与所有其他缔约方的关系中，撤回该项保留即引起该项保留所涉及的各项规定全部适用，不论其他缔约方曾接受还是反对该项保留。

2. The withdrawal of a reservation entails the entry into force of the treaty in the relations between the State or international organization which withdraws the reservation and a State or international organization which had objected to the reservation and opposed the entry into force of the treaty between itself and the reserving State or international organization by reason of that reservation.

2. 在撤回一项保留的国家或国际组织与反对该项保留并由于该项保留而反对条约在它自己和提出保留者之间生效的国家或国际组织的关系中，撤回该项保留即引起条约生效。

2.5.8 Effective date of withdrawal of a reservation

2.5.8 撤回保留的生效日期

Unless the treaty otherwise provides, or it is otherwise agreed, the withdrawal of a reservation becomes operative in relation to a contracting State or a contracting organization only when notice of it has been received by that State or that organization.

除条约另有规定或另经协议外，撤回保留只有在一缔约国或一缔约组织收到撤回通知时才开始对该国或该组织发生效力。

2.5.9 Cases in which the author of a reservation may set the effective date of withdrawal of the reservation

2.5.9 保留方可单方面确定撤回保留生效日期的情况

The withdrawal of a reservation becomes operative on the date set by the State or international organization which withdraws the reservation, where:

撤回保留自撤回保留的国家或国际组织确定的日期起生效，条件是：

(a) that date is later than the date on which the other contracting States or contracting organizations received notification of it; or

(a) 该日期须晚于其他缔约国或缔约组织收到撤回通知的日期；或

(b) the withdrawal does not add to the rights of the withdrawing State or international organization, in relation to the other contracting States or contracting organizations.

(b) 撤回保留并不增加撤回国家或国际组织相对于其他缔约国或缔约组织而言所拥有的权利。

2.5.10 Partial withdrawal of reservations

2.5.10 部分撤回保留

1. The partial withdrawal of a reservation limits the legal effect of the reservation and achieves a more complete application of the provisions of the treaty, or of the treaty as a whole, in the relations between the withdrawing State or international organization and the other parties to the treaty.

1. 部分撤回保留限制了该保留的法律效力，并使条约各项规定或整个条约在撤回国家或国际组织与条约其他缔约方的关系中更完整地适用。

2. The partial withdrawal of a reservation is subject to the same rules on form and procedure as a total withdrawal and becomes operative on the same conditions.

2. 部分撤回保留须遵守与全部撤回相同的形式和程序规则并在相同条件下生效。

2.5.11 Effect of a partial withdrawal of a reservation

2.5.11 部分撤回保留的效果

1. The partial withdrawal of a reservation modifies the legal effect of the reservation to the extent provided by the new formulation of the reservation.

1. 部分撤回一项保留使该保留的法律效力改变到与新表述的该保留相符的程度。

Any objection formulated to the reservation continues to have effect as long as its author does not withdraw it, insofar as the objection does not apply exclusively to that part of the reservation which has been withdrawn.

对该保留提出的任何反对意见，只要其提出者不撤回，则继续有效，但条件是该反对意见不是专门针对被撤回的那部分保留提出的。

2. No new objection may be formulated to the reservation resulting from the partial withdrawal, unless that partial withdrawal has a discriminatory effect.

2. 对部分撤回之后所形成的保留不得提出新的反对意见，除非部分撤回具有歧视效果。

2.5.12 Withdrawal of interpretative declarations

2.5.12 撤回解释性声明

An interpretative declaration may be withdrawn at any time by an authority considered as representing the State or international organization for that purpose, following the same procedure applicable to its formulation.

解释性声明可依照其提出时适用的同样程序，由为此目的被视为代表国家或国际组织的当局随时撤回。

2.6 Formulation of objections

2.6 反对的提出

2.6.1 Definition of objections to reservations

2.6.1 对保留的反对的定义

“Objection” means a unilateral statement, however phrased or named, made by a State or an international organization in response to a reservation formulated by another State or international organization, whereby the former State or organization purports to preclude the reservation from having its intended effects or otherwise opposes the reservation.

“反对”是指一国或一国际组织针对另一国或另一国际组织对条约提出的一项保留所作的单方面声明，不论其措辞或名称如何，提出反对的国家或国际组织意图藉此排除保留欲产生的效力或阻止该项保留。

2.6.2 Right to formulate objections

2.6.2 提出反对的权利

A State or an international organization may formulate an objection to a reservation irrespective of the permissibility of the reservation.

一国或国际组织可对保留提出反对，无论保留的允许性如何。

2.6.3 Author of an objection

2.6.3 提出反对者

An objection to a reservation may be formulated by:

对保留的反对可由以下方面提出：

(i) any contracting State or contracting organization; and

(一) 任何缔约国或缔约组织；和

(ii) any State or international organization that is entitled to become a party to the treaty, in which case the objection does not produce any legal effect until the State or international organization has expressed its consent to be bound by the treaty.

(二) 有权成为条约缔约方的任何国家或国际组织，在此种情况下，在该国或该国际组织表示同意受条约约束之前，反对不产生任何法律效力。

2.6.4 Objections formulated jointly

2.6.4 联合提出反对

The joint formulation of an objection by several States or international organizations does not affect the unilateral character of that objection.

若干国家或国际组织联合提出反对，不影响这一反对的单方面性质。

2.6.5 Form of objections

2.6.5 反对的形式

An objection must be formulated in writing.

反对必须以书面形式提出。

2.6.6 Right to oppose the entry into force of the treaty vis-à-vis the author of the reservation

2.6.6 反对条约在与提出保留者关系中生效的权利

A State or an international organization that formulates an objection to a reservation may oppose the entry into force of the treaty as between itself and the author of the reservation.

对保留提出反对的一国或一国际组织可反对条约在它与提出保留者之间生效。

2.6.7 Expression of intention to preclude the entry into force of the treaty

2.6.7 表明阻止条约生效的意向

When a State or an international organization formulating an objection to a reservation intends to preclude the entry into force of the treaty as between itself and the reserving State or international organization, it shall definitely express its intention before the treaty would otherwise enter into force between them.

对保留提出反对的国家或国际组织意欲阻止条约在自己与提出保留的国家或国际组织之间生效，应在该条约本该对双方生效之前明确表示这一意向。

2.6.8 Procedure for the formulation of objections

2.6.8 提出反对的程序

Guidelines 2.1.3, 2.1.4, 2.1.5, 2.1.6 and 2.1.7 are applicable mutatis mutandis to objections.

准则2.1.3、2.1.4、2.1.5、2.1.6和2.1.7比照适用于反对。

2.6.9 Statement of reasons for objections

2.6.9 说明反对的理由

An objection should, to the extent possible, indicate the reasons why it is being formulated.

反对应当尽可能说明提出反对的理由。

2.6.10 Non-requirement of confirmation of an objection formulated prior to formal confirmation of a reservation

2.6.10 在保留获得正式确认之前提出的反对无须确认

An objection to a reservation formulated by a State or an international organization prior to confirmation of the reservation in accordance with guideline 2.2.1 does not itself require confirmation.

在保留按照准则2.2.1予以正式确认之前，一国或一国际组织对其提出的反对，其本身无须确认。

2.6.11 Confirmation of an objection formulated prior to the expression of consent to be bound by a treaty

2.6.11 在表示同意受条约约束之前提出的反对的确认

An objection formulated prior to the expression of consent to be bound by the treaty does not need to be formally confirmed by the objecting State or international organization at the time it expresses its consent to be bound if that State or that organization was a signatory to the treaty when it formulated the objection; it must be confirmed if the State or international organization had not signed the treaty.

在表示同意受条约约束之前提出的反对，无须由提出反对的国家或国际组织在其表示同意受约束之时正式确认，但条件是，该国或该组织在提出反对时已经签署了该条约；如果该国或该国际组织当时尚未签署该条约，则必须确认反对。

2.6.12 Time period for formulating objections

2.6.12 提出反对的期限

Unless the treaty otherwise provides, a State or an international organization may formulate an objection to a reservation within a period of twelve months after it was notified of the reservation or by the date on which such State or international organization expresses its consent to be bound by the treaty, whichever is later.

除条约另有规定外，一国或一国际组织可在接到保留通知后十二个月内，或在该国或国际组织表示同意受条约约束之前，提出对保留的反对，以两者中后面的日期为准。

2.6.13 Objections formulated late

2.6.13 过时提出反对

An objection to a reservation formulated after the end of the time period specified in guideline 2.6.12 does not produce all the legal effects of an objection formulated within that time period.

在准则2.6.12所述期限后对保留提出的反对，不产生在该期限内提出的反对所具有的全部法律效力。

2.7 Withdrawal and modification of objections to reservations

2.7 撤回和修改对保留的反对

2.7.1 Withdrawal of objections to reservations

2.7.1 撤回对保留的反对

Unless the treaty otherwise provides, an objection to a reservation may be withdrawn at any time.

除条约另有规定外，对保留的反对可随时撤回。

2.7.2 Form of withdrawal of objections to reservations

2.7.2 撤回反对保留的形式

The withdrawal of an objection to a reservation must be formulated in writing.

撤回对保留的反对必须以书面形式提出。

2.7.3 Formulation and communication of the withdrawal of objections to reservations

2.7.3 提出和告知撤回对保留的反对

Guidelines 2.5.4, 2.5.5 and 2.5.6 are applicable mutatis mutandis to the withdrawal of objections to reservations.

准则2.5.4、2.5.5和2.5.6比照适用于撤回对保留的反对。

2.7.4 Effect on reservation of withdrawal of an objection

2.7.4 撤回反对对保留的效果

A State or an international organization that withdraws an objection formulated to a reservation is presumed to have accepted that reservation.

一国或一国际组织撤回对一项保留提出的反对即被推定为接受了该项保留。

2.7.5 Effective date of withdrawal of an objection

2.7.5 撤回反对的生效日期

Unless the treaty otherwise provides, or it is otherwise agreed, the withdrawal of an objection to a reservation becomes operative only when notice of it has been received by the State or international organization which formulated the reservation.

除条约另有规定或另经协议外，撤回对保留的反对，只有在提出保留的国家或国际组织收到撤回通知时才生效。

2.7.6 Cases in which the author of an objection may set the effective date of withdrawal of the objection

2.7.6 反对方可确定撤回反对的生效日期的情况

The withdrawal of an objection becomes operative on the date set by its author where that date is later than the date on which the reserving State or international organization received notice of it.

撤回反对在反对方自定的日期生效，但这一日期须晚于提出保留的国家或国际组织收到撤回反对通知的日期。

2.7.7 Partial withdrawal of an objection

2.7.7 部分撤回反对

1. Unless the treaty otherwise provides, a State or an international organization may partially withdraw an objection to a reservation.

1. 除条约另有规定外，一国或一国际组织可部分撤回对保留的反对。

2. The partial withdrawal of an objection is subject to the same rules on form and procedure as a total withdrawal and becomes operative on the same conditions.

2. 部分撤回反对须按全部撤回所遵守的形式和程序规则进行，并在相同条件下生效。

2.7.8 Effect of a partial withdrawal of an objection

2.7.8 部分撤回反对的效果

The partial withdrawal modifies the legal effects of the objection on the treaty relations between the author of the objection and the author of the reservation to the extent provided by the new formulation of the objection.

部分撤回反对更改了反对对反对方和保留方之间的条约关系产生的法律效力，此种更改以新表述的反对为限。

2.7.9 Widening of the scope of an objection to a reservation

2.7.9 扩大对保留的反对范围

1. A State or an international organization which has made an objection to a reservation may widen the scope of that objection during the time period referred to in guideline 2.6.12.

1. 对一项保留作出反对的一国或一国际组织，可在准则2.6.12提及的期限内扩大该反对的范围。

2. Such a widening of the scope of the objection cannot have an effect on the existence of treaty relations between the author of the reservation and the author of the objection.

2. 反对范围的此种扩大不得对保留方与反对方之间条约关系的存在产生影响。

2.8 Formulation of acceptances of reservations

2.8 接受保留的提出

2.8.1 Forms of acceptance of reservations

2.8.1 接受保留的形式

The acceptance of a reservation may arise from a unilateral statement to this effect or from silence of a contracting State or contracting organization during the periods specified in guideline 2.6.12.

在准则2.6.12规定的期限内，缔约国或缔约组织可通过其表示接受的单方面声明或通过保持沉默而接受保留。

2.8.2 Tacit acceptance of reservations

2.8.2 默示接受保留

Unless the treaty otherwise provides, a reservation is considered to have been accepted by a State or an international organization if it shall have raised no objection to the reservation within the time period provided for in guideline 2.6.12.

除条约另有规定外，如一国或一国际组织在准则2.6.12规定的期间内未对保留提出反对，该保留即视为业经该国或该国际组织接受。

2.8.3 Express acceptance of reservations

2.8.3 明示接受保留

A State or an international organization may, at any time, expressly accept a reservation formulated by another State or international organization.

一国或一国际组织可随时明示接受另一国或国际组织提出的保留。

2.8.4 Form of express acceptance of reservations

2.8.4 明示接受保留的形式

The express acceptance of a reservation must be formulated in writing.

保留的明示接受必须以书面形式提出。

2.8.5 Procedure for formulating express acceptance of reservations

2.8.5 提出对保留的明示接受的程序

Guidelines 2.1.3, 2.1.4, 2.1.5, 2.1.6 and 2.1.7 apply mutatis mutandis to express acceptances.

准则2.1.3、2.1.4、2.1.5、2.1.6和2.1.7比照适用于明示接受。

2.8.6 Non-requirement of confirmation of an acceptance formulated prior to formal confirmation of a reservation

2.8.6 保留被正式确认前所提出的接受无须予以确认

An express acceptance of a reservation formulated by a State or an international organization prior to confirmation of the reservation in accordance with guideline 2.2.1 does not itself require confirmation.

一国或一国际组织在保留依照准则2.2.1被确认前对保留提出的明示接受，无须予以确认。

2.8.7 Unanimous acceptance of reservations

2.8.7 一致接受保留

In the event of a reservation requiring unanimous acceptance by some or all States or international organizations which are parties or entitled to become parties to the treaty, such acceptance, once obtained, is final.

对于需要由已成为条约缔约方或有资格成为条约缔约方的部分或全部国家或国际组织一致接受的保留，保留一经接受即为最终的决定。

2.8.8 Acceptance of a reservation to the constituent instrument of an international organization

2.8.8 接受对国际组织组成文书的保留

When a treaty is a constituent instrument of an international organization and unless it otherwise provides, a reservation requires the acceptance of the competent organ of that organization.

若一项条约为一国际组织的组成文书，除非另有规定，保留须经该组织的主管机关接受。

2.8.9 Organ competent to accept a reservation to a constituent instrument

2.8.9 有权接受对组成文书的保留的主管机关

Subject to the rules of the organization, competence to accept a reservation to a constituent instrument of an international organization belongs to the organ competent to:

在遵守该组织规则的前提下，接受对一国际组织组成文书的保留的权限属于：

• decide on the admission of a member to the organization; or

• 有权决定接纳该组织成员的主管机关；或

• amend the constituent instrument; or

• 有权修改组成文书的主管机关；或

• interpret this instrument.

• 有权解释这一文书的主管机关。

2.8.10 Modalities of the acceptance of a reservation to a constituent instrument

2.8.10 接受对组成文书的保留的方式

1. Subject to the rules of the organization, the acceptance by the competent organ of the organization shall not be tacit.

1. 在遵守该组织规则的前提下，该组织主管机关不得默示接受保留。

However, the admission of the State or the international organization which is the author of the reservation is tantamount to the acceptance of that reservation.

但是，接纳提出保留的国家或国际组织，等于接受其保留。

2. For the purposes of the acceptance of a reservation to the constituent instrument of an international organization, the individual acceptance of the reservation by States or international organizations that are members of the organization is not required.

2. 对一国际组织组成文书的保留予以接受，无须由该组织的成员国或成员组织单独表示接受。

2.8.11 Acceptance of a reservation to a constituent instrument that has not yet entered into force

2.8.11 接受对尚未生效的组成文书的保留

In the case set forth in guideline 2.8.8 and where the constituent instrument has not yet entered into force, a reservation is considered to have been accepted if no signatory State or signatory international organization has raised an objection to that reservation within a period of twelve months after they were notified of that reservation.

在准则2.8.8所述情况和组成文书尚未生效的情形下，如果没有任何签字国或签字的国际组织在收到保留通知后十二个月内对保留提出反对，该项保留即被视为获得接受。

Such a unanimous acceptance, once obtained, is final.

此种一致性接受一旦获得，即为最终决定。

2.8.12 Reaction by a member of an international organization to a reservation to its constituent instrument

2.8.12 国际组织成员针对对该组织组成文书的保留的反应

Guideline 2.8.10 does not preclude States or international organizations that are members of an international organization from taking a position on the permissibility or appropriateness of a reservation to a constituent instrument of the organization.

准则2.8.10不排除国际组织的成员国或成员组织针对对该组织组成文书的保留的允许性或适当性表达意见。

Such an opinion is in itself devoid of legal effects.

这样的意见本身不具法律效力。

2.8.13 Final nature of acceptance of a reservation

2.8.13 接受保留的决定性

The acceptance of a reservation cannot be withdrawn or amended.

对保留的接受不得撤回或修改。

2.9 Formulation of reactions to interpretative declarations

2.9 提出对解释性声明的反应

2.9.1 Approval of an interpretative declaration

2.9.1 对解释性声明的赞同

“Approval” of an interpretative declaration means a unilateral statement made by a State or an international organization in reaction to an interpretative declaration in respect of a treaty formulated by another State or another international organization, whereby the former State or organization expresses agreement with the interpretation formulated in that declaration.

对解释性声明的“赞同”，是指一国或一国际组织针对另一国或另一国际组织就条约提出的解释性声明而作出的单方面声明，以此表示该国或组织同意解释性声明中提出的解释。

2.9.2 Opposition to an interpretative declaration

2.9.2 对解释性声明的反对

“Opposition” to an interpretative declaration means a unilateral statement made by a State or an international organization in reaction to an interpretative declaration in respect of a treaty formulated by another State or another international organization, whereby the former State or organization disagrees with the interpretation formulated in the interpretative declaration, including by formulating an alternative interpretation.

对解释性声明的“反对”，是指一国或一国际组织针对另一国或另一国际组织就条约提出的解释性声明而作出的单方面声明，以此表示该国或组织不同意解释性声明中提出的解释，包括提出一种替代性解释。

2.9.3 Recharacterization of an interpretative declaration

2.9.3 对解释性声明的重新定性

1. “Recharacterization” of an interpretative declaration means a unilateral statement made by a State or an international organization in reaction to an interpretative declaration in respect of a treaty formulated by another State or another international organization, whereby the former State or organization purports to treat the declaration as a reservation.

1. 对解释性声明“重新定性”，是指一国或一国际组织针对另一国或另一国际组织就条约提出的解释性声明而作出的单方面声明，该国或组织意图藉此将该项声明视为保留。

2. A State or an international organization that intends to treat an interpretative declaration as a reservation should take into account guidelines 1.3 to 1.3.3.

2. 一国或一国际组织如果有意将一项解释性声明视为保留，应考虑到准则1.3至1.3.3的规定。

2.9.4 Right to formulate approval or opposition, or to recharacterize

2.9.4 提出赞同、反对或重新定性的权利

An approval, opposition or recharacterization in respect of an interpretative declaration may be formulated at any time by any contracting State or any contracting organization and by any State or any international organization that is entitled to become a party to the treaty.

对解释性声明的赞同、反对或重新定性可由任何缔约国或缔约组织以及有资格成为条约缔约方的任何国家或任何国际组织随时提出。

2.9.5 Form of approval, opposition and recharacterization

2.9.5 赞同、反对和重新定性的形式

An approval, opposition or recharacterization in respect of an interpretative declaration should preferably be formulated in writing.

对一解释性声明的赞同、反对或重新定性最好以书面形式提出。

2.9.6 Statement of reasons for approval, opposition and recharacterization

2.9.6 说明赞同、反对和重新定性的理由

An approval, opposition or recharacterization in respect of an interpretative declaration should, to the extent possible, indicate the reasons why it is being formulated.

在对解释性声明提出赞同、反对或重新定性时，应当尽量说明提出赞同、反对或重新定性的理由。

2.9.7 Formulation and communication of approval, opposition or recharacterization

2.9.7 赞同、反对或重新定性的提出和告知

Guidelines 2.1.3, 2.1.4, 2.1.5, 2.1.6 and 2.1.7 are applicable mutatis mutandis to an approval, opposition or recharacterization in respect of an interpretative declaration.

对解释性声明的赞同、反对或重新定性比照适用准则2.1.3、2.1.4、2.1.5、2.1.6和2.1.7。

2.9.8 Non-presumption of approval or opposition

2.9.8 不得推定赞同或反对

1. An approval of, or an opposition to, an interpretative declaration shall not be presumed.

1. 对解释性声明的赞同或反对，不得推定。

2. Notwithstanding guidelines 2.9.1 and 2.9.2, an approval of an interpretative declaration or an opposition thereto may be inferred, in exceptional cases, from the conduct of the States or international organizations concerned, taking into account all relevant circumstances.

2. 尽管有准则2.9.1和2.9.2的规定，在特殊情况下，在考虑到所有有关情况后，可从有关国家或国际组织的行为中推断解释性声明得到了赞同或受到反对。

2.9.9 Silence with respect to an interpretative declaration

2.9.9 对解释性声明保持沉默

An approval of an interpretative declaration shall not be inferred from the mere silence of a State or an international organization.

不得仅根据一国或一国际组织保持沉默而推断其赞同解释性声明。

3. Permissibility of reservations and interpretative declarations

3. 保留和解释性声明的允许性

3.1 Permissible reservations

3.1 允许的保留

A State or an international organization may, when signing, ratifying, formally confirming, accepting, approving or acceding to a treaty, formulate a reservation unless:

一国或一国际组织可在签署、批准、正式确认、接受、核准或加入一项条约时提出保留，除非：

(a) the reservation is prohibited by the treaty;

(a) 该项保留为条约所禁止；

(b) the treaty provides that only specified reservations, which do not include the reservation in question, may be made; or

(b) 条约规定只可提出不包括该项保留在内的特定保留；或

(c) in cases not falling under subparagraphs (a) and (b), the reservation is incompatible with the object and purpose of the treaty.

(c) 在不属于(a)和(b)项的其他情形下，该项保留与条约的目的和宗旨不符。

3.1.1 Reservations prohibited by the treaty

3.1.1 条约禁止的保留

A reservation is prohibited by the treaty if it contains a provision:

如果条约含有一项下述规定，保留即为条约所禁止：

(a) prohibiting all reservations;

(a) 禁止一切保留；

(b) prohibiting reservations to specified provisions to which the reservation in question relates; or

(b) 禁止对特定条款提出保留，而有关保留涉及这些特定条款；或

(c) prohibiting certain categories of reservations including the reservation in question.

(c) 禁止某些类别的保留，而有关保留包括在所述类别里。

3.1.2 Definition of specified reservations

3.1.2 特定保留的定义

For the purposes of guideline 3.1, the expression “specified reservations” means reservations that are expressly envisaged in the treaty to certain provisions of the treaty or to the treaty as a whole with respect to certain specific aspects.

为了准则3.1的目的，“特定保留”一语指条约明文提及的对条约某些规定的保留或对整个条约的涉及某些特定方面的保留。

3.1.3 Permissibility of reservations not prohibited by the treaty

3.1.3 允许不受条约禁止的保留

Where the treaty prohibits the formulation of certain reservations, a reservation which is not prohibited by the treaty may be formulated by a State or an international organization only if it is not incompatible with the object and purpose of the treaty.

在条约禁止提出某些保留的情形下，一国或国际组织可提出的不受条约禁止的保留以不违反条约的目的和宗旨为限。

3.1.4 Permissibility of specified reservations

3.1.4 允许的特定保留

Where the treaty envisages the formulation of specified reservations without defining their content, a reservation may be formulated by a State or an international organization only if it is not incompatible with the object and purpose of the treaty.

在条约允许提出某些特定保留但未说明其内容的情形下，一国或国际组织只可提出不违反条约目的和宗旨的保留。

3.1.5 Incompatibility of a reservation with the object and purpose of the treaty

3.1.5 保留与条约的目的和宗旨不符

A reservation is incompatible with the object and purpose of the treaty if it affects an essential element of the treaty that is necessary to its general tenour, in such a way that the reservation impairs the raison d’être of the treaty.

一项保留如果影响条约主旨所必需的一项基本内容，从而损害条约的存在理由，则与条约的目的和宗旨不符。

3.1.5.1 Determination of the object and purpose of the treaty

3.1.5.1 条约的目的和宗旨的确定

The object and purpose of the treaty is to be determined in good faith, taking account of the terms of the treaty in their context, in particular the title and the preamble of the treaty.

条约的目的和宗旨必须根据条约用语在上下文中的含义，尤其是条约的名称和序言，本着善意加以确定。

Recourse may also be had to the preparatory work of the treaty and the circumstances of its conclusion and, where appropriate, the subsequent practice of the parties.

还可特别参考条约的准备工作和条约缔结的背景，并酌情参考缔约方随后的惯例。

3.1.5.2 Vague or general reservations

3.1.5.2 含糊或笼统的保留

A reservation shall be worded in such a way as to allow its meaning to be understood, in order to assess in particular its compatibility with the object and purpose of the treaty.

保留的措辞，应能确定其含义，尤其应能评估其是否与条约的目的和宗旨相符。

3.1.5.3 Reservations to a provision reflecting a customary rule

3.1.5.3 对反映习惯规则的规定的保留

The fact that a treaty provision reflects a rule of customary international law does not in itself constitute an obstacle to the formulation of a reservation to that provision.

一项条约规定反映了一项习惯国际法规则，这一事实本身并不妨碍对该项规定可提出保留。

3.1.5.4 Reservations to provisions concerning rights from which no derogation is permissible under any circumstances

3.1.5.4 对涉及在任何情况下都不可克减的权利的规定的保留

A State or an international organization may not formulate a reservation to a treaty provision concerning rights from which no derogation is permissible under any circumstances, unless the reservation in question is compatible with the essential rights and obligations arising out of that treaty.

一国或一国际组织不得对涉及在任何情况下都不可克减的权利的条约规定提出保留，除非有关保留与该条约所规定的基本权利和义务相符。

In assessing that compatibility, account shall be taken of the importance which the parties have conferred upon the rights at issue by making them non-derogable.

在评估是否相符时，应考虑缔约方在规定有关权利为不可克减权利时对有关权利的重视程度。

3.1.5.5 Reservations relating to internal law

3.1.5.5 与国内法有关的保留

A reservation by which a State or an international organization purports to exclude or to modify the legal effect of certain provisions of a treaty or of the treaty as a whole in order to preserve the integrity of specific rules of the internal law of that State or of specific rules of that organization in force at the time of the formulation of the reservation may be formulated only insofar as it does not affect an essential element of the treaty nor its general tenour.

一国或一国际组织可提出旨在排除或更改一项条约某些规定或整个条约的法律效力的保留，以维护在提出保留时有效的该国国内法特定规则或该组织的特定规则的完整性，但有关保留不得影响条约的基本内容或主旨。

3.1.5.6 Reservations to treaties containing numerous interdependent rights and obligations

3.1.5.6 对载有众多相互依赖的权利和义务的条约的保留

To assess the compatibility of a reservation with the object and purpose of a treaty containing numerous interdependent rights and obligations, account shall be taken of that interdependence as well as the importance that the provision to which the reservation relates has within the general tenour of the treaty, and the extent of the impact that the reservation has on the treaty.

在评估一项保留是否与载有众多相互依赖的权利和义务的条约的目的和宗旨相符时，应考虑这一相互依赖性和保留所针对的规定在条约的主旨中所具有的重要性，以及保留对条约产生的影响的严重程度。

3.1.5.7 Reservations to treaty provisions concerning dispute settlement or the monitoring of the implementation of the treaty

3.1.5.7 对关于解决争端或监测条约实施情况的条约规定的保留

A reservation to a treaty provision concerning dispute settlement or the monitoring of the implementation of the treaty is not, in itself, incompatible with the object and purpose of the treaty, unless:

对关于解决争端或监测条约实施情况的条约规定的保留，就其本身而言，并非与条约的目的和宗旨不符，除非：

(i) the reservation purports to exclude or modify the legal effect of a provision of the treaty essential to its raison d’être; or

(一) 保留旨在排除或更改条约的存在理由所必需的一项规定的法律效力；或

(ii) the reservation has the effect of excluding the reserving State or international organization from a dispute settlement or treaty implementation monitoring mechanism with respect to a treaty provision that it has previously accepted, if the very purpose of the treaty is to put such a mechanism into effect.

(二) 保留的效果是，使作出保留的国家或国际组织在其原先已经接受的一项条约规定方面，不受解决争端或条约实施情况监测机制的约束，而有关条约的根本作用正是为了实施这一机制。

3.2 Assessment of the permissibility of reservations

3.2 对保留允许性的评估

The following may assess, within their respective competences, the permissibility of reservations to a treaty formulated by a State or an international organization:

下列国家、组织或机构在其各自权力范围内可评估一国或一国际组织对条约提出的保留的允许性：

• contracting States or contracting organizations;

• 缔约国或缔约组织；

• dispute settlement bodies;

• 争端解决机构；

• treaty monitoring bodies.

• 条约监督机构。

3.2.1 Competence of the treaty monitoring bodies to assess the permissibility of reservations

3.2.1 条约监督机构评估保留允许性的权限

1. A treaty monitoring body may, for the purpose of discharging the functions entrusted to it, assess the permissibility of reservations formulated by a State or an international organization.

1. 条约监督机构为履行其所负的职能，可评估一国或一国际组织提出的保留的允许性。

2. The assessment made by such a body in the exercise of this competence has no greater legal effect than that of the act which contains it.

2. 这种机构在行使这一权力时作出的评估，其法律效力不超过载有该评估意见的文件。

3.2.2 Specification of the competence of treaty monitoring bodies to assess the permissibility of reservations

3.2.2 明确条约监督机构评估保留允许性的权限

When providing bodies with the competence to monitor the application of treaties, States or international organizations should specify, where appropriate, the nature and the limits of the competence of such bodies to assess the permissibility of reservations.

在赋予机构以监督条约适用情况的权力时，国家或国际组织应当酌情说明这种机构评估保留允许性的权力的性质和范围。

3.2.3 Consideration of the assessments of treaty monitoring bodies

3.2.3 考虑条约监督机构的评估

States and international organizations that have formulated reservations to a treaty establishing a treaty monitoring body shall give consideration to that body’s assessment of the permissibility of the reservations.

对设有条约监督机构的条约提出了保留的国家和国际组织应考虑该机构对其保留的允许性作出的评估。

3.2.4 Bodies competent to assess the permissibility of reservations in the event of the establishment of a treaty monitoring body

3.2.4 在设立条约监督机构的情况下有权评估保留允许性的机构

When a treaty establishes a treaty monitoring body, the competence of that body is without prejudice to the competence of the contracting States or contracting organizations to assess the permissibility of reservations to that treaty, or to that of dispute settlement bodies competent to interpret or apply the treaty.

如果条约设有条约监督机构，该机构拥有的权力不影响缔约国或缔约组织就对条约提出的保留的允许性作出评估的权力，也不影响有权解释或适用条约的争端解决机构的这种权力。

3.2.5 Competence of dispute settlement bodies to assess the permissibility of reservations

3.2.5 争端解决机构评估保留允许性的权限

When a dispute settlement body is competent to adopt decisions binding upon the parties to a dispute, and the assessment of the permissibility of a reservation is necessary for the discharge of such competence by that body, such assessment is, as an element of the decision, legally binding upon the parties.

如果争端解决机构有权作出对争端当事方具有约束力的裁决，并且评估保留的允许性为该机构行使这一权力所必需，此种评估作为裁决的一部分，对当事方具有法律约束力。

3.3 Consequences of the non-permissibility of a reservation

3.3 保留不允许的后果

3.3.1 Irrelevance of distinction among the grounds for non-permissibility

3.3.1 无须区分不允许的理由

A reservation formulated notwithstanding a prohibition arising from the provisions of the treaty or notwithstanding its incompatibility with the object and purpose of the treaty is impermissible, without there being any need to distinguish between the consequences of these grounds for non-permissibility.

在条约规定禁止的情况下提出的保留，或与条约目的和宗旨相抵触的保留，均属不允许，而且无须区分这两种不允许理由的后果。

3.3.2 Non-permissibility of reservations and international responsibility

3.3.2 保留不允许与国际责任

The formulation of an impermissible reservation produces its consequences pursuant to the law of treaties and does not engage the international responsibility of the State or international organization which has formulated it.

提出不允许的保留依条约法产生后果，不牵涉提出此种保留的国家或国际组织的国际责任。

3.3.3 Absence of effect of individual acceptance of a reservation on the permissibility of the reservation

3.3.3 单独接受保留对保留的允许性不产生效果

Acceptance of an impermissible reservation by a contracting State or by a contracting organization shall not affect the impermissibility of the reservation.

一缔约国或一缔约组织接受一项不允许的保留并不影响保留的不允许性。

3.4 Permissibility of reactions to reservations

3.4 对保留作出反应的允许性

3.4.1 Permissibility of the acceptance of a reservation

3.4.1 接受保留的允许性

Acceptance of a reservation is not subject to any condition of permissibility.

接受一项保留不受任何允许性条件的约束。

3.4.2 Permissibility of an objection to a reservation

3.4.2 反对保留的允许性

An objection to a reservation by which a State or an international organization purports to exclude in its relations with the author of the reservation the application of provisions of the treaty to which the reservation does not relate is only permissible if:

如果对保留提出反对的国家或国际组织意在与提出保留者的关系中排除适用与该保留无关的条约规定，对保留的反对只有在下列情况下才允许：

(1) the provisions thus excluded have a sufficient link with the provisions to which the reservation relates; and

(1) 被排斥的规定与保留所涉规定有充分的联系；而且

(2) the objection would not defeat the object and purpose of the treaty in the relations between the author of the reservation and the author of the objection.

(2) 反对不会在提出保留者和提出反对者之间的关系中妨碍条约的目的和宗旨。

3.5 Permissibility of an interpretative declaration

3.5 解释性声明的允许性

A State or an international organization may formulate an interpretative declaration unless the interpretative declaration is prohibited by the treaty.

一国或一国际组织可提出解释性声明，除非该解释性说明为条约所禁止。

3.5.1 Permissibility of an interpretative declaration which is in fact a reservation

3.5.1 事实上为保留的解释性说明的允许性

If a unilateral statement which appears to be an interpretative declaration is in fact a reservation, its permissibility must be assessed in accordance with the provisions of guidelines 3.1 to 3.1.5.7.

对于表面上为解释性说明而事实上为保留的单方面声明，必须按照准则3.1至3.1.5.7的规定评估其允许性。

3.6 Permissibility of reactions to interpretative declarations

3.6 对解释性声明作出反应的允许性

An approval of, opposition to, or recharacterization of, an interpretative declaration shall not be subject to any conditions for permissibility.

对解释性声明的赞同、反对或重新定性不受任何允许性条件的约束。

4. Legal effects of reservations and interpretative declarations

4. 保留和解释性声明的法律效力

4.1 Establishment of a reservation with regard to another State or international organization

4.1 保留对另一国或国际组织成立

A reservation formulated by a State or an international organization is established with regard to a contracting State or a contracting organization if it is permissible and was formulated in accordance with the required form and procedures, and if that contracting State or contracting organization has accepted it.

一国或一国际组织提出的保留，如果是允许的并且是按照规定的形式和程序提出的，而且如果一缔约国或一缔约组织已经接受，则对该缔约国或缔约组织成立。

4.1.1 Establishment of a reservation expressly authorized by a treaty

4.1.1 条约明示准许的保留的成立

1. A reservation expressly authorized by a treaty does not require any subsequent acceptance by the other contracting States and contracting organizations, unless the treaty so provides.

1. 条约明示准许的保留不需要其他缔约国或缔约组织随后表示接受，除非条约这样规定。

2. A reservation expressly authorized by a treaty is established with regard to the other contracting States and contracting organizations if it was formulated in accordance with the required form and procedures.

2. 条约明示准许的保留，如果是按照规定的形式和程序提出的，则对其他各缔约国和各缔约组织成立。

4.1.2 Establishment of a reservation to a treaty which has to be applied in its entirety

4.1.2 对必须完整适用的条约的保留的成立

When it appears, from the limited number of negotiating States and organizations and the object and purpose of the treaty, that the application of the treaty in its entirety between all the parties is an essential condition of the consent of each one to be bound by the treaty, a reservation to this treaty is established with regard to the other contracting States and contracting organizations if it is permissible and was formulated in accordance with the required form and procedures, and if all the contracting States and contracting organizations have accepted it.

如果从谈判国和谈判组织数目有限及从条约的目的和宗旨看出，条约在所有当事方之间完整适用是每一方同意受条约约束的必要条件，对此种条约的保留如果是允许的并且是按照规定的形式和程序提出的，而且如果所有缔约国和缔约组织已经接受，则对其他各缔约国和各缔约组织成立。

4.1.3 Establishment of a reservation to a constituent instrument of an international organization

4.1.3 对国际组织组成文书的保留的成立

When a treaty is a constituent instrument of an international organization, a reservation to this treaty is established with regard to the other contracting States and contracting organizations if it is permissible and was formulated in accordance with the required form and procedures, and if it has been accepted in conformity with guidelines 2.8.8 to 2.8.11.

对作为国际组织组成文书的条约的保留，如果是允许的并且是按照规定的形式和程序提出的，而且如果已经按照准则2.8.8至2.8.11被接受，则对其他各缔约国和各缔约组织成立。

4.2 Effects of an established reservation

4.2 成立的保留的效果

4.2.1 Status of the author of an established reservation

4.2.1 成立的保留的提出者的地位

As soon as a reservation is established in accordance with guidelines 4.1 to 4.1.3, its author becomes a contracting State or contracting organization to the treaty.

保留一经按照准则4.1至4.1.3成立，其提出者即成为条约的缔约国或缔约组织。

4.2.2 Effect of the establishment of a reservation on the entry into force of a treaty

4.2.2 保留成立对条约生效的效果

1. When a treaty has not yet entered into force, the author of a reservation shall be included in the number of contracting States and contracting organizations required for the treaty to enter into force once the reservation is established.

1. 在条约尚未生效时，一旦保留成立，保留的提出者应包括在条约生效所需的缔约国和缔约组织数目中。

2. The author of the reservation may however be included at a date prior to the establishment of the reservation in the number of contracting States and contracting organizations required for the treaty to enter into force, if no contracting State or contracting organization is opposed.

2. 然而，如果没有任何缔约国或缔约组织提出反对，保留的提出者可在保留成立之前包括在条约生效所需的缔约国和缔约组织数目中。

4.2.3 Effect of the establishment of a reservation on the status of the author as a party to the treaty

4.2.3 保留成立对提出者作为条约当事方的地位的效果

The establishment of a reservation constitutes its author a party to the treaty in relation to contracting States and contracting organizations in respect of which the reservation is established if or when the treaty is in force.

如果条约已经生效或当条约生效时，对于保留对之成立的缔约国和缔约组织而言，保留的成立遂使保留的提出者成为条约的当事方。

4.2.4 Effect of an established reservation on treaty relations

4.2.4 成立的保留对条约关系的效果

1. A reservation established with regard to another party excludes or modifies for the reserving State or international organization in its relations with that other party the legal effect of the provisions of the treaty to which the reservation relates or of the treaty as a whole with respect to certain specific aspects, to the extent of the reservation.

1. 对另一当事方成立的保留在提出保留的国家或国际组织与该另一当事方的关系中，在保留的范围内排除或更改所涉及的条约规定或整个条约某些特定方面的法律效力。

2. To the extent that an established reservation excludes the legal effect of certain provisions of a treaty, the author of that reservation has neither rights nor obligations under those provisions in its relations with the other parties with regard to which the reservation is established.

2. 如果成立的保留排除条约某些规定的效力，保留方在与保留对之成立的其他当事方的关系中，在那些规定之下既不具有权利也不具有义务。

Those other parties shall likewise have neither rights nor obligations under those provisions in their relations with the author of the reservation.

同样，那些其他当事方在与保留方的关系中，在那些规定之下既不具有权利也不具有义务。

3. To the extent that an established reservation modifies the legal effect of certain provisions of a treaty, the author of that reservation has rights and obligations under those provisions, as modified by the reservation, in its relations with the other parties with regard to which the reservation is established.

3. 如果成立的保留更改条约某些规定的效力，保留方在与保留对之成立的其他当事方的关系中，依照经保留更改的那些规定具有权利和义务。

Those other parties shall have rights and obligations under those provisions, as modified by the reservation, in their relations with the author of the reservation.

那些其他当事方在与保留方的关系中，应依照经保留更改的那些规定具有权利和义务。

4.2.5 Non-reciprocal application of obligations to which a reservation relates

4.2.5 保留所涉义务的非对等适用

Insofar as the obligations under the provisions to which the reservation relates are not subject to reciprocal application in view of the nature of the obligations or the object and purpose of the treaty, the content of the obligations of the parties other than the author of the reservation remains unaffected.

如果鉴于义务的性质或条约的目的和宗旨，保留所涉规定之下的义务不需对等适用，则除保留方以外，其他当事方的义务内容不受影响。

The content of the obligations of those parties likewise remains unaffected when reciprocal application is not possible because of the content of the reservation.

同样，因保留的内容而不可能对等适用时，那些当事方的义务内容也不受影响。

4.2.6 Interpretation of reservations

4.2.6 保留的解释

A reservation is to be interpreted in good faith, taking into account the intention of its author as reflected primarily in the text of the reservation, as well as the object and purpose of the treaty and the circumstances in which the reservation was formulated.

须考虑到主要反映在保留的案文中的提出者的意图、条约的目的和宗旨以及提出保留时的背景，本着善意解释保留。

4.3 Effect of an objection to a valid reservation

4.3 反对有效保留的效果

Unless the reservation has been established with regard to an objecting State or organization, the formulation of an objection to a valid reservation precludes the reservation from having its intended effects as against that State or international organization.

对有效保留提出的反对，将使保留不能对提出反对的国家或组织产生其意图达到的效果，除非保留已对该国或组织成立。

4.3.1 Effect of an objection on the entry into force of the treaty as between the author of the objection and the author of a reservation

4.3.1 反对对条约在反对方与保留方之间生效的效果

An objection by a contracting State or by a contracting organization to a valid reservation does not preclude the entry into force of the treaty as between the objecting State or organization and the reserving State or organization, except in the case mentioned in guideline 4.3.5.

缔约国或缔约组织对有效保留提出反对，并不妨碍条约在提出反对的国家或组织与提出保留的国家或组织之间生效，但准则4.3.5所述情况除外。

4.3.2 Effect of an objection to a reservation that is formulated late

4.3.2 反对过时提出的保留的效果

If a contracting State or a contracting organization to a treaty objects to a reservation whose late formulation has been unanimously accepted in accordance with guideline 2.3.1, the treaty shall enter into or remain in force in respect of the reserving State or international organization without the reservation being established.

对于一项已按照准则2.3.1获得一致接受的保留，如果条约的一缔约国或缔约组织对此保留提出反对，则条约应在保留未成立的情况下，对于提出保留的国家或国际组织生效或继续有效。

4.3.3 Entry into force of the treaty between the author of a reservation and the author of an objection

4.3.3 条约在保留方与反对方之间生效

The treaty enters into force between the author of a valid reservation and the objecting contracting State or contracting organization as soon as the author of the reservation has become a contracting State or a contracting organization in accordance with guideline 4.2.1 and the treaty has entered into force.

一旦有效保留的提出者根据准则4.2.1成为缔约国或缔约组织且条约已经生效，条约即在有效保留方与提出反对的缔约国或缔约组织之间生效。

4.3.4 Non-entry into force of the treaty for the author of a reservation when unanimous acceptance is required

4.3.4 当保留需要一致接受时，条约对保留方不生效

If the establishment of a reservation requires the acceptance of the reservation by all the contracting States and contracting organizations, any objection by a contracting State or by a contracting organization to a valid reservation precludes the entry into force of the treaty for the reserving State or organization.

如果保留需要得到所有缔约国和缔约组织接受才能成立，一缔约国或一缔约组织对有效保留提出任何反对即能阻止条约对提出保留的国家或组织生效。

4.3.5 Non-entry into force of the treaty as between the author of a reservation and the author of an objection with maximum effect

4.3.5 条约在保留方与最大效果反对方之间不生效

An objection by a contracting State or a contracting organization to a valid reservation precludes the entry into force of the treaty as between the objecting State or organization and the reserving State or organization, if the objecting State or organization has definitely expressed an intention to that effect in accordance with guideline 2.6.7.

如果提出反对的国家或组织根据准则2.6.7确切地表示了此种意向，缔约国或缔约组织对有效保留提出反对即能阻止条约在提出反对的国家或组织与提出保留的国家或组织之间生效。

4.3.6 Effect of an objection on treaty relations

4.3.6 反对对条约关系的效果

1. When a State or an international organization objecting to a valid reservation has not opposed the entry into force of the treaty between itself and the reserving State or organization, the provisions to which the reservation relates do not apply as between the author of the reservation and the objecting State or organization, to the extent of the reservation.

1. 当一国或一国际组织对有效保留提出反对，但不反对条约在本国或本组织与保留国或保留组织之间生效时，在保留的范围内，保留所涉规定在保留方与提出反对的国家或组织之间不适用。

2. To the extent that a valid reservation purports to exclude the legal effect of certain provisions of the treaty, when a contracting State or a contracting organization has raised an objection to it but has not opposed the entry into force of the treaty between itself and the author of the reservation, the objecting State or organization and the author of the reservation are not bound, in their treaty relations, by the provisions to which the reservation relates.

2. 如果有效保留意在排除条约某些规定的法律效力，当缔约国或缔约组织反对该保留但不反对条约在它与保留方之间生效时，提出反对的国家或组织与保留方在其条约关系中不受保留所涉规定的约束。

3. To the extent that a valid reservation purports to modify the legal effect of certain provisions of the treaty, when a contracting State or a contracting organization has raised an objection to it but has not opposed the entry into force of the treaty between itself and the author of the reservation, the objecting State or organization and the author of the reservation are not bound, in their treaty relations, by the provisions of the treaty as intended to be modified by the reservation.

3. 如果有效保留意在更改条约某些规定的法律效力，当缔约国或缔约组织反对该保留但不反对条约在它与保留方之间生效时，提出反对的缔约国或缔约组织与保留方在其条约关系中不受保留意在更改的条约规定的约束。

4. All the provisions of the treaty other than those to which the reservation relates shall remain applicable as between the reserving State or organization and the objecting State or organization.

4. 保留所涉规定以外的条约所有其他规定在保留国或组织与反对国或组织之间继续适用。

4.3.7 Effect of an objection on provisions other than those to which the reservation relates

4.3.7 反对对保留所涉规定以外各项规定的效果

1. A provision of the treaty to which the reservation does not relate, but which has a sufficient link with the provisions to which the reservation does relate, is not applicable in the treaty relations between the author of the reservation and the author of an objection formulated in accordance with guideline 3.4.2.

1. 条约中保留不直接涉及但与保留所涉规定有足够联系的任何规定，在保留方与根据准则3.4.2提出反对的一方的条约关系中不适用。

2. The reserving State or international organization may, within a period of twelve months following the notification of an objection which has the effect referred to in paragraph 1, oppose the entry into force of the treaty between itself and the objecting State or organization.

2. 提出保留的国家或国际组织可在通知具有第1款所述效果的反对之后的十二个月内，反对条约在它与反对国或组织之间生效。

In the absence of such opposition, the treaty shall apply between the author of the reservation and the author of the objection to the extent provided by the reservation and the objection.

如果没有此种反对，条约应在保留方与反对方之间，在保留和反对所规定的范围内适用。

4.3.8 Right of the author of a valid reservation not to comply with the treaty without the benefit of its reservation

4.3.8 有效保留方有权在无法从保留中受益的情况下不遵守条约

The author of a valid reservation is not required to comply with the provisions of the treaty without the benefit of its reservation.

有效保留方无须在无法从保留中受益的情况下遵守条约的规定。

4.4 Effect of a reservation on rights and obligations independent of the treaty

4.4 保留对不依条约存在的权利和义务的效果

4.4.1 Absence of effect on rights and obligations under other treaties

4.4.1 对其他条约之下的权利和义务不产生效果

A reservation, acceptance of a reservation or objection to a reservation neither modifies nor excludes any rights and obligations of their authors under other treaties to which they are parties.

保留、接受保留或反对保留，既不更改也不排除提出方依照其所参加的其他条约所具有的任何权利和义务。

4.4.2 Absence of effect on rights and obligations under customary international law

4.4.2 对习惯国际法之下的权利和义务不产生效果

A reservation to a treaty provision which reflects a rule of customary international law does not of itself affect the rights and obligations under that rule, which shall continue to apply as such between the reserving State or organization and other States or international organizations which are bound by that rule.

对反映习惯国际法规则的条约规定的保留，并不自动影响该习惯规则之下的权利和义务，该习惯规则应继续作为此种规则在保留国或组织与受该规则约束的其他国家或国际组织之间适用。

4.4.3 Absence of effect on a peremptory norm of general international law (jus cogens)

4.4.3 对一般国际法强制性规范(强制法)不产生效果

1. A reservation to a treaty provision which reflects a peremptory norm of general international law (jus cogens) does not affect the binding nature of that norm, which shall continue to apply as such between the reserving State or organization and other States or international organizations.

1. 对反映一般国际法强制性规范(强制法)的条约规定的保留，不影响该强制性规范的约束性质，该强制性规范应继续作为此种规范在保留国或组织与其他国家或国际组织之间适用。

2. A reservation cannot exclude or modify the legal effect of a treaty in a manner contrary to a peremptory norm of general international law.

2. 保留不得以违反一般国际法强制性规范的方式排除或更改条约的法律效力。

4.5 Consequences of an invalid reservation

4.5 无效保留的后果

4.5.1 Nullity of an invalid reservation

4.5.1 无效保留的无效性质

A reservation that does not meet the conditions of formal validity and permissibility set out in Parts 2 and 3 of the Guide to Practice is null and void, and therefore devoid of any legal effect.

不符合《实践指南》第二和第三部分所述形式有效性和允许性条件的保留是无效的，因此不具任何法律效力。

4.5.2 Reactions to a reservation considered invalid

4.5.2 对视为无效的保留的反应

1. The nullity of an invalid reservation does not depend on the objection or the acceptance by a contracting State or a contracting organization.

1. 无效保留的无效性质不取决于一缔约国或一缔约组织的反对或接受。

2. Nevertheless, a State or an international organization which considers that a reservation is invalid should formulate a reasoned objection as soon as possible.

2. 尽管如此，一国或一国际组织在认为保留无效时，应当尽快提出反对并说明理由。

4.5.3 Status of the author of an invalid reservation in relation to the treaty

4.5.3 无效保留的提出者相对于条约的地位

1. The status of the author of an invalid reservation in relation to a treaty depends on the intention expressed by the reserving State or international organization on whether it intends to be bound by the treaty without the benefit of the reservation or whether it considers that it is not bound by the treaty.

1. 无效保留的提出者相对于条约的地位取决于提出保留的国家或国际组织所表达的下述意向：它是否打算在无法从保留中受益的情况下受条约约束，或者它是否认为它不受条约约束。

2. Unless the author of the invalid reservation has expressed a contrary intention or such an intention is otherwise established, it is considered a contracting State or a contracting organization without the benefit of the reservation.

2. 除非无效保留的提出者表达了相反的意向或通过其他方式确定了此种意向，该提出者被视为不享受保留益处的缔约国或缔约组织。

3. Notwithstanding paragraphs 1 and 2, the author of the invalid reservation may express at any time its intention not to be bound by the treaty without the benefit of the reservation.

3. 尽管有第1和第2款的规定，无效保留的提出者可随时表示无意在无法从保留中受益的情况下受条约约束。

4. If a treaty monitoring body expresses the view that a reservation is invalid and the reserving State or international organization intends not to be bound by the treaty without the benefit of the reservation, it should express its intention to that effect within a period of twelve months from the date at which the treaty monitoring body made its assessment.

4. 如果条约监督机构表示了保留为无效的意见，而提出保留的国家或国际组织不打算在无法从保留中受益的情况下受条约约束，该国或该组织应当在条约监督机构作出评估后十二个月内表达此种意向。

4.6 Absence of effect of a reservation on the relations between the other parties to the treaty

4.6 保留不对条约其他当事方之间的关系产生效果

A reservation does not modify the provisions of the treaty for the other parties to the treaty inter se.

保留在条约其他当事方相互间不修改条约的规定。

4.7 Effect of interpretative declarations

4.7 解释性声明的效果

4.7.1 Clarification of the terms of the treaty by an interpretative declaration

4.7.1 解释性声明对条约用语的澄清

1. An interpretative declaration does not modify treaty obligations.

1. 解释性声明不更改条约义务。

It may only specify or clarify the meaning or scope which its author attributes to a treaty or to certain provisions thereof and may, as appropriate, constitute an element to be taken into account in interpreting the treaty in accordance with the general rule of interpretation of treaties.

解释性声明只可说明或澄清其提出者认为条约或条约某些规定具有的含义或范围，并在适当时，可构成根据解释条约的一般规则对条约进行解释时须考虑的因素。

2. In interpreting the treaty, account shall also be taken, as appropriate, of the approval of, or opposition to, the interpretative declaration, by other contracting States or contracting organizations.

2. 在解释条约时，还应酌情考虑其他缔约国或缔约组织对该解释性声明的赞同和反对情况。

4.7.2 Effect of the modification or the withdrawal of an interpretative declaration

4.7.2 更改或撤回解释性声明的效果

The modification or the withdrawal of an interpretative declaration may not produce the effects provided for in draft guideline 4.7.1 to the extent that other contracting States or contracting organizations have relied upon the initial declaration.

如果其他缔约国或缔约组织依赖于最初的解释性声明，则更改或撤回该声明不得产生准则4.7.1所述的效果。

4.7.3 Effect of an interpretative declaration approved by all the contracting States and contracting organizations

4.7.3 所有缔约国和缔约组织赞同解释性声明的效果

An interpretative declaration that has been approved by all the contracting States and contracting organizations may constitute an agreement regarding the interpretation of the treaty.

所有缔约国和缔约组织赞同的解释性声明可构成条约解释方面的一项协定。

5. Reservations, acceptances of reservations, objections to reservations, and interpretative declarations in cases of succession of States

5. 国家继承情况下的保留、接受保留、反对保留以及解释性声明

5.1 Reservations in cases of succession of States

5.1 国家继承情况下的保留

5.1.1 Newly independent States

5.1.1 新独立国家

1. When a newly independent State establishes its status as a party or as a contracting State to a multilateral treaty by a notification of succession, it shall be considered as maintaining any reservation to that treaty which was applicable at the date of the succession of States in respect of the territory to which the succession of States relates unless, when making the notification of succession, it expresses a contrary intention or formulates a reservation which relates to the same subject matter as that reservation.

1. 当新独立国家通过继承通知确立其作为多边条约当事国或缔约国的地位时，应视该国维持在国家继承之日适用于国家继承所涉领土的对该条约所作的任何保留，除非该国在发出继承通知时表示相反的意向，或就该保留所涉同一主题事项提出保留。

2. When making a notification of succession establishing its status as a party or as a contracting State to a multilateral treaty, a newly independent State may formulate a reservation unless the reservation is one the formulation of which would be excluded by the provisions of subparagraph (a), (b) or (c) of guideline 3.1.

2. 新独立国家在发出继承通知确立其作为多边条约当事国或缔约国的地位时，可提出保留，除非该保留的提出为准则3.1(a)、(b)或(c)项的规定所禁止。

3. When a newly independent State formulates a reservation in conformity with paragraph 2, the relevant rules set out in Part 2 (Procedure) of the Guide to Practice apply in respect of that reservation.

3. 新独立国家依照第2款提出保留时，《实践指南》第二部分(程序)所述相关规则适用于该保留。

4. For the purposes of this Part of the Guide to Practice, “newly independent State” means a successor State the territory of which immediately before the date of the succession of States was a dependent territory for the international relations of which the predecessor State was responsible.

4. 为了《实践指南》这一部分的目的，“新独立国家”是指其领土在国家继承日期之前原是由被继承国负责其国际关系的附属领土的继承国。

5.1.2 Uniting or separation of States

5.1.2 国家合并或分离的情况

1. Subject to the provisions of guideline 5.1.3, a successor State which is a party to a treaty as the result of a uniting or separation of States shall be considered as maintaining any reservation to the treaty which was applicable at the date of the succession of States in respect of the territory to which the succession of States relates, unless it expresses its intention not to maintain one or more reservations of the predecessor State at the time of the succession.

1. 在遵守准则5.1.3规定的前提下，因国家合并或分离而成为条约当事国的继承国，应视为维持在国家继承之日适用于国家继承所涉领土的对条约的任何保留，除非该继承国在继承时表示不打算维持被继承国的一项或多项保留。

2. A successor State which is a party to a treaty as the result of a uniting or separation of States may neither formulate a new reservation nor widen the scope of a reservation that is maintained.

2. 因国家合并或分离而成为条约当事国的继承国既不得提出新的保留，也不得扩大所维持的保留的范围。

3. When a successor State formed from a uniting or separation of States makes a notification whereby it establishes its status as a contracting State to a treaty which, at the date of the succession of States, was not in force for the predecessor State but to which the predecessor State was a contracting State, that State shall be considered as maintaining any reservation to the treaty which was applicable at the date of the succession of States in respect of the territory to which the succession of States relates, unless it expresses a contrary intention when making the notification or formulates a reservation which relates to the same subject matter as that reservation.

3. 当国家合并或分离而形成的继承国发出通知，藉此确立其作为条约缔约国的地位时，并且如果该条约在国家继承之日没有对被继承国生效但被继承国是该条约的缔约国，那么该国应视为维持在国家继承之日适用于国家继承所涉领土的对条约的任何保留，除非它在发出通知时表示相反的意向或就该保留所涉同一主题事项提出保留。

That successor State may formulate a new reservation to the treaty.

该继承国可对该条约提出新的保留。

4. A successor State may formulate a reservation in accordance with paragraph 3 only if the reservation is one the formulation of which would not be excluded by the provisions of subparagraph (a), (b) or (c) of guideline 3.1.

4. 只有在保留的提出不为准则3.1(a)、(b)或(c)项的规定所禁止时，继承国才可依照第3款的规定提出保留。

The relevant rules set out in Part 2 (Procedure) of the Guide to Practice apply in respect of that reservation.

《实践指南》第二部分(程序)所述相关规则适用于该项保留。

5.1.3 Irrelevance of certain reservations in cases involving a uniting of States

5.1.3 国家合并情况下某些保留的无关性

When, following a uniting of two or more States, a treaty in force at the date of the succession of States in respect of any of them continues in force in respect of the successor State, such reservations as may have been formulated by any such State which, at the date of the succession of States, was a contracting State in respect of which the treaty was not in force shall not be maintained.

两个或两个以上国家合并后，在国家继承之日对其中任何一个国家有效的条约对继承国仍然有效时，在国家继承之日该条约尚未对其生效但已是该条约缔约国的其中任何国家可能已提出的保留，不应维持。

5.1.4 Maintenance of the territorial scope of reservations formulated by the predecessor State

5.1.4 维持被继承国提出的保留的领土范围

Subject to the provisions of guideline 5.1.5, a reservation considered as being maintained in conformity with guideline 5.1.1, paragraph 1, or guideline 5.1.2, paragraph 1 or 3, shall retain the territorial scope that it had at the date of the succession of States, unless the successor State expresses a contrary intention.

在遵守准则5.1.5规定的前提下，被视为依照准则5.1.1第1款或5.1.2第1款或第3款得到维持的保留，除非继承国表示相反的意向，应保持其在国家继承之日的领土范围。

5.1.5 Territorial scope of reservations in cases involving a uniting of States

5.1.5 国家合并情况下保留的领土范围

1. When, following a uniting of two or more States, a treaty in force at the date of the succession of States in respect of only one of the States forming the successor State becomes applicable to a part of the territory of that State to which it did not apply previously, any reservation considered as being maintained by the successor State shall apply to that territory unless:

1. 当两个或两个以上国家合并后，在国家继承之日只对组成继承国的其中一个国家有效的条约变得适用于条约原先未对其适用的继承国一部分领土时，所有视为继承国维持的保留都适用于这一领土，除非：

(a) the successor State expresses a contrary intention when making the notification extending the territorial scope of the treaty; or

(a) 继承国在发出扩大条约的领土范围的通知时表示相反的意向；或

(b) the nature or purpose of the reservation is such that the reservation cannot be extended beyond the territory to which it was applicable at the date of the succession of States.

(b) 从保留的性质或目的可知，保留不能扩大到在国家继承之日适用的领土之外。

2. When, following a uniting of two or more States, a treaty in force at the date of the succession of States in respect of two or more of the uniting States becomes applicable to a part of the territory of the successor State to which it did not apply at the date of the succession of States, no reservation shall extend to that territory unless:

2. 当两个或两个以上国家合并后，在国家继承之日对合并的两个或两个以上国家有效的条约变得适用于条约原先未对其适用的继承国一部分领土时，任何保留都不扩大到这一领土，除非：

(a) an identical reservation has been formulated by each of those States in respect of which the treaty was in force at the date of the succession of States;

(a) 在国家继承之日条约对其有效的上述每一个国家提出了一项完全相同的保留；

(b) the successor State expresses a different intention when making the notification extending the territorial scope of the treaty; or

(b) 继承国在发出扩大条约的领土范围的通知时表示不同的意向；或

(c) a contrary intention otherwise becomes apparent from the circumstances surrounding that State’s succession to the treaty.

(c) 从继承国继承条约时的情况看出相反的意向。

3. A notification purporting to extend the territorial scope of a reservation in accordance with paragraph 2 (b) shall be without effect if such an extension would give rise to the application of contradictory reservations to the same territory.

3. 依照第2款(b)项为扩大保留的领土范围发出的通知，如果此类扩大将引致相互矛盾的保留对同一领土适用，则没有效力。

4. The provisions of paragraphs 1 to 3 apply mutatis mutandis to reservations considered as being maintained by a successor State that is a contracting State, following a uniting of States, to a treaty which was not in force for any of the uniting States at the date of the succession of States but to which one or more of those States were contracting States at that date, when the treaty becomes applicable to a part of the territory of the successor State to which it did not apply at the date of the succession of States.

4. 如果继承国在国家合并之后成为在国家继承之日不对任何合并的国家有效但其中一个或多个国家在这一日期为其缔约国的条约的缔约国，当该条约变得适用于在国家继承之日未对其适用的继承国一部分领土时，视为该继承国维持的保留应比照适用第1至第3款的规定。

5.1.6 Territorial scope of reservations of the successor State in cases of succession involving part of territory

5.1.6 继承涉及一部分领土的情况下继承国的保留的领土范围

When, as a result of a succession of States involving part of the territory of a State, a treaty to which the successor State is a contracting State becomes applicable to that territory, any reservation to the treaty formulated previously by that State shall also apply to that territory as from the date of the succession of States unless:

在涉及一国一部分领土的国家继承之后，在继承国为缔约国的条约变得适用于该领土时，继承国此前对该条约提出的任何保留，自国家继承之日起也适用于该领土，除非：

(a) the successor State expresses a contrary intention; or

(a) 继承国表示相反的意向；或

(b) it appears from the reservation that its scope was limited to the territory of the successor State that was within its borders prior to the date of the succession of States, or to a part of this territory.

(b) 从保留看出，其适用仅限于在国家继承之日前在继承国境内的领土，或仅限于这一领土的一部分。

5.1.7 Timing of the effects of non-maintenance by a successor State of a reservation formulated by the predecessor State

5.1.7 继承国不维持被继承国所提保留的时间效力

The non-maintenance, in conformity with guideline 5.1.1 or 5.1.2, by the successor State of a reservation formulated by the predecessor State becomes operative in relation to another contracting State or a contracting organization only when notice of it has been received by that State or organization.

继承国依照准则5.1.1或5.1.2不维持被继承国所提保留，只有在另一缔约国或缔约组织接获通知后，才对该国或该组织发生效力。

5.1.8 Late formulation of a reservation by a successor State

5.1.8 继承国过时提出保留

A reservation shall be considered as late if it is formulated:

以下任何保留视为过时提出：

(a) by a newly independent State after it has made a notification of succession to the treaty;

(a) 新独立国家在通知继承条约之后提出的保留；

(b) by a successor State other than a newly independent State after it has made a notification establishing its status as a contracting State to a treaty which, at the date of the succession of States, was not in force for the predecessor State but in respect of which the predecessor State was a contracting State; or

(b) 新独立国家以外的继承国在发出通知确立其条约缔约国地位之后提出的保留，而该条约在国家继承之日未对被继承国生效但被继承国为其缔约国；或

(c) by a successor State other than a newly independent State in respect of a treaty which, following the succession of States, continues in force for that State.

(c) 新独立国家以外的继承国对国家继承之后仍对该国有效的条约提出的保留。

5.2 Objections to reservations in cases of succession of States

5.2 国家继承情况下反对保留

5.2.1 Maintenance by the successor State of objections formulated by the predecessor State

5.2.1 继承国维持被继承国提出的反对

Subject to the provisions of guideline 5.2.2, a successor State shall be considered as maintaining any objection formulated by the predecessor State to a reservation formulated by a contracting State or contracting organization, unless it expresses a contrary intention at the time of the succession.

在遵守准则5.2.2规定的前提下，继承国应视为维持被继承国对缔约国或缔约组织所提保留提出的任何反对，除非继承国在继承时表示相反的意向。

5.2.2 Irrelevance of certain objections in cases involving a uniting of States

5.2.2 国家合并情况下某些反对的无关性

1. When, following a uniting of two or more States, a treaty in force at the date of the succession of States in respect of any of them continues in force in respect of the State so formed, such objections to a reservation as may have been formulated by any of those States in respect of which the treaty was not in force on the date of the succession of States shall not be maintained.

1. 两个或两个以上国家合并后，在国家继承之日对其中任何一个国家有效的条约对合并产生的国家仍然有效时，在国家继承之日该条约尚未对其生效的其中任何国家可能已提出的对保留的反对，不应维持。

2. When, following a uniting of two or more States, the successor State is a contracting State to a treaty to which it has maintained reservations in conformity with guideline 5.1.1 or 5.1.2, objections to a reservation made by another contracting State or a contracting organization shall not be maintained if the reservation is identical or equivalent to a reservation which the successor State itself has maintained.

2. 两个或两个以上国家合并后，作为条约缔约国的继承国依照准则5.1.1或5.1.2维持对条约的保留时，对另一缔约国或一缔约组织所作的保留提出的反对，如果该保留与继承国自己所维持的保留相同或等效，则不应维持。

5.2.3 Maintenance of objections to reservations of the predecessor State

5.2.3 维持对被继承国的保留提出的反对

When a reservation formulated by the predecessor State is considered as being maintained by the successor State in conformity with guideline 5.1.1 or 5.1.2, any objection to that reservation formulated by another contracting State or by a contracting organization shall be considered as being maintained in respect of the successor State.

被继承国提出的保留依照准则5.1.1或5.1.2被视为由继承国维持时，另一缔约国或一缔约组织对该保留提出的任何反对，应视为对继承国维持。

5.2.4 Reservations of the predecessor State to which no objections have been made

5.2.4 被继承国未曾受到反对的保留

When a reservation formulated by the predecessor State is considered as being maintained by the successor State in conformity with guideline 5.1.1 or 5.1.2, a State or an international organization that had not formulated an objection to the reservation in respect of the predecessor State may not object to it in respect of the successor State, unless:

被继承国提出的保留依照准则5.1.1或5.1.2被视为由继承国维持时，未曾就该保留对被继承国提出反对的国家或国际组织，不得就该保留对继承国提出反对，除非：

(a) the time period for formulating an objection has not yet expired at the date of the succession of States and the objection is made within that time period; or

(a) 提出反对的期限在国家继承之日前没有结束，而且反对是在这一期限内提出；或

(b) the territorial extension of the treaty radically changes the conditions for the operation of the reservation.

(b) 条约领土范围的扩大使保留的实施条件发生根本的改变。

5.2.5 Right of a successor State to formulate objections to reservations

5.2.5 继承国对保留提出反对的权利

1. When making a notification of succession establishing its status as a contracting State, a newly independent State may, in accordance with the relevant guidelines, formulate an objection to reservations formulated by a contracting State or a contracting organization, even if the predecessor State made no such objection.

1. 新独立国家在发出继承通知确立其缔约国地位时，可按照相关准则，对一缔约国或一缔约组织提出的保留提出反对，即使被继承国未曾作过这样的反对。

2. A successor State, other than a newly independent State, shall also have the right provided for in paragraph 1 when making a notification establishing its status as a contracting State to a treaty which, at the date of the succession of States, was not in force for the predecessor State but in respect of which the predecessor State was a contracting State.

2. 对于在国家继承之日未对被继承国生效但被继承国已是缔约国的条约，非新独立国家的继承国在发出通知确立其作为该条约缔约国的地位时，也拥有第1款规定的权利。

3. The right referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2 is nonetheless excluded in the case of treaties falling under guidelines 2.8.7 and 4.1.2.

3. 但是，对于适用准则2.8.7和4.1.2的条约，第1和第2款确认的权利被排除。

5.2.6 Objections by a successor State other than a newly independent State in respect of which a treaty continues in force

5.2.6 条约仍对其有效的非新独立国家的继承国提出的反对

A successor State, other than a newly independent State, in respect of which a treaty continues in force following a succession of States may not formulate an objection to a reservation to which the predecessor State had not objected, unless the time period for formulating an objection has not yet expired at the date of the succession of States and the objection is made within that time period.

国家继承之后条约仍对其有效的非新独立国家的继承国，无权对被继承国未曾反对的保留提出反对，除非提出反对的期限在国家继承之日前没有结束，而且反对是在这一期限内提出。

5.3 Acceptances of reservations in cases of succession of States

5.3 国家继承情况下接受保留

5.3.1 Maintenance by a newly independent State of express acceptances formulated by the predecessor State

5.3.1 新独立国家维持被继承国提出的明示接受

When a newly independent State establishes its status as a contracting State to a treaty, it shall be considered as maintaining any express acceptance by the predecessor State of a reservation formulated by a contracting State or by a contracting organization, unless it expresses a contrary intention within twelve months of the date of the notification of succession.

新独立国家如确立其条约缔约国的地位，应视为维持被继承国对一缔约国或一缔约组织所提保留作出的一切明示接受，除非它在继承通知之日后十二个月内表示相反的意向。

5.3.2 Maintenance by a successor State other than a newly independent State of express acceptances formulated by the predecessor State

5.3.2 非新独立国家的继承国维持被继承国提出的明示接受

1. A successor State, other than a newly independent State, in respect of which a treaty continues in force following a succession of States shall be considered as maintaining any express acceptance by the predecessor State of a reservation formulated by a contracting State or by a contracting organization.

1. 非新独立国家的继承国，如果条约在国家继承之后对其仍然有效，则视为维持被继承国对一缔约国或一缔约组织所提保留作出的一切明示接受。

2. When making a notification of succession establishing its status as a contracting State to a treaty which, on the date of the succession of States, was not in force for the predecessor State but to which the predecessor State was a contracting State, a successor State other than a newly independent State shall be considered as maintaining any express acceptance by the predecessor State of a reservation formulated by a contracting State or by a contracting organization, unless it expresses a contrary intention within twelve months of the date of the notification of succession.

2. 对于在国家继承之日未对被继承国生效但被继承国已是缔约国的条约，非新独立国家的继承国发出继承通知确立其作为该条约缔约国的地位，应视为维持被继承国对一缔约国或一缔约组织所提保留作出的一切明示接受，除非它在继承通知之日后十二个月内表示相反的意向。

5.3.3 Timing of the effects of non-maintenance by a successor State of an express acceptance formulated by the predecessor State

5.3.3 继承国不维持被继承国所提明示接受的时间效力

The non-maintenance, in conformity with guideline 5.3.1 or guideline 5.3.2, paragraph 2, by the successor State of the express acceptance by the predecessor State of a reservation formulated by a contracting State or a contracting organization becomes operative in relation to a contracting State or a contracting organization only when notice of it has been received by that State or that organization.

继承国依照准则5.3.1或准则5.3.2第2款不维持被继承国对一缔约国或一缔约组织所提保留的明示接受，只有在一缔约国或一缔约组织接获通知后，才对该国或该组织发生效力。

5.4 Legal effects of reservations, acceptances and objections in cases of succession of States

5.4 国家继承情况下保留、接受和反对的法律效力

1. Reservations, acceptances and objections considered as being maintained pursuant to the guidelines contained in this Part of the Guide to Practice shall continue to produce their legal effects in conformity with the provisions of Part 4 of the Guide.

1. 根据《实践指南》这一部分所载准则而视为得到维持的保留、接受和反对应继续依照本指南第四部分规定产生法律效力。

2. Part 4 of the Guide to Practice is also applicable, mutatis mutandis, to new reservations, acceptances and objections formulated by a successor State in conformity with the provisions of the present Part of the Guide.

2. 《实践指南》第四部分也比照适用于继承国根据指南本部分规定所提出的新的保留、接受和反对。

5.5 Interpretative declarations in cases of succession of States

5.5 国家继承情况下的解释性声明

1. A successor State should clarify its position concerning interpretative declarations formulated by the predecessor State.

1. 继承国应当尽可能澄清其对被继承国所提解释性声明的立场。

In the absence of such clarification, a successor State shall be considered as maintaining the interpretative declarations of the predecessor State.

继承国不作这类澄清，应视为维持被继承国所提解释性声明。

2. Paragraph 1 is without prejudice to cases in which the successor State has demonstrated, by its conduct, its intention to maintain or to reject an interpretative declaration formulated by the predecessor State.

2. 第1款不妨碍继承国通过其行为表现出打算维持或拒绝被继承国提出的解释性声明的情况。

Annex

附件

Conclusions on the reservations dialogue

关于保留对话的结论

The International Law Commission,

国际法委员会，

Recalling the provisions on reservations to treaties contained in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties and the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and International Organizations or between International Organizations,

回顾《维也纳条约法公约》和《关于国家和国际组织间或国际组织相互间条约法的维也纳公约》中有关对条约的保留的规定，

Taking into account the seventeenth report presented by the Special Rapporteur on the topic “Reservations to treaties”, which addresses the question of the reservations dialogue,

考虑到“对条约的保留”专题特别报告员提交的第十七次报告， 该报告处理了保留对话的问题，

Bearing in mind the need to achieve a satisfactory balance between the objectives of safeguarding the integrity of multilateral treaties and securing the widest possible participation therein,

铭记有必要在保护多边条约的完整性与确保尽可能普遍加入条约这两个目标之间达成满意的平衡，

Recognizing the role that reservations to treaties may play in achieving this balance,

确认对条约的保留对于实现这一平衡可能起到的作用，

Concerned at the number of reservations that appear incompatible with the limits imposed by the law of treaties, in particular article 19 of the Vienna Conventions on the Law of Treaties,

感到关切的是，若干保留似与条约法、特别是《维也纳条约法公约》第19条规定的限制不符合，

Aware of the difficulties raised by the assessment of the validity of reservations,

意识到评估保留有效性所引起的困难，

Convinced of the usefulness of a pragmatic dialogue with the author of a reservation,

深信与保留方的务实对话是有用的，

Welcoming the efforts made in recent years, including within the framework of international organizations and human rights treaty bodies, to encourage such a dialogue,

欣见近些年来，尤其在国际组织和人权条约机构框架内作出的鼓励此种对话的努力，

I. Considers that:

一. 认为：

1. States and international organizations intending to formulate reservations should do so as precisely and narrowly as possible, consider limiting their scope and ensure that they are not incompatible with the object and purpose of the treaty to which they relate;

1. 有意提出保留的各国和国际组织应当以尽可能精确和严格的方式提出保留，考虑限制保留的范围，确保保留符合所涉条约的目的和宗旨；

2. In formulating a unilateral statement, States and international organizations should indicate whether it amounts to a reservation and, if so, explain why the reservation is deemed necessary and the effect it will have on the fulfilment by its author of its obligations under the treaty;

2. 各国和国际组织在提出单方面声明时应当指明它是否等同于保留，如果是，应当说明为何保留有必要，以及该项保留对保留方履行条约义务的影响；

3. Statements of reasons by the author of a reservation are important for the assessment of the validity of the reservation, and States and international organizations should state the reason for any modification of a reservation;

3. 保留方对理由的说明对于评估保留的有效性十分重要，各国和国际组织应当说明对保留作出任何修改的理由；

4. States and international organizations should periodically review their reservations with a view to limiting their scope or withdrawing them where appropriate;

4. 各国和国际组织应当定期审查保留以便限制保留范围或酌情撤回保留；

5. The concerns about reservations that are frequently expressed by States and international organizations, as well as monitoring bodies, may be useful for the assessment of the validity of reservations;

5. 各国、国际组织和监督机构经常对保留表达的关切可能有助于评估保留的有效性；

6. States and international organizations, as well as monitoring bodies, should explain to the author of a reservation the reasons for their concerns about the reservation and, where appropriate, request any clarification that they deem useful;

6. 各国、国际组织和监督机构应当向保留方说明它们对保留表达关切的原因，并酌情要求作出它们认为有必要的澄清；

7. States and international organizations, as well as monitoring bodies, if they deem it useful, should encourage the withdrawal of reservations, the reconsideration of the need for a reservation or the gradual reduction of the scope of a reservation through partial withdrawals;

7. 各国、国际组织和监督机构在它们认为有必要时应当鼓励撤回保留、重新审查保留的必要性以及通过部分撤回逐渐缩小保留的范围；

8. States and international organizations should address the concerns and reactions of other States, international organizations and monitoring bodies and take them into account, to the extent possible, with a view to reconsidering, modifying or withdrawing a reservation;

8. 各国和国际组织应当积极面对其他国家、其他国际组织和监督机构的关切和反应，并尽可能地充分加以考虑，以期重新考虑、修改或撤回保留；

9. States and international organizations, as well as monitoring bodies, should cooperate as closely as possible in order to exchange views on reservations in respect of which concerns have been raised and coordinate the measures to be taken; and

9. 各国、国际组织和监督机构应当尽可能密切地开展合作，就引起关切的保留交换意见，并协调应当采取的措施；并且

II. Recommends that:

二. 建议：

The General Assembly call upon States and international organizations, as well as monitoring bodies, to initiate and pursue such a reservations dialogue in a pragmatic and transparent manner.

大会吁请各国、国际组织和监督机构以务实和透明的方式启动并开展这种对话。

2. Text of the Guide to Practice, comprising an introduction, the guidelines and commentaries thereto, an annex on the reservations dialogue and a bibliography

2. 《实践指南》案文，包括导言、准则及其评注、关于保留对话的附件以及

76. The text of the Guide to Practice on Reservations to Treaties, comprising an introduction, the guidelines and commentaries thereto, and an annex on the reservations dialogue, adopted by the Commission at its sixty-third session, is reproduced in an addendum to the present report (A/66/10/Add.1).

参考文献 76. 委员会第六十三届会议通过的《对条约的保留实践指南》案文，包括导言、准则及其评注、关于保留对话的附件以及参考文献，载录于本报告的增编(A/66/10/Add.1)。

Chapter V

第五章

Responsibility of international organizations

国际组织的责任

A. Introduction

A. 导言

77. The Commission, at its fifty-fourth session (2002), decided to include the topic “Responsibility of international organizations” in its programme of work and appointed Mr. Giorgio Gaja as Special Rapporteur for the topic.

77. 委员会第五十四届(2002年)会议决定将“国际组织的责任”专题列入委员会工作方案并任命乔治·加亚先生为本专题的特别报告员。

At the same session, the Commission established a Working Group on the topic.

委员会在同届会议上设立了一个关于本专题的工作组。

The Working Group in its report briefly considered the scope of the topic, the relations between the new project and the draft articles on “Responsibility of States for internationally wrongful acts”, questions of attribution, issues relating to the responsibility of member States for conduct that is attributed to an international organization, and questions relating to the content of international responsibility, implementation of responsibility and settlement of disputes.

工作组在其报告 中简要讨论了这一专题的范围、这一新项目与“国家对国际不法行为的责任”条款草案的关系、行为归属问题、与成员国对归于国际组织的行为的责任有关的问题以及与国际责任的内容、责任的履行和争端的解决有关的问题。

At the end of its fifty-fourth session, the Commission adopted the report of the Working Group.

在第五十四届会议结束时，委员会通过了工作组的报告。

78. From its fifty-fifth (2003) to its sixty-first (2009) sessions, the Commission received and considered seven reports from the Special Rapporteur, and provisionally adopted draft articles 1 to 66, taking into account the comments and observations received from Governments and international organizations.

78. 委员会从第五十五届(2003年)到第六十一届(2009年)会议，收到并审议了特别报告员的七次报告， 并暂时通过了第1条至第66条草案，并考虑了从各国政府和各国际组织收到评论和意见。

79. At its sixty-first session (2009), the Commission adopted on first reading a set of 66 draft articles on the responsibility of international organizations, together with commentaries.

79. 委员会第六十一届(2009年)会议一读通过了关于国际组织责任的一套共66条的条款草案及其评注。

The Commission decided, in accordance with articles 16 to 21 of its Statute, to transmit the draft articles, through the Secretary-General, to Governments and international organizations for comments and observations.

委员会根据其《章程》第16至第21条，决定通过秘书长将这些条款草案发给各国政府和各国际组织，征求评论和意见。

B. Consideration of the topic at the present session

B. 本届会议审议此专题的情况

80. At the present session, the Commission had before it the eighth report of the Special Rapporteur (A/CN.4/640), as well as written comments received from Governments (A/CN.4/636 and Add.1) and international organizations (A/CN.4/637 and Add.1).

80. 委员会本届会议收到了特别报告员的第八次报告(A/CN.4/640)，以及从各国政府(A/CN.4/636和Add.1)和各国际组织(A/CN.4/637和Add.1)发来的书面意见。

81. The Commission considered the eighth report of the Special Rapporteur at its 3080th to 3085th meetings from 26 April to 6 May 2011.

81. 委员会于2011年4月26日至5月6日举行的第3080次至第3085次会议上，审议了特别报告员的第八次报告。

At its 3082nd meeting, held on 28 April 2011, the Commission referred draft articles 1 to 18 to the Drafting Committee with the instruction that the Drafting Committee commence the second reading of the draft articles taking into account the comments of Governments and international organizations, the proposals of the Special Rapporteur and the debate in the plenary on the Special Rapporteur’s eighth report.

在2011年4月28日的第3082次会议上，委员会将草案第1至第18条提交起草委员会，同时指示起草委员会开始对条款草案的二读工作，在进行二读时须考虑到各国政府和各国际组织的评论、特别报告员的提议以及全体会议对特别报告员第八次报告的辩论。

At its 3085th meeting, held on 6 May 2011, the Commission further referred draft articles 19 to 66 to the Drafting Committee.

在2011年5月6日的第3085次会议上，委员会又将第19至第66条草案提交起草委员会。

82. The Commission considered the report of the Drafting Committee (A/CN.4/L.778) at its 3097th meeting, held on 3 June 2011, and adopted the entire set of draft articles on the responsibility of international organizations, on second reading, at the same meeting (sect. E.1 below).

82. 委员会在2011年6月3日举行的第3097次会议上，审议了起草委员会的报告(A/CN.4/L.778)并在同次会议上二读通过了关于国际组织责任的一整套条款草案(下文E.1节)。

83. At its 3118th meeting, on 5 August 2011, the Commission adopted the commentaries to the aforementioned draft articles (sect. E.2 below).

83. 在2011年8月5日第3118次会议上，委员会通过了上述条款草案的评注(下文E.2节)。

84. In accordance with its Statute, the Commission submits the draft articles to the General Assembly, together with the recommendation set out below.

84. 委员会根据其《章程》将这套条款草案提交大会，并附下文所列建议。

C. Recommendation of the Commission

C. 委员会的建议

85. At its 3119th meeting, held on 8 August 2011, the Commission decided, in accordance with article 23 of its Statute, to recommend to the General Assembly:

85. 在2011年8月8日第3119次会议上，委员会根据其《章程》第23条，决定建议大会：

(a) to take note of the draft articles on the responsibility of international organizations in a resolution, and to annex them to the resolution;

(a) 通过一项决议注意到国际组织的责任条款草案并将该条款草案附在该决议之后；

(b) to consider, at a later stage, the elaboration of a convention on the basis of the draft articles.

(b) 考虑在以后某个阶段以该条款草案为基础拟订一项公约。

D. Tribute to the Special Rapporteur

D. 向特别报告员表示感谢

86. At its 3118th meeting, held on 5 August 2011, the Commission, after adopting the draft articles on the responsibility of international organizations, adopted the following resolution by acclamation:

86. 在2011年8月5日第3118次会议上，委员会在通过国际组织的责任条款草案之后，以鼓掌方式通过了以下决议：

“The International Law Commission,

“国际法委员会，

Having adopted the draft articles on the responsibility of international organizations,

通过了国际组织的责任条款草案，

Expresses to the Special Rapporteur, Mr. Giorgio Gaja, its deep appreciation and warm congratulations for the outstanding contribution he has made to the preparation of the draft articles through his tireless efforts and devoted work, and for the results achieved in the elaboration of draft articles on the responsibility of international organizations.”

向特别报告员乔治·加亚先生表示深挚感谢和热烈祝贺，感谢并祝贺他通过不懈努力和专注的工作为起草条款草案作出了杰出贡献，并且在拟订关于国际组织责任的条款草案方面取得了成果。

E. Text of the draft articles on the responsibility of international organizations

” E. 国际组织的责任条款草案案文

1. Text of the draft articles

1. 条款草案案文

87. The text of the draft articles adopted by the Commission, on second reading, at its sixty-third session is reproduced below.

87. 委员会第六十三届会议二读通过的条款草案案文载录如下。

Responsibility of international organizations

国际组织的责任

Part One

第一部分

Introduction

导言

Article 1

第1条

Scope of the present draft articles

本条款草案的范围

1. The present draft articles apply to the international responsibility of an international organization for an internationally wrongful act.

1. 本条款草案适用于国际组织对国际不法行为负有的国际责任。

2. The present draft articles also apply to the international responsibility of a State for an internationally wrongful act in connection with the conduct of an international organization.

2. 本条款草案也适用于国家对与国际组织行为相关的国际不法行为负有的责任。

Article 2

第2条

Use of terms

术语

For the purposes of the present draft articles,

为本条款草案的目的：

(a) “international organization” means an organization established by a treaty or other instrument governed by international law and possessing its own international legal personality.

(a) “国际组织”是指根据条约或受国际法制约的其他文书建立的具有独立国际法律人格的组织。

International organizations may include as members, in addition to States, other entities;

国际组织的成员除国家以外，还可包括其他实体；

(b) “rules of the organization” means, in particular, the constituent instruments, decisions, resolutions and other acts of the international organization adopted in accordance with those instruments, and established practice of the organization;

(b) “该组织的规则”具体是指：该组织的宪章性文件、依宪章性文件通过的决定、决议和其他文件及该组织已确立的惯例；

(c) “organ of an international organization” means any person or entity which has that status in accordance with the rules of the organization;

(c) “国际组织的机关”是指按照该组织的规则具有该地位的人或实体；

(d) “agent of an international organization” means an official or other person or entity, other than an organ, who is charged by the organization with carrying out, or helping to carry out, one of its functions, and thus through whom the organization acts.

(d) “国际组织的代理人”是指该组织的机关以外，受该组织之命行使或帮助行使其某项职能，从而替该组织行事的官员和其他人或实体。

Part Two

第二部分

The internationally wrongful act of an international organization

国际组织的国际不法行为

Chapter I

第一章

General principles

一般原则

Article 3

第3条

Responsibility of an international organization for its internationally wrongful acts

国际组织对其国际不法行为的责任

Every internationally wrongful act of an international organization entails the international responsibility of that organization.

国际组织的每一国际不法行为均引起该组织的国际责任。

Article 4

第4条

Elements of an internationally wrongful act of an international organization

国际组织的国际不法行为的要素

There is an internationally wrongful act of an international organization when conduct consisting of an action or omission:

在下述情况下，国际组织的作为或不作为构成国际不法行为：

(a) is attributable to that organization under international law; and

(a) 依国际法，该行为可归于该组织；并且

(b) constitutes a breach of an international obligation of that organization.

(b) 该行为构成对该组织国际义务的违反。

Article 5

第5条

Characterization of an act of an international organization as internationally wrongful

把国际组织的行为定性为国际不法行为

The characterization of an act of an international organization as internationally wrongful is governed by international law.

在把国际组织的行为定性为国际不法行为时须遵守国际法。

Chapter II

第二章

Attribution of conduct to an international organization

将行为归于国际组织

Article 6

第6条

Conduct of organs or agents of an international organization

国际组织的机关或代理人的行为

1. The conduct of an organ or agent of an international organization in the performance of functions of that organ or agent shall be considered an act of that organization under international law, whatever position the organ or agent holds in respect of the organization.

1. 国际组织的机关或代理人履行该机关或代理人职能的行为，依国际法应视为该组织的行为，不论该机关或代理人相对于该组织而言具有何种地位。

2. The rules of the organization apply in the determination of the functions of its organs and agents.

2. 为确定该组织的机关和代理人的职能，适用该组织的规则。

Article 7

第7条

Conduct of organs of a State or organs or agents of an international organization placed at the disposal of another international organization

交由国际组织支配的一国机关或另一国际组织的机关或代理人的行为

The conduct of an organ of a State or an organ or agent of an international organization that is placed at the disposal of another international organization shall be considered under international law an act of the latter organization if the organization exercises effective control over that conduct.

一国的机关或国际组织的机关或代理人在交由另一国际组织支配之后，其行为依国际法应视为后一国际组织的行为，如该组织对该行为行使有效控制。

Article 8

第8条

Excess of authority or contravention of instructions

逾越权限或违背指示

The conduct of an organ or agent of an international organization shall be considered an act of that organization under international law if the organ or agent acts in an official capacity and within the overall functions of that organization, even if the conduct exceeds the authority of that organ or agent or contravenes instructions.

国际组织的机关或代理人若以官方身份并在该组织总体职能范围内行事，其行为依国际法应视为该组织的行为，即使该行为逾越了该机关或代理人的权限或违背了指示。

Article 9

第9条

Conduct acknowledged and adopted by an international organization as its own

被国际组织承认并当作自身行为的行为

Conduct which is not attributable to an international organization under articles 6 to 8 shall nevertheless be considered an act of that organization under international law if and to the extent that the organization acknowledges and adopts the conduct in question as its own.

按照第6至第8条不能归于一国际组织的行为，在并且只在该组织承认此行为并当作自身行为的情况下，依国际法应视为该组织的行为。

Chapter III

第三章

Breach of an international obligation

违反国际义务

Article 10

第10条

Existence of a breach of an international obligation

违反国际义务行为的发生

1. There is a breach of an international obligation by an international organization when an act of that international organization is not in conformity with what is required of it by that obligation, regardless of the origin or character of the obligation concerned.

1. 如果国际组织的行为不符合国际义务对它的要求，该组织即违反了该国际义务，不论该义务的起源或特性为何。

2. Paragraph 1 includes the breach of any international obligation that may arise for an international organization towards its members under the rules of the organization.

2. 第1款也适用于一国际组织违反其依组织规则对成员的义务的情况。

Article 11

第11条

International obligation in force for an international organization

对国际组织有约束力的国际义务

An act of an international organization does not constitute a breach of an international obligation unless the organization is bound by the obligation in question at the time the act occurs.

除非行为发生时国际组织受一项国际义务的约束，否则该组织的行为不构成对该项义务的违反。

Article 12

第12条

Extension in time of the breach of an international obligation

违反国际义务行为在时间上的延续

1. The breach of an international obligation by an act of an international organization not having a continuing character occurs at the moment when the act is performed, even if its effects continue.

1. 国际组织的非持续性行为违反一项国际义务时，该行为发生的时刻即为违反义务行为发生的时刻，即使该行为的影响继续存在。

2. The breach of an international obligation by an act of an international organization having a continuing character extends over the entire period during which the act continues and remains not in conformity with that obligation.

2. 国际组织的持续性行为违反一项国际义务时，该行为持续并始终违反该项义务的整个期间即为违反义务行为延续的时间。

3. The breach of an international obligation requiring an international organization to prevent a given event occurs when the event occurs and extends over the entire period during which the event continues and remains not in conformity with that obligation.

3. 如果一项国际义务要求一国际组织防止一特定事件的发生，则该事件发生的时刻即为违反义务行为发生的时刻，而该事件持续进行并始终违反该项义务的整个期间即为违反义务行为延续的时间。

Article 13

第13条

Breach consisting of a composite act

复合行为违反义务

1. The breach of an international obligation by an international organization through a series of actions and omissions defined in aggregate as wrongful occurs when the action or omission occurs which, taken with the other actions or omissions, is sufficient to constitute the wrongful act.

1. 国际组织通过被一并定义为不法行为的一系列作为和不作为违反国际义务的情事，发生于一作为或不作为发生的时刻，该作为或不作为连同其他作为或不作为看待，足以构成不法行为。

2. In such a case, the breach extends over the entire period starting with the first of the actions or omissions of the series and lasts for as long as these actions or omissions are repeated and remain not in conformity with the international obligation.

2. 在此种情况下，自该系列作为和不作为中的第一个作为或不作为开始，这些作为或不作为反复发生并始终违反该项国际义务的整个期间，即为违反义务行为延续的时间。

Chapter IV

第四章

Responsibility of an international organization in connection with the act of a State or another international organization

国际组织对国家或另一国际组织行为的责任

Article 14

第14条

Aid or assistance in the commission of an internationally wrongful act

援助或协助实施国际不法行为

An international organization which aids or assists a State or another international organization in the commission of an internationally wrongful act by the State or the latter organization is internationally responsible for doing so if:

在下列情况下，国际组织应对其援助或协助国家或另一国际组织实施的国际不法行为承担责任：

(a) the former organization does so with knowledge of the circumstances of the internationally wrongful act; and

(a) 该组织这样做时知道该不法行为的情况，而且

(b) the act would be internationally wrongful if committed by that organization.

(b) 该行为若由该组织实施会构成国际不法行为。

Article 15

第15条

Direction and control exercised over the commission of an internationally wrongful act

指挥和控制实施国际不法行为

An international organization which directs and controls a State or another international organization in the commission of an internationally wrongful act by the State or the latter organization is internationally responsible for that act if:

在下列情况下，国际组织应为其指挥和控制国家或另一国际组织实施的国际不法行为承担国际责任：

(a) the former organization does so with knowledge of the circumstances of the internationally wrongful act; and

(a) 该组织这样做时知道该不法行为的情况；而且

(b) the act would be internationally wrongful if committed by that organization.

(b) 该行为若由该组织实施会构成国际不法行为。

Article 16

第16条

Coercion of a State or another international organization

胁迫国家或另一国际组织

An international organization which coerces a State or another international organization to commit an act is internationally responsible for that act if:

在下列情况下，胁迫国家或另一国际组织实施某行为的国际组织应对该行为负国际责任：

(a) the act would, but for the coercion, be an internationally wrongful act of the coerced State or international organization; and

(a) 在没有胁迫的情况下，该行为会是被胁迫国或国际组织的国际不法行为；而且

(b) the coercing international organization does so with knowledge of the circumstances of the act.

(b) 进行胁迫的国际组织这样做时知道该行为的情况。

Article 17

第17条

Circumvention of international obligations through decisions and authorizations addressed to members

通过向成员发出决定和授权而避免承担国际义务

1. An international organization incurs international responsibility if it circumvents one of its international obligations by adopting a decision binding member States or international organizations to commit an act that would be internationally wrongful if committed by the former organization.

1. 如果国际组织通过具有约束力的决定，使其成员国或为其成员的国际组织实施若由该组织自己实施会构成国际不法行为的行为，从而使该组织避免承担国际义务，则该组织负有国际责任。

2. An international organization incurs international responsibility if it circumvents one of its international obligations by authorizing member States or international organizations to commit an act that would be internationally wrongful if committed by the former organization and the act in question is committed because of that authorization.

2. 如果国际组织授权其成员国或为其成员的国际组织实施若由该组织自己实施会构成国际不法行为的行为，且有关行为因授权得以实施，则该组织负有国际责任。

3. Paragraphs 1 and 2 apply whether or not the act in question is internationally wrongful for the member States or international organizations to which the decision or authorization is addressed.

3. 无论有关行为对于上述决定或授权所针对的成员国或为其成员的国际组织是否构成国际不法行为，第1款和第2款均适用。

Article 18

第18条

Responsibility of an international organization member of another international organization

作为另一国际组织成员的国际组织的责任

Without prejudice to draft articles 14 to 17, the international responsibility of an international organization that is a member of another international organization also arises in relation to an act of the latter under the conditions set out in draft articles 61 and 62 for States that are members of an international organization.

在不影响第14条至第17条的情况下，作为另一国际组织成员的国际组织也可因前者的行为而产生国际责任，其条件与第61条和第62条中适用于作为国际组织成员的国家的条件相同。

Article 19

第19条

Effect of this Chapter

本章的效力

This Chapter is without prejudice to the international responsibility of the State or international organization which commits the act in question, or of any other State or international organization.

本章不妨碍实施有关行为的国家或国际组织或任何其他国家或国际组织的国际责任。

Chapter V

第五章

Circumstances precluding wrongfulness

解除行为不法性的情况

Article 20

第20条

Consent

同意

Valid consent by a State or an international organization to the commission of a given act by another international organization precludes the wrongfulness of that act in relation to that State or the former organization to the extent that the act remains within the limits of that consent.

一国或一国际组织以有效方式表示同意另一国际组织实施某项特定行为时，则对于该国或前一国际组织而言，该特定行为的不法性即告解除，但以该行为不逾越该项同意的范围为限。

Article 21

第21条

Self-defence

自卫

The wrongfulness of an act of an international organization is precluded if and to the extent that the act constitutes a lawful measure of self-defence under international law.

国际组织的行为只要构成国际法上的合法自卫措施，该行为的不法性即告解除。

Article 22

第22条

Countermeasures

反措施

1. Subject to paragraphs 2 and 3, the wrongfulness of an act of an international organization not in conformity with an international obligation towards a State or another international organization is precluded if and to the extent that the act constitutes a countermeasure taken in accordance with the substantive and procedural conditions required by international law, including those set forth in Chapter II of Part Four for countermeasures taken against another international organization.

1. 在遵守第2款和第3款的前提下，国际组织违反其对一国或另一国际组织的国际义务的行为，如构成根据国际法，包括本条款草案第四部分第二章中所规定的实质性和程序性条件而对另一国际组织采取的反措施，该行为的不法性即告解除。

2. Subject to paragraph 3, an international organization may not take countermeasures against a responsible member State or international organization unless:

2. 在遵守第3款的前提下，国际组织不得对作为其成员的责任国或责任国际组织采取反措施，除非：

(a) the conditions referred to in paragraph 1 are met;

(a) 第1款所指的条件得到满足；

(b) the countermeasures are not inconsistent with the rules of the organization; and

(b) 反措施并非不符合该组织的规则；并且

(c) no appropriate means are available for otherwise inducing compliance with the obligations of the responsible State or international organization concerning cessation of the breach and reparation.

(c) 别无其他适当手段促使该责任国或责任国际组织履行关于停止违法行为和作出赔偿的义务。

3. Countermeasures may not be taken by an international organization against a member State or international organization in response to a breach of an international obligation under the rules of the organization unless such countermeasures are provided for by those rules.

3. 国际组织不得对违反该组织的规则所规定的国际义务的成员国或为其成员的国际组织采取反措施，除非该组织的规则规定了此种反措施。

Article 23

第23条

Force majeure

不可抗力

1. The wrongfulness of an act of an international organization not in conformity with an international obligation of that organization is precluded if the act is due to force majeure, that is, the occurrence of an irresistible force or of an unforeseen event, beyond the control of the organization, making it materially impossible in the circumstances to perform the obligation.

1. 国际组织违反其国际义务的行为如起因于不可抗力，即起因于该组织无法控制的不可抗拒的力量或无法预料的事件，以致该组织在这种情况下实际上不可能履行义务，该行为的不法性即告解除。

2. Paragraph 1 does not apply if:

2. 在下列情况下，第1款不适用：

(a) the situation of force majeure is due, either alone or in combination with other factors, to the conduct of the organization invoking it; or

(a) 不可抗力情况是由援引该情况的组织的行为单独导致或与其他因素一并导致；或

(b) the organization has assumed the risk of that situation occurring.

(b) 该组织已承担发生这种情况的风险。

Article 24

第24条

Distress

危难

1. The wrongfulness of an act of an international organization not in conformity with an international obligation of that organization is precluded if the author of the act in question has no other reasonable way, in a situation of distress, of saving the author’s life or the lives of other persons entrusted to the author’s care.

1. 对于国际组织违反其国际义务的行为，如果有关行为人在遭遇危难的情况下，除此行为之外，别无其他合理方法来挽救其生命或受其监护的其他人的生命，则该行为的不法性即告解除。

2. Paragraph 1 does not apply if:

2. 在下列情况下，第1款不适用：

(a) the situation of distress is due, either alone or in combination with other factors, to the conduct of the organization invoking it; or

(a) 危难情况是由援引该情况的组织的行为单独导致或与其他因素一并导致；或

(b) the act in question is likely to create a comparable or greater peril.

(b) 所涉行为很可能导致程度相当或更大的危险。

Article 25

第25条

Necessity

危急情况

1. Necessity may not be invoked by an international organization as a ground for precluding the wrongfulness of an act not in conformity with an international obligation of that organization unless the act:

1. 国际组织不得援引危急情况作为理由来解除该组织违反其国际义务的行为的不法性，除非该行为：

(a) is the only means for the organization to safeguard against a grave and imminent peril an essential interest of its member States or of the international community as a whole, when the organization has, in accordance with international law, the function to protect the interest in question; and

(a) 是该组织按照国际法有责任保护其成员国或整个国际社会的根本利益时，为保障该利益免遭严重迫切危险而可采取的唯一办法；并且

(b) does not seriously impair an essential interest of the State or States towards which the international obligation exists, or of the international community as a whole.

(b) 没有严重损害该组织对其承担国际义务的一国或多国的根本利益，或者整个国际社会的根本利益。

2. In any case, necessity may not be invoked by an international organization as a ground for precluding wrongfulness if:

2. 在下列情况下，国际组织无论如何不得援引危急情况作为解除不法性的理由：

(a) the international obligation in question excludes the possibility of invoking necessity; or

(a) 有关的国际义务排除了援引危急情况的可能性；或

(b) the organization has contributed to the situation of necessity.

(b) 该组织促成了该危急情况。

Article 26

第26条

Compliance with peremptory norms

对强制性规范的遵守

Nothing in this Chapter precludes the wrongfulness of any act of an international organization which is not in conformity with an obligation arising under a peremptory norm of general international law.

对于国际组织违反一般国际法强制性规范所产生的义务的任何行为，本章中的任何规定均不解除其不法性。

Article 27

第27条

Consequences of invoking a circumstance precluding wrongfulness

援引解除行为不法性的情况的后果

The invocation of a circumstance precluding wrongfulness in accordance with this Chapter is without prejudice to:

根据本章援引解除行为不法性的情况不妨碍：

(a) compliance with the obligation in question, if and to the extent that the circumstance precluding wrongfulness no longer exists;

(a) 在解除行为不法性的情况不再存在时遵守该项义务；

(b) the question of compensation for any material loss caused by the act in question.

(b) 对该行为所造成的任何物质损失的补偿问题。

Part Three

第三部分

Content of the international responsibility of an international organization

国际组织的国际责任的内容

Chapter I

第一章

General principles

一般原则

Article 28

第28条

Legal consequences of an internationally wrongful act

国际不法行为的法律后果

The international responsibility of an international organization which is entailed by an internationally wrongful act in accordance with the provisions of Part Two involves legal consequences as set out in this Part.

国际组织依照本条款草案第二部分的规定对国际不法行为承担的国际责任，产生本部分所列的法律后果。

Article 29

第29条

Continued duty of performance

继续履行的责任

The legal consequences of an internationally wrongful act under this Part do not affect the continued duty of the responsible international organization to perform the obligation breached.

依照本部分对国际不法行为承担的法律后果不影响责任国际组织继续履行所违反义务的责任。

Article 30

第30条

Cessation and non-repetition

停止和不重犯

The international organization responsible for the internationally wrongful act is under an obligation:

国际不法行为的责任国际组织有义务：

(a) to cease that act, if it is continuing;

(a) 在该不法行为正在进行时，立即停止该行为；

(b) to offer appropriate assurances and guarantees of non-repetition, if circumstances so require.

(b) 在必要情况下，提供不重犯该行为的适当承诺和保证。

Article 31

第31条

Reparation

赔偿

1. The responsible international organization is under an obligation to make full reparation for the injury caused by the internationally wrongful act.

1. 责任国际组织有义务对国际不法行为所造成的损害提供充分赔偿。

2. Injury includes any damage, whether material or moral, caused by the internationally wrongful act of an international organization.

2. 损害包括国际组织的国际不法行为所引起的任何损害，无论是物质损害或精神损害。

Article 32

第32条

Relevance of the rules of the organization

组织规则的相关性

1. The responsible international organization may not rely on its rules as justification for failure to comply with its obligations under this Part.

1. 责任国际组织不得以其规则作为不能按照本部分的规定遵守其义务的理由。

2. Paragraph 1 is without prejudice to the applicability of the rules of an international organization to the relations between the organization and its member States and organizations.

2. 第1款不妨碍国际组织的规则适用于该组织与其成员国和成员组织之间的关系。

Article 33

第33条

Scope of international obligations set out in this Part

本部分所列国际义务的范围

1. The obligations of the responsible international organization set out in this Part may be owed to one or more States, to one or more other organizations, or to the international community as a whole, depending in particular on the character and content of the international obligation and on the circumstances of the breach.

1. 本部分规定的责任国际组织的义务可能是对一个或若干国家、一个或若干其他组织、或对整个国际社会承担的义务，具体取决于该国际义务的特性和内容及违反义务的情况。

2. This Part is without prejudice to any right, arising from the international responsibility of an international organization, which may accrue directly to any person or entity other than a State or an international organization.

2. 本部分不妨碍任何人或国家或国际组织以外的实体由于国际组织的国际责任直接取得的任何权利。

Chapter II

第二章

Reparation for injury

赔偿损害

Article 34

第34条

Forms of reparation

赔偿的方式

Full reparation for the injury caused by the internationally wrongful act shall take the form of restitution, compensation and satisfaction, either singly or in combination, in accordance with the provisions of this Chapter.

对国际不法行为造成的损害的充分赔偿，应按照本章的规定，单独或合并采取恢复原状、补偿和抵偿的方式。

Article 35

第35条

Restitution

恢复原状

An international organization responsible for an internationally wrongful act is under an obligation to make restitution, that is, to re-establish the situation which existed before the wrongful act was committed, provided and to the extent that restitution:

在下述情况下，国际不法行为的责任国际组织有义务恢复原状，即恢复到实施不法行为以前所存在的状况：

(a) is not materially impossible;

(a) 恢复原状并非实际上不可能；

(b) does not involve a burden out of all proportion to the benefit deriving from restitution instead of compensation.

(b) 从恢复原状而非补偿中得到的利益与所引起的负担不致完全不成比例。

Article 36

第36条

Compensation

补偿

1. The international organization responsible for an internationally wrongful act is under an obligation to compensate for the damage caused thereby, insofar as such damage is not made good by restitution.

1. 如损害没有以恢复原状的方式得到赔偿，国际不法行为的责任国际组织有义务补偿该行为造成的损害。

2. The compensation shall cover any financially assessable damage including loss of profits insofar as it is established.

2. 这种补偿应该涵盖在经济上可以评估的任何损害，包括可以确定的利润损失。

Article 37

第37条

Satisfaction

抵偿

1. The international organization responsible for an internationally wrongful act is under an obligation to give satisfaction for the injury caused by that act insofar as it cannot be made good by restitution or compensation.

1. 如损害没有以恢复原状或补偿的方式得到赔偿，一国际不法行为的责任国际组织有义务对该行为造成的损失给予抵偿。

2. Satisfaction may consist in an acknowledgement of the breach, an expression of regret, a formal apology or another appropriate modality.

2. 抵偿可采取承认不法行为、表示遗憾、正式道歉或其他适当的方式。

3. Satisfaction shall not be out of proportion to the injury and may not take a form humiliating to the responsible international organization.

3. 抵偿不应与损害不成比例，并且不得采取羞辱责任国际组织的方式。

Article 38

第38条

Interest

利息

1. Interest on any principal sum due under this Chapter shall be payable when necessary in order to ensure full reparation.

1. 为确保充分赔偿，在必要时，应支付根据本章所应支付的任何本金金额的利息。

The interest rate and mode of calculation shall be set so as to achieve that result.

为此应规定利率和计算方法。

2. Interest runs from the date when the principal sum should have been paid until the date the obligation to pay is fulfilled.

2. 利息从应支付本金金额之日起算，至完成履行支付义务之日为止。

Article 39

第39条

Contribution to the injury

促成损害

In the determination of reparation, account shall be taken of the contribution to the injury by wilful or negligent action or omission of the injured State or international organization or of any person or entity in relation to whom reparation is sought.

在确定赔偿时，应考虑到受害国或国际组织或为其提出索赔的任何人或实体由于故意或疏忽以作为或不作为而促成损害的情况。

Article 40

第40条

Ensuring the fulfilment of the obligation to make reparation

确保履行赔偿义务

1. The responsible international organization shall take all appropriate measures in accordance with its rules to ensure that its members provide it with the means for effectively fulfilling its obligations under this Chapter.

1. 责任国际组织应根据其规则采取一切适当措施，确保其成员向该组织提供有效履行本章所规定的义务的手段。

2. The members of a responsible international organization shall take all the appropriate measures that may be required by the rules of the organization in order to enable the organization to fulfil its obligations under this Chapter.

2. 责任国际组织的成员应采取该组织的规则可能要求采取的一切适当措施，使该组织能够履行本章所规定的义务。

Chapter III

第三章

Serious breaches of obligations under peremptory norms of general international law

严重违反一般国际法强制性规范的义务

Article 41

第41条

Application of this Chapter

本章的适用

1. This Chapter applies to the international responsibility which is entailed by a serious breach by an international organization of an obligation arising under a peremptory norm of general international law.

1. 本章适用于国际组织严重违反一般国际法强制性规范规定的义务的行为所产生的国际责任。

2. A breach of such an obligation is serious if it involves a gross or systematic failure by the responsible international organization to fulfil the obligation.

2. 如果此种违反义务行为涉及责任国际组织严重地或系统性地不履行义务，则构成严重违反义务行为。

Article 42

第42条

Particular consequences of a serious breach of an obligation under this Chapter

严重违反本章规定的义务的特定后果

1. States and international organizations shall cooperate to bring to an end through lawful means any serious breach within the meaning of article 41.

1. 国家和国际组织应进行合作，通过合法手段制止第41条含义范围内的任何严重违反义务行为。

2. No State or international organization shall recognize as lawful a situation created by a serious breach within the meaning of article 41, nor render aid or assistance in maintaining that situation.

2. 任何国家或国际组织均不得承认第41条含义范围内的严重违反义务行为造成的情况为合法，也不得为维持这种现状提供援助或协助。

3. This article is without prejudice to the other consequences referred to in this Part and to such further consequences that a breach to which this Chapter applies may entail under international law.

3. 本条不妨碍本部分所指的其他后果和本章适用的违反义务行为可能依国际法引起的进一步后果。

Part Four

第四部分

The implementation of the international responsibility of an international organization

国际组织的国际责任的履行

Chapter I

第一章

Invocation of the responsibility of an international organization

援引国际组织的责任

Article 43

第43条

Invocation of responsibility by an injured State or international organization

受害国或国际组织援引责任

A State or an international organization is entitled as an injured State or an injured international organization to invoke the responsibility of another international organization if the obligation breached is owed to:

一国或一国际组织有权在下列情况下作为受害国或受害国际组织援引另一国际组织的责任：

(a) that State or the former international organization individually;

(a) 被违反的义务是单独地向该国或该组织承担的义务；

(b) a group of States or international organizations including that State or the former international organization, or the international community as a whole, and the breach of the obligation:

(b) 被违反的义务是向包括该国或该组织在内的国家集团或国际组织集团或向整个国际社会承担的义务，而对此义务的违反：

(i) specially affects that State or that international organization; or

(一) 特别影响到该国或该组织；或

(ii) is of such a character as radically to change the position of all the other States and international organizations to which the obligation is owed with respect to the further performance of the obligation.

(二) 因其性质，在进一步履行义务方面，根本改变了作为义务对象的所有其他国家和国际组织的地位。

Article 44

第44条

Notice of claim by an injured State or international organization

受害国或国际组织通知其求偿的要求

1. An injured State or international organization which invokes the responsibility of another international organization shall give notice of its claim to that organization.

1. 援引另一国际组织责任的受害国或国际组织应将其求偿的要求通知该组织。

2. The injured State or international organization may specify in particular:

2. 受害国或国际组织可具体指明：

(a) the conduct that the responsible international organization should take in order to cease the wrongful act, if it is continuing;

(a) 如不法行为仍在继续，责任国际组织为停止该不法行为而应采取的行动；

(b) what form reparation should take in accordance with the provisions of Part Three.

(b) 根据本条款草案第三部分的规定应采取哪种赔偿方式。

Article 45

第45条

Admissibility of claims

求偿要求的可受理性

1. An injured State may not invoke the responsibility of an international organization if the claim is not brought in accordance with any applicable rule relating to the nationality of claims.

1. 如求偿要求的提出不符合应适用的国籍规则，受害国不得援引国际组织的责任。

2. When the rule of exhaustion of local remedies applies to a claim, an injured State or international organization may not invoke the responsibility of another international organization if any available and effective remedy has not been exhausted.

2. 如用尽当地救济的规则适用于求偿要求，那么在未用尽所有可利用的有效救济时，受害国或国际组织不得援引另一国际组织的责任。

Article 46

第46条

Loss of the right to invoke responsibility

援引责任权利的丧失

The responsibility of an international organization may not be invoked if:

在下列情况下不得援引国际组织的责任：

(a) the injured State or international organization has validly waived the claim;

(a) 受害国或国际组织已有效地放弃要求；

(b) the injured State or international organization is to be considered as having, by reason of its conduct, validly acquiesced in the lapse of the claim.

(b) 受害国或国际组织基于其行为应被视为已有效地默认其求偿要求失效。

Article 47

第47条

Plurality of injured States or international organizations

数个受害国或国际组织

Where several States or international organizations are injured by the same internationally wrongful act of an international organization, each injured State or international organization may separately invoke the responsibility of the international organization for the internationally wrongful act.

在数个国家或国际组织由于一国际组织的同一国际不法行为而受害的情况下，每一受害国或国际组织可分别援引该国际组织对有关国际不法行为的责任。

Article 48

第48条

Responsibility of an international organization and one or more States or international organizations

一个国际组织和一个或若干国家或国际组织的责任

1. Where an international organization and one or more States or other international organizations are responsible for the same internationally wrongful act, the responsibility of each State or organization may be invoked in relation to that act.

1. 在一个国际组织和一个或若干国家或其他国际组织对同一国际不法行为应负责任的情形下，可以对每一个国家或组织援引涉及该行为的责任。

2. Subsidiary responsibility may be invoked insofar as the invocation of the primary responsibility has not led to reparation.

2. 只有在援引主要责任未得到赔偿的情况下，方可援引次要责任。

3. Paragraphs 1 and 2:

3. 第1款和第2款：

(a) do not permit any injured State or international organization to recover, by way of compensation, more than the damage it has suffered;

(a) 不允许任何受害国或国际组织通过补偿的方式获取多于其所受损失的利益；

(b) are without prejudice to any right of recourse that the State or international organization providing reparation may have against the other responsible States or international organizations.

(b) 不妨碍提供赔偿的国家或国际组织对其他责任国或国际组织可能具有的追索权。

Article 49

第49条

Invocation of responsibility by a State or an international organization other than an injured State or international organization

受害国或受害国际组织以外的国家或国际组织援引责任

1. A State or an international organization other than an injured State or international organization is entitled to invoke the responsibility of another international organization in accordance with paragraph 4 if the obligation breached is owed to a group of States or international organizations, including the State or organization that invokes responsibility, and is established for the protection of a collective interest of the group.

1. 受害国或受害国际组织以外的国家或国际组织有权在下列情况下按照第4款援引另一国际组织的责任：被违反的义务是向包括援引责任的国家或组织在内的国家集团或国际组织集团承担的，并且是为了保护该集团的集体利益而确定的。

2. A State other than an injured State is entitled to invoke the responsibility of an international organization in accordance with paragraph 4 if the obligation breached is owed to the international community as a whole.

2. 受害国以外的国家有权在下列情况下按照第4款援引一国际组织的责任：被违反的义务是对整个国际社会承担的。

3. An international organization other than an injured international organization is entitled to invoke the responsibility of another international organization in accordance with paragraph 4 if the obligation breached is owed to the international community as a whole and safeguarding the interest of the international community as a whole underlying the obligation breached is within the functions of the international organization invoking responsibility.

3. 不是受害方的国际组织有权在下列情况下按照第4款援引另一国际组织的责任：被违反的义务是向整个国际社会承担的，而且保护该义务所基于的整个国际社会的利益属于援引责任的国际组织的职责。

4. A State or an international organization entitled to invoke responsibility under paragraphs 1 to 3 may claim from the responsible international organization:

4. 有权按照第1款至第3款援引责任的国家或国际组织可要求责任国际组织：

(a) cessation of the internationally wrongful act, and assurances and guarantees of non-repetition in accordance with draft article 30; and

(a) 按照第30条的规定，停止国际不法行为，并提供不重犯的承诺和保证；并且

(b) performance of the obligation of reparation in accordance with Part Three, in the interest of the injured State or international organization or of the beneficiaries of the obligation breached.

(b) 按照本条款草案第三部分的规定，履行向受害国或国际组织或被违反的义务的受益人提供赔偿的义务。

5. The requirements for the invocation of responsibility by an injured State or international organization under draft articles 44, 45, paragraph 2, and 46 apply to an invocation of responsibility by a State or international organization entitled to do so under paragraphs 1 to 4.

5. 受害国或国际组织按照第44条、第45条第2款和第46条援引责任的条件同样适用于有权按照第1款至第4款这样做的国家或国际组织援引责任的情况。

Article 50

第50条

Scope of this Chapter

本章的范围

This Chapter is without prejudice to the entitlement that a person or entity other than a State or an international organization may have to invoke the international responsibility of an international organization.

本章不妨碍个人或国家或国际组织以外的实体可能具有的援引国际组织的国际责任的权利。

Chapter II

第二章

Countermeasures

反措施

Article 51

第51条

Object and limits of countermeasures

反措施的目的和限制

1. An injured State or an injured international organization may only take countermeasures against an international organization which is responsible for an internationally wrongful act in order to induce that organization to comply with its obligations under Part Three.

1. 受害国或受害的国际组织只在为促使国际不法行为的责任国际组织依本条款草案第三部分履行其义务时，才可对该国际组织采取反措施。

2. Countermeasures are limited to the non-performance for the time being of international obligations of the State or international organization taking the measures towards the responsible international organization.

2. 反措施限于采取措施的国家或国际组织暂不履行对责任国际组织的国际义务。

3. Countermeasures shall, as far as possible, be taken in such a way as to permit the resumption of performance of the obligations in question.

3. 反措施应尽可能容许恢复履行有关义务。

4. Countermeasures shall, as far as possible, be taken in such a way as to limit their effects on the exercise by the responsible international organization of its functions.

4. 反措施应尽可能限制其对责任国际组织行使其职能的影响。

Article 52

第52条

Conditions for taking countermeasures by members of an international organization

国际组织成员采取反措施的条件