Report of the International Law Commission

国际法委员会报告

Sixty-fourth session (7 May–1 June and 2 July–3 August 2012)

第六十四届会议 (2012年5月7日至6月1日和7月2日至8月3日)

General Assembly Official Records Sixty-seventh session Supplement No. 10 (A/67/10)

大会正式记录 第六十七届会议 补编第10号 (A/67/10)

Note

说明

Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures.

联合国文件都用大写英文字母附加数字进行编号。

Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document.

凡是提到这种编号，就是指联合国的某一个文件。

The word Yearbook followed by suspension points and the year (e.g. Yearbook … 1971) indicates a reference to the Yearbook of the International Law Commission.

前有年份和省略号的“年鉴”(如《1971年…年鉴》)是指《国际法委员会年鉴》。

A typeset version of the report of the Commission will be included in Part Two of volume II of the Yearbook of the International Law Commission 2012.

委员会报告的排版本将载入《2012年国际法委员会年鉴》第二卷第二部分。

Chapter I Introduction

第一章 导言

1. The International Law Commission held the first part of its sixty-fourth session from 7 May to 1 June 2012 and the second part from 2 July to 3 August 2012 at its seat at the United Nations Office at Geneva.

1. 国际法委员会分别于2012年5月7日至6月1日在联合国日内瓦办事处委员会所在地举行了第六十四届第一期会议，于2012年7月2日至8月3日举行了第二期会议。

The session was opened by Mr. Maurice Kamto, Chairman of the sixty-third session of the Commission.

本届会议由委员会第六十三届会议主席莫里斯 ·卡姆托先生主持开幕。

A. Membership

A. 委员

2. The Commission consists of the following members:

2. 委员会包括下列成员：

B. Officers and the Enlarged Bureau

B. 主席团成员和扩大的主席团

3. At its 3128th meeting, on 7 May 2012, the Commission elected the following officers:

3. 在2012年5月7日举行的第3128次会议上，委员会选出了下列主席团成员：

Chairman:

主席：

Mr. Lucius Caflisch (Switzerland)

卢修斯·卡弗利施先生(瑞士)

First Vice-Chairman:

第一副主席：

Mr. Bernd H. Niehaus (Costa Rica)

贝恩德·尼豪斯先生(哥斯达黎加)

Second Vice-Chairman:

第二副主席：

Mr. Hussein A. Hassouna (Egypt)

侯赛因·哈苏纳先生(埃及)

Chairman of the Drafting Committee:

起草委员会主席：

Mr. Mahmoud D. Hmoud (Jordan)

马哈茂德·哈穆德先生(约旦)

Rapporteur:

报告员：

Mr. Pavel Šturma (Czech Republic)

哈维尔·斯图尔玛先生(捷克共和国)

4. The Enlarged Bureau of the Commission was composed of the officers of the present session, the previous Chairmen of the Commission  and the Special Rapporteurs.

4. 委员会扩大的主席团由本届会议主席团成员、委员会前任主席  和特别报告员组成。

5. The Commission set up a Planning Group composed of the following members: Mr. B. Niehaus (Chairman), Mr. E. Candioti, Mr. P. Comissário Afonso, Mr. A. El-Murtadi Suleiman Gouider, Ms. C. Escobar Hernández, Mr. M. Forteau, Mr. H.A. Hassouna, Mr. M.D. Hmoud, Ms. M.G. Jacobsson, Mr. M. Kamto, Mr. K. Kittichaisaree, Mr. A. Laraba, Mr. D.M. McRae, Mr. S. Murase, Mr. S.D. Murphy, Mr. G. Nolte, Mr. K.G. Park, Mr. E. Petrič, Mr. G.V. Saboia, Mr. N. Singh, Mr. D.D. Tladi, Mr. E. Valencia-Ospina, Mr. A.S. Wako, Mr. N. Wisnumurti, Mr. M. Wood, and Mr. P. Šturma (ex officio).

5. 委员会设立了由下列委员组成的规划组：尼豪斯先生(主席)、坎迪奥蒂先生、科米萨里奥·阿丰索先生、穆尔塔迪·苏莱曼·古伊德尔先生、埃斯科瓦尔·埃尔南德斯女士、福尔托先生、哈苏纳先生、哈穆德先生、雅各布松女士、卡姆托先生、吉滴猜萨里先生、拉腊巴先生、麦克雷先生、村濑先生、墨菲先生、诺尔特先生、朴先生、彼得里奇先生、萨博亚先生、辛格先生、特拉迪先生、巴伦西亚－奥斯皮纳先生、瓦科先生、维斯努穆尔蒂先生、伍德先生和斯图尔玛先生(当然成员)。

C. Drafting Committee

C. 起草委员会

6. At its 3128th and 3141st meetings, on 7 May and 5 July 2012, the Commission established a Drafting Committee, composed of the following members for the topics indicated:

6. 在分别于2012年5月7日和7月5日举行的第3128和第3141次会议上，委员会为下列专题设立了由下列委员组成的起草委员会：

(a) Expulsion of aliens: Mr. M.D. Hmoud (Chairman), Mr. M. Kamto (Special Rapporteur), Mr. E. Candioti, Mr. P. Comissário Afonso, Ms. C. Escobar Hernández, Mr. M. Forteau, Mr. J.M. Gómez-Robledo, Mr. H. Huang, Mr. K. Kittichaisaree, Mr. S.D. Murphy, Mr. G. Nolte, Mr. K.G. Park, Mr. C.M. Peter, Mr. E. Petrič, Mr. G.V. Saboia, Mr. N. Singh, Mr. D.D. Tladi, Mr. E. Valencia-Ospina, Mr. A. Wako, Mr. N. Wisnumurti, Mr. M. Wood, and Mr. P. Šturma (ex officio);

(a) 驱逐外国人：哈穆德先生(主席)、卡姆托先生(特别报告员)、坎迪奥蒂先生、科米萨里奥·阿丰索先生、埃斯科瓦尔·埃尔南德斯女士、福尔托先生、戈麦斯－罗夫莱多先生、黄先生、吉滴猜萨里先生、墨菲先生、诺尔特先生、朴先生、彼得先生、彼得里奇先生、萨博亚先生、辛格先生、特拉迪先生、巴伦西亚－奥斯彼纳先生、瓦科先生、维斯努穆尔蒂先生、伍德先生和斯图尔玛先生(当然成员)。

(b) Protection of persons in the event of disasters: Mr. M.D. Hmoud (Chairman), Mr. E. Valencia-Ospina (Special Rapporteur), Ms. C. Escobar Hernández, Mr. M. Forteau, Ms. M.G. Jacobsson, Mr. M. Kamto, Mr. K. Kittichaisaree, Mr. D.M. McRae, Mr. S. Murase, Mr. S.D. Murphy, Mr. G. Nolte, Mr. K.G. Park, Mr. E. Petrič, Mr. G.V. Saboia, Mr. N. Singh, Mr. D.D. Tladi, Mr. A.S. Wako, Mr. N. Wisnumurti, Mr. M. Wood, and Mr. P. Šturma (ex officio).

(b) 发生灾害时的人员保护：哈穆德先生(主席)、巴伦西亚－奥斯彼纳先生(特别报告员)、埃斯科瓦尔·埃尔南德斯女士、福尔托先生、雅各布松女士、卡姆托先生、吉滴猜萨里先生、麦克雷先生、村濑先生、墨菲先生、诺尔特先生、朴先生、彼得里奇先生、萨博亚先生、辛格先生、特拉迪先生、瓦科先生、维斯努穆尔蒂先生、伍德先生和斯图尔玛先生(当然成员)。

7. The Drafting Committee held a total of 17 meetings on the two topics indicated above.

7. 起草委员会就以上两个专题共举行了17次会议。

D. Working Groups and Study Groups

D. 工作组和研究组

8. At its 3131st meeting, on 18 May 2012, the Commission reconstituted the following Study Groups, which were open-ended:

8. 在2012年5月18日举行的第3131次会议上，委员会重新设立了以下不限成员名额的研究组：

(a) Study Group on Treaties over time: Mr. G. Nolte (Chairman);

(a) 条约随时间演变研究组：诺尔特先生(主席);

(b) Study Group on The most-Favoured-Nation clause: Mr. D.M. McRae (Chairman).

(b) 最惠国条款研究组：麦克雷先生(主席)。

9. At its 3132nd meeting on 22 May 2012, the Commission established the following open-ended Working Group:

9. 在2012年5月22日举行的第3132次会议上，委员会设立了以下不限成员名额的工作组：

Working Group on the Obligation to extradite or prosecute (aut dedere aut judicare): Mr. K. Kittichaisaree (Chairman).

引渡或起诉的义务(aut dedere aut judicare)工作组：吉滴猜萨里先生(主席)。

10. The Planning Group reconstituted the following Working Group:

10. 规划组重新设立了以下工作组：

Working Group on the Long-term Programme of Work for the quinquennium: Mr. D.M. McRae (Chairman), Mr. L. Caflisch, Ms. C. Escobar-Hernández, Mr. M. Forteau, Mr. K. Gevorgian, Mr. M.D. Hmoud, Mr. M. Kamto, Mr. K. Kittichaisaree, Ms. M.G. Jacobsson, Mr. A. Laraba, Mr. S. Murase, Mr. S.D. Murphy, Mr. B.H. Niehaus, Mr. G. Nolte, Mr. K.G. Park, Mr. C.M. Peter, Mr. E. Petrič, Mr. N. Singh, Mr. D.D. Tladi, Mr. E. Valencia-Ospina, Mr. A.S. Wako, Mr. N. Wisnumurti, Mr. M. Wood, and Mr. P. Šturma (ex officio).

五年期长期工作方案工作组：麦克雷先生(主席)、卡弗利施先生、埃斯科瓦尔·埃尔南德斯女士、福尔托先生、格沃尔吉安先生、哈穆德先生、卡姆托先生、吉滴猜萨里先生、雅各布松女士、拉腊巴先生、村濑先生、墨菲先生、尼豪斯先生、诺尔特先生、朴先生、彼得先生、彼得里奇先生、辛格先生、特拉迪先生、巴伦西亚－奥斯皮纳先生、瓦科先生、维斯努穆尔蒂先生、伍德先生和斯图尔玛先生(当然成员)。

E. Secretariat

E. 秘书处

11. Ms. Patricia O’Brien, Under-Secretary-General, the Legal Counsel, represented the Secretary-General.

11. 副秘书长兼法律顾问帕特里夏·奥布赖恩女士担任秘书长的代表。

Mr. Václav Mikulka, Director of the Codification Division of the Office of Legal Affairs, acted as Secretary to the Commission and, in the absence of the Legal Counsel, represented the Secretary-General.

法律事务厅编纂司司长瓦奇拉夫·米库尔卡先生担任委员会秘书，并在法律顾问缺席时代表秘书长。

Mr. George Korontzis, Deputy Director, served as Deputy Secretary.

副司长乔治·科伦济斯先生担任副秘书。

Mr. Trevor Chimimba and Mr. Arnold Pronto, Senior Legal Officers, served as Senior Assistant Secretaries.

高级法律干事特雷沃尔·齐敏巴先生和阿诺德·普龙托先生担任高级助理秘书。

Mr. Gionata Buzzini, Legal Officer, served as Assistant Secretary to the Commission.

法律干事焦纳塔·布津尼先生担任委员会助理秘书。

F. Agenda

F. 议程

12. At its 3128th meeting, on 7 May 2012, the Commission adopted an agenda for its sixty-fourth session.

12. 在2012年5月7日第3128次会议上，委员会通过了第六十四届会议议程。

The agenda, as modified in the light of the decisions taken by the Commission at its 3132nd meeting on 22 May 2012, consists of the following items:

议程根据2012年5月22日委员会第3132次会议上作出的决定修改之后，包括如下项目：

1. Organization of the work of the session.

1. 会议工作安排。

2. Expulsion of aliens.

2. 驱逐外国人。

3. The obligation to extradite or prosecute (aut dedere aut judicare).

3. 引渡或起诉的义务(aut dedere aut judicare)。

4. Protection of persons in the event of disasters.

4. 发生灾害时的人员保护。

5. Immunity of State officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction.

5. 国家官员的外国刑事管辖豁免。

6. Provisional application of treaties.

6. 条约的临时适用。

7. Formation and evidence of customary international law.

7. 习惯国际法的形成与证据。

8. Treaties over time.

8. 条约随时间演变。

9. The Most-Favoured-Nation clause.

9. 最惠国条款。

10. Programme, procedures and working methods of the Commission and its documentation.

10. 委员会的方案、程序和工作方法以及文件。

11. Date and place of the sixty-fifth session.

11. 第六十五届会议的日期和地点。

12. Cooperation with other bodies.

12. 与其他机构的合作。

13. Other business.

13. 其他事项。

Chapter II Summary of the work of the Commission at its sixty-fourth session

第二章 委员会第六十四届会议工作概况

13. Concerning the topic “Expulsion of aliens”, the Commission had before it the eighth report of the Special Rapporteur (A/CN.4/651), which provided an overview of comments made by States and by the European Union on the topic during the debate on the report of the International Law Commission that had taken place in the Sixth Committee at the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly.

13. 关于“驱逐外国人”专题，委员会收到了特别报告员的第八次报告(A/CN.4/ 651)，该报告概述了在大会第六十六届会议上第六委员会就国际法委员会报告进行辩论期间，各国和欧洲联盟对这一专题所作的评论。

The eighth report also contained a number of final observations by the Special Rapporteur, including on the form of the outcome of the Commission’s work on the topic.

第八次报告还载有特别报告员的若干最后意见，包括关于委员会就此专题所作的工作结果应采用的形式问题。

14. As a result of its consideration of the topic at the present session, the Commission adopted on first reading a set of 32 draft articles, together with commentaries thereto, on the expulsion of aliens.

14. 委员会在本届会议上对该专题进行了审议之后，一读通过了关于驱逐外国人专题的一套条款草案，共32条，包括评注。

The Commission decided, in accordance with articles 16 to 21 of its Statute, to transmit the draft articles, through the Secretary-General, to Governments for comments and observations, with the request that such comments and observations be submitted to the Secretary-General by 1 January 2014 (chap. IV).

委员会根据《章程》第16至21条决定，通过秘书长向各国政府转发这些条款草案，征求其评论和意见，并要求在2014年1月1日前向秘书长提交(第四章)。

15. In relation to the topic “Protection of persons in the event of disasters”, the Commission had before it the fifth report of the Special Rapporteur (A/CN.4/652), providing an elaboration on the duty to cooperate, as well as a consideration of the conditions for the provision of assistance, and of the termination of assistance.

15. 关于“发生灾害时的人员保护”专题，委员会收到了特别报告员的第五次报告(A/CN.4/652)，该报告详细阐述了合作义务并考虑了提供援助的条件以及终止援助问题。

Following a debate in plenary, the Commission decided to refer draft articles A, 13 and 14, as proposed by the Special Rapporteur, to the Drafting Committee.

全体会议辩论之后，委员会决定将特别报告员提议的条款草案第A条、第13条和第14条提交起草委员会。

16. The Commission subsequently took note of five draft articles provisionally adopted by the Drafting Committee, relating to forms of cooperation, offers of assistance, conditions on the provision of external assistance, facilitation of external assistance and the termination of external assistance, respectively (A/CN.4/L.812) (chap.

16. 其后，委员会注意到，起草委员会临时通过了五个条文草案，这些草案分别涉及合作形式、提议提供援助、提供外部援助的条件、便利外部援助和终止外部援助(A/CN.4/L.812)(第五章)。

V). 17. Concerning the topic “Immunity of State officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction”, the Commission appointed Ms. Concepción Escobar Hernández as Special Rapporteur.

17. 关于“国家官员的外国刑事管辖豁免”专题，委员会任命了康塞普西翁·埃斯科瓦尔·埃尔南德斯女士为特别报告员。

The Commission considered the preliminary report (A/CN.4/654) of the Special Rapporteur, which provided an overview of the work of the previous Special Rapporteur, as well as the debate on the topic in the Commission and in the Sixth Committee of the General Assembly; addressed the issues to be considered during the present quinquennium, focusing in particular on the distinction and the relationship between, and basis for, immunity ratione materiae and immunity ratione personae, the distinction and the relationship between the international responsibility of the State and the international responsibility of individuals and their implications for immunity, the scope of immunity ratione personae and immunity ratione materiae, and the procedural issues related to immunity; and gave an outline of the work plan.

委员会审议了特别报告员的初步报告(A/CN.4/654)，该报告概述了前任特别报告员的工作以及委员会和大会第六委员会就该专题所作的辩论情况。 报告还讨论了在本五年期内需审议的问题，尤其重点讨论了属事豁免和属人豁免之间的区别和关系以及这两种豁免的依据、国家的国际责任和个人的国际责任之间的区别和关系及其对豁免的影响、属人豁免和属事豁免的范围以及与豁免相关的程序性问题。 报告还概述了工作计划。

The debate revolved around, inter alia, the methodological and substantive issues highlighted by the Special Rapporteur in the preliminary report (chap. VI).

辩论尤其涉及特别报告员在初步报告中重点提出的方法学和实质性问题(第六章)。

18. As regards the topic “Provisional application of treaties”, the Commission decided to include it in its programme of work and appointed Mr. Juan Manuel Gómez-Robledo as Special Rapporteur.

18. 关于“条约的临时适用”专题，委员会决定将该专题列入工作方案，并任命胡安·曼努埃尔·戈麦斯－罗夫莱多先生为特别报告员。

The Special Rapporteur presented to the Commission an oral report on the informal consultations that he had chaired with a view to initiating an informal dialogue with members of the Commission on a number of issues that could be relevant for the consideration of this topic.

特别报告员向委员会口头报告了他所主持的非正式磋商情况，这些磋商旨在启动与委员会成员的非正式对话，讨论可对该专题的审议工作具有相关性的若干问题。

Aspects addressed in the informal consultations included, inter alia, the scope of the topic, the methodology, the possible outcome of the Commission’s work as well as a number of substantive issues relating to the topic (chap. VII).

非正式磋商讨论的问题尤其包括：该专题的范围、方法学、委员会工作的可能结果以及与该专题相关的若干实质性问题(第七章)。

19. Concerning the topic “Formation and evidence of customary international law”, the Commission decided to include it in its programme of work and appointed Mr. Michael Wood as Special Rapporteur.

19. 关于“习惯国际法的形成与证据”专题，委员会决定将该专题列入工作方案，并任命迈克尔·伍德先生为特别报告员。

During the second part of the session, the Commission had before it a Note by the Special Rapporteur (A/CN.4/653), which aimed at stimulating an initial debate and which addressed the possible scope of the topic, terminological issues, questions of methodology as well as a number of specific points that could be dealt with in considering the topic.

在本届第二期会议期间，委员会收到了特别报告员的一份说明(A/CN.4/653)，该说明旨在促进初步辩论，涉及该专题的可能范围、术语问题、方法学问题以及在审议本专题时可能处理的若干具体要点。

The debate revolved around, inter alia, the scope of the topic as well as the methodological and substantive issues highlighted by the Special Rapporteur in his Note (chap. VIII).

辩论尤其涉及该专题的范围和特别报告员在说明中重点提出的方法学和实质性问题(第八章)。

20. As regards the topic “The obligation to extradite or prosecute (aut dedere aut judicare)”, the Commission established a Working Group to make a general assessment of the topic as a whole, focusing on questions concerning its viability and steps to be taken in moving forward, against the background of the debate on the topic in the Sixth Committee of the General Assembly.

20. 关于“引渡或起诉的义务(aut dedere aut judicare)”专题，委员会设立了工作组，该工作组负责在大会第六委员会就此专题进行的辩论背景下，对整个专题进行总体评估，侧重于该专题的可行性问题和需采取的推进步骤。

The Working Group requested its Chairman to prepare a working paper, to be considered at the sixty-fifth session of the Commission, reviewing the various perspectives in relation to the topic in light of the judgment of the International Court of Justice of 20 July 2012, any further developments, as well as comments made in the Working Group and the debate in the Sixth Committee (chap. IX).

工作组请工作组主席编写一份工作文件，供委员会第六十五届会议审议；该文件将根据国际法院2012年7月20日的判决、任何新动态以及在工作组所作的评论和第六委员会的辩论情况，审查与该专题相关的各种前景(第九章)。

21. As regards the topic “Treaties over time”, the Commission reconstituted the Study Group on Treaties over time, which continued its work on the aspects of the topic relating to subsequent agreements and subsequent practice.

21. 关于“条约随时间演变”专题，委员会重新组建了条约随时间演变问题研究组，研究组继续开展了该专题与嗣后协定和嗣后惯例相关的方面的工作。

The Study Group completed its consideration of the second report by its Chairman on the jurisprudence under special regimes relating to subsequent agreements and subsequent practice, by examining some remaining preliminary conclusions contained in that report.

研究组完成了对主席编写的关于与嗣后协定和嗣后惯例相关的特殊制度下的判例法的第二份报告的审议工作，审查了该报告所载的若干尚未处理的初步结论。

In the light of the discussions in the Study Group, the Chairman reformulated the text of six additional preliminary conclusions by the Chairman of the Study Group on the following issues: subsequent practice as reflecting a position regarding the interpretation of a treaty; specificity of subsequent practice; the degree of active participation in a practice and silence; effects of contradictory subsequent practice; subsequent agreement or practice and formal amendment or interpretation procedures; and subsequent practice and possible modification of a treaty.

根据研究组的讨论情况，主席重新拟订了研究组主席关于以下问题的六个补充初步结论的案文：反映条约解释立场的嗣后惯例；嗣后惯例的特殊性；对一种惯例的积极参与程度和沉默；相互矛盾的嗣后惯例的影响；嗣后协定或惯例和正式修订或解释程序；嗣后惯例和对条约的可能修改。

The Study Group also considered the third report by its Chairman on subsequent agreements and subsequent practice of States outside judicial and quasi-judicial proceedings.

研究组还审议了主席关于司法和准司法程序之外国家的嗣后协定和嗣后惯例问题的第三次报告。

Furthermore, the Study Group discussed the modalities of the Commission’s work on the topic, and recommended that the Commission change the format of that work and appoint a Special Rapporteur.

此外，研究组还讨论了委员会就此专题开展的工作的方式问题，并建议委员会改变工作方式并任命一名特别报告员。

22. At the present session, the Commission decided (a) to change, with effect from its sixty-fifth session (2013), the format of the work on this topic as suggested by the Study Group; and (b) to appoint Mr. Georg Nolte as Special Rapporteur for the topic “Subsequent agreements and subsequent practice in relation to the interpretation of treaties” (chap. X).

22. 在本届会议上，委员会决定：(a) 根据研究组的建议，改变该专题的工作方式，从第六十五届会议(2013年)起生效；(b) 任命格奥尔格·诺尔特先生为“与条约解释相关的嗣后协定和嗣后惯例”专题特别报告员(第十章)。

23. Regarding the topic “The Most-Favoured-Nation clause”, the Commission reconstituted the Study Group on the Most-Favoured-Nation clause, which continued to have a discussion concerning factors which appeared to influence investment tribunals in interpreting MFN clauses, on the basis, inter alia, of working papers concerning Interpretation and Application of MFN Clauses in Investment Agreements and the Effect of the Mixed Nature of Investment Tribunals on the Application of MFN Clauses to Procedural Provisions.

23. 关于“最惠国条款”专题，委员会重新组建了最惠国条款问题研究组，研究组以关于“投资协定对最惠国条款的解释和适用”和关于“投资法庭的混合性质对在程序性条款中适用最惠国条款的影响”的工作文件等为基础，继续讨论了对投资法庭如何解释最惠国条款似有影响的因素。

The Study Group also considered elements of the outline of its future report (chap. XI).

研究组还审议了其未来报告的提纲要点(第十一章)。

24. The specific issues on which comments by Governments would be of particular interest to the Commission in relation to topics that remain under its consideration are found in chapter III.

24. 与委员会仍在审议的专题相关的委员会特别想听取各国政府意见的具体问题见第三章。

25. The Commission established a Planning Group to consider its programme, procedures and working methods (chap. XII, sect. E).

25. 委员会设立了规划组，负责审议委员会的方案、程序和工作方法(第十二章，E节)。

26. The Commission continued traditional exchanges of information with the International Court of Justice, the Asian-African Legal Consultative Organization, the European Committee on Legal Cooperation and the Committee of Legal Advisers on Public International Law of the Council of Europe, and the Inter-American Juridical Committee.

26. 委员会继续与以下组织进行传统的信息交流：国际法院、亚非法律协商组织、欧洲委员会、欧洲法律合作委员会和国际公法法律顾问委员会以及美洲法律委员会。

The Commission had also an exchange of information with the African Union Commission on International Law.

委员会还与非洲联盟国际法委员会交流了信息。

Members of the Commission also held informal meetings with other bodies and associations on matters of mutual interest (chap. XII, sect.

委员会成员还与其他机构和协会就共同感兴趣的问题举行了非正式会议(第十二章，G节)。

G). 27. A training seminar was held with 24 participants of different nationalities (chap. XII, sect. J).

27. 举办了培训讲习班，有24位不同国籍的学员参加(第十二章，J节)。

Chapter III Specific issues on which comments would be of particular interest to the Commission

第三章 委员会特别想听取意见的具体问题

A. Immunity of State officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction

A. 国家官员的外国刑事管辖豁免

28. With respect to the topic “Immunity of State officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction”, the Commission requests States to provide information on their national law and practice on the following questions:

28. 关于“国家官员的外国刑事管辖豁免”专题，委员会请各国针对以下问题提供其本国法律和实践的情况：

(a) Does the distinction between immunity ratione personae and immunity ratione materiae result in different legal consequences and, if so, how are they treated differently?

(a) 区分属人管辖豁免和属事管辖豁免是否会导致不同的法律后果？如果是，如何对两者加以区别对待？

(b) What criteria are used in identifying the persons covered by immunity ratione personae?

(b) 在确定属人管辖豁免所涵盖的人员时应采取哪些标准？

B. Formation and evidence of customary international law

B. 习惯国际法的形成与证据

29. The Commission requests States to provide information on their practice relating to the formation of customary international law and the types of evidence suitable for establishing such law in a given situation, as set out in:

29. 委员会请各国提供资料，说明其在习惯国际法的形成和在特定情况下有助于确立此种法律的适当证据种类方面的实践，这种实践例如从下述文件反映出来：

(a) Official statements before legislatures, courts and international organizations; and

(a) 在立法机构、法院和国际组织的正式发言；

(b) Decisions of national, regional and subregional courts.

(b) 国家、区域和次区域法院的判决。

Chapter IV Expulsion of aliens

第四章 驱逐外国人

A. Introduction

A. 导言

30. At its fifty-sixth session (2004), the Commission decided to include the topic “Expulsion of aliens” in its programme of work and to appoint Mr. Maurice Kamto as Special Rapporteur for the topic.

30. 委员会第五十六届会议(2004年)决定在工作方案中纳入“驱逐外国人”这一专题，并任命莫里斯·卡姆托先生为这一专题的特别报告员。

 The General Assembly, in paragraph 5 of resolution 59/41 of 2 December 2004, endorsed the decision of the Commission to include the topic in its agenda.

 大会2004年12月2日第59/41号决议第5段核准了委员会将这一专题纳入委员会议程的决定。

31. At its fifty-seventh session (2005), the Commission considered the preliminary report of the Special Rapporteur (A/CN.4/554).

31. 委员会第五十七届会议(2005年)审议了特别报告员的初步报告(A/CN.4/ 554)。  

32. At its fifty-eighth session (2006), the Commission had before it the second report of the Special Rapporteur (A/CN.4/573 and Corr.1) and a memorandum by the Secretariat (A/CN.4/565 and Corr.1).

32. 委员会第五十八届会议(2006年)收到了特别报告员的第二次报告(A/CN.4/ 573和Corr.1)，以及秘书处编写的一份研究报告(A/CN.4/565和Corr.1)。

The Commission decided to consider the second report at its next session, in 2007.

委员会决定在2007年举行的下一届会议上审议第二次报告。

33. At its fifty-ninth session (2007), the Commission considered the second and third reports of the Special Rapporteur (A/CN.4/573 and Corr.1 and A/CN.4/581) and referred to the Drafting Committee draft articles 1 and 2, as revised by the Special Rapporteur,  and draft articles 3 to 7.

 33. 委员会第五十九届会议(2007年)审议了特别报告员的第二和第三次报告(A/CN.4/573和Corr.1及A/CN.4/581)，并将经特别报告员修订的第1和2条草案，  以及第3至7条草案提交给了起草委员会。

34. At its sixtieth session (2008), the Commission considered the fourth report of the Special Rapporteur (A/CN.4/594) and decided to establish a working group, chaired by Mr. Donald M. McRae, in order to consider the issues raised by the expulsion of persons having dual or multiple nationality and by denationalization in relation to expulsion.

 34. 委员会第六十届会议(2008年)审议了特别报告员的第四次报告(A/CN.4/ 594)，并决定设立一个工作组，由唐纳德·麦克雷先生担任主席，以审议驱逐双重或多重国籍人员和与驱逐有关的开除国籍的做法引起的问题。

 During the same session, the Commission approved the working group’s conclusions and requested the Drafting Committee to take them into consideration in its work.

 在同次会议上，委员会核准了工作组的结论，并请起草委员会在其工作中予以考虑。  

35. At its sixty-first session (2009), the Commission considered the fifth report of the Special Rapporteur (A/CN.4/611 and Corr.1).

35. 委员会第六十一届会议(2009年)审议了特别报告员的第五次报告(A/CN.4/ 611和Corr.1)。

At the Commission’s request, the Special Rapporteur then presented a new version of the draft articles on protection of the human rights of persons who have been or are being expelled, revised and restructured in the light of the plenary debate (A/CN.4/617).

特别报告员应委员会的要求，介绍了参照全体辩论修订和重新调整结构的关于保护遭受驱逐者或正在遭受驱逐者的人权的新的条款草案(A/CN.4/ 617)。

He also submitted a new draft workplan with a view to restructuring the draft articles (A/CN.4/618).

他还提交了一份为调整条款草案结构而提出的新的工作计划草案(A/CN.4/ 618)。

The Commission decided to postpone its consideration of the revised draft articles to its sixty-second session.

委员会决定推迟到第六十二届会议审议经修订的条款草案。  

36. At its sixty-second session (2010), the Commission considered the draft articles on protection of the human rights of persons who have been or are being expelled, as revised and restructured by the Special Rapporteur (A/CN.4/617), as well as the sixth report of the Special Rapporteur (A/CN.4/625 and Add.1).

36. 委员会第六十二届会议(2010年)审议了经特别报告员修订和重新调整结构的关于保护遭受驱逐者或正在遭受驱逐者的人权的条款草案(A/CN.4/617)，以及特别报告员的第六次报告(A/CN.4/625和Add.1)。

It referred to the Drafting Committee revised draft articles 8 to 15 on protection of the human rights of persons who have been or are being expelled;  draft articles A and 9,  as contained in the sixth report of the Special Rapporteur (A/CN.4/625); draft articles B1 and C1,  as contained in the first addendum to the sixth report (A/CN.4/625/Add.1); and draft articles B and A1,  as revised by the Special Rapporteur during the sixty-second session.

委员会向起草委员会提交了以下条款：经修订的关于保护遭受驱逐者或正在遭受驱逐者的人权的第8至15条草案；  特别报告员第六次报告(A/CN.4/625)所载A条和第9条草案；  第六次报告第一份增编(A/CN.4/625/Add.1)所载B1和C1条草案；  以及特别报告员在第六十二届会议期间修订的B和A1条草案。  

37. At its sixty-third session (2011), the Commission considered the second addendum to the sixth report (A/CN.4/625/Add.2) and the seventh report (A/CN.4/642) of the Special Rapporteur.

37. 委员会第六十三届会议(2011年)审议了特别报告员第六次报告的增编(A/CN.4/625/Add.2)和第七次报告(A/CN.4/642)。

It also had before it comments received from Governments up to that point.

委员会还收到了各国政府截止于那个时候所提出的评论。

 The Commission referred to the Drafting Committee draft articles D1, E1, G1, H1, I1 and J1, as contained in the second addendum to the sixth report;  draft article F1, also contained in that addendum and revised by the Special Rapporteur during the session;  and draft article 8, in the revised version introduced by the Special Rapporteur during the sixty-second session.

 委员会将第六次报告增编2中的D1、E1、G1、H1、I1和J1条草案，  以及也载在此增编里的经特别报告员在会议期间修订的F1条草案  以及特别报告员在第六十二届会议提交的经过修订的第8条草案发回给起草委员会。

 At its sixty-third session, the Commission also referred to the Drafting Committee the restructured summary of the draft articles contained in the seventh report of the Special Rapporteur.

 此外，委员会在其第六十三届会议上将特别报告员提交的第七次报告中所载的经重新整理的条款草案大纲  发回给起草委员会。

 At the same session it took note of an interim report by the Chairman of the Drafting Committee informing the Commission of the progress of work on the set of draft articles on the expulsion of aliens, which were being finalized with a view to being submitted to the Commission at its sixty-fourth session for adoption on first reading.

在同一届会议上，委员会注意到起草委员会主席的一份中期报告，告知委员会有关驱逐外国人的整套条款草案工作的进展情况。 鉴于要将这些条文草案向委员会第六十四届会议提交，以便其在一读时通过，这项工作已将完成。  

B. Consideration of the topic at the present session

B. 本届会议审议此专题的情况

38. At the present session, the Commission had before it the eighth report of the Special Rapporteur (A/CN.4/651), which it considered at its 3129th meeting, on 8 May 2012.

38. 在本届会议上，委员会收到了特别报告员的第八次报告(A/CN.4/651)，并于2012年5月8日第3129次会议上进行了审议。

39. The eighth report first provided a survey of the comments made by States and the European Union on the topic of expulsion of aliens during the debate on the report of the Commission in the Sixth Committee at the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly; it then set out some final observations by the Special Rapporteur.

39. 第八次报告首先简要介绍了各国政府以及欧洲联盟在大会第六十六届会议期间第六委员会就国际法委员会的报告进行讨论时对驱逐外国人的问题提出的意见；之后又包括了特别报告员的一些最后评论。

In introducing his report, the Special Rapporteur said that, as he saw it, most of those comments were the result of the time lag between the progress the Commission had made in considering the topic and the submittal of information on that progress to the Sixth Committee during its consideration of the Commission’s previous annual reports.

特别报告员在介绍这次报告时指出，他认为这些意见中的大部分意见是下述情况造成的：委员会在审议这个专题方面取得了进展，但在第六委员会审议委员会以往年度报告时向第六委员会提交进展情况出现滞后。

The Special Rapporteur had attempted, then, to dispel the misunderstandings created by that time lag while taking into account, where necessary, certain suggestions or proposing certain adjustments to the wording of the draft articles.

特别报告员因此曾试图消除由于这种滞后而造成的误解，同时在必要的地方，考虑到某些建议或对条款草案的措词提出某些调整。

Since the draft articles had already been referred to the Drafting Committee by the Commission, it was in that context that those suggestions, largely of a drafting nature in any case, would be considered, as appropriate.

由于这些草案已由委员会发回给起草委员会，因此，应酌情在这个框架里审议这些主要是在措词方面的建议。

40. The eighth report also raised the question of the final form that the Commission’s work on the topic would take, a question that had arisen during the debates in both the Commission and the Sixth Committee.

40. 第八次报告中也提到了委员会就这个专题进行的工作的最后形式的问题，这个问题又再次在委员会和第六委员会的讨论中被提到。

In that regard, the Special Rapporteur remained convinced that there were few topics that lent themselves as well to codification as did expulsion of aliens.

在这方面，特别报告员深信，只有很少的专题能像驱逐外国人专题那么容易编纂。

He hoped, therefore, that, when the time came, the Commission would transmit the results of its work on the topic of expulsion of aliens to the General Assembly in the form of draft articles, entrusting the Assembly with deciding what final form they should ultimately take.

因此，他希望委员会到时能将委员会有关这一专题的工作成果以条款草案的形式提交给大会，由大会决定采取什么样的最后形式。

41. At its 3134th and 3135th meetings, on 29 May 2012, the Commission considered the report of the Drafting Committee and, at its 3135th meeting, adopted on first reading a set of 32 draft articles on the expulsion of aliens (see sect. C.1 below).

41. 委员会在其2012年5月29日的第3134和3135次会议上，审议了起草委员会的报告，并在其第3135次会议上一读通过了关于驱逐外国人的整套32条草案案文(见下面C.1节)。

42. At its 3152nd to 3155th meetings, on 30 and 31 July 2012, the Commission adopted the commentaries to the draft articles on the expulsion of aliens adopted on first reading (see sect. C.2 below).

42. 委员会在其2012年7月30和31日的第3152至3155次会议上，通过了一读通过的关于驱逐外国人的条款草案的评注(见下面C.2节)。

43. At its 3155th meeting, on 31 July 2012, the Commission decided, in accordance with articles 16 to 21 of its Statute, to transmit the draft articles (see sect. C below), through the Secretary-General, to Governments and international organizations for comments and observations, with the request that such comments and observations be submitted to the Secretary-General by 1 January 2014.

43. 委员会在其2012年7月31日第3155次会议上按照其《章程》第16至21条决定，将草案案文(见下文C节)通过秘书长转交各国政府，以便其提出评论和意见，并请它们在2014年1月1日前将这些评论和意见送交秘书长。

44. At its 3155th meeting, on 31 July 2012, the Commission expressed its deep appreciation for the outstanding contribution that the Special Rapporteur, Mr. Maurice Kamto, had made to the treatment of the topic through his scholarly research and vast experience, thus enabling the Commission to bring to a successful conclusion its first reading of the draft articles on expulsion of aliens.

44. 委员会在其2012年7月31日第3155次会议上，表示对特别报告员莫里斯·卡姆托先生的感谢，他的研究工作和广泛的经验使他能在处理这个主题时，作出优秀的贡献，因而允许委员会完成有关驱逐外国人草案案文的一读工作。

C. Text of the draft articles on the expulsion of aliens adopted by the Commission on first reading

C. 委员会一读通过的关于驱逐外国人的条款草案案文

1. Text of the draft articles

1. 条款草案案文

45. The text of the draft articles adopted by the Commission on first reading at its sixty-fourth session is reproduced below.

45. 委员会在其第六十四届会议上一读通过的条款草案案文载录如下。

Expulsion of aliens

驱逐外国人

Part One General provisions

第一部分 一般规定

Article 1 Scope

第1条 范围

1. The present draft articles apply to the expulsion by a State of aliens who are lawfully or unlawfully present in its territory.

1. 本条款草案适用于一国驱逐合法或非法地在其境内的外国人事宜。

2. The present draft articles do not apply to aliens enjoying privileges and immunities under international law.

2. 本条款草案不适用于依国际法享有特权和豁免的外国人。

Article 2 Use of terms

第2条 用语

For the purposes of the present draft articles:

为本条款草案的目的：

(a) “expulsion” means a formal act, or conduct consisting of an action or omission, attributable to a State, by which an alien is compelled to leave the territory of that State; it does not include extradition to another State, surrender to an international criminal court or tribunal, or the non-admission of an alien, other than a refugee, to a State;

(a) “驱逐”是指可归于一国的正式行为或由作为或不作为构成的行为，一个外国人因此被迫离开该国领土；它不包括引渡到另一国家、移交给一个国际刑事法院或法庭、或不允许一个非难民的外国人进入一国；

(b) “alien” means an individual who does not have the nationality of the State in whose territory that individual is present.

(b) “外国人”是指不拥有其所在国的国籍的个人。

Article 3 Right of expulsion

第3条 驱逐权

A State has the right to expel an alien from its territory.

国家有权将外国人驱逐出境。

Expulsion shall be in accordance with the present draft articles and other applicable rules of international law, in particular those relating to human rights.

驱逐应符合本条款草案和其他适用的国际法规则，尤其是与人权有关的规则。

Article 4 Requirement for conformity with law

第4条 符合法律规定的要求

An alien may be expelled only in pursuance of a decision reached in accordance with law.

只有在执行依法作出的决定的情况下才可驱逐外国人。

Article 5 Grounds for expulsion

第5条 驱逐的理由

1. Any expulsion decision shall state the ground on which it is based.

1. 任何驱逐决定均应说明决定所依据的理由。

2. A State may only expel an alien on a ground that is provided for by law, including, in particular, national security and public order.

2. 国家仅可以法律规定的理由驱逐外国人，尤其包括国家安全和公共秩序之理由。

3. The ground for expulsion shall be assessed in good faith and reasonably, taking into account the gravity of the facts and in the light of all of the circumstances, including the conduct of the alien in question and, where relevant, the current nature of the threat to which the facts give rise.

3. 应考虑到事实的严重性，并虑及所有情节，包括所涉外国人的行为，并且在相关情况下，考虑到这些事实所造成的威胁的目前性质，本着诚信合理地评估驱逐理由。

4. A State shall not expel an alien on a ground that is contrary to international law.

4. 国家不得以违背国际法的理由驱逐外国人。

Part Two Cases of prohibited expulsion

第二部分 禁止驱逐的情况

Article 6 Prohibition of the expulsion of refugees

第6条 禁止驱逐难民

1. A State shall not expel a refugee lawfully in its territory save on grounds of national security or public order.

1. 除因国家安全或公共秩序理由外，一国不得驱逐合法地在其境内的难民。

2. Paragraph 1 shall also apply to any refugee unlawfully present in the territory of the State who has applied for recognition of refugee status, while such application is pending.

2. 第1款也适用于非法地在一国内但已提出承认难民身份的申请，其申请正有待审理的任何难民。

3. A State shall not expel or return (refouler) a refugee in any manner whatsoever to a State or to the frontiers of territories where the person’s life or freedom would be threatened on account of his or her race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, unless there are reasonable grounds for regarding the person as a danger to the security of the country in which he or she is, or if the person, having been convicted by a final judgement of a particularly serious crime, constitutes a danger to the community of that country.

3. 国家不得以任何方式将难民驱逐或遣返(“推回”)至其生命或自由因其种族、宗教、国籍、参加某一社会团体或因其政治见解而会受到威胁的国家或领土边界，除非有正当理由认为该人危害所在国的安全，或除非该人已被最终判定犯有特别严重罪行，对该国社会构成危险。

Article 7 Prohibition of the expulsion of stateless persons

第7条 禁止驱逐无国籍人

A State shall not expel a stateless person lawfully in its territory save on grounds of national security or public order.

除国家安全或公共秩序的理由外，一国不得驱逐合法地在其境内的无国籍人。

Article 8 Other rules specific to the expulsion of refugees and stateless persons

第8条 具体关于驱逐难民和无国籍人的其他规则

The rules applicable to the expulsion of aliens provided for in the present draft articles are without prejudice to other rules on the expulsion of refugees and stateless persons provided for by law.

本条款草案规定的适用于驱逐外国人的规则不影响法律规定的关于驱逐难民和无国籍人的其他规则。

Article 9 Deprivation of nationality for the sole purpose of expulsion

第9条 仅为驱逐的目的剥夺国籍

A State shall not make its national an alien, by deprivation of nationality, for the sole purpose of expelling him or her.

一国不得仅为将其驱逐的目的，通过剥夺国籍使其国民成为外国人。

Article 10 Prohibition of collective expulsion

第10条 禁止集体驱逐

1. For the purposes of the present draft articles, collective expulsion means expulsion of aliens as a group.

1. 为本条款草案的目的，集体驱逐是指驱逐外国人群体。

2. The collective expulsion of aliens, including migrant workers and members of their families, is prohibited.

2. 禁止集体驱逐外国人，包括移徙工人及其家庭成员。

3. A State may expel concomitantly the members of a group of aliens, provided that the expulsion takes place after and on the basis of a reasonable and objective examination of the particular case of each individual member of the group.

3. 一国可同时驱逐某外国人群体的成员，条件是，驱逐是在对该群体的每位成员的具体情况进行了合理、客观的审查之后并在审查基础上进行。

4. The present draft article is without prejudice to the rules of international law applicable to the expulsion of aliens in the event of an armed conflict involving the expelling State.

4. 本条款草案不影响适用于在涉及驱逐国的武装冲突的情况下驱逐外国人的国际法规则。

Article 11 Prohibition of disguised expulsion

第11条 禁止变相驱逐

1. Any form of disguised expulsion of an alien is prohibited.

1. 禁止以任何形式变相驱逐外国人。

2. For the purposes of these draft articles, disguised expulsion means the forcible departure of an alien from a State resulting indirectly from actions or omissions of the State, including situations where the State supports or tolerates acts committed by its nationals or other persons, with the intention of provoking the departure of aliens from its territory.

2. 为本条款草案的目的，变相驱逐是指由于国家的作为或不作为所造成的间接后果，外国人被迫离开该国，包括国家支持或容许其国民或其他人实施意图促使外国人离境的行为。

Article 12 Prohibition of expulsion for purposes of confiscation of assets

第12条 禁止以没收财产为目的驱逐外国人

The expulsion of an alien for the purpose of confiscating his or her assets is prohibited.

禁止以没收财产为目的驱逐外国人。

Article 13 Prohibition of the resort to expulsion in order to circumvent an extradition procedure

第13条 禁止为规避引渡程序而诉诸驱逐

A State shall not resort to expulsion in order to circumvent an ongoing extradition procedure.

一国不得为了规避正在进行的引渡程序而诉诸驱逐。

Part Three Protection of the rights of aliens subject to expulsion

第三部分 保护拟被驱逐的外国人的权利

Chapter I General provisions

第一章 一般规定

Article 14 Obligation to respect the human dignity and human rights of aliens subject to expulsion

第14条 尊重拟被驱逐的外国人的人格尊严和人权的义务

1. All aliens subject to expulsion shall be treated with humanity and with respect for the inherent dignity of the human person at all stages of the expulsion process.

1. 在驱逐过程的所有阶段，拟被驱逐的所有外国人均应得到人道的和尊重人的固有尊严的待遇。

2. They are entitled to respect for their human rights, including those set out in the present draft articles.

2. 他们有权得到对其人权、包括本条款草案所述人权的尊重。

Article 15 Obligation not to discriminate

第15条 不歧视的义务

1. The State shall exercise its right to expel aliens without discrimination of any kind on grounds such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national, ethnic or social origin, property, birth or other status, or any other ground impermissible under international law.

1. 国家在行使对外国人的驱逐权时，不得以种族、肤色、性别、语言、宗教、政治或其他见解、民族、族裔或社会出身、财产、出生或其他身份为由或以国际法不容许的任何其他理由进行任何歧视。

2. Such non-discrimination shall also apply to the enjoyment by aliens subject to expulsion of their human rights, including those set out in the present draft articles.

2. 这种不歧视也适用于拟被驱逐的外国人对其人权包括本条款草案所述人权的享受。

Article 16 Vulnerable persons

第16条 弱势人员

1. Children, older persons, persons with disabilities, pregnant women and other vulnerable persons who are subject to expulsion shall be considered as such and treated and protected with due regard for their vulnerabilities.

1. 拟被驱逐的儿童、老年人、残疾人、孕妇和其他弱势人员应按其弱势身份予以考虑并给予充分考虑其脆弱性的待遇和保护。

2. In particular, in all actions concerning children who are subject to expulsion, the best interests of the child shall be a primary consideration.

2. 尤其是，在所有涉及拟被驱逐的儿童的行动中，儿童的最大利益应是一项首要考虑。

Chapter II Protection required in the expelling State

第二章 在驱逐国所要求的保护

Article 17 Obligation to protect the right to life of an alien subject to expulsion

第17条 保护拟被驱逐的外国人的生命权的义务

The expelling State shall protect the right to life of an alien subject to expulsion.

驱逐国应保护拟被驱逐的外国人的生命权。

Article 18 Prohibition of torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment

第18条 禁止酷刑或残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚

The expelling State shall not subject an alien subject to expulsion to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.

驱逐国不得使拟被驱逐的外国人遭受酷刑或残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚。

Article 19 Detention conditions of an alien subject to expulsion

第19条 拟被驱逐的外国人的拘留条件

1. (a)

1. (a)

The detention of an alien subject to expulsion shall not be punitive in nature.

对拟被驱逐的外国人的拘留不得是惩罚性的。

(b) An alien subject to expulsion shall, save in exceptional circumstances, be detained separately from persons sentenced to penalties involving deprivation of liberty.

(b) 拟被驱逐的外国人，除非在特殊情况下，应与被判处剥夺自由刑罚者分开拘留。

2. (a)

2. (a)

The duration of the detention shall not be unrestricted.

拘留期不应是无限制的。

It shall be limited to such period of time as is reasonably necessary for the expulsion to be carried out.

应将拘留期限定为执行驱逐所需的合理必要时间。

All detention of excessive duration is prohibited.

禁止所有时间过长的拘留。

(b) The extension of the duration of the detention may be decided upon only by a court or a person authorized to exercise judicial power.

(b) 延长拘留期的决定仅可由法院或一名获授权行使司法权的人作出。

3. (a)

3. (a)

The detention of an alien subject to expulsion shall be reviewed at regular intervals on the basis of specific criteria established by law.

应在法律规定的具体标准基础上定期审查拟被驱逐的外国人的拘留情况。

(b) Subject to paragraph 2, detention shall end when the expulsion cannot be carried out, except where the reasons are attributable to the alien concerned.

(b) 在遵守第2款的前提下，在驱逐无法执行时应终止拘留，除非可将原因归诸有关外国人。

Article 20 Obligation to respect the right to family life

第20条 尊重家庭生活权的义务

1. The expelling State shall respect the right to family life of an alien subject to expulsion.

1. 驱逐国应尊重拟被驱逐的外国人的家庭生活权。

2. The expelling State shall not interfere with the exercise of the right to family life, except where provided by law and on the basis of a fair balance between the interests of the State and those of the alien in question.

2. 驱逐国不应干涉家庭生活权的行使，但在法律规定的情况下且在保持国家利益和当事外国人利益的公正平衡基础上的干涉除外。

Chapter III Protection in relation to the State of destination

第三章 与目的地国有关的保护

Article 21 Departure to the State of destination

第21条 离境前往目的地国

1. The expelling State shall take appropriate measures to facilitate the voluntary departure of an alien subject to expulsion.

1. 驱逐国应采取适当措施，便利拟被驱逐的外国人自愿离境。

2. In cases of forcible implementation of an expulsion decision, the expelling State shall take the necessary measures to ensure, as far as possible, the safe transportation to the State of destination of the alien subject to expulsion, in accordance with the rules of international law.

2. 在强制执行驱逐决定的情况下，驱逐国应采取必要措施，按照国际法规则，尽可能确保拟被驱逐的外国人安全地前往目的地国。

3. The expelling State shall give the alien subject to expulsion a reasonable period of time to prepare for his or her departure, having regard to all circumstances.

3. 驱逐国应考虑到所有相关情况，给予拟被驱逐的外国人合理的期限以准备离境。

Article 22 State of destination of aliens subject to expulsion

第22条 拟被驱逐的外国人的目的地国

1. An alien subject to expulsion shall be expelled to his or her State of nationality or any other State that has the obligation to receive the alien under international law, or to any State willing to accept him or her at the request of the expelling State or, where appropriate, of the alien in question.

1. 拟被驱逐的外国人应被驱逐至其国籍国或根据国际法有义务接收该外国人的任何其他国家，或应驱逐国请求或酌情应当事外国人请求同意接收该人的任何国家。

2. Where the State of nationality or any other State that has the obligation to receive the alien under international law has not been identified and no other State is willing to accept the alien, that alien may be expelled to any State where he or she has a right of entry or stay or, where applicable, to the State from where he or she has entered the expelling State.

2. 若未确定国籍国或根据国际法有义务接收该外国人的任何其他国家，且没有任何其他国家愿意接收该外国人，该外国人可被驱逐到其有权入境或居留的任何国家，或酌情驱逐到该外国人从其进入驱逐国的国家。

Article 23 Obligation not to expel an alien to a State where his or her life or freedom would be threatened

第23条 不将外国人驱逐至其生命或自由会受到威胁的国家的义务

1. No alien shall be expelled to a State where his or her life or freedom would be threatened on grounds such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national, ethnic or social origin, property, birth or other status, or any other ground impermissible under international law.

1. 不得将任何外国人驱逐至其生命或自由可能会因种族、肤色、性别、语言、宗教、政治或其他见解、民族、族裔或社会出身、财产、出生或其他身份等理由或因国际法不容许的任何其他理由而受到威胁的国家。

2. A State that does not apply the death penalty shall not expel an alien to a State where the life of that alien would be threatened with the death penalty, unless it has previously obtained an assurance that the death penalty will not be imposed or, if already imposed, will not be carried out.

2. 不适用死刑的国家不得将外国人驱逐至其生命会受到死刑威胁的国家，除非它已事先获得保证：不判处死刑，或如已判处死刑，不予执行。

Article 24 Obligation not to expel an alien to a State where he or she may be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment

第24条 不将外国人驱逐至会使其面临酷刑或残忍、不人道或有辱人格之待遇或处罚的国家的义务

A State shall not expel an alien to a State where there are substantial grounds for believing that he or she would be in danger of being subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.

国家不得将外国人驱逐至有充分理由相信此人会面临遭受酷刑或残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚之危险的国家。

Chapter IV Protection in the transit State

第四章 过境国境内的保护

Article 25 Protection in the transit State of the human rights of an alien subject to expulsion

第25条 在过境国境内保护拟被驱逐的外国人的人权

The transit State shall protect the human rights of an alien subject to expulsion, in conformity with its obligations under international law.

过境国应按照其国际法义务保护拟被驱逐的外国人的人权。

Part Four Specific procedural rules

第四部分 具体程序规则

Article 26 Procedural rights of aliens subject to expulsion

第26条 拟被驱逐的外国人的程序权利

1. An alien subject to expulsion enjoys the following procedural rights:

1. 拟被驱逐的外国人享有下列程序权利：

(a) the right to receive notice of the expulsion decision;

(a) 收到驱逐决定通知的权利；

(b) the right to challenge the expulsion decision;

(b) 对驱逐决定提出异议的权利；

(c) the right to be heard by a competent authority;

(c) 由一个主管当局听讯的权利；

(d) the right of access to effective remedies to challenge the expulsion decision;

(d) 获得有效救济对驱逐决定提出异议的权利；

(e) the right to be represented before the competent authority; and

(e) 在主管当局面前有人代理的权利；和

(f) the right to have the free assistance of an interpreter if he or she cannot understand or speak the language used by the competent authority.

(f) 如果不懂或不讲主管当局所用的语言，有获得免费口译协助的权利。

2. The rights listed in paragraph 1 are without prejudice to other procedural rights or guarantees provided by law.

2. 第1款所列权利不影响法律规定的其他程序权利或保障。

3. An alien subject to expulsion has the right to seek consular assistance.

3. 拟被驱逐的外国人有权寻求领事协助。

The expelling State shall not impede the exercise of this right or the provision of consular assistance.

驱逐国不应妨碍行使这一权利或妨碍提供领事协助。

4. The procedural rights provided for in this article are without prejudice to the application of any legislation of the expelling State concerning the expulsion of aliens who have been unlawfully present in its territory for less than six months.

4. 本条规定的程序权利不影响驱逐国适用有关驱逐非法在其境内不足六个月的外国人的任何法律。

Article 27 Suspensive effect of an appeal against an expulsion decision

第27条 针对驱逐决定的上诉的暂停效力

An appeal lodged by an alien subject to expulsion who is lawfully present in the territory of the expelling State shall have a suspensive effect on the expulsion decision.

合法在驱逐国境内的拟被驱逐的外国人提出的上诉对驱逐决定具有暂停执行的效力。

Article 28 Procedures for individual recourse

第28条 个人申诉程序

An alien subject to expulsion shall have access to any available procedure involving individual recourse to a competent international body.

拟被驱逐的外国人应能够诉诸涉及个人向主管国际机构申诉的任何现有程序。

Part Five Legal consequences of expulsion

第五部分 驱逐的法律后果

Article 29 Readmission to the expelling State

第29条 重新准入驱逐国

1. An alien lawfully present in the territory of a State, who is expelled by that State, shall have the right to be readmitted to the expelling State if it is established by a competent authority that the expulsion was unlawful, save where his or her return constitutes a threat to national security or public order, or where the alien otherwise no longer fulfils the conditions for admission under the law of the expelling State.

1. 如果一个主管当局确定驱逐非法，被一国驱逐的合法在该国境内的外国人有权重新准入驱逐国，除非其返回对国家安全或公共秩序构成威胁，或按照驱逐国的法律该外国人已不再符合入境条件。

2. In no case may the earlier unlawful expulsion decision be used to prevent the alien from being readmitted.

2. 在任何情况下，先前的非法驱逐决定不得被用来阻止该外国人重新获准入境。

Article 30 Protection of the property of an alien subject to expulsion

第30条 保护拟被驱逐的外国人的财产

The expelling State shall take appropriate measures to protect the property of an alien subject to expulsion, and shall, in accordance with the law, allow the alien to dispose freely of his or her property, even from abroad.

驱逐国应采取适当措施，保护拟被驱逐的外国人的财产，并应依法允许外国人自由处置其财产，甚至从国外处置。

Article 31 Responsibility of States in cases of unlawful expulsion

第31条 国家在非法驱逐情况下的责任

The expulsion of an alien in violation of international obligations under the present draft articles or any other rule of international law entails the international responsibility of the expelling State.

违反本条款草案或国际法任何其他规则之下的国际义务驱逐外国人引起驱逐国的国际责任。

Article 32 Diplomatic protection

第32条 外交保护

The State of nationality of an alien subject to expulsion may exercise diplomatic protection in respect of the alien in question.

拟被驱逐的外国人的国籍国可就该外国人行使外交保护。

2. Text of the draft articles and commentaries thereto

2. 条款草案案文及其评注

46. The text of the draft articles and commentaries thereto, adopted by the Commission on first reading at its sixty-fourth session, is reproduced below.

46. 委员会第六十四届会议一读通过的条款草案案文及其评注载录如下。

Expulsion of aliens

驱逐外国人

General commentary

总评注

(1) The present draft articles, dealing with the expulsion of aliens, are divided into five parts.

(1) 本条款草案处理驱逐外国人问题，分为五部分。

Part One, entitled “General provisions”, delimits the scope of the draft articles, defines the two key terms “expulsion” and “alien” for the purposes of the draft articles and then sets forth a few general rules relating to the right of expulsion, the requirement for conformity with law and the grounds for expulsion.

第一部分题为“一般规定”，界定了本条款草案的范围，并为本条款草案的目的对“驱逐”和“外国人”下了定义，然后列出了与驱逐权、遵守法律的要求、驱逐理由等有关的若干项一般规则。

Part Two of the draft articles deals with various cases of prohibited expulsion.

条款草案第二部分处理受禁止的各种驱逐情况。

Part Three addresses the question of protection of the rights of aliens subject to expulsion, first from a general standpoint (chapter I), then by dealing more specifically with the protection required in the expelling State (chapter II), protection in relation to the State of destination (chapter III) and protection in the transit State (chapter IV).

第三部分处理保护拟被驱逐的外国人的权利问题，首先是从一般角度(第一章)，然后更具体地处理在驱逐国必须给予的保护(第二章)、与目的地国有关的保护(第三章)以及在过境国的保护(第四章)。

Part Four of the draft articles concerns specific procedural rules, while Part Five sets out the legal consequences of expulsion.

条款草案第四部分涉及具体程序规则，而第五部分列出了驱逐的法律后果。

(2) The formulation “alien[s] subject to expulsion” used throughout the draft articles is sufficiently broad in meaning to cover, according to context, any alien facing any phase of the expulsion process.

(2) “拟被驱逐的外国人”这一说法贯穿于整个条款草案，其含义足够宽泛，依各种情况，包括了面临驱逐程序的任何外国人。

That process generally begins when a procedure is instituted that could lead to the adoption of an expulsion decision, in some cases followed by a judicial phase; it ends, in principle, with the implementation of the expulsion decision, whether that involves the voluntary departure of the alien concerned or the forcible implementation of the decision.

驱逐过程开始时，通常先是发起一项程序，然后有可能导致通过一项驱逐决定，在某些情况下紧接着是一个司法阶段；驱逐过程最后原则上是实施驱逐决定，无论是涉及有关外国人自愿离境，还是强迫执行这一决定。

In other words, the formulation covers the situation of the alien not only in relation to the expulsion decision adopted in his or her regard but also in relation to the various stages of the expulsion process that precede or follow the adoption of the decision and may in some cases involve the taking of restrictive measures against the alien, including possible detention for the purpose of expulsion.

换句话说，这一措词涉及外国人的各种状况，不仅相对于针对外国人的驱逐决定而言，而且也相对于驱逐过程中在驱逐决定作出之前和之后的各个阶段而言。 驱逐过程在某些情况下可能涉及对外国人采取限制性措施，还包括为了驱逐目的而可能进行拘留。

Part One General provisions

第一部分 一般规定

Article 1 Scope

第1条 范围

1. The present draft articles apply to the expulsion by a State of aliens who are lawfully or unlawfully present in its territory.

1. 本条款草案适用于一国驱逐合法或非法地在其境内的外国人事宜。

2. The present draft articles do not apply to aliens enjoying privileges and immunities under international law.

2. 本条款草案不适用于依国际法享有特权和豁免的外国人。

Commentary

评注

(1) The purpose of draft article 1 is to delimit the scope of the draft articles.

(1) 第1条草案的目的是界定本条款草案的范围。

While paragraph 1 defines the scope in general terms, paragraph 2 excludes certain categories of individuals who would otherwise be covered by virtue of paragraph 1.

第1款界定了一般性范围，而第2款排除了某些类别的个人，这些类别通常根据第1款应包括在内。

(2) In stating that the draft articles apply to the expulsion by a State of aliens who are lawfully or unlawfully present in its territory, paragraph 1 defines the scope of the draft articles both ratione materiae and ratione personae.

(2) 第1款规定本条款草案适用于国家驱逐合法或非法地在其境内的外国人事宜，这就界定了条款草案的属事范围和属人范围。

With regard to scope ratione materiae, which relates to the measures covered by the draft articles, reference is made simply to the “expulsion by a State”, without further elaboration, since “expulsion” is defined in draft article 2, subparagraph (a), below.

关于属事范围，这涉及到条款草案所涵盖的措施，这一款简单地提到“国家驱逐”，没有进一步阐述，因为“驱逐”概念在下文第2条(a)项中得到界定。

With regard to scope ratione personae, that is, the persons covered by the draft articles, it follows from paragraph 1 that the draft articles apply to the expulsion of aliens present in the territory of the expelling State, whether their presence there is lawful or unlawful.

关于属人范围，也就是说关于条款草案涉及哪些人，从第1款中可以看出，条款草案适用于驱逐在驱逐国境内的外国人，无论其是合法还是非法在该国境内。

The term “alien” is defined in draft article 2, subparagraph (b).

“外国人”在第2条草案(b)项中得到界定。

The category of aliens unlawfully present in the territory of the expelling State covers both aliens who have entered the territory unlawfully and aliens whose presence in the territory has subsequently become unlawful, primarily because of a violation of the laws of the expelling State governing conditions of stay.

非法处在驱逐国境内的外国人既包括非法进入该国的外国人，也包括在进入该国之后主要因违反了驱逐国有关居留条件的法律而其存在变得非法的外国人。  

(3) Since the inception of the Commission’s work on the topic “Expulsion of aliens”, Commission members have generally been of the view that the draft articles should cover both aliens lawfully present and those unlawfully present in the territory of the expelling State.

(3) 自委员会确立“驱逐外国人”这一专题工作以来，委员会委员们一般认为，条款草案既应包括合法地在驱逐国境内的外国人，也应包括非法在其境内的外国人。

Paragraph 1 of the draft article clearly reflects that position.

这一条草案的第1款清楚地反映了这一立场。

However, it should be noted at the outset that some provisions of the draft articles do draw distinctions between the two categories of aliens, particularly with respect to the rights to which they are entitled.

然而必须一开始就应该指出的是，条款草案的某些规定确实对两类外国人作了区分，特别是就他们所能享有的权利而言。

 It should be also be noted that the inclusion within the scope of the draft articles of aliens whose presence in the territory of the expelling State is unlawful is to be understood in conjunction with the phrase in article 2, subparagraph (a), in fine, which excludes from the scope of the draft articles questions concerning non-admission of an alien to the territory of a State.

 另外还应注意的是，对条款草案将非法处在驱逐国境内的外国人也包含在内，应作这样的理解，即应结合第2条(a)项中最后一个短语来读，该短语将不允许一个外国人进入一国境内的问题排除在条款草案范围之外。

 The view was expressed, however, that these draft articles should only address aliens lawfully present in the territory of the expelling State, given that the restrictions on expulsion contained in relevant global and regional treaties are limited to such aliens.

 然而一种意见认为，鉴于有关的全球和区域条约所载的对驱逐的限制仅涉及合法在驱逐国境内的外国人，故本条款草案应仅限于这一类外国人。  

(4) Paragraph 2 of draft article 1 excludes from the scope of the draft articles certain categories of aliens, namely, aliens enjoying privileges and immunities under international law.

(4) 第1条草案第2款将某些类别的外国人即按照国际法享有特权和豁免的外国人排除在条款草案范围之外。

The purpose of the provision is to exclude aliens whose enforced departure from the territory of a State is governed by special rules of international law, such as diplomats, consular officials, staff members of international organizations and other officials or military personnel on mission in the territory of a foreign State, including, as appropriate, members of their families.

这一规定的目的是将其强迫离境须受特别国际法规则约束的外国人排除在外，这些人包括外交官、领事官员、国际组织工作人员(酌情包括其家庭成员)以及被派到一外国境内驻扎的其他官员或军事人员。

In other words, such aliens are excluded from the scope of the draft articles because of the existence of special rules of international law governing the conditions under which they can be compelled to leave the territory of the State in which they are posted for the exercise of their functions and exempting them from the normal expulsion procedure.

换句话说，这些外国人之所以被排除在条款草案范围之外，是因为存在着国际法特别规则，决定着在何种条件下他们才可被强制离开他们被派往履行其职责的国家，这些人不受通常的驱逐程序的管辖。

(5) On the other hand, some other categories of aliens who enjoy special protection under international law, such as refugees, stateless persons and migrant workers and their family members,  are not excluded from the scope of the draft articles.

 (5) 另一方面，按照国际法享受某种特别保护的其他类别的外国人没有被排除在条款草案之外，例如难民、无国籍人和移徙工人及其家庭成员。

It is understood, however, that the application of the provisions of the draft articles to those categories of aliens is without prejudice to the application of the special rules that may govern one aspect or another of their expulsion from the territory of a State.

 然而有一项谅解是，将本条款草案的规定适用于这些类别的外国人不影响可能涉及将他们从一国境内驱逐事宜的某一方面的特别规则的适用。

 Displaced persons, in the sense of relevant resolutions of the United Nations General Assembly,  are also not excluded from the scope of the draft articles.

 联合国大会有关决议  所指的各种流离失所者也没有被排除在本条款草案范围之外。

Article 2 Definitions

第2条 用语

For the purposes of the present draft articles:

为本条款草案的目的：

(a) “expulsion” means a formal act, or conduct consisting of an action or omission, attributable to a State, by which an alien is compelled to leave the territory of that State; it does not include extradition to another State, surrender to an international criminal court or tribunal, or the non-admission of an alien, other than a refugee, to a State;

(a) “驱逐”是指可归于一国的正式行为或由作为或不作为构成的行为，一个外国人因此被迫离开该国领土；它不包括引渡到另一国家、移交给一个国际刑事法院或法庭、或不允许一个非难民的外国人进入一国；

(b) “alien” means an individual who does not have the nationality of the State in whose territory that individual is present.

(b) “外国人”是指不拥有其所在国的国籍的个人。

Commentary

评注

(1) Draft article 2 defines two key terms, “expulsion” and “alien”, for the purposes of the present draft articles.

(1) 为了本条款草案的目的，第2条草案界定了两个关键术语“驱逐”和“外国人”。

(2) Subparagraph (a) provides a definition of “expulsion”.

(2) (a)项规定了“驱逐”的定义。

The definition reflects the distinction between, on the one hand, a formal act by which a State compels an alien to leave its territory (regardless of what that act may be called under internal law) and, on the other hand, conduct attributable to that State which produces the same result.

这一定义反映了对下述两者的区分：一方面是一国强迫外国人离开其领土的正式行为(而不论按照国内法这一行为可称作什么)，另一方面是可归于该国的产生相同效果的行为。

 The Commission thought it appropriate to include both types of cases in the definition of “expulsion” for purposes of the draft articles.

 委员会认为，为了本条款草案的目的，应当将两种情况都包括在“驱逐”的定义内。

It should also be clarified that draft article 2 merely provides a definition of “expulsion” and does not prejudge in any way the question of the lawfulness of the various means of expulsion to which it refers.

另外还需要澄清的是，第2条草案只是规定了“驱逐”的定义，而没有丝毫预先判断它所指的各种驱逐手段的合法性问题。

Means of expulsion that do not take the form of a formal act are included in the definition of expulsion within the meaning of the draft articles but fall under the regime of prohibition of “disguised expulsion” set out in draft article 11.

没有采取正式行为形式的驱逐方式包含在本条款草案界定的驱逐定义中，但受另一种制度即第11条所说的禁止“变相驱逐”制度的约束。

In other words, conduct attributable to a State that produces the same result as a formal expulsion decision is defined as expulsion, but it constitutes a prohibited form of expulsion because it is disguised and thus does not allow the alien concerned to enjoy the rights associated with an expulsion done on the basis of a formal act.

换句话说，可归于一国的能够产生与正式驱逐决定相同结果的行为也被定义为驱逐，但这是一种所禁止的驱逐形式，因为这是一种变相的驱逐，使有关外国人不能享受到与正式驱逐行为相关的权利。

(3) The proviso that the formal act or conduct constituting expulsion must be attributable to the State is to be understood in the light of the criteria of attribution to be found in Chapter II of Part One of the articles on the responsibility of States for internationally wrongful acts.

(3) 正式行为或构成驱逐的行为必须能归于一国，对这一限定语应参照关于国家对国际不法行为的责任的条款第一部分第二章中的归属标准来理解。

(4) Conduct — other than the adoption of a formal decision — that could result in expulsion may take the form of either actions or omissions on the part of the State.

(4) 可能造成驱逐的正式决定之外的行为，其形式要么是国家的作为，要么是不作为。

Omission might in particular consist of tolerance towards conduct directed against the alien by individuals or private entities; such would be the case, for example, if the State failed to protect an alien from hostile acts emanating from non-State actors.

不作为尤其可能包括容忍个人或私人实体针对外国人采取的行为；例如当一国未能保护外国人不受来自于非国家行为者的敌对行为时，便属于这种情况。

 What appears to be the determining element in the definition of expulsion is that, as a result of either a formal act or conduct — active or passive — attributable to the State, the alien in question is compelled to leave the territory of that State.

 在驱逐定义中似乎起决定作用的要素是，由于可归于一国的一种正式行为或一种主动的或消极的行为，有关外国人被迫离开该国领土。

 In addition, in order to conclude that there has been expulsion as a result of conduct (that is, without the adoption of a formal decision), it is essential to establish that it was the intention of the State in question, by means of that conduct, to bring about the departure of the alien from its territory.

 此外，为了得出结论说这种行为(即没有通过一项正式决定)造成了驱逐，必须能够确定有关国家通过该种行为有意使该外国人离开该国。  

(5) For the sake of clarity, the Commission thought it useful to specify, in the second clause of subparagraph (a), that the concept of expulsion within the meaning of the draft articles did not cover extradition of an alien to another State, transfer to an international criminal court or tribunal or the non-admission of an alien, other than a refugee, to a State.

(5) 为了清楚起见，委员会认为有必要在(a)项第二个短语中说明，条款草案所指的驱逐概念并不包括将外国人引渡到另一国、移交给一个国际刑事法院或法庭或不允许一个非难民的外国人进入一国。

With respect to non-admission, it should be explained that the exclusion relates to the refusal by the authorities of a State — usually the authorities responsible for immigration and border control — to allow an alien to enter the territory of that State.

对于不准入境问题，应该说明的是，驱逐涉及一国当局，通常是负责移民和边界控制的当局拒绝外国人进入该国领土。

On the other hand, the measures taken by a State to compel an alien already present in its territory, even if unlawfully present, to leave it are covered by the concept of “expulsion” as defined in draft article 2, subparagraph (a).

另一方面，一国迫使已经在其境内，即使是非法在其境内的外国人离开该国，包含在第2条草案(a)项所界定的“驱逐”概念中。

 This distinction should be understood in the light of the definition of the scope ratione personae of the draft articles, which, as draft article 1, paragraph 1, expressly states, includes both aliens lawfully present in the territory of the expelling State and those unlawfully present.

 对这种区别应该参照条款草案的属事范围的定义来理解。 正如第1条草案第1款明确规定的，合法地和非法地在驱逐国境内的外国人都包括在条款草案的属事范围之内。

Moreover, as draft article 2, subparagraph (a), expressly indicates, the exclusion of matters relating to non-admission from the scope of the draft articles does not apply to refugees.

此外，正如第2条(a)项所明确表示的，不准入境问题不包括在条款草案范围内，这一点并不适用于难民。

That reservation is explained by draft article 6, paragraph 3, which sets forth the prohibition against return (refoulement) within the meaning of article 33 of the Convention on the Status of Refugees of 28 July 1951  and hence inevitably touches on questions of admission.

这一保留由第6条第3款作了解释，该款规定禁止将难民遣返(推回)，正如1951年7月28日《关于难民地位的公约》第三十三条所规定，  因此必然涉及准许入境问题。

(6) Draft article 2, subparagraph (b), defines an “alien” as an individual who does not have the nationality of the State in whose territory the individual is present.

(6) 第2条(b)项界定了“外国人”，是指不拥有其所在国的国籍的个人。

The definition covers both individuals with the nationality of another State and individuals without the nationality of any State, that is, stateless persons.

这一定义既包括拥有另一国国籍的个人，也包括没有任何国家国籍即无国籍的个人。

 Based on that definition, it follows that an individual who has the nationality of the State in whose territory the individual is present cannot be considered an alien with regard to that State, even if he or she possesses one or more other nationalities, and even if it happens that one of those other nationalities can be considered predominant, in terms of an effective link, vis-à-vis the nationality of the State in whose territory the individual is present.

 根据这一定义，可以得出结论认为，拥有所在国国籍的个人不能被视为外国人，即使他拥有其他的国籍，并且即使其他的国籍可以被认为是主要国籍，即相对于该个人所在的国家的国籍而言，与其他国家有更有效的联系。

(7) The definition of “alien” for the purposes of the draft articles is without prejudice to the right of a State to accord certain categories of aliens special rights with respect to expulsion by allowing them, under its internal law, to enjoy in that regard a regime similar to or the same as that enjoyed by its nationals.

(7) 为了本条款草案的目的，“外国人”定义不妨碍一国在驱逐方面给予某些外国人特别权利，允许他们按照国内法享有与本国国民享有的相似或相同的制度。

 Nonetheless, any individual who does not have the nationality of the State in whose territory that individual is present should be considered an alien for purposes of the draft articles, and his or her expulsion from that territory is subject to the present draft articles.

 尽管如此，为本条款草案的目的，在所在国没有拥有其国籍的个人应该视为外国人，而将其从该国领土驱逐应受本条款草案的约束。

Article 3 Right of expulsion

第3条 驱逐权

A State has the right to expel an alien from its territory.

国家有权将外国人驱逐出境。

Expulsion shall be in accordance with the present draft articles and other applicable rules of international law, in particular those relating to human rights.

驱逐应符合本条款草案和其他适用的国际法规则，尤其是与人权有关的规则。

Commentary

评注

(1) The first sentence of draft article 3 sets out the right of a State to expel an alien from its territory.

(1) 第3条草案第一句规定了国家有权将外国人从其领土上驱逐。

That right is uncontested in practice as well as in case law and the legal writings.

这一权利无论是在实践中，还是在案例法以及法律著作中都是无可争议的。

 The right to expel has been recognized in particular in a number of arbitral awards and decisions of claims commissions  and in various decisions of regional courts and commissions.

 驱逐权尤其是在若干仲裁裁决和索赔委员会决定中  以及在各种区域法院和委员会的决定中得到承认。

 Moreover, it is enshrined in the internal law of most States.

 而且，大多数国家的国内法也都规定了这一权利。

(2) The second sentence of draft article 3 is a reminder that the exercise of this right of expulsion is regulated by the present draft articles and by other applicable rules of international law.

(2) 第3条草案第二句意在提醒，行使驱逐权要受本条款草案及其他适用的国际法规则约束。

The specific mention of human rights is justified by the importance that respect for human rights assumes in the context of expulsion, an importance also underlined by the many provisions of the draft articles devoted to various aspects of the protection of the human rights of aliens subject to expulsion.

之所以具体提到人权，是因为尊重人权在驱逐所涉及的问题上所具有的重要性，这种重要性也因条款草案中许多规定专门论及拟被驱逐的外国人人权应得到保护而得到强调。

Among the “other applicable rules of international law” to which a State’s exercise of its right to expel aliens is subject and which are not addressed in specific provisions of the draft articles, it is worth mentioning in particular some of the “traditional” limitations that derive from the rules governing the treatment of aliens, including the prohibitions against arbitrariness, abuse of rights and denial of justice.

另有“其他适用的国际法规则”约束着国家驱逐外国人的权利，但在条款草案中没有具体加以处理，其中特别值得一提的是一些“传统的”限制，这些限制源于禁止任意性、侵犯权利和拒绝司法等规定。

 Other applicable rules also include rules in human rights instruments concerning derogation in times of emergency.

 其他适用的规则还包括各人权文书中与紧急时期克减权利有关的规则。

Article 4 Requirement for conformity with law

第4条 符合法律规定的要求

An alien may be expelled only in pursuance of a decision reached in accordance with law.

只有在执行依法作出的决定的情况下才可驱逐外国人。

Commentary

评注

(1) Draft article 4 sets out a fundamental condition to which a State’s exercise of its right to expel aliens from its territory is subject.

(1) 第4条草案列出了国家在行使驱逐外国人权利时须遵守的一个基本条件。

That condition is the adoption of an expulsion decision by the expelling State in accordance with the law.

这一条件就是驱逐国必须依法作出了驱逐决定。

(2) The requirement that an expulsion decision must be made has, first of all, the effect of prohibiting a State from engaging in conduct intended to compel an alien to leave its territory without notifying the alien of a formal decision in that regard.

(2) 要求必须作出驱逐决定，这首先产生一个这样的效果，即禁止一国采取意图迫使外国人离开其领土而又不将这方面的正式决定通知外国人的做法。

Such conduct would, in fact, fall under the prohibition of any form of disguised expulsion contained in draft article 11, paragraph 1.

这样的行为事实上属于第11条草案第1款所禁止的任何变相驱逐的形式。

(3) The requirement of conformity with the law is, first and foremost, a logical conclusion, since expulsion is supposed to be exercised within the framework of law.

(3) 要求符合法律首先是一个符合逻辑的结论，因为驱逐应该是在法律范围内行使的权利。

 It is thus not surprising to note the wide agreement in the legislation of many States on the minimum requirement that the expulsion procedure must conform to the provisions of law.

 因此不令人奇怪的是，对于驱逐程序必须符合法律规定这一最低限度要求，许多国家的立法都普遍地一致。

 Moreover, the requirement is well established in international human rights law, both universal and regional.

 此外，这一要求也在国际人权法律，不论是世界性还是区域性人权法律中，都已稳定地确立。

At the universal level, it appears in article 13 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights  (with respect to aliens lawfully present on the territory of the expelling State); in article 22, paragraph 2, of the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families;  in article 32, paragraph 2, of the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees;  and in article 31, paragraph 2, of the Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons.

在国际一级，这一点载于《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第十三条  (涉及合法地在驱逐国境内的外国人)；《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》第二十二条第二款；  《难民地位公约》第三十二条第二款，  以及《关于无国籍人地位的公约》第三十一条第二款。

 At the regional level, it is relevant to mention article 12, paragraph 4, of the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights;  article 22, paragraph 6, of the American Convention on Human Rights (Pact of San José);  article 1, paragraph 1, of Protocol No. 7 to the European Convention on Human Rights;  and article 26, paragraph 2, of the Arab Charter on Human Rights;  all these laid down the same requirement with respect to aliens lawfully present in the territory of the expelling State.

 在区域一级，值得一提的是《非洲人权和人民权利宪章》第12条第4款；  《美洲人权公约》(《圣何塞公约》)第22条第6款；  《欧洲人权公约第7号议定书》第1条第1款；  以及《阿拉伯人权宪章》第26条第2款；  所有这些条款都针对驱逐合法地在驱逐国境内的外国人规定了相同的要求。

(4) The Commission is of the view that the requirement for conformity with law shall apply to any expulsion decision, irrespective of whether the presence of the alien in question in the territory of the expelling State is lawful or not.

(4) 委员会认为，要求遵守法律这一点也适用于任何驱逐决定，不论在驱逐国境内的外国人是合法地在那里还是非法地在那里。

It is understood, however, that domestic legislation may provide for different rules and procedures for expulsion depending on the lawful or unlawful nature of that presence.

然而一项理解是，国内立法可能规定不同的驱逐规则和程序，取决于该外国人是合法还是非法地在该国。  

(5) The requirement for conformity with law is quite general, since it applies to both the procedural and the substantive conditions for expulsion.

(5) 要求遵守法律也是相当普遍的规定，因为这既适用于正式的驱逐条件，也适用于实质性的驱逐条件。

 In consequence, its scope is wider than the similar requirement set out in draft article 5, paragraph 2, with regard to the grounds for expulsion.

 因此，其范围要比关于驱逐理由的第5条第2款所规定的类似要求更宽。

(6) In its judgment of 30 November 2010 in the case concerning Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo), the International Court of Justice confirmed the requirement for conformity with law as a condition for the lawfulness of an expulsion from the standpoint of international law.

(6) 在其2010年11月30日关于Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (几内亚共和国诉刚果民主共和国)的案件中，国际法院确认了遵守法律这一要求，认为这是从国际法角度看驱逐达到合法的条件。

Referring, in that context, to article 13 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and to article 12, paragraph 4, of the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, the Court observed:

国际法院在这方面提到《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第13条和《非洲人权和人民权利宪章》第12条第4款并指出：

“It follows from the terms of the two provisions cited above that the expulsion of an alien lawfully in the territory of a State which is a party to these instruments can only be compatible with the international obligations of that State if it is decided in accordance with ‘the law’, in other words the domestic law applicable in that respect.

“从上述两项规定的措词可以得出如下结论，参加这些公约的国家如果将合法在其境内的外国人驱逐，只有按依法作出的驱逐决定，即按照在这方面适用的本国法律作出的决定，才符合其国际法义务。

Compliance with international law is to some extent dependent here on compliance with internal law.”

在一定程度上，遵守国际法取决于遵守国内法。

”

(7) Although the requirement for conformity with law is a condition for the lawfulness of any expulsion measure under international law, the question might arise as to the extent of an international body’s power of review of compliance with internal law rules in a context like that of expulsion.

(7) 虽然要求遵守法律是采取的任何驱逐措施按照国际法取得合法性的条件，但有可能产生这样的问题：在驱逐的问题上国际机构在多大程度上有权审查一国遵守本国国内法律规则。

An international body is likely to be somewhat reticent in that regard.

国际机构很可能在这方面保持沉默。

As an example, one might mention the position taken by the Human Rights Committee with respect to the expulsion by Sweden in 1977 of a Greek political refugee suspected of being a potential terrorist.

例如人们可以提到人权事务委员会对于1977年瑞典将一名涉嫌参与恐怖主义活动的希腊政治难民驱逐出境所采取的立场。

That individual argued before the Committee that the expulsion decision had not been taken “in accordance with law” and therefore was not in compliance with the provisions of article 13 of the Covenant.

该人在人权事务委员会里声称，这一驱逐决定没有“按照法律作出”，因此不符合公约第13条的规定。

The Human Rights Committee took the view that the interpretation of internal law was essentially a matter for the courts and authorities of the State party concerned, and that “it was not within the powers or functions of the Committee to evaluate whether the competent authorities of the State party in question [had] interpreted and applied the internal law correctly in the case before it …, unless it [was] established that they [had] not interpreted and applied it in good faith or that it [was] evident that there [had] been an abuse of power”.

人权事务委员会认为，对国内法作出解释基本上是有关缔约国法院和当局的事情，“评价有关缔约国当局是否在所涉的案件上正确地解释并适用了国内法，这不是委员会的权利或职责范围内的事情，除非委员会能够确定缔约国没有诚实地解释和适用国内法，并且明显地看出缔约国滥用了权利”。

 The International Court of Justice and the European Court of Human Rights took a similar approach to their own power to assess whether a State had complied with its internal law in a case of expulsion.

 国际法院和欧洲人权法院对自己是否有权评估一国是否在驱逐案件上遵守了国内法，采取了类似的立场。  

Article 5 Grounds for expulsion

第5条 驱逐的理由

1. Any expulsion decision shall state the ground on which it is based.

1. 任何驱逐决定均应说明决定所依据的理由。

2. A State may only expel an alien on a ground that is provided for by law, including, in particular, national security and public order.

2. 国家仅可以法律规定的理由驱逐外国人，尤其包括国家安全和公共秩序之理由。

3. The ground for expulsion shall be assessed in good faith and reasonably, taking into account the gravity of the facts and in the light of all of the circumstances, including the conduct of the alien in question and, where relevant, the current nature of the threat to which the facts give rise.

3. 应考虑到事实的严重性，并虑及所有情节，包括所涉外国人的行为，并且在相关情况下，考虑到这些事实所造成的威胁的目前性质，本着诚信合理地评估驱逐理由。

4. A State shall not expel an alien on a ground that is contrary to international law.

4. 国家不得以违背国际法的理由驱逐外国人。

Commentary

评注

(1) The question of the grounds for expulsion encompasses a number of aspects having to do with statement of the ground for expulsion, existence of a valid ground and assessment of that ground by the competent authorities.

(1) 驱逐理由问题包含好几个方面，涉及须说明驱逐理由，存在着有效的理由，由有关当局来对理由进行评估等。

Draft article 5 deals with those issues.

第5条草案处理的正是这些问题。

(2) Draft article 5, paragraph 1, sets out an essential condition under international law, namely, the statement of the ground for the expulsion decision.

(2) 第5条草案第1款规定了在国际法方面的一个基本条件，即必须说明驱逐决定的理由。

The duty of the expelling State to indicate the grounds for an expulsion appears to be well-established in international law.

驱逐国有义务说明驱逐的理由似乎是在国际法中已经确立的做法。

 As early as 1892, the Institute of International Law was of the view that an act ordering expulsion must “être motivé en fait et en droit” [be reasoned in fact and in law].

 早在1892年，国际法学会就认为，进行驱逐的法律行为必须“être motivé en fait et en droit”[在事实和法律上都有根据]。

 In its judgment in the Diallo case, the International Court of Justice found that the Democratic Republic of the Congo had failed to fulfil this obligation to give reasons and that, throughout the proceedings, it had failed to adduce grounds that might provide “a convincing basis” for Mr. Diallo’s expulsion; the Court therefore concluded that the arrest and detention of Mr. Diallo with a view to his expulsion had been arbitrary.

 在对Diallo案件作出判决时，国际法院认为，刚果民主共和国未履行其说明理由的义务，并且在整个程序中，未举出理由，从而为驱逐Diallo先生提供一个“具有说服力的根据”；法院因此得出结论认为，为了将Diallo先生驱逐而将他逮捕并拘留这是一种任意的行为。

In that regard, the Court could not but

在这方面法院只能

“find not only that the decree itself was not reasoned in a sufficiently precise way … but that throughout the proceedings, the Democratic Republic of the Congo has never been able to provide grounds which might constitute a convincing basis for Mr. Diallo’s expulsion

“得出这样的结论，该驱逐决定本身并没有给出足够准确的理由，而且在整个程序中，刚果民主共和国从来没有提供理由，可以构成驱逐Diallo先生的具有说服力的根据。

Under these circumstances, the arrest and detention aimed at allowing such an expulsion measure, one without any defensible basis, to be effected can only be characterized as arbitrary within the meaning of Article 9, paragraph 1, of the Covenant and Article 6 of the African Charter”.

…在这种情况下，为了实现驱逐措施而进行的逮捕和拘留在没有任何辩护理由的情况下只能说成是任意的行为，正如《公约》第九条第1款和《非洲宪章》第6条所说的”。

In the Amnesty International v. Zambia case, the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights held that Zambia had violated the right of the alien concerned to receive information by failing to inform him of the reasons for his expulsion.

在大赦国际诉赞比亚案件中，非洲人权和民族权利委员会认为，赞比亚侵犯了有关个人获得信息的权利，未将驱逐他的理由告诉他。

According to the Commission, the fact “that neither Banda nor Chinula were supplied with reasons for the action taken against them means that the right to receive information was denied to them (article 9 (1))”.

该委员会认为，“Banda和Chinula两人都没有得到针对他们采取行动的理由，这意味着获得信息的权利被剥夺了(第九条第1款)”。  

(3) Draft article 5, paragraph 2, sets out the fundamental requirement that the ground for expulsion must be provided for by law.

(3) 第5条草案第2款规定了一项基本要求，即驱逐理由必须是法律规定的理由。

The reference to “law” here is to be understood as a reference to the internal law of the expelling State.

这里提到的“法律”是指驱逐国的国内法。

In other words, international law makes the lawfulness of an expulsion decision dependent on the condition that the decision is based on a ground provided for in the law of the expelling State.

换句话说，国际法使得驱逐决定的合法性取决于该决定必须依据驱逐国国内法所规定的理由而做出。

The Commission considers that this requirement is implied by the general requirement of conformity with law, set forth in draft article 4.

委员会认为，这项要求是第4条草案所规定的必须遵守法律这项一般原则所包含的推论。

 The express mention, in this context, of national security and public order is justified by the inclusion of these grounds for expulsion in the legislation of many States and the frequency with which they are invoked to justify an expulsion.

 在这方面明确地提到国家安全和公共秩序，其原因是许多国家的立法中确实列入了这些驱逐理由，而且在实际当中经常以这些理由作为驱逐的根据。

 However, the Commission is of the view that public order and national security are not the only grounds for expulsion permitted under international law; the words “including, in particular” preceding the mention of those two grounds is intended to underline that point.

 然而委员会认为，公共秩序和国家安全不是国际法所允许的驱逐的仅有理由；在这两个理由之前所用的“尤其包括”这一措辞目的便是强调这一点。

For example, violation of internal law on entry and stay (immigration law) constitutes a ground for expulsion in the legislation of many States and, in the Commission’s view, is a permissible ground under international law; in other words, the unlawfulness of the presence of an alien in the territory of a State can in itself constitute a sufficient ground for expulsion.

例如在许多国家法律中，如果违反关于入境和居留的国内法(移民法)便构成驱逐的理由，在委员会看来这是国际法所允许的理由；换句话说，外国人非法处在一国境内这一事实本身便构成驱逐的足够理由。

That being the case, it would be futile to search international law for a list of valid grounds of expulsion that would apply to aliens in general;  it is for the internal law of each State to provide for and define the grounds for expulsion, subject to the reservation stated in paragraph 4 of the draft article, namely, that the grounds must not be contrary to international law.

虽然如此，很难在国际法中寻找一个清单，列出各种各样的有效驱逐理由，适用于一般外国人；  因此应由每个国家的国内法来规定并确立驱逐的理由，还须遵守本条草案第4款中所说的保留，即理由不得违反国际法。

In this regard, the Commission notes that internal laws provide for a rather wide variety of grounds for expulsion.

在这方面，委员会指出，国内法已经就相当广泛的驱逐理由做了规定。

(4) Paragraph 3 sets out general criteria for the expelling State’s assessment of the ground for expulsion.

(4) 第3款列出了阐述各国对驱逐理由进行评估的一般标准。

The assessment shall be made in good faith and reasonably, taking into account the gravity of the facts and in the light of all the circumstances.

这种评估应该本着诚信并且合理地做出，考虑到事实的严重性并参照所有有关情况。

The conduct of the alien in question and the current nature of the threat to which the facts give rise are mentioned as among the factors to be taken into consideration by the expelling State.

也提到有关外国人的行为事实所引起的威胁的目前性质是驱逐国应考虑的因素。

The criterion of “the current nature of the threat” mentioned in fine is particularly relevant when the ground for expulsion is a threat to national security or public order.

句子当中所提到的“威胁的目前性质”这一标准是相当具有意义的，尤其是当驱逐理由对国家安全或公共秩序构成威胁时。

(5) The purpose of draft article 5, paragraph 4, is simply to recall the prohibition against expelling an alien on a ground contrary to international law.

(5) 第5条草案第4款的目的简单地说就是提到禁止以违反国际法的理由驱逐外国人。

The prohibition would apply, for example, to expulsion based on a ground that was discriminatory in the sense of draft article 15, paragraph 1, below.

例如这种禁止适用于基于下文第15条草案第1款所说的歧视性理由所进行的驱逐。  

Part Two Cases of prohibited expulsion

第二部分 禁止驱逐的情况

Article 6 Prohibition of the expulsion of refugees

第6条 禁止驱逐难民

1. A State shall not expel a refugee lawfully in its territory save on grounds of national security or public order.

1. 除因国家安全或公共秩序理由外，一国不得驱逐合法地在其境内的难民。

2. Paragraph 1 shall also apply to any refugee unlawfully present in the territory of the State who has applied for recognition of refugee status, while such application is pending.

2. 第1款也适用于非法地在一国内但已提出承认难民身份的申请，其申请正有待审理的任何难民。

3. A State shall not expel or return (refouler) a refugee in any manner whatsoever to a State or to the frontiers of territories where the person’s life or freedom would be threatened on account of his or her race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, unless there are reasonable grounds for regarding the person as a danger to the security of the country in which he or she is, or if the person, having been convicted by a final judgement of a particularly serious crime, constitutes a danger to the community of that country.

3. 国家不得以任何方式将难民驱逐或遣返(“推回”)至其生命或自由因其种族、宗教、国籍、参加某一社会团体或因其政治见解而会受到威胁的国家或领土边界，除非有正当理由认为该人危害所在国的安全，或除非该人已被最终判定犯有特别严重罪行，对该国社会构成危险。

Commentary

评注

(1) Draft article 6 deals with the expulsion of refugees, which is subject to restrictive conditions by virtue of the relevant rules of international law.

(1) 第6条草案处理了驱逐难民的问题，驱逐难民须遵守有关国际法规则所规定的限制性条件。

(2) The term “refugee” should be understood not only in the light of the general definition contained in article 1 of the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees of 28 July 1951,  as amended by article 1 of the Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees of 31 January 1967,  which eliminated the geographic and temporal limitations of the 1951 definition, but also having regard to subsequent developments in the matter.

(2) 在理解“难民”一词时，不仅应参照1951年7月28日《关于难民地位的公约》第一条所载的一般性定义，  以及1967年1月31日《关于难民地位的议定书》第一条所作的修订，  这一修订消除了1951年定义中具有的地域和时间上的限制，同时还应参照后来在此问题上的发展。

 In that regard, the broader definition of “refugee” adopted in the Organization of African Unity (OAU) Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa of 10 September 1969 merits particular mention.

 在这方面，1969年9月10日《非洲统一组织关于非洲难民问题特定方面的公约》所采用的“难民”定义更为宽泛，值得特别一提。

(3) Draft article 6, paragraph 1, reproduces the wording of article 32, paragraph 1, of the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees of 28 July 1951.

(3) 第6条草案第1款采用了1951年7月28日《关于难民地位的公约》第32条第1款的措辞。

The rule contained in that paragraph, which applies only to refugees lawfully in the territory of the expelling State, limits the grounds for expulsion of such refugees to those relating to reasons of national security or public order.

这一款所包含的规则仅适用于合法地在驱逐国境内的难民，对这类难民驱逐的理由限于涉及国家安全或公共秩序的理由。

(4) Draft article 6, paragraph 2, which has no equivalent in the 1951 Convention, aims at extending the protection recognized in paragraph 1 to a refugee who is unlawfully present in the territory of the receiving State but who has applied for recognition of refugee status.

(4) 第6条草案第2款在1951年公约中没有对应的规定，其目的是将第1款所承认的保护扩展到在接受国境内非法存在但已经申请承认难民地位的那些难民。

As the last clause of paragraph 2 indicates, that protection can be envisaged only for so long as the application is pending.

正如第2款最后一句所表明的，这种保护只能在申请有待批准的过程中给予。

The protection provided for in paragraph 2, which reflects a trend in the legal literature and finds support in the practice of some States,  would constitute a departure from the principle whereby the unlawfulness of the presence of an alien in the territory of a State can in itself justify expulsion of the alien.

第2款所规定的保护反映了法律文献中的一种趋势，在一些国家的实践中也得到支持，  这实际上背离了一项原则，即外国人非法地在一国境内这一事实本身便足以构成驱逐该外国人的理由。

The Commission debated whether it should set aside the additional protection provided for in paragraph 2 in cases where the manifest intent of the application for refugee status was to thwart an expulsion decision likely to be handed down against the individual concerned.

委员会曾讨论是否应在下列情况下将第2款所规定的那种另外的保护搁置一边，例如在下列情况下：申请难民地位的明显意图是挫败很有可能针对有关个人而作出的驱逐决定。

After intense debate, it concluded that it was not necessary to provide for such an exception, since paragraph 2 concerned only individuals who, while not enjoying the status of refugee in the State in question, did meet the definition of “refugee” within the meaning of the 1951 Convention or, in some cases, other relevant instruments, such as the 1969 OAU Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa, and should therefore be regarded as refugees under international law.

在经过激烈辩论之后，委员会的结论是，没有必要专门对这种例外情况作出规定，因为第2款仅涉及这样的个人，虽然他们没有享有在有关国家的难民地位，但的确符合1951年公约所指的“难民”定义，或者在有些情况下符合其他有关文书，例如1969年《非洲统一组织关于非洲难民问题特定方面的公约》，因此应视为国际法所指的难民。

A majority of the Commission members considered that in such a case it should not matter what motives had inspired the individual to apply for recognition of his or her refugee status or whether the application was specifically intended to prevent expulsion.

委员会多数委员认为，在这种情况下，个人申请承认其难民地位有何动机并不重要，或者说申请的具体意图是否是为了避免驱逐并不重要。

On the other hand, any individual who does not correspond to the definition of refugee within the meaning of the relevant legal instruments is ineligible to enjoy the protection recognized in draft article 6 and can be expelled on grounds other than those stipulated in paragraph 1, including on the sole ground of the unlawfulness of his or her presence in the territory of the expelling State.

另一方面，任何人如果不符合有关法律文书所定义的难民，就没有资格享有第6条草案所承认的保护，可以第一款所列的那些理由之外的其他理由而驱逐，包括单纯以其非法处在驱逐国境内这一理由。

From that standpoint, paragraph 2 should be interpreted as being without prejudice to the right of a State to expel, for reasons other than those mentioned in draft article 6, an alien whose application for refugee status is manifestly abusive.

从这一角度看，第2款应该解释为不影响缔约国出于第6条草案所提到的其他理由而行使驱逐权，即使该外国人申请难民地位明显具有滥用权利的性质。

(5) Draft article 6, paragraph 3, which deals with the obligation of non-refoulement, combines paragraphs 1 and 2 of article 33 of the 1951 Convention.

(5) 第6条草案第3款处理了不得“推回”的义务，这将1951年《公约》第33条第1和第2款结合在一起。

Unlike the other provisions of the draft articles, which do not cover the situation of non-admission of an alien to the territory of a State,  draft article 6, paragraph 3, does cover that situation as well, as indicated by the opening phrase: “A State shall not expel or return (refouler) …”.

本条款草案的其他规定都不涉及不准外国人入境的情况，  但第6条第3款不同，的确涉及了这种情况，正如其开头的短语所显示的：“国家不得以任何方式将难民驱逐或遣返(‘推回’)…”。

Moreover, unlike the protection stipulated in paragraph 1, the protection provided for in paragraph 3 applies to all refugees, regardless of whether their presence in the receiving State is lawful or unlawful.

另外，与第1款所规定的保护不同，第3款所规定的保护适用于所有难民，无论其合法还是非法地在接受国境内。

It should also be emphasized that the mention of this specific obligation of non-refoulement of refugees is without prejudice to the application to them of the general rules prohibiting expulsion to certain States as contained in draft articles 23 and 24.

另外应该强调的是，专门提到这一不得遣返难民的义务不妨碍对难民适用第23条和第24条所包含的关于禁止将他们驱逐到某些国家的一般规则。

(6) Other matters relating to expulsion of refugees, including the elements mentioned in article 32, paragraphs 2 and 3, of the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, are covered by the “without prejudice” clause contained in draft article 8.

(6) 驱逐难民的其他问题，包括1951年《难民地位公约》第32条第2和第3款所提到的要素，包含在第8条草案所载的“不影响”条款中。 

Article 7 Prohibition of the expulsion of stateless persons

第7条 禁止驱逐无国籍人

A State shall not expel a stateless person lawfully in its territory save on grounds of national security or public order.

除国家安全或公共秩序的理由外，一国不得驱逐合法地在其境内的无国籍人。

Commentary

评注

(1) As is the case for refugees, stateless persons are protected under the relevant rules of international law by a favourable regime that places limits on their expulsion.

(1) 与保护难民一样，无国籍人也按照国际法有关规则得到一项有利制度的保护，这项制度对驱逐规定了限制。

Article 1 of the Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons of 28 September 1954,  defines the term “stateless person” as “a person who is not considered as a national by any State under the operation of its law”.

1954年9月28日《关于难民地位的公约》第一条  给“无国籍人”所下的定义是“指任何国家根据它的法律不认为他为国民的人”。   

(2) By analogy with paragraph 1 of draft article 6 concerning refugees, draft article 7 is patterned after article 31, paragraph 1, of the Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons.

(2) 与关于难民的第6条草案第1款相类似，第7条草案参照的是《关于无国籍人地位的公约》第31条第1款。

Here, too, the limitation on the grounds for expulsion applies only to stateless persons lawfully present in the territory of the expelling State.

在这里，对驱逐理由的限制也仅适用于合法地在驱逐国境内的无国籍人。

(3) Draft article 7 does not contain a parallel provision to paragraph 3 of draft article 6 concerning refugees, which refers to the obligation of non-refoulement.

(3) 第7条草案不包含与关于难民的第6条草案第3款相似的规定，那款规定提到不推回的义务。

Stateless persons, like any other alien subject to expulsion, are entitled to the protection recognized by draft articles 23 and 24 below, which apply to aliens in general.

无国籍人与已被驱逐的其他任何外国人一样，也有权享有下文第23条和第24条草案所承认的保护。 这类保护适用于一般外国人。

(4) As it did with refugees,  the Commission preferred not to address in draft article 7 other matters relating to the expulsion of stateless persons, which are covered by the “without prejudice” clause contained in draft article 8.

(4) 与委员会就难民所采取的解决办法相类似，  委员会倾向于在第7条草案不处理涉及驱逐无国籍人的其他问题，这些问题包含在第8条草案中的“不影响”条款中。  

Article 8 Other rules specific to the expulsion of refugees and stateless persons

第8条 具体关于驱逐难民和无国籍人的其他规则

The rules applicable to the expulsion of aliens provided for in the present draft articles are without prejudice to other rules on the expulsion of refugees and stateless persons provided for by law.

本条款草案规定的适用于驱逐外国人的规则不影响法律规定的关于驱逐难民和无国籍人的其他规则。

Commentary

评注

(1) Draft article 8 is a “without prejudice” clause designed to ensure the application of other rules concerning the expulsion of refugees and stateless persons provided for by law but not mentioned in draft articles 6 and 7.

(1) 第8条草案是一项“不影响”条款，目的是确保法律规定的但在第6和第7条草案没有提到的关于驱逐难民和无国籍人的其他规则也同样适用。

(2) The term “law” as used in draft article 8 is to be understood as referring to the other relevant rules of international law applicable to refugees and stateless persons, as well as to any relevant rule of the expelling State’s internal law, provided that it is not incompatible with that State’s obligations under international law.

(2) 第8条草案中“法律”一词应理解为是指适用于难民和无国籍人的其他有关国际法规则，以及驱逐国国内法中的任何有关规则，但条件是这些规则与缔约国按照国际法所担负的义务不矛盾。

(3) This “without prejudice” clause applies in particular to the rules concerning procedural requirements for the expulsion of a refugee or a stateless person, which are set forth, respectively, in article 32, paragraph 2, of the 1951 Convention  and in article 31, paragraph 2, of the 1954 Convention.

(3) 这一“不影响”条款尤其适用于关于驱逐难民或无国籍人的程序性规则，这些规则分别载于1951年《公约》第32条第2款  和1954年《公约》第31条第2款。

 It also applies to the provisions of article 32, paragraph 3, of the 1951 Convention  and article 31, paragraph 3, of the 1954 Convention,  which require the expelling State to allow a refugee or a stateless person a reasonable period within which to seek legal admission into another country, and also reserve the right of the expelling State to apply, during that period, such internal measures as it may deem necessary.

 这一款也适用于1951年《公约》第32条第3款  和1954年《公约》第31条第3款，  这些条款要求驱逐国给予无国籍人一定的期限，使他们能够取得合法进入另一国家的许可，同时也保留这些国家在此期间内使用它们认为必要的内部措施的权利。

Article 9 Deprivation of nationality for the sole purpose of expulsion

第9条 仅为驱逐的目的剥夺国籍

A State shall not make its national an alien, by deprivation of nationality, for the sole purpose of expelling him or her.

一国不得仅为将其驱逐的目的，通过剥夺国籍使其国民成为外国人。

Commentary

评注

(1) Draft article 9 addresses the specific situation in which a State might deprive a national of his or her nationality, and thus makes that national an alien, for the sole purpose of expelling him or her.

(1) 第9条草案涉及一国可能仅为驱逐目的而剥夺国民国籍使其成为外国人的特定情况。

The Commission is of the view that such a deprivation of nationality, insofar as it has no other justification than the State’s desire to expel the individual, would be abusive, indeed arbitrary within the meaning of article 15, paragraph 2, of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

委员会认为，由于这种情况下的剥夺国籍只是因为国家想要驱逐有关个人，而没有其他理由，因此属于滥用权力，实际上构成《世界人权宣言》第十五条第(二)款意义范围内的任意剥夺。

 For this reason, the Commission decided to set forth in draft article 9 the prohibition of the deprivation of nationality for the sole purpose of expulsion.

 有鉴于此，委员会决定在第9条草案中规定，禁止仅为驱逐的目的剥夺国籍。  

(2) It would no doubt have been simpler to state, for example “A State may not deprive a national of his or her nationality for the sole purpose of expulsion.”

(2) 无疑可以采用更简单的行文，例如“一国不得仅为驱逐目的剥夺国民的国籍。  ”

However, the Commission preferred the current wording because the phrase “shall not make its national an alien, by deprivation of nationality”, in addition to linking the specific situation covered in the draft article to the topic of the expulsion of aliens, is expository in nature: it describes how a national of a State may become an alien in that State by means of deprivation of his or her nationality when the sole aim of that State is to expel the person concerned.

但委员会更倾向于当前的措辞，因为“不得通过剥夺国籍使其国民成为外国人”一语除了将条款草案涵盖的特定情况与驱逐外国人这一专题联系起来之外，还具有解释的性质：它说明一国国民如何可能在该国的唯一目的是将其驱逐的情况下，因被剥夺国籍而成为外国人。

(3) It should be clarified, however, that draft article 9 does not purport to limit the normal operation of legislation relating to the grant or loss of nationality; consequently, it should not be interpreted as affecting a State’s right to deprive an individual of its nationality on a ground that is provided for in its legislation.

(3) 但应当说明的是，第9条草案并不是要限制与授予或丧失国籍有关的立法的正常适用；因此，不应理解为它会影响一国以其立法中规定的理由剥夺其国民国籍的权利。

(4) Furthermore, draft article 9 does not address the issue of the expulsion by a State of its own nationals, which the Commission regarded as falling outside the scope of the draft articles, which deal solely with the expulsion of aliens.

(4) 另外，第9条草案并不涉及一国驱逐本国国民的问题，委员会认为该问题不属于本条款草案的范围，因为本条款草案只涉及驱逐外国人。

Article 10 Prohibition of collective expulsion

第10条 禁止集体驱逐

1. For the purposes of the present draft articles, collective expulsion means expulsion of aliens as a group.

1. 为本条款草案的目的，集体驱逐是指驱逐外国人群体。

2. The collective expulsion of aliens, including migrant workers and members of their families, is prohibited.

2. 禁止集体驱逐外国人，包括移徙工人及其家庭成员。

3. A State may expel concomitantly the members of a group of aliens, provided that the expulsion takes place after and on the basis of a reasonable and objective examination of the particular case of each individual member of the group.

3. 一国可同时驱逐某外国人群体的成员，条件是，驱逐是在对该群体的每位成员的具体情况进行了合理、客观的审查之后并在审查基础上进行。

4. The present draft article is without prejudice to the rules of international law applicable to the expulsion of aliens in the event of an armed conflict involving the expelling State.

4. 本条款草案不影响适用于在涉及驱逐国的武装冲突的情况下驱逐外国人的国际法规则。

Commentary

评注

(1) Paragraph 1 of draft article 10 contains a definition of collective expulsion for the purposes of the draft articles.

(1) 第10条草案第1款给出了本条款草案中集体驱逐的定义。

According to this definition, collective expulsion is understood to mean the expulsion of aliens “as a group”.

根据这一定义，集体驱逐被理解为是指驱逐外国人“群体”。

Only the “collective” aspect is addressed in this definition, which must be understood in the light of the general definition of expulsion contained in draft article 2, subparagraph (a).

此定义只涉及“集体”方面，必须结合第2条草案(a)项中驱逐的一般定义来理解。

(2) Paragraph 2 sets out the prohibition of the collective expulsion of aliens, including migrant workers and members of their families.

(2) 第2款规定禁止集体驱逐外国人，包括移徙工人及其家庭成员。

The Commission could not fail to include in the draft articles a prohibition that is expressly embodied in several international human rights treaties.

委员会不能不在本条款草案中列入一些国际人权条约所明确禁止的做法。

 At the universal level, the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families expressly prohibits the collective expulsion of these persons, providing, in article 22, paragraph 1, that “[m]igrant workers and members of their families shall not be subject to measures of collective expulsion.

 在国际层面，《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》明确禁止集体驱逐移徙工人及其家庭成员，该公约第22条第1款规定，“不得对移徙工人及其家庭成员采取集体驱逐的措施。

Each case of expulsion shall be examined and decided individually.”

对每一宗驱逐案件都应逐案审查和决定。”

At the regional level, the American Convention on Human Rights provides in article 22, paragraph 9, that “[t]he collective expulsion of aliens is prohibited”.

在区域层面，《美洲人权公约》第22条第9款规定，“禁止集体驱逐外国人。 ”

Article 4 of Protocol No. 4 to the European Convention on Human Rights  stipulates that “[c]ollective expulsion of aliens is prohibited”.

《欧洲人权公约第4号议定书》  第4条规定，“禁止集体驱逐外国人。 ”

Similarly, article 12, paragraph 5, of the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights provides that “[t]he mass expulsion of non-nationals shall be prohibited” and in the same provision defines this form of expulsion as “that which is aimed at national, racial, ethnic or religious groups”.

同样，《非洲人权和人民权利宪章》第12条第5款规定，“禁止大规模驱逐非国民”。 该款还将这种驱逐界定为“针对民族、种族、族裔或宗教群体的驱逐”。

Lastly, in article 26, paragraph 2, in fine, the Arab Charter on Human Rights states that “[c]ollective expulsion is prohibited under all circumstances”.

最后，《阿拉伯人权宪章》第26条第2款在末尾规定，“禁止任何情况下的集体驱逐”。

(3) Article 13 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights does not expressly prohibit collective expulsion.

(3) 《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第十三条没有明确禁止集体驱逐。

However, the Human Rights Committee expressed the opinion that such a form of expulsion would be contrary to the procedural guarantees to which aliens subject to expulsion are entitled.

但人权事务委员会认为，这种驱逐违反拟被驱逐的外国人所享有的程序性保障。

In its general comment No. 15 on the position of aliens under the Covenant, the Committee stated the following:

委员会在关于《公约》规定的外侨地位的第15号一般性意见中指出：

“Article 13 directly regulates only the procedure and not the substantive grounds for expulsion.

“第13条仅仅直接规定驱逐出境的程序，而非实质性理由。

However, by allowing only those carried out ‘in pursuance of a decision reached in accordance with law’, its purpose is clearly to prevent arbitrary expulsions.

但是，由于它规定只有‘按照依法作出的决定’才可以被驱逐出境，所以它的宗旨显然是为了防止任意驱逐出境。

On the other hand, it entitles each alien to a decision in his own case and, hence, article 13 would not be satisfied with laws or decisions providing for collective or mass expulsions.

另外一方面，它规定外侨均有权就其案件得到一种判决；因此，第13条就不容许关于集体或成批驱逐出境的法律或判决。

This understanding, in the opinion of the Committee, is confirmed by further provisions concerning the right to submit reasons against expulsion and to have the decision reviewed by and to be represented before the competent authority or someone designated by it.

委员会认为，此项了解可由下列的其他规定加以证实，即该条规定了提出反对驱逐出境的理由和使他的案件判决得到主管当局或由该当局所指定的人员进行复审，并为此目的而请人担任代表。

An alien must be given full facilities for pursuing his remedy against expulsion so that this right will in all the circumstances of his case be an effective one.

外侨必须能够获得有关寻求其反对驱逐出境的补救办法的充分的便利，以期有效行使他的全部诉讼权利。

The principles of article 13 relating to appeal against expulsion and the entitlement to review by a competent authority may only be departed from when ‘compelling reasons of national security’ so require.

只有在遇有“国家安全的紧迫原因另有要求”的情况下，才可能不适用第13条内有关反对驱逐出境的申诉权利和有关由主管当局进行复审的权利的原则。

Discrimination may not be made between different categories of aliens in the application of article 13.”

在适用第13条时，不得区别对待不同类别的外侨。

 (emphasis added)

”  (强调是后加的)

(4) The prohibition of the collective expulsion of aliens set out in paragraph 2 of the present draft article should be read in the light of paragraph 3, which elucidates it by specifying the conditions on the basis of which the members of a group of aliens may be expelled concomitantly without such a measure being regarded as a collective expulsion within the meaning of the draft articles.

(4) 本条草案第2款规定的禁止集体驱逐外国人应结合第3款来理解，后者对这种禁止作了阐述，规定了一国同时驱逐某外国人群体成员而不会被认为是本条款草案意义范围内的集体驱逐的条件。

The criterion adopted for this purpose is the reasonable and objective examination of the particular case of each member of the group.

在这方面采用的标准是，对该群体每位成员的具体情况进行了合理、客观的审查。

This criterion is informed by the case law of the European Court of Human Rights.

这项标准参照了欧洲人权法院的判例法。

 It is a criterion that the Special Rapporteur on the rights of non-citizens, of the Commission on Human Rights, Mr. David Weissbrodt, had also endorsed in his final report of 2003.

 人权委员会非公民权利问题特别报告员戴维·魏斯布罗特先生在其2003年的最后报告中也赞成这种标准。  

(5) Paragraph 4 of draft article 10 contains a “without prejudice” clause referring to situations of armed conflict.

(5) 第10条草案第4款是一项“不影响”条款，提到武装冲突情况。

Some members of the Commission are of the view that the prohibition of collective expulsion applies even in times of armed conflict and that possible exceptions to such a prohibition could be contemplated only in respect of aliens who are nationals of a State engaged in an armed conflict with the State in whose territory they are present — not to other aliens present in the territory of that State — and only if they are engaged as a group in activities that endanger the security of the State.

有些委员会委员认为，禁止集体驱逐的规定甚至在武装冲突时期也适用，只有当所涉外国人是同其所在国发生武装冲突的一国的国民――而不是前一国境内的其他外国人――并且作为一个群体从事威胁其所在国安全的活动时，才能设想这项禁止可能的例外情形。

According to a different view expressed in the Commission, under current international law a State would generally have the right to expel collectively the nationals of another State with which it is engaged in an armed conflict.

委员会中所持的另一种观点是，根据现行国际法，一国通常有权集体驱逐同其发生武装冲突的另一国的国民。

Furthermore, the point had been made that the issue of the expulsion of aliens in times of armed conflict was very complex and that the Commission should not elaborate rules that might not be entirely compatible with those of international humanitarian law.

还有人认为，武装冲突时期驱逐外国人的问题十分复杂，委员会不应拟订可能与国际人道主义法不完全一致的规则。

In the light of those difficulties, the Commission eventually opted for the inclusion, in the draft article on the prohibition of collective expulsion, of a “without prejudice” clause, formulated broadly so as to cover any rules of international law that might be applicable to the expulsion of aliens in the event of an armed conflict involving the expelling State.

鉴于这些困难，委员会最终选择在禁止集体驱逐的条款草案中列入一项范围广泛的“不影响”条款，以涵盖可能适用于在涉及驱逐国的武装冲突的情况下驱逐外国人的任何国际法规则。

Article 11 Prohibition of disguised expulsion

第11条 禁止变相驱逐

1. Any form of disguised expulsion of an alien is prohibited.

1. 禁止以任何形式变相驱逐外国人。

2. For the purposes of these draft articles, disguised expulsion means the forcible departure of an alien from a State resulting indirectly from actions or omissions of the State, including situations where the State supports or tolerates acts committed by its nationals or other persons, with the intention of provoking the departure of aliens from its territory.

2. 为本条款草案的目的，变相驱逐是指由于国家的作为或不作为所造成的间接后果，外国人被迫离开该国，包括国家支持或容许其国民或其他人实施意图促使外国人离境的行为。

Commentary

评注

(1) Draft article 11 is intended to indicate that a State does not have the right to utilize disguised or indirect means or techniques in order to bring about the same result that it could obtain through the adoption of a formal expulsion decision, namely to compel an alien to depart from its territory.

(1) 第11条草案意在指出，一国无权利用任何变相或间接手段或方法来取得与作出正式的驱逐决定所能取得的同样结果，即将一外国人驱逐出本国国境。

 In the legal literature in English,  the term “constructive expulsion” is sometimes used to designate methods of expulsion other than the adoption of a formal decision as such.

 在英文法律文献中，  “推定驱逐”一词有时是指除作出正式驱逐决定以外的其他驱逐方法。

The Commission considered, however, that it was difficult to find a satisfactory equivalent of the term “constructive expulsion” in other languages, particularly French, as the term might carry an undesirable positive connotation.

但委员会认为，很难在其他语言特别是法语中找到一个令人满意的、与“推定驱逐”相对等的词语，因为该词可能含有不应有的积极含义。

Consequently, the Commission opted in this context for the term “disguised expulsion”.

因此，委员会在这里选用了“变相驱逐”一词。

(2) Paragraph 1 of draft article 11 sets out the prohibition of any form of disguised expulsion, thus expressing the Commission’s conviction that such conduct is prohibited under international law regardless of the form it takes or the methods employed.

(2) 第11条草案第1款规定，禁止以任何形式变相驱逐外国人，从而表明委员会确信这种行为是国际法所禁止的，而不论其采取何种形式或方法。

This is because, in essence, disguised expulsion infringes the human rights of the alien in question, including the procedural rights referred to in Part Four of the draft articles.

原因在于，从本质上讲，变相驱逐侵犯了所涉外国人的人权，包括本条款草案第四部分提及的程序权利。

(3) Draft article 11, paragraph 2, contains a definition of disguised expulsion that focuses on what characterizes it.

(3) 第11条草案第2款载有变相驱逐的定义，并侧重于其特点。

The specificity lies in the fact that the expelling State, without adopting a formal expulsion decision, engages in conduct intended to produce and actually producing the same result, namely the forcible departure of an alien from its territory.

变相驱逐的特点是，驱逐国在未作出正式驱逐决定的情况下，实施了意在产生并且实际上也产生了相同结果的行为，即外国人被迫离开该国。

The element of détournement is conveyed by the adverb “indirectly” that qualifies the occurrence of an alien’s departure as a result of the conduct of the State.

这种间接性是通过对因国家行为造成外国人离境的情况予以修饰的“间接”一词来传达的。

The last phrase of paragraph 2 is intended to indicate that the notion of “disguised expulsion” covers only situations in which the forcible departure of an alien is the intentional result of actions or omissions attributable to the State.

第2款的最后一句旨在表明，“变相驱逐”的概念只涵盖外国人被迫离开是国家的作为或不作为“意图产生的结果”这种情况。

The State’s intention to provoke an alien’s departure from its territory, which is inherent in the definition of expulsion in general, thus remains a decisive factor when expulsion occurs in a disguised form.

因此，驱逐的一般定义中所必然包含的国家促使外国人离境的意图仍然是变相驱逐的决定性因素。

(4) The definition of disguised expulsion, based on the elements of “compulsion” and “intention”, appears consistent with the criteria applied in this regard by the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal, which had before it a number of claims relating to situations of the same nature as those envisaged in draft article 11.

(4) 以“驱逐”和“意图”等要素为基础的变相驱逐的定义似与伊朗－美国索赔法庭在这方面适用的定义相一致，该法庭受理了许多性质与第11条草案设想的情况相类似的案件。

The two essential elements of the notion of “disguised expulsion” that emerge from the relevant decisions of the Tribunal have been summarized as follows:

从该法庭的相关裁决中得出的“变相驱逐”概念的两个基本要素被概述如下：

“Such cases would seem to presuppose at least (1) that the circumstances in the country of residence are such that the alien cannot reasonably be regarded as having any real choice, and (2) that behind the events or acts leading to the departure there is an intention of having the alien ejected and these acts, moreover, are attributable to the State in accordance with principles of state responsibility.”

“这些案件似乎至少假定：(1) 根据居住国的情况，无法合理地认为外国人可作任何真正选择；(2) 在导致离开的事件或行为背后，有驱逐外国人的意图，而且按照国家责任原则，这些行为属于国家行为。

”

(5) The approach taken by the Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims Commission seems to follow the same lines.

(5) 厄立特里亚－埃塞俄比亚索赔委员会采用的办法似乎基于同样的思路。

The Commission considered the claim of Ethiopia that Eritrea was responsible for “indirect” or “constructive” expulsions of Ethiopians that were contrary to international law.

委员会审议了埃塞俄比亚的申诉，埃塞俄比亚称，厄立特里亚应对违反国际法而“间接”或“推定”驱逐埃塞俄比亚人的行为负责。

The Commission rejected certain claims after finding that the Ethiopians in question had not been expelled by the Government of Eritrea or made to leave by Government policy; instead, they had left the country for other reasons, such as economic factors or upheavals brought about by war, for which Eritrea could not be held responsible.

委员会拒绝了某些索赔要求，认定有关埃塞俄比亚人并未遭到厄立特里亚政府的驱逐，或者是因政府政策而被迫离开，他们是由于其他原因，例如经济因素或战争造成的动荡而离开该国的，对这些原因厄立特里亚无须负责。

The Commission noted that free consent seemed to have prevailed in these situations.

委员会注意到这些情况似有自愿同意的特点。

“91. Ethiopia contended that Eritrea was internationally responsible for the damages suffered by every Ethiopian who left Eritrea during the period covered by its claims, including those not expelled by direct government action.

“91. 埃塞俄比亚称，厄立特里亚应对索赔要求涵盖期间内离开厄立特里亚的每一个埃塞俄比亚人所遭受的损害负国际责任，其中包括不是被政府直接行动驱逐的人。

Many departures were claimed to be ‘indirect’ or ‘constructive’ expulsions resulting from unlawful Eritrean Government actions and policies causing hostile social and economic conditions aimed at Ethiopians.

它称许多离开是‘间接’或‘推定’驱逐，是厄立特里亚政府的非法行动和政策造成针对埃塞俄比亚人的社会和经济环境的结果。

Ethiopia also contended that the physical conditions of departures often were unnecessarily harsh and dangerous.

埃塞俄比亚还称，离开时的物质条件往往十分恶劣和危险。

Eritrea denied that it was legally responsible for the Ethiopians’ departures, contending that they reflected individual choices freely made by the persons concerned.

厄立特里亚否认它对埃塞俄比亚人的离开负有法律责任，声称离开反映了相关人员自由作出的个人选择。

92. The great majority of Ethiopians who left Eritrea did so after May 2000; claims regarding the conditions of their departures are analyzed below.

92. 离开厄立特里亚的大多数埃塞俄比亚人是在2000年5月之后离开的；关于他们离开时的环境的各种说法，在下文予以分析。

As to those who departed earlier, the evidence indicates that an initial wave of 20,000 to 25,000 departures in 1998 largely resulted from economic factors.

至于在此之前离开的埃塞俄比亚人，证据显示，第一批20,000至25,000人是在1998年离开的，主要是因为经济因素。

Many were port workers, most from Assab, unemployed after Eritrean ports stopped handling cargo to and from Ethiopia.

许多人是港口工人，大部分来自阿萨布，在厄立特里亚港口停止装卸往来埃塞俄比亚的货物后失业。

A 1999 Amnesty International report in the record estimated that the closing of Assab port cost 30,000 jobs; Amnesty reported that none of the returnees it interviewed in Ethiopia during this period said that he or she had been expelled.

所记录的一份大赦国际1999年的报告估计，关闭阿萨布港导致丧失了30,000份工作；大赦国际报告说，这段期间它曾在埃塞俄比亚询问回返者，没有一个说自己是被驱逐的。

A few thousand more Ethiopians left Eritrea during 1999; the evidence indicates that these too were mostly economically motivated.

1999年，又有几千埃塞俄比亚人离开厄立特里亚；证据显示这些人绝大部分都是因为经济原因离开的。

A second Amnesty report cited more than 3,000 Ethiopians who returned to Ethiopia in early 1999 due to unemployment, homelessness or reasons related to the war.

大赦国际第二份报告指出，1999年初，有3,000多埃塞俄比亚人因为失业、无家可归或与战争有关的一些原因返回埃塞俄比亚。

Amnesty felt these did not appear to have been expelled by the Eritrean Government or due to government policy.

大赦国际认为，他们似乎不是被厄立特里亚政府驱逐或者因为政府政策而离开的。

The December 2001 UNICEF/WAT Study in Ethiopia’s evidence also highlights the economic motivation of departures during this period.

2001年12月，儿童基金会/WAT关于埃塞俄比亚证据的研究报告也着重指出了此段期间离开的经济动机。

93. The Commission appreciates that there was a spectrum of ‘voluntariness’ in Ethiopian departures from Eritrea in 1999 and early 2000.

93. 委员会注意到，1999年和2000年埃塞俄比亚人离开厄立特里亚，具有‘自愿性’色彩。

Ethiopian declarants described growing economic difficulties, family separations, harassment and sporadic discrimination and even attacks at the hands of Eritrean civilians.

埃塞俄比亚申诉者陈述了经济困难日增、家庭离散、骚扰和偶尔遭到厄立特里亚公民歧视甚至攻击的情况。

However, the Commission is also struck that only about 70 declarations and claim forms specifically described leaving in 1998 and 1999, and of these, fewer than 20 declarants seemed to consider themselves ‘expelled or deported’.

但是，委员会还惊讶地注意到，只有大约70份申诉和索赔表具体申明是在1998和1999年离开，其中只有不到20名的申诉者似乎认为自己是‘被驱逐或被递解出境’。

94. The Commission concludes from the evidence that departures of Ethiopians before May 2000 in very large measure resulted from economic or other causes, many reflecting economic and social dislocation due to the war, for which the Government of Eritrea was not legally responsible.

94. 委员会根据证据断定，2000年5月之前，埃塞俄比亚人的离开在很大程度上是因为经济或其他原因，其中许多原因反映出战争造成的经济和社会失调，对这些原因厄立特里亚政府不承担任何法律责任。

95. The evidence suggests that the trip back to Ethiopia or to other destinations for those who elected to depart during this period could be harsh, particularly for those who left Assab to return to Ethiopia across the desert.

95. 证据显示，此段期间选择离开的人在回返埃塞俄比亚或前往其他目的地的路程中，可能遭遇恶劣环境，特别是对那些离开阿萨布，通过沙漠回返埃塞俄比亚的人而言。

However, the evidence does not establish that this was the result of actions or omissions by Eritrea for which it is responsible.

但是，没有证据证明，这是由于厄立特里亚应负责任的作为或不作为所造成的。

Accordingly, Ethiopia’s claims in this respect are dismissed.”

因此，驳回埃塞俄比亚关于这一方面的索赔要求。

”

In considering subsequent expulsions, the Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims Commission emphasized the high legal threshold for responsibility based on the jurisprudence of the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal.

在审议随后的驱逐时，厄立特里亚－埃塞俄比亚索赔委员会着重指出，根据伊朗－美国索赔法庭的判例，对推定驱逐的责任规定的法律门槛很高。

The Commission concluded that Ethiopia had failed to meet the high legal threshold for proof of such claims as follows:

委员会得出结论认为，埃塞俄比亚在这些索赔的举证方面，未能达到高法律门槛的要求。

“126. Ethiopia also contended that those who left between May 2000 and December 2000 were victims of unlawful indirect or constructive expulsion.

理由如下： “126. 埃塞俄比亚又称，在2000年5月至2000年12月之间离开的人，是非法间接驱逐或推定驱逐的受害者。

The Parties expressed broadly similar understanding of the law bearing on these claims.

当事双方对这些索赔的适用法律表示了大致相同的了解。

Both cited the jurisprudence of the Iran-U.S. Claims Tribunal, which establishes a high threshold for liability for constructive expulsion.

双方都引用了伊朗－美国索赔法庭的判例，其中对推定驱逐的赔偿责任规定了较高的门槛。

That Tribunal’s constructive expulsion awards require that those who leave a country must have experienced dire or threatening conditions so extreme as to leave no realistic alternative to departure.

该法庭关于推定驱逐的赔偿判决要求符合如下条件：离开一国的人必须经历极端严峻或具有威胁性的处境，以致除离开外别无任何其他实际可行办法。

These conditions must result from actions or policies of the host government, or be clearly attributable to that government.

这些处境必须是由于东道国政府的行动或政策所造成的，或明显可归于该国政府的行为。

Finally, the government’s actions must have been taken with the intention of causing the aliens to depart.

最后，该国政府必须已采取这些行动，立意要使外国人离开。

127. The evidence does not meet these tests.

127. 证据未能通过这些检验。

Post-war Eritrea was a difficult economic environment for Ethiopians and Eritreans both, but the Eritrean Government did not intentionally create generalized economic adversity in order to drive away Ethiopians.

厄立特里亚战后的经济环境，对埃塞俄比亚人和厄立特里亚人都是非常困难的，但厄立特里亚政府并不是刻意造成普遍经济困难的环境，以赶走埃塞俄比亚人。

The Commission notes that the Government of Eritrea took actions in the summer of 2000 that were detrimental to many Ethiopians’ economic interests and that there was anti-Ethiopian public opinion and harassment.

委员会注意到厄立特里亚政府曾在2000年夏采取一些损害许多埃塞俄比亚人经济利益的行动，同时也有一些反埃塞俄比亚人的舆论和骚扰行为。

Nevertheless, many Ethiopians in Eritrea evidently saw alternatives to departure and elected to remain or to defer their departures.

但是许多在厄立特里亚的埃塞俄比亚人显然有不离开的其他办法，他们选择了留下或推迟离开。

Given the totality of the record, the Commission concludes that the claim of wide-scale constructive expulsion does not meet the high legal threshold for proof of such a claim.”

根据整个记录，委员会得出结论认为，对大规模推定驱逐提出的索赔，在举证方面，不符高法律门槛的要求。

”

(6) The Commission considered whether among the acts of a State that might constitute disguised expulsion within the meaning of draft article 11 it should also include support or tolerance shown by the State towards acts committed individually or collectively by private persons.

(6) 委员会审议了在可能构成第11条草案意义范围内的变相驱逐的国家行为中，是否应包括国家支持或容许个人单独或集体实施的行为的问题。

 Some members of the Committee were of the view that it would be problematic to include that kind of situation in the definition of disguised expulsion.

 有些委员会委员认为，将这种情况列入变相驱逐的定义会产生问题。

However, the Commission considered that support or tolerance shown by a State towards acts committed by private persons could fall within the scope of the prohibition of disguised expulsion if such support or tolerance constituted “actions or omissions of the State … with the intention of provoking the departure of aliens from its territory”.

但委员会认为，一国对个人行为的支持或容许如果构成“国家意图促使外国人离境的作为或不作为，”则属于禁止变相驱逐的范围。

In other words, such support or tolerance on the part of the expelling State must be assessed according to the criterion of the specific intention to which the last phrase of paragraph 2 refers.

换言之，必须根据第2款最后一句提到的具体意图标准来评估驱逐国的这种支持或容许。

It is understood that a particularly high threshold should be set for this purpose when it is a matter of mere tolerance unaccompanied by definite actions of support on the part of the State for the acts of private persons.

委员会认为，如果仅仅是容许的问题，国家并没有对个人行为采取决定性的支持行动，则应为此设定特别高的标准。

(7) The Commission considers that the situation of support or tolerance towards acts of private persons could involve acts committed by either nationals of the State in question or aliens present in the territory of that State.

(7) 委员会认为，支持或容许个人行为的情况可能涉及有关国家的国民或在该国境内居住的外国人所实施的行为。

That is what is meant by the phrase “its nationals or other persons”, which, moreover, covers both natural and legal persons.

这正是“其国民或其他人”一语的所指，其中不仅包括自然人，也包括法人。

Article 12 Prohibition of expulsion for purposes of confiscation of assets

第12条 禁止以没收财产为目的驱逐外国人

The expulsion of an alien for the purpose of confiscating his or her assets is prohibited.

禁止以没收财产为目的驱逐外国人。

Commentary

评注

(1) Draft article 12 sets out the prohibition of confiscatory expulsions, that is, expulsions with the aim of unlawfully depriving an alien of his or her assets.

(1) 第12条草案规定，禁止没收性的驱逐，即以非法剥夺外国人的财产为目的的驱逐。

 The unlawful confiscation of property may well be the undeclared aim of an expulsion.

 非法剥夺财产很可能是驱逐的非公开目的。

“For example, the ‘right’ of expulsion may be exercised … in order to expropriate the alien’s property … In such cases the exercise of the power cannot remain untainted by the ulterior and illegal purposes.”

“例如，行使驱逐‘权’的动机可能是…为了没收外国人的财产…在这些情况下，权力的行使不可能不受险恶和非法目的的影响。 ”

 The Commission considers that such expulsions, to which some States have resorted in the past,  are unlawful from the perspective of contemporary international law.

 委员会认为，从现代国际法的角度看，有些国家过去采用的这种驱逐办法是非法的。

Aside from the fact that the grounds for such expulsions appear unsound,  it must be said that they are incompatible with the fundamental principle set out in the Declaration on the Human Rights of Individuals Who are not Nationals of the Country in which They Live, adopted by the General Assembly in 1985, which states: “No alien shall be arbitrarily deprived of his or her lawfully acquired assets.”

这种驱逐除了理由似乎不足外，  还必须指出，它们也不符合大会1985年通过的《非居住国国民个人人权宣言》所载的基本原则，该宣言指出：“不得任意剥夺任何外国人合法取得的财产”。

(2) In addition, an expulsion for the sole purpose of confiscation of the assets of the alien in question implicates the right to property as recognized in various human rights treaties.

(2) 此外，仅以剥夺所涉外国人的财产为目的进行驱逐涉及各种人权条约所确认的财产权。

Article 13 Prohibition of the resort to expulsion in order to circumvent an extradition procedure

第13条 禁止为规避引渡程序而诉诸驱逐

A State shall not resort to expulsion in order to circumvent an ongoing extradition procedure.

一国不得为了规避正在进行的引渡程序而诉诸驱逐。

Commentary

评注

(1) Draft article 13 sets out in general terms the prohibition against resorting to expulsion in order to circumvent an extradition procedure.

(1) 第13条草案一般性地规定，不得为了规避正在进行的引渡程序而诉诸驱逐。

 One could speak of “disguised extradition” in this context.

 在这方面可以提到“变相驱逐”。

 As the wording of draft article 13 clearly indicates, the prohibition in question applies only as long as the extradition procedure is ongoing, in other words, from the moment at which the State in the territory of which the alien is present receives from another State a request for extradition in respect of the alien until a definitive decision is taken and enforced by the competent authorities of the first State on the request for extradition.

 第13条草案的措辞明确表明，这种禁止只有当引渡程序正在进行时才适用，换言之，即从该外国人所在国从另一国接到引渡该外国人的请求之时起，到前一国的主管当局就引渡请求作出最后决定并实施为止。

(2) The Commission considered whether the content of draft article 13 should be made more specific by stating, for example, that when a State requested a person’s extradition, the person could not be expelled either to the requesting State or to a third State with an interest in extraditing the person to the requesting State as long as the extradition process had not been completed, except for reasons of national security or public order.

(2) 委员会审议了是否应使第13条草案的内容更加具体的问题，例如规定，在一国请求引渡一人时，只要引渡程序没有完成，除非出于国家安全或公共秩序的原因，不得将该人引渡到请求国或希望该人被引渡到请求国的第三国。

 While some members were in favour of such wording, others considered that it would be better if the draft article focused on the element of circumvention without setting out in absolute terms a prohibition against expelling the alien in question throughout the entire extradition procedure.

 虽然有些委员倾向于这种措辞，但另一些委员认为，本条草案最好侧重于规避要素，而不是绝对禁止在整个引渡程序中驱逐所涉外国人。

The point was also made in that context that reasons other than national security, such as a breach of immigration law, could in some cases justify the expulsion of an alien subject to a request for extradition without necessarily leading to the conclusion that the expulsion was intended to circumvent an extradition procedure.

对此还有人认为，在有些情况下，除国家安全以外的其他原因，例如违反了移民法，也可作为驱逐被请求引渡的外国人的理由，而未必得出这种驱逐意在规避引渡程序的结论。

Part Three Protection of the rights of aliens subject to expulsion

第三部分 保护拟被驱逐的外国人的权利

Chapter I General provisions

第一章 一般规定

Article 14 Obligation to respect the human dignity and human rights of aliens subject to expulsion

第14条 尊重拟被驱逐的外国人的人格尊严和人权的义务

1. All aliens subject to expulsion shall be treated with humanity and with respect for the inherent dignity of the human person at all stages of the expulsion process.

1. 在驱逐过程的所有阶段，拟被驱逐的所有外国人均应得到人道的和尊重人的固有尊严的待遇。

2. They are entitled to respect for their human rights, including those set out in the present draft articles.

2. 他们有权得到对其人权、包括本条款草案所述人权的尊重。

Commentary

评注

(1) Draft article 14, paragraph 1, sets out the obligation of the expelling State to treat all aliens subject to expulsion with humanity and respect for the inherent dignity of the human person at all stages of the expulsion process.

(1) 第14条草案第1款规定驱逐国在驱逐过程的所有阶段，有义务对拟被驱逐的所有外国人给予人道和尊重人的固有尊严的待遇。

The wording of this paragraph is taken from article 10 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which deals with the situation of persons deprived of their liberty.

该款的措辞取自《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》关于被剥夺自由者的处境的第十条。

The addition in fine of the phrase “at all stages of the expulsion process” is intended to underline the general nature of the obligation in question, which covers all stages of the process that can lead to the adoption of an expulsion decision and its implementation, including, in some cases, the imposition of restrictive or custodial measures.

添加“驱逐过程的所有阶段”一语是为了强调这项义务的一般性质，它涵盖可能会致使作出并执行驱逐决定的整个过程的所有阶段，在有些情况下，还包括采取限制性或关押措施。

(2) Divergent views were expressed by members of the Commission as to whether human dignity was a specific human right in addition to being the foundation or source of inspiration for human rights in general.

(2) 委员会委员就人的尊严除了是所有人权的基础或灵感源泉以外，是否也属于一项具体人权表达了不同看法。

The Commission deemed it appropriate to set out in draft article 14 the general principle of respect for the dignity of any alien subject to expulsion, also taking into account the fact that aliens were not infrequently subjected to humiliating treatment in the course of the expulsion process that was offensive to their dignity as human beings, without necessarily amounting to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment.

委员会认为适当的做法是在第14条草案中规定尊重拟被驱逐的任何外国人尊严的基本原则，同时考虑到外国人在驱逐过程中经常遭受侮辱性待遇的事实，这种待遇侵犯了他们作为人的尊严，却不一定构成残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇。

(3) The phrase “the inherent dignity of the human person”, drawn from article 10 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, is intended to make it clear that the dignity referred to in this draft article is to be understood as an attribute that is inherent in every human being, as opposed to a subjective notion of dignity, which might depend on the preferences or sensitivity of a particular person or vary according to cultural factors.

(3) “人的固有尊严”一语借鉴了《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第十条，意在说明本条草案中所指的尊严应被理解为每个人所固有的一种属性，而不是主观性的尊严概念，后者可能取决于具体的人的偏好或敏感性，并因文化而异。

(4) Draft article 14, paragraph 2, simply recalls that all aliens subject to expulsion are entitled to respect for their human rights.

(4) 第14条草案第2款简单地指出，拟被驱逐的所有外国人均有权得到对其人权的尊重。

 The word “including”, which precedes the reference to the rights mentioned in the draft articles, is intended to make it clear that the specific mention of some rights in the draft articles is justified only because of their particular relevance in the context of expulsion; their mention should not be understood as implying in any way that respect for those rights is more important than respect for other human rights not mentioned in the draft articles.

 提及本条款草案所述权利的文字之前的“包括”一词旨在说明，本条款草案具体提到某些权利，只是因为它们在驱逐情况下特别相关，而绝不应被理解为暗指尊重这些权利比尊重条款草案中未提到的其他权利重要。

It goes without saying that the expelling State is required, in respect of an alien subject to expulsion, to meet all the obligations incumbent upon it concerning the protection of human rights, both by virtue of international conventions to which it is a party and by virtue of general international law.

不言而喻，对于拟被驱逐的外国人，驱逐国必须遵守它所承担的与保护人权有关的所有义务，无论是其加入的国际公约所规定的义务，还是一般国际法赋予的义务。

That said, mention should be made in particular in this context of the Declaration on the Human Rights of Individuals Who are not Nationals of the Country in which They Live, adopted by the General Assembly on 13 December 1985.

尽管如此，在这里应特别提及大会1985年12月13日通过的《非居住国公民个人人权宣言》。  

Article 15 Obligation not to discriminate

第15条 不歧视的义务

1. The State shall exercise its right to expel aliens without discrimination of any kind on grounds such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national, ethnic or social origin, property, birth or other status, or any other ground impermissible under international law.

1. 国家在行使对外国人的驱逐权时，不得以种族、肤色、性别、语言、宗教、政治或其他见解、民族、族裔或社会出身、财产、出生或其他身份为由或以国际法不容许的任何其他理由进行任何歧视。

2. Such non-discrimination shall also apply to the enjoyment by aliens subject to expulsion of their human rights, including those set out in the present draft articles.

2. 这种不歧视也适用于拟被驱逐的外国人对其人权包括本条款草案所述人权的享受。

Commentary

评注

(1) Draft article 15 concerns the obligation not to discriminate in the context of the expulsion of aliens.

(1) 第15条草案涉及驱逐外国人方面的不歧视义务。

 The obligation not to discriminate is set out, in varying formulations, in the major universal and regional human rights instruments.

 主要的国际和区域人权文书以不同的表述方式规定了不歧视义务。

 This obligation has also been recognized in case law concerning expulsion.

 有关驱逐问题的判例法也确认了这项义务。

It was for example, stated in general terms by the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal in the Rankin case:

例如，伊朗－美国索赔法庭在Rankin的案件中笼统地指出：

“A claimant alleging expulsion has the burden of proving the wrongfulness of the expelling State’s action, in other words that it was arbitrary, discriminatory, or in breach of the expelling State’s treaty obligations.”

“声称被驱逐的申诉人负有举证责任，证明驱逐国的行为非法，换言之，证明驱逐是任意性的、歧视性的或者违背了驱逐国的条约义务。 ”

Also noteworthy is the Mauritian women case, in which the Human Rights Committee considered that there had been a violation of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights because the law in question introduced discrimination on the ground of sex by protecting the wives of Mauritian men against expulsion while not affording such protection to the husbands of Mauritian women.

同样值得注意的是毛里求斯妇女案件，在该案中，人权事务委员会认为违反《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》的情况成立，因为有关法律存在基于性别的歧视，只保护毛里求斯籍男子的妻子免遭驱逐，却不为毛里求斯籍妇女的丈夫提供这种保护。  

The European Court of Human Rights took the same position that the Human Rights Committee had taken in the aforementioned Mauritian women case in its judgment of 28 May 1985 in the Abdulaziz, Cabales and Balkandali case.

欧洲人权法院在1985年5月28日就Abdulaziz、Cabales和Balkandali案作出的判决中，与人权事务委员会在上述毛里求斯妇女案中所持的立场相同。

 The Court held unanimously that article 14 of the European Convention on Human Rights had been violated by reason of discrimination against each of the applicants on the ground of sex: unlike male immigrants settled in the United Kingdom, the applicants did not have the right, in the same situation, to obtain permission for their non-national spouses to enter or remain in the country for settlement.

 该法院一致认为，存在违反《欧洲人权公约》第14条的情况，因为每个申诉人都受到了基于性别理由的歧视：与在联合王国定居的男性移民不同，这些申诉人在相同情况下，无权为其非国民配偶获得进入该国或在该国定居的许可。

After having stated that “advancement of the equality of the sexes is today a major goal in the member States of the Council of Europe”, the Court held that “very weighty reasons would have to be advanced before a difference of treatment on the ground of sex could be regarded as compatible with the Convention”.

法院指出，“实现两性平等是欧洲委员会成员国当前的重要目标”，认为“只有在理由十分充足时才可以认为，基于性别的区别对待与公约相符”。

 It also emphasized that article 14 was concerned with the “avoidance of discrimination in the enjoyment of the Convention rights in so far as the requirements of the Convention as to those rights can be complied with in different ways”.

 法院还强调，第14条的目的是“在可以不同方式遵守《公约》规定的权利情况下，防止在享受《公约》权利方面出现歧视”。

 On the other hand, it held that in the current case, the fact that applicable rules affected “fewer white people than others” was not a sufficient reason to consider them as racist in character as they “did not contain regulations differentiating between persons or groups on the ground of their race or ethnic origin”.

 另一方面，法院认为，在此案中，所适用的规则“对白人的影响小于对其他人的影响”，并不能构成认为该规则有种族主义性质的充分理由，因为它“不包含基于种族或族裔出身区别对待个人或群体的条款”。  

(2) Draft article 15, paragraph 1, sets out the prohibition of discrimination in the exercise by a State of its right to expel aliens.

(2) 第15条草案第1款规定，国家在行使对外国人的驱逐权时，不得进行歧视。

As the prohibition of discrimination applies to the exercise of the right of expulsion, it covers both the decision to expel or not to expel and the procedures relating to the adoption of an expulsion decision and its possible implementation.

因禁止歧视适用于驱逐权的使用，这项规定既涵盖驱逐或不驱逐的决定，也涵盖与作出驱逐决定及其可能的执行有关的程序。

Moreover, the general scope of the obligation not to discriminate is confirmed by the content of paragraph 2 of the draft article, which indicates that the non-discrimination shall also apply to the enjoyment by aliens subject to expulsion of their human rights, including the rights mentioned in the present draft articles.

另外，本条草案第2款的内容也证实了不歧视义务的一般性，该款指出，这种不歧视也适用于拟被驱逐的外国人对其人权包括本条款草案所述人权的享受。

(3) The list of prohibited grounds for discrimination contained in draft article 15 is based on the list included in article 2, paragraph 1, of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, with the addition of the ground of “ethnic origin” and a reference to “any other ground impermissible under international law”.

(3) 第15条草案所列的禁止歧视的理由基于《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第二条第1款所列理由，并添加了“族裔出身”和“国际法不容许的任何其他理由”。

In the view of the Commission, the express mention of “ethnic origin” in the draft article is justified because of the undisputed nature of the prohibition in contemporary international law of discrimination on this ground and in view of the particular relevance of ethnic issues in the context of the expulsion of aliens.

委员会认为，在本条草案中明确提到“族裔出身”是合理的，因为现代国际法对以此为由的歧视所作的禁止具有不可辩驳性，而且族裔问题与驱逐外国人特别相关。

The reference to “any other ground impermissible under international law” clearly indicates the non-exhaustive nature of the list of prohibited grounds for discrimination included in draft article 15.

“国际法不容许的任何其他理由”这一提法明确表明，第15条草案所列的禁止歧视的理由并不是详尽无遗的。

(4) Whereas some Commission members proposed to expand the list of grounds for discrimination to include sexual orientation and/or belonging to a minority, other members were opposed.

(4) 虽然有些委员会委员随后提议扩大所列歧视理由的范围，将性取向和/或属于少数群体也包括在内，但另一些成员对此表示反对。

It was noted in particular that an express reference to certain additional grounds might be interpreted as an implicit exclusion of other grounds.

有人特别指出，明确提到更多理由可能会被解释为隐含性地排除其他理由。

(5) Some Commission members were of the view that the prohibition of any discrimination on the ground of sexual orientation was already established under positive international law or that there was at the very least a trend in that direction in international practice and case law  that would justify as a matter of progressive development the inclusion of sexual orientation among the prohibited grounds for discrimination.

(5) 有些委员会委员认为，禁止任何以性取向为由的歧视，这在实在国际法中已经确立，国际习惯法和判例法至少也有这方面的趋势，  从而表明有必要逐步将性取向列为所禁止的歧视理由之一。

Other Commission members considered that the issue remained controversial and that the prohibition of discrimination on the ground of sexual orientation was not universally recognized, particularly in view of the practice of a number of States that punished, sometimes quite severely, homosexual behaviour, and the absence of the mention of such a ground for discrimination in the texts of universal and regional instruments for the protection of human rights.

另一些委员会委员认为，这一问题仍有争议，禁止以性取向为由的歧视并未得到普遍承认，特别是因为有些国家存在对同性性行为予以处罚、有时甚至是严厉处罚的做法，而且国际和区域人权保护文书中都没有提到这种歧视理由。

In any case, insofar as, according to the interpretation by the Human Rights Committee of the reference to “sex” in articles 2, paragraph 1, and 26 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the notion includes sexual orientation,  some members were of the view that it was not necessary to mention sexual orientation as a distinct ground among the discriminatory grounds based on sex, as this would be likely to lead to confusion or redundancy.

无论如何，只要根据人权事务委员会对《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第二条第1款和第二十六条中提及的“性别”一词的解释，这一概念包括性取向，  一些委员认为没有必要在各种基于性别的歧视理由中单单提及性取向，因为这可能会造成混淆或重复。

(6) The need to recognize possible exceptions to the obligation not to discriminate based on nationality was mentioned by some members of the Commission.

(6) 有些委员会委员认为，需要确认不以国籍为由进行歧视义务的可能例外情形。

They referred in that regard to associations of States such as the European Union, which are characterized by the establishment of a regime of freedom of movement by their citizens.

关于这一点，他们提到国家联盟如欧洲联盟，这些联盟的特点是建立了公民自由迁徙制度。

(7) On reflection, the Commission considered that the reference in the draft article to “any other ground impermissible under international law” took sufficient account of those various concerns.

(7) 委员会经考虑后认为，在本条草案中提及“国际法不容许的任何其他理由”就已充分考虑到上述各种关切。

On the one hand, the formulation adopted makes it possible to capture any legal development concerning prohibited grounds for discrimination that might have occurred since the adoption of the Covenant.

一方面，所采用的表述使得可以涵盖自《公约》通过以来可能在禁止歧视理由方面取得的任何法律进展。

On the other hand, it also preserves the possibility for States to establish among themselves special legal regimes based on the principle of freedom of movement for their citizens such as the regime of the European Union.

另一方面，它也保留了各国在彼此之间建立以公民的自由迁徙原则为基础的特殊法律制度的可能性，例如欧洲联盟制度。

Article 16 Vulnerable persons

第16条 弱势人员

1. Children, older persons, persons with disabilities, pregnant women and other vulnerable persons who are subject to expulsion shall be considered as such and treated and protected with due regard for their vulnerabilities.

1. 拟被驱逐的儿童、老年人、残疾人、孕妇和其他弱势人员应按其弱势身份予以考虑并给予充分考虑其脆弱性的待遇和保护。

2. In particular, in all actions concerning children who are subject to expulsion, the best interests of the child shall be a primary consideration.

2. 尤其是，在所有涉及拟被驱逐的儿童的行动中，儿童的最大利益应是一项首要考虑。

Commentary

评注

(1) Draft article 16 sets out the particular requirements concerning the expulsion of vulnerable persons such as children, older persons, persons with disabilities and pregnant women.

(1) 第16条草案规定了与驱逐弱势群体如儿童、老年人、残疾人和孕妇有关的特殊要求。

(2) Draft article 16, paragraph 1, is general in scope.

(2) 第16条草案第1款在范围上具有一般性。

It sets out the obligation of the expelling State to treat and protect vulnerable persons who are subject to expulsion with due regard for their vulnerabilities and special needs.

它规定了驱逐国对拟被驱逐的弱势人员给予充分考虑其脆弱性和特殊需要的待遇和保护的义务。

By first setting out the requirement that the individuals in question “shall be considered as such”, the Commission wished to indicate the importance of due recognition by the expelling State of their vulnerabilities, as it is that recognition that would justify granting these individuals special treatment and protection.

通过首先提出对这些人员“应按其弱势身份予以考虑”的要求，委员会希望指出驱逐国对这些人的脆弱性给予充分考虑的重要性，因为只有承认这一点，才能对他们给予特殊待遇和保护。

(3) The Commission considers that it is hardly possible to list in a draft article all categories of vulnerable persons that might merit special protection in the context of an expulsion procedure.

(3) 委员会认为很难在一项条款草案中列出驱逐程序中可能需要特殊保护的所有类别的弱势人员。

Aside from the categories of persons explicitly mentioned, there might be other individuals, such as those suffering from incurable diseases or an illness requiring particular care which, ex hypothesi, could not be provided — or would be difficult to provide — in the possible State or States of destination.

除明确提到的人员类别外，还可能有其他人员，如患有不治之症或所患疾病需要特殊护理(假定目的地国无法或很难提供这种护理)的人员。

The addition of the phrase “and other vulnerable persons” clearly indicates that the list included in paragraph 1 is not exhaustive.

添加“和其他弱势人员”一语，明确表明第1款所列清单不是详尽无遗的。

(4) Draft article 16, paragraph 2, deals with the specific case of children and faithfully reproduces the wording of article 3, paragraph 1, of the Convention on the Rights of the Child.

(4) 第16条草案第2款涉及儿童的特定情形，并忠实照搬了《儿童权利公约》第3条第1款的措辞。

 While not excluding consideration of other relevant factors, paragraph 2 sets out the requirement that the best interests of the child shall be a primary consideration in all decisions concerning children who are subject to expulsion.

 第2款在不排除考虑其他相关因素的同时，规定在所有涉及拟被驱逐的儿童的决定中，儿童的最大利益应是一项首要考虑。  

Chapter II Protection required in the expelling State

第二章 在驱逐国所要求的保护

Article 17 Obligation to protect the right to life of an alien subject to expulsion

第17条 保护拟被驱逐的外国人的生命权的义务

The expelling State shall protect the right to life of an alien subject to expulsion.

驱逐国应保护拟被驱逐的外国人的生命权。

Commentary

评注

Draft article 17 recalls the obligation of the expelling State to protect the right to life of an alien subject to expulsion.

第17条草案指出了驱逐国保护拟被驱逐的外国人生命权的义务。

 This right, which is “inherent” in “every human being” according to article 6, paragraph 1, of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, is proclaimed, admittedly in various ways, in core international instruments for the protection of human rights, both universal  and regional.

 根据《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第六条第1款，这项权利是“人人”所“固有”的，核心国际人权保护文书，包括全球  和区域一级的文书  在内，都以各种方式宣布了这项权利。

Article 18 Prohibition of torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment

第18条 禁止酷刑或残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚

The expelling State shall not subject an alien subject to expulsion to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.

驱逐国不得使拟被驱逐的外国人遭受酷刑或残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚。

Commentary

评注

(1) Draft article 18 recalls, in the context of expulsion, the general prohibition of torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.

(1) 第18条草案指出了在驱逐情况下对酷刑或残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚的普遍禁止。

 This is an obligation enshrined in various treaty instruments for the protection of human rights, both universal and regional.

 这是保护人权的各种国际和区域条约文书所载的一项义务。

 The obligation not to subject aliens to torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment is also set forth in General Assembly resolution 40/144.

 大会第40/144号决议也规定了不得使外国人遭受酷刑或残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚的义务。

 In its judgment of 20 November 2010 in the Ahmadou Sadio Diallo case, the International Court of Justice recalled in connection with an expulsion case that the prohibition of inhuman or degrading treatment derives from a rule of general international law.

 国际刑事法院在2010年11月20日对Ahmadou Sadio Diallo案作出的判决中，就一起驱逐案件回顾说，禁止不人道或有辱人格的待遇源于一项一般国际法规则。  

(2) Draft article 18 concerns only the obligation of the expelling State itself not to subject an alien to torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.

(2) 第18条草案只涉及驱逐国本身不得使外国人遭受酷刑或残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚的义务。

On the other hand, the obligation not to expel an alien to a State where there are substantial grounds for believing that he or she risks being subjected to such treatment is set out in draft article 24 below.

另一方面，下文第24条草案还规定了不得将外国人驱逐至有充分理由相信此人会面临遭受这种待遇之危险的国家的义务。

(3) On reflection, the Commission preferred not to tackle in the draft articles the question of the extent to which the prohibition of torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment also covers cases in which such treatment is inflicted, not by de jure or de facto State organs but by persons or groups acting in a private capacity.

(3) 委员会经考虑后，倾向于不在本条款草案中处理所禁止的酷刑或残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚在多大程度上也涵盖如下情况的问题：即这种待遇不是由法律或事实上的国家机构实施，而是由以私人身份行事的个人或群体实施。

It considered that it would be better to leave that issue to the relevant monitoring bodies to assess or, where appropriate, to the courts that might be called upon to rule on the exact extent of the obligations arising from one instrument or another for the protection of human rights.

委员会认为，最好将这一问题留给有关监督机构评估，或酌情留给可能被要求就某一人权保护文书产生的义务的确切程度作出裁决的法院解决。  

Article 19 Detention conditions of an alien subject to expulsion

第19条 拟被驱逐的外国人的拘留条件

1. (a)

1. (a)

The detention of an alien subject to expulsion shall not be punitive in nature.

对拟被驱逐的外国人的拘留不得是惩罚性的。

(b) An alien subject to expulsion shall, save in exceptional circumstances, be detained separately from persons sentenced to penalties involving deprivation of liberty.

(b) 拟被驱逐的外国人，除非在特殊情况下，应与被判处剥夺自由刑罚者分开拘留。

2. (a)

2. (a)

The duration of the detention shall not be unrestricted.

拘留期不应是无限制的。

It shall be limited to such period of time as is reasonably necessary for the expulsion to be carried out.

应将拘留期限定为执行驱逐所需的合理必要时间。

All detention of excessive duration is prohibited.

禁止所有时间过长的拘留。

(b) The extension of the duration of the detention may be decided upon only by a court or a person authorized to exercise judicial power.

(b) 延长拘留期的决定仅可由法院或一名获授权行使司法权的人作出。

3. (a)

3. (a)

The detention of an alien subject to expulsion shall be reviewed at regular intervals on the basis of specific criteria established by law.

应在法律规定的具体标准基础上定期审查拟被驱逐的外国人的拘留情况。

(b) Subject to paragraph 2, detention shall end when the expulsion cannot be carried out, except where the reasons are attributable to the alien concerned.

(b) 在遵守第2款的前提下，在驱逐无法执行的情况下应终止拘留，除非可将原因归诸有关外国人。

Commentary

评注

(1) Draft article 19, paragraph 1, sets out the non-punitive nature of detention to which aliens facing expulsion may be subject.

(1) 第19条草案第1款规定了拟被驱逐的外国人可能面临的拘留的非惩罚性质。

 Subparagraph (a) establishes the general principle that such detention must not be punitive in nature whereas subparagraph (b) sets out one of the consequences of that principle.

 (a)项确立了这种拘留不得具有惩罚性的一般原则，(b)项则阐述了这项原则的后果之一。

Subparagraph (b) provides that, save in exceptional circumstances, an alien who is detained in the course of an expulsion procedure must be held separately from persons sentenced to penalties involving deprivation of liberty.

(b)项规定，除特殊情况外，在驱逐程序过程中被拘留的外国人应与被判处剥夺自由刑罚者分开拘留。

Such a safeguard is granted to accused persons, in their capacity as unconvicted persons, under article 10, paragraph 2 (a), of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.

《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第十条第2款(甲)项为被控告但未被判罪的人提供了这种保障。

The Commission considers that, in view of the non-punitive nature of detention for the purpose of expulsion, there is all the more reason to provide the safeguard set out in article 10, paragraph 2, of the Covenant to aliens subjected to that form of detention.

委员会认为，鉴于以驱逐为目的的拘留的非惩罚性，更有理由为遭到这种拘留的外国人提供《公约》第 十条第2款所规定的保障。

This view seems to be in harmony with the position expressed by the Human Rights Committee in its comments on article 13 of the Covenant in relation to expulsion.

这种观点与人权事务理事会就《公约》与驱逐有关的第十三条提出的意见中所表明的立场相一致。

The Committee noted that if expulsion procedures entail arrest, the safeguards of the Covenant relating to deprivation of liberty (articles 9  and 10 ) may also be applicable.

委员会指出，如果驱逐程序导致逮捕，则亦可适用《公约》中有关剥夺自由(第9条  和第10条 )的保障条款。

 The same requirement is set out in principle 8 of the Body of Principles for the Protection of All Persons under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment in the annex to General Assembly resolution 43/173 of 9 December 1988.

 大会1988年12月9日第43/173号决议附件所载“保护所有遭受任何形式拘留或监禁的人的原则”中的原则8也提出了同样的要求。

This principle, which also covers detention for the purpose of expulsion, stipulates: “Persons in detention shall be subject to treatment appropriate to their unconvicted status.

该原则也涉及以驱逐为目的的拘留，其中规定：“对被拘留人应给予适合其尚未定罪者身分的待遇。

Accordingly, they shall, whenever possible, be kept separate from imprisoned persons.”

因此，在可能情形下，应将他们同被监禁人隔离。

(2) The reference to “exceptional circumstances” that could justify non-compliance with the rule set out in paragraph 1 (b) is drawn from article 10, paragraph 2 (a), of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.

(2) 可作为不遵守第1款(b)项所载规则理由的“特殊情况”一语源自《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第十条第2款(甲)项。

(3) In the view of the Commission, the rule set out in paragraph 1 (b) does not necessarily require the expelling State to put in place facilities specially set aside for the detention of aliens with a view to their expulsion; the detention of aliens could occur in a facility in which persons sentenced to custodial penalties are also detained, provided, however, that the aliens in question are placed in a separate section of the facility.

(3) 委员会认为，第1款(b)项所载规则并不要求驱逐国建立专门用于为驱逐目的拘留外国人的设施；可在关押被判处监禁者的设施中拘留外国人，但条件是应将这些外国人隔离。

(4) It should be clarified that the safeguards mentioned above apply only to detention for the purpose of ensuring the implementation of an expulsion decision; they are without prejudice to the case of aliens subject to expulsion who have been convicted of a criminal offence, including those situations in which the expulsion of an alien might be ordered as an additional measure or as an alternative to prison.

(4) 应当说明的是，上述保障措施仅适用于为确保执行驱逐决定而实施的拘留，并不影响拟被驱逐的外国人被判犯有刑事罪的情况，包括作为一种附加处罚或非监禁处罚而下令驱逐外国人的情况。

(5) The important issue of the length of detention, which poses difficult problems in practice,  is the subject of draft article 19, paragraph 2, which comprises two subparagraphs.

(5) 第19条草案第2款涉及在实践中造成难题的拘留期限这一重要问题，  其中包括两个分项。

Subparagraph (a) is general in scope and sets out the principle that the detention of an alien with a view to his or her expulsion is subject to time limits.

(a)项具有一般性，规定为驱逐目的对外国人进行的拘留应当有时间限制。

It must be limited to such period of time as is reasonably necessary for the expulsion decision to be carried out and cannot be of excessive duration.

应将拘留期限定为执行驱逐所需的合理必要时间，而不应时间过长。

 Such requirements are confirmed in international case law, the legislation of various States  and a significant number of judicial findings of national courts.

 国际判例法、各国立法  和国内法院的大量司法判决也确定了这项要求。

 The words “reasonably necessary” that appear in the second sentence of paragraph 2 (a) are intended to provide administrative authorities and, if necessary, a judicial authority with a standard to assess the necessity and the duration of the detention of an alien for the purpose of expulsion.

 第2款(a)项中的“所需的合理必要”等字旨在为行政机构以及必要情况下为司法机构评估为驱逐目的拘留外国人的必要性和时间长短提供一个标准。

(6) Paragraph 2 (b) states that the extension of the duration of the detention may be decided upon only by a court or a person authorized to exercise judicial power.

(6) 第2款(b)项指出，延长拘留期的决定仅可由法院或一名获授权行使司法权的人作出。

Despite the doubts expressed by some members concerning the applicability of such a requirement in the context of the implementation of immigration rules, the Commission considered it necessary to retain the requirement in order to prevent possible abuses by the administrative authorities with respect to the length of the detention of an alien subject to expulsion.

虽然有些委员就这种要求在执行移徙规则情况下的适用性表示疑问，但委员会认为，有必要保留该要求，以防止行政机构在拘留拟被驱逐的外国人的时限方面滥用权力。

The content of paragraph 2 (b) is inspired by the case law of the European Court of Human Rights.

第2款(b)项的内容受到欧洲人权法院判例法的启发。  

(7) Draft article 19, paragraph 3, is inspired by a recommendation put forward by the Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants.

(7) 第19条草案第3款受到移民人权问题特别报告员所提建议的启发。

 Paragraph 3 (a) sets out the requirement of regular review of the detention of an alien for the purpose of expulsion on the basis of specific criteria established by law.

 第3款(a)项提出了应在法律规定的具体标准基础上定期审查为驱逐目的而对外国人实施的拘留的要求。

According to paragraph 3 (a), it is detention as such, as opposed to the initial decision concerning placement in detention, that should be subject to regular review.

根据第3款(a)项，应当定期审查的是这种拘留，而不是关于实施拘留的初步决定。

While some Commission members considered that the safeguards set out in paragraph 3 (a) were of the nature of lex ferenda, others considered that they derived from principles of contemporary human rights law.

有些委员会委员认为，第3款(a)项规定的保障措施具有拟议法的性质，但另一些委员认为，它们源自于现代人权法原则。

It was also emphasized that such safeguards flowed from the non-punitive nature of the detention of aliens for the purpose of expulsion.

还有人强调，这些保障源于为驱逐目的对外国人实施的拘留所具有的非惩罚性质。

(8) Paragraph 3 (b) sets out the principle that detention in connection with expulsion shall end when the expulsion cannot be carried out, except where the reasons are attributable to the alien concerned.

(8) 第3款(b)项规定了在驱逐无法执行的情况下应终止与驱逐有关的拘留的原则，除非可将原因归诸有关外国人。

While the principle was not contested in the Commission, the exception to it gave rise to lively debate.

虽然委员会内没有人就这项原则表示异议，但其例外情形却引起了激烈讨论。

Some members thought that as soon as the enforcement of an expulsion decision became impossible, the reason for the detention vanished and an end must be put to the detention.

有些委员认为，只要执行驱逐决定变得不可能，就丧失了拘留的理由，因此应终止拘留。

Other members were of the view that an explicit exception should be made for cases in which the reasons for such an impossibility were attributable to the alien in question.

另一些委员认为，应明确排除这种不可能性系由有关外国人造成的情况。

The Commission opted in the end for recognizing such an exception, while indicating clearly in an introductory phrase in paragraph 3 (b) that the entire paragraph should be understood in the light of paragraph 2.

委员会最后选择承认这种例外情形，但同时在第3款(b)项的引言部分明确指出，该项应结合第2款理解。

This means, in particular, that under paragraph 2 (a), even in the event that the impossibility of carrying out an expulsion decision is attributable to the alien in question, the alien cannot be kept in detention for an excessive length of time.

这尤其意味着，根据第2款(a)项，即使不可能执行驱逐决定的情况是由有关外国人造成的，也不能将该外国人拘留过长的时间。

Article 20 Obligation to respect the right to family life

第20条 尊重家庭生活权的义务

1. The expelling State shall respect the right to family life of an alien subject to expulsion.

1. 驱逐国应尊重拟被驱逐的外国人的家庭生活权。

2. The expelling State shall not interfere with the exercise of the right to family life, except where provided by law and on the basis of a fair balance between the interests of the State and those of the alien in question.

2. 驱逐国不应干涉家庭生活权的行使，但在法律规定的情况下且在保持国家利益和当事外国人利益的公正平衡基础上的干涉除外。

Commentary

评注

(1) Draft article 20 establishes the obligation of the expelling State to respect the right to family life of an alien subject to expulsion.

(1) 第20条草案规定，驱逐国有义务尊重拟被驱逐的外国人的家庭生活权。

The Commission considers it necessary to mention this right explicitly in the draft articles because of the particular relevance that it assumes in the context of the expulsion of aliens.

委员会认为，必须在条款草案中明确提到这一权利，因为这与驱逐外国人事项特别有关。

 By the mere fact of compelling an alien to leave the territory of a State, expulsion may undermine the unity of the alien’s family in the event that, for various reasons, family members are not able to follow the alien to the State of destination.

 在家庭成员因各种原因不能随外国人前往目的地国的情况下，仅驱逐外国人离境这一事实，就可能损害外国人家庭的团聚。

It is not surprising, therefore, that the legislation and case law of various States recognize the need to take into account family considerations as a limiting factor in the expulsion of aliens.

因此，毫不令人惊奇的是，各国的法律和案例法都承认必须考虑到家庭问题，在驱逐外国人方面将其作为一个限制因素。

(2) The right to family life is enshrined both in universal instruments and in regional conventions for the protection of human rights.

(2) 保护人权的全球性文书和区域公约都规定了家庭生活权。

At the universal level, article 17 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights states:

在全球一级，《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第十七条规定：

“1. No one shall be subjected to arbitrary or unlawful interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to unlawful attacks on his honour and reputation. (emphasis added)

“一. 任何人的私生活、家庭、住宅或通信不得加以任意或非法干涉，他的荣誉和名誉不得加以非法攻击。

2. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks.”

二. 人人有权享受法律保护，以免受这种干涉或攻击。

Similarly, under the terms of article 5, paragraph 1 (b), of the Declaration on the Human Rights of Individuals Who are not Nationals of the Country in which They Live, aliens enjoy “the right to protection against arbitrary or unlawful interference with privacy, family, home or correspondence”.

同样，根据《非居住国公民个人人权宣言》第五条第1款(b)项，外国人享有“隐私、家庭、住宅或通信受到保护，不受任意或非法干涉的权利”。  

(3) At the regional level, article 8, paragraph 1, of the European Convention on Human Rights provides that “[e]veryone has the right to respect for his private and family life …”.

(3) 在区域一级，《欧洲人权公约》第八条第1款规定“人人有权使他的私人及家庭生活…受到尊重”。

Article 7 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union reproduces this provision in extenso.

《欧洲联盟基本权利宪章》第七条完全照搬了这一规定。

Under section III (c) of the Protocol to the European Convention on Establishment,  the contracting States, in exercising their right of expulsion, must in particular pay due regard to family ties and the period of residence in their territory of the person concerned.

根据《欧洲居留公约议定书》第三节(c)项，  缔约国在行使驱逐权时，必须特别注意有关人员的家庭纽带以及在其境内的居住期。

While the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights does not contain this right, in other respects it is deeply committed to the protection of the family (see article 18).

尽管《非洲人权和人民权利宪章》未载有这一权利，但是在其他方面坚定地承诺保护家庭(见第十八条)。

Article 11, paragraph 2, of the American Convention on Human Rights establishes this right in the same terms as the above-cited article 17 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.

《美洲人权公约》第十一条第2款以相同于上述《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第十七条的措辞规定了这一权利。

Article 21 of the Arab Charter on Human Rights also sets out the right.

《阿拉伯人权宪章》第二十一条也规定了这一权利。

(4) The need to respect the family life of an alien subject to expulsion, set out in draft article 20, paragraph 1, does not accord the alien absolute protection against expulsion.

(4) 第20条草案第1款规定了需要尊重拟被驱逐的外国人的家庭生活，但并不绝对保护外国人不受驱逐。

Draft article 20, paragraph 2, recognizes that this right may be subject to limitations and sets out the conditions to which such limitations are subjected.

第20条第2款承认这一权利可能受到限制，并且规定了这类限制应遵从的条件。

In this regard, two cumulative conditions must be met for interference in the exercise of the right to family life resulting from expulsion to be considered as justified.

就此来说，对于因驱逐而引发的家庭权进行干预时，必须满足两个累积的因素，才能被视为正当的。

(5) The first condition, which appears explicitly in article 8, paragraph 2, of the European Convention on Human Rights and implicitly in article 17, paragraph 1, of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and article 21, paragraph 1, of the Arab Charter of Human Rights, is that such interference should take place only “where provided by law”.

(5) 第一个条件明确出现在《欧洲人权公约》第八条第2款、并且隐含地出现在《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第十七条第一款与《阿拉伯人权宪章》第二十一条第1款之中，即：这类干预行动只能“依法”采取。

That means that is that the expulsion measure must have an appropriate basis in the law of the expelling State; in other words, it must be taken on the basis of and in accordance with the law of that State.

这意味着，驱逐措施必须有驱逐国法律上的适当依据；换言之，必须依照该国法律采取。  

(6) The second condition relates to the “fair balance” that must be achieved between the interests of the State and those of the alien in question.

(6) 第二个条件是必须在国家的利益和有关外国人的利益之间实现“公正平衡”。

The notion of “fair balance” is inspired by the case law of the European Court of Human Rights regarding article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights and, more specifically, the requirement that “interference” in family life must be “necessary in a democratic society” within the meaning of paragraph 2 of that article.

“公正平衡”的概念来自于欧洲人权法院关于《欧洲人权公约》第八条的案例法。 更具体来说，就是要求对家庭生活的“干预”必须是该条第2款所指的“民主社会所必需的”。

 In Moustaquim v. Belgium, the Court concluded that the expulsion of Mr. Moustaquim did not satisfy that requirement.

 在Moustaquim诉比利时一案中，法院裁定，对Moustaquim先生的驱逐没有满足这一要求。

 Given the circumstances of the case, in particular the long period of time during which Mr. Moustaquim had resided in Belgium, the ties of his close relatives with Belgium as well as the relatively long interval between the latest offence committed by Mr. Moustaquim and the deportation order, the Court came to the conclusion that the measure was not “necessary in a democratic society” since “a proper balance was not achieved between the interests involved, and … the means employed was therefore disproportionate to the legitimate aim pursued”.

 鉴于该案的案情，特别是Moustaquim先生在比利时的长久居住期、他的近亲与比利时的联系、以及Moustaquim先生最近不法行为与驱逐令之间较长的间隔，法院得出结论认为，这一驱逐措施不是“民主社会所必需的”，因为“没有在所涉的利益之间实现适当的平衡，并且…因此，对于所追求的合法目的来说，所采取的措施是过分的”。

 The Court considered on several occasions whether expulsion measures in conformity with article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights, particularly in the cases Nasri v. France,  Cruz Varas and others v. Sweden  and Boultif v. Switzerland.

 法院多次审议了驱逐措施是否符合《欧洲人权公约》第八条的问题，尤其是在Nasri诉法国、  Cruz Varas等诉瑞典  和Boultif等诉瑞士的几个案件中。

 In this last case, the Court set forth a list of criteria to be applied in order to determine whether the interference in family life resulting from an expulsion is “necessary in a democratic society”.

 对于这种情况，法院设定了一套应适用的标准，以确定是否引渡对家庭生活造成的干预是“民主社会所必需的”。  

“The Court has only a limited number of decided cases where the main obstacle to expulsion was that it would entail difficulties for the spouses to stay together and, in particular, for one of them and/or the children to live in the other’s country of origin.

“有些案件中，驱逐出境的主要障碍牵涉到配偶难以团聚，尤其是配偶一方和(或)子女难以在另一方原籍国生活；法院这方面只有为数有限的已裁定案件。

It is therefore called upon to establish guiding principles in order to examine whether the measure in question was necessary in a democratic society.

因此，需要法院制定指导方针，以便审查所述措施是否是民主社会中所必需的。

In assessing the relevant criteria in such a case, the Court will consider the nature and seriousness of the offence committed by the applicant; the duration of the applicant’s stay in the country from which he is going to be expelled; the time which has elapsed since the commission of the offence and the applicant’s conduct during that period; the nationalities of the various persons concerned; the applicant’s family situation, such as the length of the marriage; other factors revealing whether the couple lead a real and genuine family life; whether the spouse knew about the offence at the time when he or she entered into a family relationship; and whether there are children in the marriage and, if so, their age.

在此种案件中评估有关标准时，法院将审议申诉人所犯罪行的性质和严重性；申诉人在其要被逐出的国家的居留时间；实施犯罪已有多久及其间申诉人的表现；各有关个人的国籍；申诉人的家庭状况，如婚龄；反映夫妻双方有无真实、实际家庭生活的其它因素；配偶在组成家庭关系时是否了解犯罪之事；婚后有无子女，如有，子女年龄。

Not least, the Court will also consider the seriousness of the difficulties which the spouse would be likely to encounter in the applicant’s country of origin, although the mere fact that a person might face certain difficulties in accompanying her or his spouse cannot in itself preclude expulsion.”

还有一点也很重要，即法院还将审议配偶在申诉人原籍国可能面临的困难的严重性，不过，某人在陪伴配偶时可能面临某些困难这一点本身并不能阻止驱逐出境”。

(7) The criterion of “fair balance” mentioned in paragraph 2 of draft article 20 also seems compatible with the approach taken by the Human Rights Committee for the purpose of assessing whether expulsion measures are in conformity with article 17 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.

(7) 第20条草案第2款提到的“公正平衡”标准，似乎也符合联合国人权事务委员会在评估驱逐措施是否符合《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第十七条时所采取的方针。

Chapter III Protection in relation to the State of destination

第三章 与目的地国有关的保护

Article 21 Departure to the State of destination

第21条 离境前往目的地国

1. The expelling State shall take appropriate measures to facilitate the voluntary departure of an alien subject to expulsion.

1. 驱逐国应采取适当措施，便利拟被驱逐的外国人自愿离境。

2. In cases of forcible implementation of an expulsion decision, the expelling State shall take the necessary measures to ensure, as far as possible, the safe transportation to the State of destination of the alien subject to expulsion, in accordance with the rules of international law.

2. 在强制执行驱逐决定的情况下，驱逐国应采取必要措施，按照国际法规则，尽可能确保拟被驱逐的外国人安全地前往目的地国。

3. The expelling State shall give the alien subject to expulsion a reasonable period of time to prepare for his or her departure, having regard to all circumstances.

3. 驱逐国应考虑到所有相关情况，给予拟被驱逐的外国人合理的期限以准备离境。

Commentary

评注

(1) Draft article 21 concerns in general the protection that an expelling State must accord an alien subject to expulsion in relation to his or her departure to a State of destination.

(1) 第21条草案在总体上关系到驱逐国必须为拟被驱逐的外国人离境前往目的地国提供保护。

 The draft article covers the possibility of both voluntary departure and forcible implementation of the expulsion decision.

 本条草案涵盖了自愿离境和强制执行驱逐决定的两种可能性。

(2) Article 21, paragraph 1, provides that the expelling State shall take appropriate measures to facilitate the voluntary departure of an alien subject to expulsion.

(2) 第21条第1款规定，驱逐国应采取适当措施，便利拟被驱逐的外国人自愿离境。

 Even though it aims to a certain extent to make voluntary departure of the alien the preferred solution, the provision cannot be interpreted as authorizing the expelling State to exert undue pressure on the alien to opt for voluntary departure rather than forcible implementation of an expulsion decision.

 尽管在某种程度上它旨在使外国人自愿离境成为首选解决办法，但是不能将这一规定解释为授权驱逐国对外国人施加不当压力，迫使他选择自愿离境，而非强制执行驱逐决定。

(3) Paragraph 2 concerns cases of forcible implementation of an expulsion decision.

(3) 第2款涉及到强制执行驱逐决定的情况。

It provides that in such a case the expelling State shall take the necessary measures to ensure, as far as possible, the safe transportation to the State of destination of the alien subject to expulsion, in accordance with the rules of international law.

它规定，在这种情况下，驱逐国应采取必要措施，根据国际法规则，尽可能确保拟被驱逐的外国人安全地前往目的地国。

It should be clarified in this regard that the expression “safe transportation … in accordance with the rules of international law” refers not only to the requirement to ensure the protection of the rights of the alien subject to expulsion and avoid any excessive use of force against the alien but also to the need to ensure, if necessary, the safety of persons other than the alien in question, for example the passengers on an aeroplane taken by the alien to travel to the State of destination.

就此应当说明，“按照国际法规则…安全前往”的表述不仅要求确保拟被驱逐的外国人的权利，避免对外国人过分使用武力，而且要求在必要情况下必须确保有关外国人之外人员的安全，例如，该外国人所乘前往目的地国的飞机上旅客们的安全。

(4) This requirement was implicit in the arbitral award rendered in the Lacoste case, although it was held that the claimant had not been subjected to harsh treatment:

(4) 这一要求也包括在Lacoste案的仲裁决定之中，尽管该案裁定申诉人没有遭受苛刻的待遇：

“Lacoste further claims damages for his arrest, imprisonment, harsh and cruel treatment, and expulsion from the country

“Lacoste进一步以他被逮捕、监禁、严酷和残忍对待和驱逐出境为理由，要求赔偿损失。

The expulsion does not, however, appear to have been accompanied by harsh treatment, and at his request the claimant was allowed an extension of the term fixed for his leaving the country.”

…但是，在被驱逐出境时，似乎未曾伴以严酷的待遇，并曾根据申诉人的请求，准许将其规定离开该国的期限延长”。

Similarly, in the Boffolo case, the umpire indicated in general terms that “[e]xpulsion […] must be accomplished in the manner least injurious to the person affected”.

同样，在Boffolo案中，仲裁员以一般性的措辞指出，“驱逐出境…必须以尽量减少对有关人士伤害的方式进行…”。

In the Maal case, the umpire stressed the sacred character of the human person and the requirement that an expulsion should be accomplished without unnecessary indignity or hardship:

在Maal案中，仲裁员强调了人身的神圣性以及驱逐不得伴以非必要的侮辱和困苦这一要求：

“[H]ad the exclusion of the claimant been accomplished without unnecessary indignity or hardship to him the umpire would feel constrained to disallow the claim.

“如果在遣送申诉人时，未曾附带使其蒙受不必要的侮辱或困苦，首席仲裁员则认为不得不拒绝给予赔偿。

From all the proof he came here as a gentleman and was entitled throughout his examination and deportation to be treated as a gentleman, and whether we have to consider him as a gentleman or simply as a man his rights to his own person and to his own undisturbed sensitivities is one of the first rights of freedom and one of the priceless privileges of liberty.

从一切证据来看，他以绅士的身份来到此地，在他受审查和递解出境期间也有权被当作绅士对待，无论我们必须把他当作绅士还是常人看待，他对自己人身和对自己心绪安宁的权利是自由的一种首要权利，也是自由的一种无比宝贵的特权。

The umpire has been told to regard the person of another as something to be held sacred, and that it could not be touched even in the lightest manner, in anger or without cause, against his consent, and if so done it is considered an assault for which damages must be given commensurate with the spirit and the character of the assault and the quality of the manhood represented in the individual thus assaulted.”

首席仲裁员曾被告知，应把别人的身体视为神圣之物，未经其同意，不得出于愤怒或无缘无故地加以丝毫碰触，如有此种举动，则视为侵犯人身，必须按照这项侵犯行为的本意和性质以及受此种侵犯的个人所代表的男人人格，给予相应的赔偿”。

(5) When transportation of the alien to the State of destination takes place, for example, by aeroplane, reference to the rules of international law also cover the rules relating to air transportation, particularly the regulations adopted in the framework of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).

(5) 当向目的地国载送外国人时，例如以飞机载送时，所参照的国际法规则也包括关于航空运输的规则，特别是在国际民航组织框架中采纳的条例。

The Convention on International Civil Aviation and annex 9 thereto should be mentioned in particular in this respect.

在这方面，应当特别提及《国际民航公约》及其附件九。

 The annex states, inter alia, that:

 该附件规定如下：

“5.2.1 During the period when […] a person to be deported is under their custody, the state officers concerned shall preserve the dignity of such persons and take no action likely to infringe such dignity.”

“5.2.1 […]即将递解出境人士被有关国家官员羁押期间，该官员应维护此种人士的尊严，不采取可能损害此种尊严的行动。

(6) In both situations considered in draft article 21 — voluntary departure of the alien or forcible implementation of the expulsion decision — paragraph 3 requires the expelling State to give the alien a reasonable period of time to prepare for his or her departure, taking into account all circumstances.

(6) 在第21条草案所涉的外国人自愿离境或强制执行驱逐决定两种情况下，第4款都要求驱逐国兼顾所有相关情况，给予外国人合理的期限准备离境。

The circumstances to be taken into account for the purpose of determining what seems in the case in question to be a reasonable period of time vary in nature.

有关案件中确定什么似乎是合理期限而应考虑的情况，在性质上各有不同。

They can relate to, inter alia, ties (social, economic or other) that the alien subject to expulsion has established with the expelling State, the conduct of the alien in question, including, where applicable, the nature of the threat to the national security or public order of the expelling State that the presence of the alien in its territory could constitute or the risk that the alien would evade the authorities of the State order to avoid expulsion.

这可能关系到拟被驱逐的外国人在驱逐国建立的(社会、经济或其他)关系、有关外国人的行为，并且在可适用情况下，包括外国人在境内可能对国家安全和公共秩序造成的威胁性质、或外国人可能逃脱国家主管当局的命令避免驱逐的危险。

The requirement of granting a reasonable period of time to prepare for departure must also be understood in the light of the need to permit the alien subject to expulsion to protect adequately his or her property rights and other interests in the expelling State.

也必须考虑到需要允许拟被驱逐的外国人适当保护其在驱逐国的财产权和其他利益，以此来理解关于给予准备离境合理期限的要求。  

Article 22 State of destination of aliens subject to expulsion

第22条 拟被驱逐的外国人的目的地国

1. An alien subject to expulsion shall be expelled to his or her State of nationality or any other State that has the obligation to receive the alien under international law, or to any State willing to accept him or her at the request of the expelling State or, where appropriate, of the alien in question.

1. 拟被驱逐的外国人应被驱逐至其国籍国或根据国际法有义务接收该外国人的任何其他国家，或应驱逐国请求或酌情应当事外国人请求同意接收该人的任何国家。

2. Where the State of nationality or any other State that has the obligation to receive the alien under international law has not been identified and no other State is willing to accept the alien, that alien may be expelled to any State where he or she has a right of entry or stay or, where applicable, to the State from where he or she has entered the expelling State.

2. 若未确定国籍国或根据国际法有义务接收该外国人的任何其他国家，且没有任何其他国家愿意接收该外国人，该外国人得被驱逐到其有权入境或居留的任何国家，或酌情驱逐到该外国人从其进入驱逐国的国家。

Commentary

评注

(1) Draft article 22 concerns the determination of the State of destination of aliens subject to expulsion.

(1) 第22条草案关系到如何确定拟被驱逐的外国人目的地国问题。

 In this context, paragraph 1 refers first of all to the alien’s State of nationality, since it is undisputed that that State has an obligation to receive the alien under international law.

 在这方面，第1款首先提外国人的国籍国，因为该国根据国际法接受该外国人的义务是不可争议的。

 However, paragraph 1 also recognizes the existence of other potential States of destination, distinguishing between States that might be obliged, under international law, to receive the alien and those that are not obliged to do so.

 然而，第1款也承认还有其他潜在的目的地国，从而在可能有义务根据国际法接收拟被驱逐的外国人的国家与没有义务接收的国家之间做出了区别。

This distinction reflects, with regard to the expulsion of aliens, the uncontested principle that a State is not required to receive aliens in its territory, save where obliged to do so by a rule of international law.

就驱逐外国人一事来说，这一区别反映了一项不可争议的原则，即除非一国负有国际法上的义务，否则不能要求其接收外国人入境。

While this is a fundamental distinction, it does not necessarily result in an order of priority in determining the State of destination of an expelled alien; in other words, the fact that a State of nationality has been identified and that there is, hypothetically, no legal obstacle to the alien’s expulsion to that State in no way precludes the possibility of expelling the alien to another State that has the obligation to receive the alien under international law, or to any other State willing to accept him or her.

尽管这是一个根本性的区别，但在决定一个拟被驱逐的外国人目的地国之时，不一定导致先后秩序的不同；换言之，即使已经确定了国籍国，并且假设来说不存在着将外国人驱逐回该国的法律障碍，也绝不排除有可能将该外国人驱逐到另一有国际法上义务接收该外国人的国家、或任何其他愿意接受他的国家。

In this regard, the Commission is of the view that the expelling State, while retaining a margin of appreciation in the matter, should take into consideration, as far as possible, the preferences expressed by the expelled alien for the purposes of determining the State of destination.

在这方面，委员会认为，驱逐国尽管在此事上有判断余地，但是应尽可能考虑到被驱逐的外国人表达的选择，以确定目的地国。  

(2) The wording “or any other State that has the obligation to receive the alien under international law” is intended to cover situations where a State other than the State of nationality of the expelled alien would be required to receive that person under a rule of international law, whether a treaty rule binding on that State or a rule of customary international law.

(2) “或根据国际法有义务接收该外国人的任何其他国家”的话旨在涵盖以下情况，即拟被驱逐的外国人国籍国之外的一个国家必须根据国际法规则接收该人，无论是根据对该国有约束力的条约规则还是根据习惯国际法规则。

 One should also mention, in this context, the position expressed by the Human Rights Committee in relation to article 12, paragraph 4, of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights:

 在这方面，也应当提及人权事务委员会就《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第十二条第4款所表达的意见：

“The scope of ‘his own country’ is broader than the concept ‘country of his nationality’.

“‘本国’的范围要大于‘原籍国’。

It is not limited to nationality in a formal sense, that is, nationality acquired at birth or by conferral; it embraces, at the very least, an individual who, because of his or her special ties to or claims in relation to a given country, cannot be considered to be a mere alien.

它不局限于形式上的国籍，即出生时获得或被授予的国籍；它至少包括因与某国特殊联系和具有的特殊权利而不能被仅仅视为外侨的那些人。

This would be the case, for example, of nationals of a country who have there been stripped of their nationality in violation of international law and of individuals whose country of nationality has been incorporated into or transferred to another national entity whose nationality is being denied them.

例如，被违反国际法剥夺国籍的人和原籍国被并入或转移到另一国家实体的人，就属于此类。

The language of article 12, paragraph 4, moreover, permits a broader interpretation that might embrace other categories of long-term residents, including but not limited to stateless persons arbitrarily deprived of the right to acquire the nationality of the country of such residence.

第十二条第4款的语言允许做更广义的解释，使之可能包括其他种类的长期居民，包括但不局限于长期居住但被专横地剥夺了获得国籍权利的无国籍人。

Since other factors may in certain circumstances result in the establishment of close and enduring connections between a person and a country, States parties should include in their reports information on the rights of permanent residents to return to their country of residence.”

由于其他因素在某些情况下可使个人和国家之间产生密切的长久的联系，因此缔约国的报告中应包括有关永久性居民返回居住国的权利的情况。

”

(3) Draft article 22, paragraph 2, addresses the situation where it has not been possible to identify either the State of nationality or any other State that has the obligation to receive the alien under international law.

(3) 第22条草案第2款阐述关于无法确定国籍国或任何其他有国际法义务接收外国人的国家的情况。

In such cases, it is stated that the alien may be expelled to any State where he or she has a right of entry or stay or, where applicable, to the State from where he or she has entered the expelling State.

在这种情况下，条款指出，可以将该外国人驱逐到他或她有权入境或停留的任何国家，或者酌情驱逐到他或她从其进入驱逐国的国家。

The last phrase (“the State from where he or she has entered the expelling State”) should be understood primarily to mean the State of embarkation, although the chosen wording is sufficiently general also to cover situations where an alien has entered the territory of the expelling State by a mode of transport other than air transport.

最后几个字(“从其进入驱逐国的国家”)应当首先理解为是指登机国，尽管所选的措辞足以笼统地涵盖外国人以航空之外的载运方式进入驱逐国境内的情况。

The content and wording of this paragraph were the subject of intense debate within the Commission.

在委员会，这一款的内容和措辞经过了激烈的辩论。

One view expressed was that if no State of destination could be identified in accordance with paragraph 1, the expelling State should authorize the alien subject to expulsion to remain in its territory, since no other State could be forced to receive him or her.

一种意见认为，如果无法根据第1款确定目的地国，驱逐国就应当允许拟被驱逐的外国人呆在境内，因为不可以强迫其它国家接受他或她。

Moreover, opinion within the Commission was divided on the issue of whether certain States, such as a State that had issued the alien in question with a travel document, entry permit or residence permit, or the State of embarkation, would have an obligation to receive the alien under international law, in which case paragraph 1 of the draft article would apply.

另外，某些国家，比如曾向有关外国人颁发过旅行证件、入境许可或居住许可的国家，或者登机国，是否有义务根据国际法接收该外国人，适用本条草案的第1款？委员会内有意见分歧。

While some members of the Commission considered that a State that had issued an entry permit or residence permit to an alien would have such an obligation, other members believed that by issuing an entry permit or residence permit to an alien a State did not assume any international obligation to receive the alien vis-à-vis other States, including a State that had expelled the alien in question from its territory.

尽管委员会的一些委员认为曾向一外国人颁发入境或居住许可的国家负有这一义务，但另一些委员认为：一国向一外国人颁发入境许可或居住许可，并不等于对其他国家，包括已经驱逐有关外国人离境的国家承担了接收该外国人的国际义务。

In that regard, it was argued within the Commission that the State that had issued such a permit would still be entitled to refuse to allow the alien in question to return to its territory, citing reasons of public order or national security.

就此，委员会内有人辩称，曾经颁发这类许可的国家依然有权援引公共秩序或国家安全的理由，拒绝有关外国人返回。

Different views were also expressed regarding the position of the State of embarkation. While the point was made that expulsion to the State of embarkation was a common practice that should be mentioned in the draft articles, the view was also expressed that the State of embarkation has no legal obligation to receive the expelled alien.

关于登机国的地位，委员会内也表达了不同的观点，尽管有人称，驱逐到登机国是一个常见做法，条款草案应提到；但也有人认为登机国没有法律义务接收被驱逐的外国人。  

(4) The Commission is aware of the role played by readmission agreements in determining the State of destination of an expelled alien.

(4) 委员会意识到“重新接纳协定”在确定被驱逐的外国人目的地国问题上的作用。

These agreements fall within the extremely broad scope of international cooperation, in which States exercise their sovereignty in light of variable considerations that in no way lend themselves to normative standardization through codification.

这些协定属于极为广泛的国际合作范围，让各国根据各种因素行使主权，但是绝不通过编纂使其成为规范标准。

That being the case, the Commission considered that such agreements should not be the subject of a specific draft article.

尽管这样，但是委员会认为这类协定不应成为一个具体条款的内容。

That said, it is important to note that such agreements should be implemented in compliance with the relevant rules of international law, particularly those aimed at protecting the human rights of the alien subject to expulsion.

言虽如此，但重要的是指出，履行这类协定应依照相关的国际法规则，特别是保护拟被驱逐的外国人人权的国际法规则。

(5) Determination of the State of destination of the alien subject to expulsion under draft article 22 must be done in compliance with the obligations contained in draft article 6, paragraph 3 (prohibition of refoulement), and in draft articles 23 and 24, which prohibit expulsion of an alien to a State where his or her life or freedom would be threatened or to a State where the alien could be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.

(5) 根据第22条草案确定拟被驱逐的外国人的目的地国，必须遵守第6条草案第3款(禁止推回)以及第23和第24条草案所载的义务，即禁止将外国人驱逐到一个他或她的生命或自由受到威胁的国家，或者一个该外国人可能遭受酷刑或残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚的国家。

Article 23 Obligation not to expel an alien to a State where his or her life or freedom would be threatened

第23条 不将外国人驱逐至其生命或自由会受到威胁的国家的义务

1. No alien shall be expelled to a State where his or her life or freedom would be threatened on grounds such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national, ethnic or social origin, property, birth or other status, or any other ground impermissible under international law.

1. 不得将任何外国人驱逐至其生命或自由可能会因种族、肤色、性别、语言、宗教、政治或其他见解、民族、族裔或社会出身、财产、出生或其他身份等理由或因国际法不容许的任何其他理由而受到威胁的国家。

2. A State that does not apply the death penalty shall not expel an alien to a State where the life of that alien would be threatened with the death penalty, unless it has previously obtained an assurance that the death penalty will not be imposed or, if already imposed, will not be carried out.

2. 不适用死刑的国家不得将外国人驱逐至其生命会受到死刑威胁的国家，除非它已事先获得保证：不判处死刑，或如已判处死刑，不予执行。

Commentary

评注

(1) Draft article 23 deals with protection of the life or freedom of an alien subject to expulsion in relation to the situation in the State of destination.

(1) 第23条草案就目的地国的状况而阐述关于保护拟被驱逐的外国人生命或自由的问题。

Paragraph 1 prohibits the expulsion of an alien “to a State where his or her life or freedom would be threatened” on one of the grounds set out in draft article 15, which establishes the obligation not to discriminate.

第1款禁止将一名外国人驱逐到“其生命或自由会受到威胁的国家”，只要受威胁的原由之一是规定不歧视义务的第15条草案所列举的。

The wording referring to a State “where his or her life or freedom would be threatened”, which delimits the scope of this prohibition of expulsion, corresponds to the content of article 33 of the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees of 28 July 1951, which establishes the prohibition of return (refoulement).

“其生命或自由会受到威胁的”国家几个字划定了禁止驱逐的范围，对应于规定了禁止遣返(推回)的1951年7月28日《关于难民地位的公约》第三十三条。

(2) The prohibited grounds of discrimination set out in draft article 15 and reproduced in draft article 23 are those contained in article 2, paragraph 1, of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.

(2) 第23条草案重述的第15条草案所禁止的歧视理由是《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第二条第1款所载的内容。

The Commission considers that there is no valid reason why the list of discriminatory grounds in draft article 23 should be less broad in scope than the list contained in draft article 15.

委员会认为，如果让第23条草案所列的歧视理由比第15条草案的范围更窄，是不合理的。

In particular, the Commission was of the view that the list of grounds contained in article 33 of the 1951 Convention was too narrow for the present draft article, which addressed the situations not only of persons who could be defined as “refugees”, but of aliens in general, and in a wide range of possible situations.

委员会尤其认为，1951年《公约》第三十三条所列理由对于本条款草案过于狭隘，仅涉及到一个人可能被定义为“难民”的情况，而不是一般意义上的外国人、以及可能出现的更广泛情况。

(3) As is the case of draft article 15, the Commission discussed whether sexual orientation should be included in the prohibited grounds of discrimination.

(3) 与讨论第15条草案时的情况一样，委员会讨论了应否在所禁止的歧视理由中包括性取向。

Since divergent views were expressed by members of the Commission on this point, the approach taken in draft article 15 and in the commentary to that draft article was adopted here as well.

由于委员会委员们在这方面意见不同，这里也采用了第15条草案及其评注中的处理办法。

(4) Paragraph 2 of draft article 23 concerns the specific situation where the life of an alien subject to expulsion would be threatened in the State of destination by the imposition or execution of the death penalty, unless an assurance has previously been obtained that the death penalty will not be imposed or, if already imposed, will not be carried out.

(4) 第23条草案第2款审议的具体情况是，除非已经事先得到不会判处死刑、或者如果已经判处但不会执行死刑的保证，拟被驱逐的外国人将在目的地国面临被判处或执行死刑的威胁。

 The Human Rights Committee has taken the position that, under article 6 of the Covenant, States that have abolished the death penalty may not expel a person to another State in which he or she has been sentenced to death, unless they have previously obtained an assurance that the penalty will not be carried out.

 人权事务委员会采取的立场是，根据《公约》第六条，已经废除死刑的国家除非已经事先得到死刑不会执行的保证，有义务不将一人驱逐到他或她已被判处死刑的另一国家。

 While it may be considered that, within these precise limits, this prohibition now corresponds to a distinct trend in international law, it would be difficult to state that international law goes any further in this area.

 尽管可以认为，在这些确切的限度之内，这一禁止性规定对应着国际法中的一个明显趋势，但是难以说国际法在这一领域有任何更多的进展。

(5) Consequently, paragraph 2 of draft article 23 constitutes progressive development in two respects: first, because the prohibition established in paragraph 2 covers not only States that have abolished the death penalty, but also States that retain the penalty in their legislation but do not apply it in practice: this is the meaning of the phrase, “[a] State that does not apply the death penalty”; second, because the scope of protection has been extended to cover not only situations where the death penalty has already been imposed but also those where there is a real risk that it will be imposed.

 (5) 因此，第23条草案第2款在两个方面构成国际法的逐渐发展：首先，第2款的禁止性规定不仅涵盖已经废除死刑的国家，而且涵盖仍在立法中保留死刑但实际上不采用的国家：这就是“不适用死刑的国家”几字的含义；其次，保护的范围已经扩大，不仅涵盖已经判处死刑的情况，而且涵盖可能判处死刑的情况。

Article 24 Obligation not to expel an alien to a State where he or she may be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment

第24条 不将外国人驱逐至会使其面临酷刑或残忍、不人道或有辱人格之待遇或处罚的国家的义务

A State shall not expel an alien to a State where there are substantial grounds for believing that he or she would be in danger of being subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.

国家不得将外国人驱逐至有充分理由相信此人会面临遭受酷刑或残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚之危险的国家。

Commentary

评注

(1) The wording of draft article 24, which obliges the expelling State not to expel an alien to a State where there are substantial grounds for believing that he or she would be in danger of being subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment,  is based on article 3 of the 1984 Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment.

(1) 第24条草案的措辞要求驱逐国不将一名外国人驱逐至有充分理由相信他或她会面临酷刑或残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚之危险的国家。  这依据的是1984年《禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚公约》第3条。

 However, draft article 24 broadens the scope of the protection afforded by this provision of the Convention, since the obligation not to expel contained in the draft article covers not only torture, but also other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.

 然而，第24条草案扩大了《公约》这一规定所保护的范围，因为本条草案的不驱逐义务不仅涵盖存在酷刑的情况，而且涵盖存在其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚的情况。

This broader scope of the prohibition reflects, inter alia, the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights concerning article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights.

这一更广泛的禁止范围反映了欧洲人权法院关于《欧洲人权公约》第三条的判例。

 A recommendation of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination takes a similar stance.

 消除种族歧视委员会的一项建议也采取了类似的立场。

(2) With regard to determining the existence of “substantial grounds” within the meaning of draft article 24, attention should be drawn to article 3, paragraph 2, of the 1984 Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, which states that the competent authorities shall take into account “all relevant considerations including, where applicable, the existence in the State concerned of a consistent pattern of gross, flagrant or mass violations of human rights”.

(2) 对于如何确定第24条草案所指的“充分理由”，应当注意1984年《禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚公约》第3条第2款。 这一款规定：主管当局应考虑到“所有有关的因素，包括在适当情况下，考虑到在有关国家境内是否存在一贯严重、公然、大规模侵犯人权的情况”。

This provision has been interpreted on many occasions by the Committee against Torture established pursuant to the Convention, which has considered a number of communications alleging that the expulsion of aliens to particular States was contrary to article 3.

根据《公约》设立的禁止酷刑委员会也多次解释了这一条款，审议了若干指称向某些国家驱逐外国人违反第3条的来文。  

(3) The Committee against Torture has adopted guidelines concerning the implementation of article 3 in its general comment No. 1.

(3) 禁止酷刑委员会在第1号一般性意见中制定了关于执行第3条的准则。

 These guidelines indicate the information that may be relevant in determining whether the expulsion of an alien to a particular State is consistent with article 3:

 这些准则指出了在决定向某国驱逐外国人是否符合第3条时可能相关的信息：

“The following information, while not exhaustive, would be pertinent:

“下列资料虽然不是详尽无遗的，却是相关的：

(a) Is the State concerned one in which there is evidence of a consistent pattern of gross, flagrant or mass violations of human rights (see art. 3, para. 2)?

(a) 是否有证据表明所涉国家是一个一贯严重、公然或大规模侵犯人权的国家(见第3条第2款)？

(b) Has the author been tortured or maltreated by or at the instigation of or with the consent of acquiescence of a public official or other person acting in an official capacity in the past? If so, was this the recent past?

(b) 撰文人是否曾遭受公职人员或以官方身份行事的人施行或煽动或认可或默许的酷刑或虐待？如果是，是否是最近发生的？

(c) Is there medical or other independent evidence to support a claim by the author that he/she has been tortured or maltreated in the past? Has the torture had after-effects?

(c) 是否有医疗证据或其他独立证据证明撰文人关于曾遭受酷刑或虐待的指控？酷刑是否有后遗症？

(d) Has the situation referred to in (a) above changed? Has the internal situation in respect of human rights altered?

(d) 以上(a)段所指情况是否已发生变化？境内人权情况是否已发生变化？

(e) Has the author engaged in political or other activity within or outside the State concerned which would appear to make him/her particularly vulnerable to the risk of being placed in danger of torture were he/she to be expelled, returned or extradited to the State in question?

(e) 撰文人是否在所涉国家境内外从事政治活动或其他活动，使得他(她)如被驱逐、遣返或引渡到该国，特别容易遭受酷刑？

(f) Is there any evidence as to the credibility of the author? (g) Are there factual inconsistencies in the claim of the author?

(f) 是否有任何证据证明撰文人是可信的？(g) 撰文人的指控中是否存在与事实不符的情况？如果存在，是否有重大关系？”

If so, are they relevant?”  The Committee has also indicated that substantial grounds for believing that there is a risk of torture require more than a mere theory or suspicion but less than a high probability of such a risk.

委员会还指出，有充分理由认为存在着酷刑危险，是要求不能仅仅依据于理论或怀疑。 但是不必证明这种危险极有可能发生。

 Other elements on which the Committee against Torture has provided important clarifications are the existence of a personal risk of torture;  the existence, in this context, of a present and foreseeable danger;  the issue of subsequent expulsion to a third State;  and the absolute nature of the prohibition.

 禁止酷刑委员会就此做出重要说明的其他因素是：存在着遭受酷刑的个人危险、  存在着这方面现存和可预见的危险、  接着驱逐到第三国的问题、  以及禁止的绝对性。

(4) As was the case for draft article 18,  the Commission preferred not to address, in the text of draft article 24, situations where the risk of torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment emanated from persons or groups of persons acting in a private capacity.

(4) 如同第18条草案一样，  委员会不赞成在第24条草案的案文中处理个人或群体以私人身份实施酷刑或残忍、不人道或有辱人格待遇或处罚的危险问题。

 In this regard, it should be recalled that in its general comment No. 1, the Committee against Torture expressed the following view on this issue:

 就此应当忆及禁止酷刑委员会在第1号一般性意见中表达的关于这一问题的以下意见：

“Pursuant to article 1, the criterion, mentioned in article 3, paragraph 2, of ‘a consistent pattern or gross, flagrant or mass violations of human rights’ refers only to violations by or at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a public official or other person acting in an official capacity.”

“根据第1条，在第3条第2款中提及的‘一贯严重、公然、大规模侵犯人权情况’的标准，仅指由公职人员或以官方身份行事的其他人施行或煽动或认可或默许的侵犯人权情况。

”

For its part, the European Court of Human Rights has drawn from the absolute character of article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights the conclusion that the said provision also covers cases where the danger emanates not from the State of destination itself but from “persons or groups of persons who are not public officials”, when the State of destination is not able to offer adequate protection to the individual concerned.

欧洲人权法院就此从《欧洲人权公约》第三条的绝对性中得出结论认为，上述规定所涵盖的情况也包括危险不是来自目的地国本身，而是在目的地国不能适当保护有关个人情况下的“非公职人员的个人或群体”。

“Owing to the absolute character of the right guaranteed, the Court does not rule out the possibility that Article 3 of the Convention may also apply where the danger emanates from persons or groups of persons who are not public officials.

“鉴于所保障权利的绝对性质，法院没有排除这一可能，即《公约》第三条也可以适用于危险来自于并非公职人员的个人或群体的情况。

However, it must be shown that the risk is real and that the authorities of the receiving State are not able to obviate the risk by providing appropriate protection.”

然而，必须表明危险是真实的，并且接收国当局不能够提供适当保护来避免危险。

”

Chapter IV Protection in the transit State

第四章 过境国境内的保护

Article 25 Protection in the transit State of the human rights of an alien subject to expulsion

第25条 在过境国境内保护拟被驱逐的外国人的人权

The transit State shall protect the human rights of an alien subject to expulsion, in conformity with its obligations under international law.

过境国应按照其国际法义务保护拟被驱逐的外国人的人权。

Commentary

评注

The implementation of an expulsion order often involves the transit of the alien through one or more States before arrival in the State of destination.

执行驱逐令，通常涉及到外国人抵达目的地国之前在一个或几个国家的过境。

 In draft article 25, the Commission therefore considered it essential to draw attention to the transit State’s obligation to protect the human rights of the alien subject to expulsion, in conformity with its obligations under international law.

 因此，委员会在第25条草案中认为，必须提醒注意过境国负有保护拟被驱逐的外国人人权的国际法义务。

The chosen wording clearly indicates that the transit State is obliged to respect only its own obligations under international conventions to which it is a party or under the rules of general international law, and not obligations that are, ex hypothesi, binding on the expelling State alone.

措辞的选择清楚表明，过境国只须尊重本身所加入的国际公约或一般国际法的义务，而不是依据假设仅拘束驱逐国的义务。

Part Four Specific procedural rules

第四部分 具体程序规则

Article 26 Procedural rights of aliens subject to expulsion

第26条 拟被驱逐的外国人的程序权利

1. An alien subject to expulsion enjoys the following procedural rights:

1. 拟被驱逐的外国人享有下列程序权利：

(a) the right to receive notice of the expulsion decision;

(a) 收到驱逐决定通知的权利；

(b) the right to challenge the expulsion decision;

(b) 对驱逐决定提出异议的权利；

(c) the right to be heard by a competent authority;

(c) 由一个主管当局听讯的权利；

(d) the right of access to effective remedies to challenge the expulsion decision;

(d) 获得有效救济对驱逐决定提出异议的权利；

(e) the right to be represented before the competent authority; and

(e) 在主管当局面前有人代理的权利；和

(f) the right to have the free assistance of an interpreter if he or she cannot understand or speak the language used by the competent authority.

(f) 如果不懂或不讲主管当局所用的语言，有获得免费口译协助的权利。

2. The rights listed in paragraph 1 are without prejudice to other procedural rights or guarantees provided by law.

2. 第1款所列权利不影响法律规定的其他程序权利或保障。

3. An alien subject to expulsion has the right to seek consular assistance.

3. 拟被驱逐的外国人有权寻求领事协助。

The expelling State shall not impede the exercise of this right or the provision of consular assistance.

驱逐国不应妨碍行使这一权利或妨碍提供领事协助。

4. The procedural rights provided for in this article are without prejudice to the application of any legislation of the expelling State concerning the expulsion of aliens who have been unlawfully present in its territory for less than six months.

4. 本条规定的程序权利不影响驱逐国适用有关驱逐非法在其境内不足六个月的外国人的任何法律。

Commentary

评注

(1) Draft article 26, paragraph 1, sets out a list of procedural rights from which any alien subject to expulsion must benefit, irrespective of whether that person is lawfully or unlawfully present in the territory of the expelling State.

(1) 第26条草案第1款规定了任何拟被驱逐的外国人必须享有的程序权利，无论该人合法还是非法地处于驱逐国境内。

The sole exception — to which reference is made in paragraph 4 of the draft article — is that of aliens who have been unlawfully present in the territory of that State for less than six months.

唯一例外的是本条草案第4款所提到的非法居于该国境内不足六个月的外国人。

(2) Paragraph 1 (a) sets forth the right to receive notice of the expulsion decision.

(2) 第1款(a)项规定了收到驱逐决定通知的权利。

The expelling State’s respect for this essential guarantee is a conditio sine qua non for the exercise by an alien subject to expulsion of all of his or her procedural rights.

驱逐国尊重这一基本保证，是拟被驱逐的外国人行使其所有程序权利的一个基本条件。

This condition was explicitly embodied in article 22, paragraph 3, of the 1990 International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, which stipulates that the expulsion decision “shall be communicated to them in a language they understand”.

1990年《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》第22条第3款明确体现了这一条件：规定：驱逐决定“应以他们所了解的语言…传达给他们”。

In 1892 the Institute of International Law already expressed the view that “l’acte ordonnant l’expulsion est notifié à l’expulsé” [the expulsion order shall be notified to the expellee]  and also that “si l’expulsé a la faculté de recourir à une haute cour judiciaire ou administrative, il doit être informé, par l’acte même, et de cette circonstance et du délai à observer” [if the expellee is entitled to appeal to a high judicial or administrative court, the expulsion order must indicate this and state the deadline for filing the appeal].

国际法学会在1892年已经表达了以下的观点：“l’acte ordonnant l’expulsion est notifié à l’expulsé” [须将驱逐决定通知被驱逐者]  并且“si l’expulsé a la faculté de recourir à une haute cour judiciaire ou administrative, il doit être informé， par l’acte même, et de cette circonstance et du délai à observer”[如果被驱逐者有权向高级司法或行政法院上诉，则驱逐令必须指出这一点，并说明提出上诉的限期]。

 The legislation of a number of States contains a requirement that a decision on expulsion must be notified to the alien concerned.

 若干国家的法律要求必须将驱逐决定通知有关外国人。  

(3) Paragraph 1 (b) sets out the right to challenge the expulsion decision, a right well established in international law.

(3) 第1款(b)项规定了对驱逐决定提出异议的权利；这是国际法上久已确立的一项权利。

At the universal level, article 13 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights provides the individual facing expulsion with the right to submit the reasons against his or her expulsion, except where “compelling reasons of national security otherwise require”.

在全球一级，《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第十三条规定：面临驱逐的人有权提出反对驱逐的理由，除非“在国家安全的紧迫原因另有要求的情况下”。

It states that “[a]n alien lawfully in the territory of a State Party to the present Covenant … shall, except where compelling reasons of national security otherwise require, be allowed to submit the reasons against his expulsion”  (emphasis added).

它指出，“合法处在本公约缔约国领土内的外侨，…除非在国家安全的紧迫原因另有要求的情况下，应准予提出反对驱逐出境的理由”  (强调是后加的)。

The same right is to be found in article 7 of the Declaration on the Human Rights of Individuals who are not Nationals of the Country in which They Live, annexed to General Assembly resolution 40/144 of 13 December 1985, which provides that “[a]n alien lawfully in the territory of a State … shall, except where compelling reasons of national security otherwise require, be allowed to submit the reasons why he or she should not be expelled”.

同一权利也见于大会1985年12月13日第40/144号决议所附的《非居住国公民个人人权宣言》第七条，即：“对合法在一国境内的外侨，…除因国家安全的重大理由必须另行处理外，应准其提出不应被驱逐的理由”。

At the regional level, article 1, paragraph 1 (a) of Protocol No. 7 to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms provides that an alien lawfully resident in the territory of a State and subject to an expulsion order shall be allowed “to submit reasons against his expulsion”.

在区域一级，《保护人权和基本自由公约》第七号议定书第一条第1款(a)项规定：允许合法居于一国境内拟被驱逐的外国人“提出反对驱逐出境的理由”。

Article 3, paragraph 2, of the European Convention on Establishment offers the same safeguard by providing that “[e]xcept where imperative considerations of national security otherwise require, a national of any Contracting Party who has been so lawfully residing for more than two years in the territory of any other Party shall not be expelled without first being allowed to submit reasons against his expulsion”.

《欧洲居留公约》第三条第2款提供了同样的保障，规定“在缔约一方领土内正常居住达二年以上的任一缔约国国民，除了涉及国家安全的严重理由以外，非经给予机会陈述反对驱逐出境的理由，…不得当作驱逐出境措施的对象”。

Lastly, the right of an alien to contest his or her expulsion is also embodied in internal law.

最后，国内法也体现了一名外国人可以对驱逐他或她的决定提出反对意见的权利。

(4) The Commission considers that the right to be heard by a competent authority, set out in paragraph 1 (c), is essential for the exercise of the right to challenge an expulsion decision, which forms the subject of paragraph 1 (b).

 (4) 委员会认为，对于作为第1款(b)项主要内容的、对驱逐决定提出异议的权利来说，第1款(c)项规定的由主管当局听讯的权利至关重要。

Although article 13 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights does not expressly grant the alien the right to be heard, the Human Rights Committee has taken the view that a decision on expulsion adopted without the alien having been given an opportunity to be heard may raise questions under article 13 of the Covenant:

尽管《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第十三条没有明确赋予外国人得到听讯的权利，但是人权委员会认为，未给予外国人听讯的机会就通过驱逐决定，可能引起与《公约》第十三条有关的问题：

“The Committee is also concerned that the Board of Immigration and the Aliens Appeals Board may in certain cases yield their jurisdiction to the Government, resulting in decisions for expulsion or denial of immigration or asylum status without the affected individuals having been given an appropriate hearing.

“委员会还关注的是，移民委员会和外籍人申诉委员会可能将某些案件的管辖权交给政府，造成了未适当的听证，就对有关个人作出驱逐或拒绝移民或拒绝给予庇护地位的决定。

In the Committee’s view, this practice may, in certain circumstances, raise questions under article 13 of the Covenant.”

委员会认为，这种做法在某些情况下，产生了《公约》第十三条所列的问题。

”

The national laws of several States grant aliens the right to be heard during expulsion proceedings, as do many national tribunals.

好几个国家的本国法都在驱逐程序中给予外国人获得听讯的权利，许多国家的法院也是如此。

 Given the divergence in State practice in this area, it cannot be said that international law gives an alien subject to expulsion the right to be heard in person by the competent authority.

 鉴于这一领域的国家实践不同，无法认定国际法给予了拟被驱逐的外国人当面在主管当局得到听讯的权利。

What is required is that an alien be furnished with an opportunity to explain his or her situation and submit his or her own reasons before the competent authority.

所要求的仅是向外国人提供一个向主管机构解释其处境和提出本人理由的机会。

In some circumstances, written proceedings may satisfy the requirements of international law.

在某些情况下，书面审理就可以满足国际法上的要求。

One writer, commenting on the decisions of the Human Rights Committee concerning cases related to articles 13 and 14 of the Covenant, expressed the opinion that “[e]ven though the reasons against a pending expulsion should, as a rule, be asserted in an oral hearing, Article 13 does not, in contrast to Article 14, paragraph 3 (d), give rise to a right to personal appearance”.

一名学者在评论人权事务委员会关于《公约》第十三条和十四条的案件时认为，“即便口头听讯通常都包含提出反对即将执行的驱逐的理由，但第十三条不同于第十四条第3款(丁)项的是，它没有规定亲自出席的权利。 ”

(5) Paragraph 1 (d) sets out the right of access to effective remedies to challenge the expulsion decision.

(5) 第1款(d)项规定了获得有效救济对驱逐决定提出异议的权利。

While article 13 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights entitles an alien lawfully present in the expelling State to a review of the expulsion decision, it does not specify the type of authority which should undertake the review:

尽管《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第十三条让在驱逐国合法居住的外国人有权得到对驱逐令的复审，但是未规定应由哪类当局进行这类复审：

“An alien lawfully in the territory of a State Party to the present Covenant may be expelled therefrom only in pursuance of a decision reached in accordance with law and shall, except where compelling reasons of national security otherwise require, be allowed … to have his case reviewed by, and be represented for the purpose before, the competent authority or a person or persons especially designated by the competent authority”  (emphasis added).

“合法处在本公约缔约国领土内的外侨，只有按照依法作出的决定才可以被驱逐出境，并且，除非在国家安全的紧迫原因另有要求的情况下，应准予…使他的案件得到合格当局或由合格当局特别指定的一人或数人的复审，并为此目的而请人作代表”  (强调是后加的)。

The Human Rights Committee has drawn attention to the fact that the right to a review, as well as the other guarantees provided in article 13, may be departed from only if “compelling reasons of national security” so require.

人权事务委员会已经提醒各国注意，只有在“国家安全的紧迫原因”所要求的情况下，才可以违反关于复审的权利以及第十三条提供的其他保障。

The Committee has also stressed that the remedy at the disposal of the alien expelled must be an effective one:

委员会也强调：被驱逐的外国人得到的救济必须是有效的：

“An alien must be given full facilities for pursuing his remedy against expulsion so that this right will in all the circumstances of his case be an effective one.

“必须给予外国人一切便利，以便他就驱逐问题寻求补救措施，从而使其权利成为一项切实权利，而不论案子情况。

The principles of article 13 relating to appeal against expulsion and the entitlement to review by a competent authority may only be departed from when ‘compelling reasons of national security’ so require.”

第十三条规定的有关就驱逐提出上诉及有权要求合格当局进行复审等原则惟有在‘国家安全的紧迫原因’如此要求的情况下才可免于执行。

”

The Human Rights Committee has also considered that protests lodged with the expelling State’s diplomatic or consular missions abroad are not a satisfactory solution under article 13 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights:

人权事务委员会还认为，根据《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第十三条，向驱逐国的驻外外交或领事机构提出抗议，不构成令人满意的解决办法：

“In the Committee’s opinion, the discretionary power of the Minister of the Interior to order the expulsion of any alien, without safeguards, if security and the public interest so require poses problems with regard to article 13 of the Covenant, particularly if the alien entered Syrian territory lawfully and has obtained a residence permit.

“委员会认为，内政部长可在安全和公共利益需要时酌情命令驱逐外侨出境而不给与保障措施的做法，在公约第十三条方面造成了问题。 如果该外侨为合法进入叙利亚领土并已获得居住许可证，则情况更是如此。

Protests lodged by the expelled alien with Syrian diplomatic and consular missions abroad are not a satisfactory solution in terms of the Covenant.”

被驱逐的外侨在海外向叙利亚外交和领事使团进行抗议，并不是符合公约的满意的解决办法。

”

Article 13 of the European Convention on Human Rights recognizes a right to an effective remedy with respect to a violation of any right or freedom set forth in the Convention, including in cases of expulsion:

《欧洲人权公约》第十三条承认，如果《公约》所规定的权利和自由遭到违反，包括在驱逐的情况下，则有权得到有效的救济：

“Everyone whose rights and freedoms as set forth in this Convention are violated shall have an effective remedy before a national authority notwithstanding that the violation has been committed by persons acting in an official capacity.”

“每个人依据《公约》享有的权利和自由如遭侵犯，应可向国家当局寻求切实有效的补救办法，即便侵犯行为是以官方身份行事者所为。

In respect of a complaint based on article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights concerning a case of expulsion, the European Court of Human Rights said the following about the effective remedy to which article 13 refers:

在审理一项以《欧洲人权公约》第三条为依据的关于驱逐案的申诉时，欧洲人权法院就第十三条所提及的有效救济阐述如下：

“In such cases, given the irreversible nature of the harm that might occur if the risk of ill-treatment materialised and the importance the Court attaches to Article 3, the notion of an effective remedy under Article 13 requires independent scrutiny of the claim that there exist substantial grounds for fearing a real risk of treatment contrary to Article 3.

“在这类案件中，鉴于虐待的危险如果成为现实则可能造成的损害不可逆转，以及法院对十三条的重视，因此按照第十三条所规定的有效救济概念，必须独立地审查关于有充分理由担心存在着待遇违反第三条的真实危险的申诉。

This scrutiny must be carried out without regard to what the person may have done to warrant expulsion or to any perceived threat to the national security of the expelling State.”

必须进行这一审查，不论当事方有何行为，以致被驱逐或视为对驱逐国的国家安全有任何威胁。

”

Article 1 of Protocol No. 7 to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms grants the alien subject to expulsion the right to have his or her case reviewed by a competent authority:

《保护人权与基本自由公约第7号议定书》第一条给予被驱逐的外国人要求主管当局进行复审的权利：

“Article 1 – Procedural safeguards relating to expulsion of aliens

“第一条――有关驱逐外国人问题的程序保障

1. An alien lawfully resident in the territory of a State shall not be expelled therefrom except in pursuance of a decision reached in accordance with law and shall be allowed:

1. 合法居住在一国领土内的外国人不得被驱逐出境，除非是执行依法作出的决定，而且应允许该外国人：

b. to have his case reviewed, and

b. 要求其案件得到复审

2. An alien may be expelled before the exercise of his rights under paragraph 1.a, b and c of this Article, when such expulsion is necessary in the interests of public order or is grounded on reasons of national security.”

2. 出于公共秩序需要或国家安全原因，可在外国人行使本条第1款a、b和c项所赋权利前将其驱逐出境。

Similarly, article 3, paragraph 2 of the European Convention on Establishment provides:

同样，《欧洲居留公约》第三条第2款规定：

“Except where imperative considerations of national security otherwise require, a national of any Contracting Party who has been so lawfully residing for more than two years in the territory of any other Party shall not be expelled without first being allowed to submit reasons against his expulsion and to appeal to, and be represented for the purpose before, a competent authority or a person or persons specially designated by the competent authority” (emphasis added).

“除非国家安全的迫切理由另行要求，不然，对于任何缔约方国民在另一缔约方领土内合法居住两年以上者，在将他驱逐出境前，首先应允许他提出反对被驱逐的理由，向主管当局或由主管当局特别指定的一人或数人提出上诉，并为此目的而委托代表”(强调是后加的)。

Article 83 of the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families; article 32, paragraph 2, of the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees; article 31, paragraph 2, of the Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons; article 9, paragraph 5, of the European Convention on the Legal Status of Migrant Workers;  and article 26, paragraph 2, of the Arab Charter on Human Rights also require that there be a possibility of appealing against an expulsion decision.

《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》第83条、《关于难民地位的公约》第三十二条第(二)款、《关于无国籍人地位的公约》第三十一条第二款、《欧洲移徙工人法律地位公约》第九条第5款、  以及《阿拉伯人权宪章》第二十六条第2款也要求有可能对驱逐决定提起上诉。

This right to a review procedure has also been recognized, in terms which are identical to those of article 13 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, by the General Assembly in article 7 of the Declaration on the Human Rights of Individuals Who are not Nationals of the Country in which They Live, annexed to General Assembly resolution 40/144:

大会第40/144号决议所附的《非居住国公民个人人权宣言》第七条以《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第十三条完全同样的措辞，也承认了这一获得复审的权利：

“An alien lawfully in the territory of a State may be expelled therefrom only in pursuance of a decision reached in accordance with law and shall, except where compelling reasons of national security otherwise require, be allowed to submit the reasons why he or she should not be expelled and to have the case reviewed by, and be represented for the purpose before, the competent authority or a person or persons specially designated by the competent authority” (emphasis added).

“对合法在一国境内的外侨，只能根据依法作出的判决将其驱逐出境，并且除因国家安全的重大理由必须另行处理外，应准其提出不应被驱逐的理由，并将其案件提交主管当局或经主管当局特别指定的人员复审，并准其委托代表向上述当局或人员陈述理由。 ”(强调是后加的)。

In its General Recommendation No. 30, the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination stressed the need for an effective remedy in the event of expulsion and recommended that States parties to the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination should:

消除种族歧视委员会在第30号一般性建议中强调，在驱逐的情况下，必须提供有效救济，并且建议《消除一切形式种族歧视公约》缔约国应当：

“Ensure that … non-citizens have equal access to effective remedies, including the right to challenge expulsion orders, and are allowed effectively to pursue such remedies.”

“确保非公民有同等机会诉诸有效的补救办法，包括质疑驱逐令的权利，并切实允许他们求助于此类补救办法。

”

The requirement that the alien subject to expulsion be provided with a review procedure has also been stressed by the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights with respect to illegal immigrants:

对于非法移民问题，非洲人权和人民权利委员会也强调了应向拟被驱逐的外国人提供复审程序的要求：

“The Commission does not wish to call into question nor is it calling into question the right of any State to take legal action against illegal immigrants and deport them to their countries of origin, if the competent courts so decide.

“委员会无意、也不是在质疑任何国家对非法移民采取法律行动和将他们递解回原籍国的权利，如果主管法院如此判决的话。

It is however of the view that it is unacceptable to deport individuals without giving them the possibility to plead their case before the competent national courts as this is contrary to the spirit and letter of the Charter and international law.”

但委员会认为，未给当事方提供机会，以便他们向主管国家法院提出申辩，即将他们递解出境，这是不可接受的，因为这有违《宪章》和国际法的精神和文字。

”

Similarly, in another case, the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights held that Zambia had violated the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights by not giving an individual the opportunity to challenge an expulsion order:

同样，在另一案件中，非洲人权和人民权利委员会也认为，赞比亚不允许一人有机会对驱逐令提出异议，违反了《非洲人权和人民权利宪章》：

“36. Zambia has contravened Article 7 of the Charter in that he was not allowed to pursue the administrative measures, which were opened to him in terms of the Citizenship Act … By all accounts, Banda’s residence and status in Zambia had been accepted.

“36. 赞比亚违反了《宪章》第七条，因为未准许他诉诸行政措施，而根据《公民法》，这些措施是对他开放的…从各方面讲，Banda 在赞比亚的居住和身份已被接受。

He had made a contribution to the politics of the country.

他为该国的政治作出了贡献。

The provisions of Article 12 (4) have been violated.

赞比亚违反了第十二条第4款的规定。

38. John Lyson Chinula was in an even worse predicament.

38. John Lyson Chinula的处境更糟。

He was not given any opportunity to contest the deportation order.

他未得到机会抗辩递解出境令。

Surely, government cannot say that Chinula had gone underground in 1974 having overstayed his visiting permit.

政府当然不能说Chinula于1974年在访问许可逾期后便转入地下了。

Chinula, by all account, was a prominent businessman and politician.

从各方面讲，Chinula是一个知名的商人和政治人物。

If government wished to act against him they could have done so.

如果政府想对他采取行动，它本可以这么做。

That they did not, does not justify the arbitrary nature of the arrest and deportation on 31 August 1994.

政府没这么做，但这不能成为政府于1994年8月31日任意将他逮捕和递解出境的理由。

He was entitled to have his case heard in the Courts of Zambia.

他有权将其案子提交赞比亚法院审理。

Zambia has violated Article 7 of the Charter.

赞比亚违反了《宪章》第七条。

52. Article 7 (1) states that:

52. 第七条第1款规定：

‘Every individual shall have the right to have his cause heard …

‘每个人均有权提出申辩…

(a) The right to an appeal to competent national organs against acts violating his fundamental rights as recognised and guaranteed …

(a) 有权对侵犯其被公认和受保障的基本权利的行为向主管国家机关提出上诉…’

53. The Zambia government by denying Mr. Chinula the opportunity to appeal his deportation order has deprived him of a right to a fair hearing, which contravenes all Zambian domestic laws and international human rights laws.”

53. 赞比亚政府未给Chinula先生对递解出境令提出上诉的机会，从而剥夺了他得到公正听审的权利，这有违赞比亚所有国内法律及国际人权法。

”

(6) Paragraph 1 (e), the content of which is based on article 13 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, gives an alien subject to expulsion the right to be represented before the competent authority.

(6) 第1款(e)项的内容依据的是《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第十三条，给予拟被驱逐的外国人请人代表自己与主管当局交涉的权利。

In the Commission’s opinion, from the standpoint of international law, this right does not necessarily encompass the right to be represented by a lawyer during expulsion proceedings.

委员会认为，从国际法的角度来看，这一权利不一定包括在驱逐程序中请律师代理的权利。

(7) The Commission considers that the right of an alien to the free assistance of an interpreter if he or she cannot understand or speak the language used by the competent authority, which is set out in paragraph 1 (f) and recognized in the legislation of a number of States,  is an essential element of the right to be heard, which is set out in paragraph 1 (c).

(7) 委员会认为，外国人如果听不懂或不能说主管当局使用的语言就有权获得免费口译协助，是第1款(c)项所规定的得到听讯权的一个基本要素；这是第1款(f)项所规定的，并且得到了一些国家立法的承认。

It is also of some relevance to the right to be notified of the expulsion decision and the right to challenge that decision, to which paragraphs 1 (a) and (b) of this draft article refer.

这也有些关系到本条草案第1款(a)和(b)项所述的关于收到驱逐决定通知的权利和对该决定提出异议的权利。

In this connection, it will be noted that the Committee on the Rights of the Child expressed concerns at reports of “ill-treatment of children by police during forced expulsion to the country of origin where, in some cases, they were deported without access to … interpretation”.

在这方面，应注意儿童权利委员会对“儿童在被强行逐回原籍国时遭到警察的虐待，有时候他们没有得到法律援助和口译就被递解出境” 的报道所表达的关切。

 The Commission takes the view that free interpretation is vital to the effective exercise by the alien in question of all of his or her procedural rights.

 国际法委员会认为，对于有关外国人有效地行使其程序权利，免费口译至关重要。

In this context, the alien must inform the competent authorities of the language(s) which he or she is able to understand.

在这方面，外国人必须告知主管当局他或她能懂什么语言。

However, the Commission considers that the right to the free assistance of an interpreter should not be construed as including the right to the translation of possibly voluminous documentation, or to interpretation into a language which is not commonly used in the region where the State is located or at the international level, provided that this can be done without impeding the fairness of the hearing.

然而，委员会认为，获得免费口译协助的权利不应当解释为包括了可能翻译大量文件，或者为该国所处地区或国际上不普遍使用的一种语言提供口译，但条件是在不影响听讯的公正性的前提下能够这样做。

The wording of paragraph 1 (f) is based on article 14, paragraph 1 (f), of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which makes provision for that right in the context of criminal proceedings.

第1款(f)项采用了《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》为刑事案规定这一权利的第十四条第1款(己)项的措辞。

(8) The Commission is of the view that under general international law the expelling State must respect the procedural rights set forth in draft article 26, paragraph 1.

(8) 委员会认为，根据一般国际法，驱逐国必须尊重第26条草案第1款规定的程序权利。

Nevertheless, paragraph 2 specifies that the procedural rights listed in paragraph 1 are without prejudice to other procedural rights or guarantees provided by law.

然而，第2款规定，第1款所列的程序权利不得影响法律所规定的其他程序权利或保障。

This refers primarily to the rights or guarantees that the expelling State’s legislation offers aliens (for example, possibly a right to free legal assistance ), which that State would be bound to respect by virtue of its international legal obligation to comply with the law throughout the expulsion procedure.

这首先是指驱逐国法律为外国人提供的权利或保障(例如，也许是免费法律服务的权利 )；这类权利和保障是该国根据国际法有义务在整个驱逐程序中恪守法律而必须尊重的。

 In addition, paragraph 2 should be understood to preserve any other procedural right to which an alien subject to expulsion is entitled under a rule of international law, in particular one laid down in a treaty, which is binding on the expelling State.

 另外，应将第2款解释为保留了拟被驱逐的外国人根据国际法规则有权享有的任何其他程序权，特别是条约所规定的、并对缔约国有拘束力的权利。

(9) Draft article 26, paragraph 3, deals with consular assistance, the purpose of which is to safeguard respect for the rights of an alien subject to expulsion.

(9) 第26条草案第3款关系到领事协助，目的是保障拟被驱逐外国人权利得到尊重。

This paragraph refers to the alien’s right to seek consular assistance, which is not synonymous with a right to obtain that assistance.

这一款称外国人有权寻求领事协助，但是这不等于有权获得这一协助。

From the standpoint of international law, the alien’s State of nationality remains free to decide whether or not to furnish him or her with assistance, and the draft article does not address the question of the possible existence of a right to consular assistance under that State’s internal law.

从国际法的角度来说，外国人的国籍国有自由决定是否向其提供协助，而本条草案没有论及该国国内法上是否存在着获得领事协助的权利的问题。

At the same time, the expelling State is bound, under international law, not to impede the exercise by an alien of his or her right to seek consular assistance or, as the case may be, the provision of such assistance by the sending State.

同时，驱逐国按照国际法有义务不妨碍外国人行使其寻求领事协助的权利，或者妨碍派遣国在可能的情况下提供这类协助。

The right of an alien subject to expulsion to seek consular assistance is also expressly embodied in some national legislation.

一些国家的立法也明确地规定了拟被驱逐的外国人寻求领事协助的权利。

(10) The consular assistance referred to in draft article 26, paragraph 3, encompasses the various forms of assistance which the alien subject to expulsion might receive from his or her State of nationality in conformity with the rules of international law on consular relations, most of which are reflected in the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations of 24 April 1963.

 (10) 第26条草案第3款所述的领事协助，包含了拟被驱逐的外国人根据关于领事关系的国际法规则可能从国籍国获得的各种形式协助。 这些协助大部分反映在1963年4月24日的《维也纳领事关系公约》。

 The right of the alien concerned to seek consular assistance and the obligations of the expelling State in that context must be ascertained in the light of those rules.

 必须根据这些规则确定外国人寻求领事协助的权利与驱逐国在这方面的义务。

Particular mention should be made of article 5 of the Convention, which lists consular functions, and of article 36, which concerns communication between consular officials and nationals of the sending State.

尤其应当提到《公约》关于领事职务的第五条与关于领事官员与派遣国国民通讯的第三十六条。

Article 36, paragraph 1 (a), guarantees freedom of communication in very general terms, which suggests that it is a guarantee that applies fully in expulsion proceedings.

第三十六条第一款第(一)项以非常笼统的措辞保障通讯自由，意味着这是一个充分适用于驱逐程序的保障。

Moreover the same guarantee is set forth in equally general terms in article 10 of the Declaration on the Human Rights of Individuals Who are not Nationals of the Country in which They Live, annexed to General Assembly resolution 40/144.

另外，大会第40/144号决议所附的《非居住国公民个人人权宣言》第十条以同样笼统的措辞规定了同样的保障。

 Article 36, paragraph 1 (b) of the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, which concerns a person who has been committed to prison or to custody pending trial, or who has been detained in any other manner, requires the receiving State to inform the consular post if the person concerned so requests and to inform the person of his or her rights in that respect.

 《维也纳领事关系公约》第三十六条第一款第(二)项涉及到有人已经被监禁或拘押候审、或受任何其他方式拘禁的情况，要求接受国在有关个人提出请求的情况下通知领事馆，并且告知该人在这方面的权利。

Paragraph 1 (c) states that consular officials shall have the right to visit a national of the sending State who has been placed in detention.

第一款(三)项规定，领事官员有权探访派遣国被拘禁的国民。

The International Court of Justice has applied article 36 of the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations in contexts other than that of the expulsion of aliens, for example in the cases concerning La Grand and Avena and Other Mexican Nationals.

国际法院在不涉及驱逐外国人问题的案件中适用了《维也纳领事关系公约》第三十六条，例如，在关于拉格朗案与阿韦纳和其他墨西哥国民案中。

 The Court noted that “Article 36, paragraph 1 (b), spells out the obligations the receiving State has towards the detained person and the sending State”  and that “[t]he clarity of these provisions, viewed in their context, admits of no doubt”.

 法院指出，“第三十六条第一款第(二)项规定了接收国对被拘禁者和派遣国所负的义务”  并且“从上下文来看，这些规定的明确性没有任何疑问。” 

 The Court again examined this question in relation to detention for the purposes of expulsion in its Judgment of 30 November 2010 in the case concerning Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo).

 在2010年11月30日艾哈迈杜·萨迪奥·迪亚洛案(几内亚共和国诉刚果民主共和国)的判决中，法院就以驱逐出境为目的的拘留事项再次审议了这一问题。

In accordance with the precedent established in the case concerning Avena and Other Mexican Nationals,  the Court noted that it is for the authorities of the State which proceeded with the arrest:

根据阿韦纳和其他墨西哥国民案的先例，  法院指出，实施逮捕的国家当局应

“to inform on their own initiative the arrested person of his right to ask for his consulate to be notified; the fact that the person did not make such a request not only fails to justify non-compliance with the obligation to inform which is incumbent on the arresting State, but could also be explained in some cases precisely by the fact that the person had not been informed of his rights in that respect … Moreover, the fact that the consular authorities of the national State of the arrested person have learned of the arrest through other channels does not remove any violation that may have been committed of the obligation to inform that person of his rights ‘without delay’.”

“主动告知被捕者，他有权要求通知他的领事；但是如果没有提出这一请求，不仅不能作为逮捕国不履行通知义务的理由，而且可以在同一案件中解释为该人尚未被告知他的这一权利…另外，被捕者的国籍国领事当局通过其他渠道了解到逮捕情况，并不解除对‘不延迟地’通知该人权利的义务的任何可能违反行为。

”

Having noted that the Democratic Republic of the Congo had not provided “the slightest piece of evidence” to corroborate its assertion that it had orally informed Mr. Diallo of his rights, the Court found that there had been a violation by that State of article 36, paragraph 1 (b), of the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations.

法院指出，刚果民主共和国没有提供“最起码的证据”以证明它所称的自己曾经口头向Diallo先生告知他的权利，认为该国违反了《维也纳领事关系公约》第三十六条第一款第(二)项。

(11) Paragraph 4 concerns aliens who have been unlawfully present in the territory of the expelling State for less than six months.

(11) 第4款涉及到非法居于驱逐国不足六个月的外国人。

It takes the form of a “without prejudice” clause which, in such cases, seeks to preserve the application of any legislation of the expelling State concerning the expulsion of such persons.

它采用了“不影响”条款的形式，并且在这种情况下，争取维护驱逐国所有关于驱逐外国人法律的适用。

While some members contended that there was a hard core of procedural rights from which all aliens without exception must benefit, the Commission preferred to follow a realistic approach, because it could not disregard the fact that several States’ national laws make provision for simplified procedures for the expulsion of aliens unlawfully present in their territory.

尽管一些委员们辩称存在着一个所有外国人毫无例外都必须受益的核心程序权利，但委员会倾向于采取务实的做法，因为它不能忽视数个国家的本国法所规定的驱逐非法居于境内的外国人的简化程序。

Under these procedures such aliens often do not even have the right to challenge their expulsion, let alone the procedural rights enumerated in paragraph 1, whose purpose is to give effect to that right.

在这些程序中，这类外国人通常甚至无权对驱逐提出异议，更不用说第1款中所列的、旨在落实这一权利的程序权利。

This being so, as an exercise in the progressive development of international law the Commission considered that even foreigners unlawfully present in the territory of the expelling State for a specified minimum period of time should have the procedural rights listed in paragraph 1.

尽管如此，作为逐渐发展国际法的工作，委员会认为，甚至非法居于驱逐国的外国人，如果住满最低的期限，也应当享有第1款所列的程序权利。

After analysing some national legislation,  the Commission concluded that it was reasonable to set the duration of that period at six months.

在分析了若干国家的立法之后，  委员会的结论是，规定6个月的期限是合理的。

Some members thought that factors other than the duration of the alien’s unlawful presence in the expelling State’s territory ought to be borne in mind when determining the procedural rights which that alien should enjoy during expulsion proceedings.

一些委员认为，在驱逐过程中确定外国人应享有的程序权利时，除了外国人在驱逐国境内非法居留的期限这一因素外，还应当考虑到其它因素。

In that connection, reference was made to the level of (social, occupational, economic or family) integration of the alien in question.

就此，有人提到有关外国人的(社会、职业、经济或家庭)融入程度。

The Commission considered, however, that assessing and applying such criteria would be difficult, especially as national practice diverged in that respect.

然而，委员会认为，评估和使用这类标准有难度，特别是国家实践在这方面各不相同。

Article 27 Suspensive effect of an appeal against an expulsion decision

第27条 针对驱逐决定的上诉的暂停效力

An appeal lodged by an alien subject to expulsion who is lawfully present in the territory of the expelling State shall have a suspensive effect on the expulsion decision.

合法在驱逐国境内的拟被驱逐的外国人提出的上诉对驱逐决定具有暂停执行的效力。

Commentary

评注

(1) Draft article 27, which recognizes the suspensive effect of an appeal lodged against an expulsion decision by an alien lawfully present in the territory of the expelling State, is progressive development of international law.

(1) 第27条草案承认，合法居住在驱逐国境内的外国人提起的上诉，对驱逐决定具有暂停执行的效力，这一点是国际法的逐渐发展。

The Commission considers that State practice in the matter is not sufficiently uniform or convergent to form the basis, in existing law, of a rule of general international law providing for the suspensive effect of an appeal against an expulsion decision.

委员会认为，在这一问题上的国家实践不够统一或一致，在现有法律上还构不成一般国际法规则的基础，以规定上诉对于驱逐决定具有暂停执行的效力。  

(2) However, the Commission considered that the recognition of a suspensive effect in a draft article was warranted.

(2) 然而，委员会认为，在一条草案中承认这一暂停执行的效力是合理的。

One of the reasons militating in favour of a suspensive effect is certainly the fact that, unless the execution of the expulsion decision is stayed, an appeal might well be ineffective in view of the potential obstacles to return, including those of an economic nature, which might be faced by an alien who in the intervening period has had to leave the territory of the expelling State as a result of an expulsion decision, the unlawfulness of which was determined only after his or her departure.

对于暂停执行的效力给予支持的理由之一，当然是在于这一事实：除非暂停执行驱逐决定，否则一项上诉很可能无法潜在地阻止遣返，特别是出于经济原因的遣返。 这种遣返是在干预阶段必须按驱逐令离开缔约国领土的外国人可能面临的情况，但驱逐令的不合法性只有在其离境后才能确定。

(3) According to one point of view expressed within the Commission, positive law already recognized the suspensive effect of an appeal against an expulsion decision when an alien could reasonably plead that his or her life or freedom would be threatened in the State of destination,  or that there was risk of being subjected to ill-treatment there  as grounds for challenging the decision.

(3) 根据委员会内所表达的一种意见，实在法已经承认：如果一名外国人可以作为质疑驱逐决定的理由而合理地申诉其生命或自由将在目的地国受到威胁、  或者可能在那里面临虐待时，  上诉对驱逐决定具有暂停执行的效力。

In addition, with a view to progressive development, some members would have preferred the Commission to recognize the suspensive effect not only of an appeal lodged by an alien lawfully present in the territory of the expelling State, but also of an appeal lodged by certain categories of aliens who, although unlawfully present in its territory, had already been there for some time or met other conditions, such as a sufficient level of social, economic, family or other integration in the expelling State.

另外，出于逐渐发展国际法，一些委员将更倾向于委员会不仅承认合法居住在驱逐国境内的外国人的上诉具有暂停执行效力，而且承认某些类别的非法居留外国人的上诉也是一样，如果他们已经居住一段时间或满足了其他条件，比如在驱逐国的充分(社会、经济、家庭或其他)融入。

(4) In this context, it is interesting to note the position of the European Court of Human Rights regarding the effects of an appeal on the execution of the decision.

(4) 在这方面，令人感兴趣的是欧洲人权法院关于上诉对执行驱逐决定的效力的立场。

While the Court recognized the discretion enjoyed by States parties in this respect, it indicated that measures whose effects are potentially irreversible should not be enforced before the national authorities have determined whether they are compatible with the Convention.

尽管法院承认缔约国在这方面享有任意裁量权，但指出，如果有关措施具有潜在的不可逆效果，就不应在本国当局确定其是否符合《公约》之前执行。

For example, in the case of Čonka v. Belgium the Court concluded that there had been a violation of article 13 of the Convention:

例如，在Čonka诉比利时一案中，法院认为《公约》第十三条遭到违反：

“The Court considers that the notion of an effective remedy under Article 13 requires that the remedy may prevent the execution of measures that are contrary to the Convention and whose effects are potentially irreversible … . Consequently, it is inconsistent with Article 13 for such measures to be executed before the national authorities have examined whether they are compatible with the Convention, although Contracting States are afforded some discretion as to the manner in which they conform to their obligations under this provision.”

“法院认为，第十三条规定的有效补救措施的概念要求此种补救措施可防止有违《公约》、且可能产生不可扭转的影响的措施得以执行…因此，在国家当局审查此类措施是否符合《公约》规定前便予以执行，这有违第十三条，尽管缔约国在以何种方式履行此项规定所述义务方面有一定的酌处权”。

(5) One might also mention that the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe has recommended that aliens expelled from the territory of a member State of the Council of Europe should be entitled to a suspensive appeal, which should be considered within three months from the date of the decision on expulsion:

(5) 也许还可以提及的是，欧洲委员会议会建议，从欧洲委员会一成员国驱逐出境的外国人应当有权提出具有暂停执行效力的上诉，并且应当在驱逐决定作出之日起三个月之内审理这一上诉：

“With regard to expulsion: ii. any decision to expel a foreigner from the territory of a Council of Europe member state should be subject to a right of suspensive appeal; iii. if an appeal against expulsion is lodged, the appeal procedure shall be completed within three months of the original decision to expel”.

“关于驱逐：二. 把外国人从欧洲委员会成员国领土驱逐出境的任何决定都受暂停驱逐上诉权的制约；三. 如果对驱逐提出上诉，应在原来的驱逐决定之日起3个月内完成上诉程序。”

In this context it is interesting to note that the Parliamentary Assembly also took the view that an alien who was not lawfully present also had this right of appeal:

在这方面，令人感兴趣的是，议会同样认为，无合法居住权的外国人也有权上诉：

“An alien without a valid residence permit may be removed from the territory of a member state only on specified legal grounds which are other than political or religious.

“惟有出于除政治或宗教以外的具体法律理由，才能将没有有效居留许可的外国人驱离成员国领土。

He shall have the right and the possibility of appealing to an independent appeal authority before being removed.

这样的外国人应有权和有机会在被驱离前向独立的上诉当局提出上诉。

It should be studied if also, or alternatively, he shall have the right to bring his case before a judge.

应研究他是否还有权或是有权选择将其案子提交法官审理。

He shall be informed of his rights.

他应被告知其权利。

If he applies to a court or to a high administrative authority, no removal may take place as long as the case is pending;

如果他向法院或高级行政当局提出申诉，那么，只要案子尚未结案，就不得被驱离；

A person holding a valid residence permit may only be expelled from the territory of a member state in pursuance of a final court order.”

对于持有有效居留证者，惟有依据法院最终命令，才能将其驱逐出成员国领土。

”

The Commission did not go as far as this.

委员会没有走这么远。

Article 28 Procedures for individual recourse

第28条 个人申诉程序

An alien subject to expulsion shall have access to any available procedure involving individual recourse to a competent international body.

拟被驱逐的外国人应能够诉诸涉及个人向主管国际机构申诉的任何现有程序。

Commentary

评注

The purpose of draft article 28 is to make it clear that aliens subject to expulsion may, in some cases, be entitled to individual recourse to a competent international body.

第28条草案的目的是说明，在某些情况下，拟被驱逐的外国人可以向主管国际机构提出个人申诉。

The individual recourse procedures in question are mainly those established under various universal and regional human rights instruments.

有关的个人申诉程序主要是那些根据各种普遍和区域人权文书设立的程序。

Part Five Legal consequences of expulsion

第五部分 驱逐的法律后果

Article 29 Readmission to the expelling State

第29条 重新准入驱逐国

1. An alien lawfully present in the territory of a State, who is expelled by that State, shall have the right to be readmitted to the expelling State if it is established by a competent authority that the expulsion was unlawful, save where his or her return constitutes a threat to national security or public order, or where the alien otherwise no longer fulfils the conditions for admission under the law of the expelling State.

1. 如果一个主管当局确定驱逐非法，被一国驱逐的合法在该国境内的外国人有权重新准入驱逐国，除非其返回对国家安全或公共秩序构成威胁，或按照驱逐国的法律该外国人已不再符合入境条件。

2. In no case may the earlier unlawful expulsion decision be used to prevent the alien from being readmitted.

2. 在任何情况下，先前的非法驱逐决定不得被用来阻止该外国人重新获准入境。

Commentary

评注

(1) Draft article 29 recognizes, as an exercise in progressive development and when certain conditions are met, that an alien who has had to leave the territory of a State owing to an unlawful expulsion has the right to re-enter the territory of the expelling State.

(1) 第29条草案承认，作为一种逐渐发展的做法，在符合某些条件时，因非法驱逐不得不离开一国领土的外国人有权重新进入驱逐国境内。

Although recognition of such a right — on a variety of conditions — may be discerned in the legislation of some States  and even at the international level,  practice does not appear to converge enough for it to be possible to affirm the existence, in positive law, of a right to readmission, as an individual right of an alien who has been unlawfully expelled.

尽管可以发现这种权利在一些国家的立法中 ，甚至在国际层面  得到(基于各种条件的)承认，但是实践似乎不足以证明实在法中存在着重新准入的权利而且将此权利视为被非法驱逐的外国人的一项个人权利。

(2) Even from the standpoint of progressive development, the Commission was cautious about formulating any such right.

(2) 即使从逐渐发展的角度来看，委员会对于拟定此类权利也保持谨慎。

Draft article 29 therefore concerns solely the case of an alien lawfully present in the territory of the State in question who has been expelled unlawfully and applies only when a competent authority has established that the expulsion was unlawful and when the expelling State cannot validly invoke one of the reasons mentioned in the draft article as grounds for refusing to readmit the alien in question.

因此，第29条草案仅涉及被一国非法驱逐的合法在该国境内的外国人，而且仅适用于主管当局已经确定驱逐为非法，且驱逐国无法有效援引条款草案中所述理由拒绝准许该外国人重新入境的情形。

(3) The adjective “unlawful” qualifying expulsion in the draft article refers to any expulsion in breach of a rule of international law. It must also, however, be construed in the light of the principle, set forth in article 13 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and reiterated in draft article 4, that an alien may be expelled only in pursuance of a decision reached in accordance with law, that is to say primarily in accordance with the internal law of the expelling State.

(3) 条款草案中限定驱逐的形容词“非法”系指一切违反国际法规则的驱逐，但仍必须根据《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第十三条作规定、第4条草案又加以重申的原则进行解释，即只有按照依法作出的决定，亦即主要按照依驱逐国国内法作出的决定才可以驱逐外国人。

(4) Under draft article 29, a right of readmission is recognized only in situations where the authorities of the expelling State, or an international body such as a court or a tribunal which is competent to do so, have found in a binding determination that expulsion was unlawful.

(4) 根据第29条草案，只有在驱逐国当局或一个有此权限的法院或法庭等国际机构在具有约束力的决定中认定驱逐非法的情况下，重新准入的权利才得到承认。

Such a determination is not present when an expulsion decision which was unlawful at the moment when it was taken is held by the competent authorities to have been cured in accordance with the law.

如果在作出之时曾为非法的驱逐决定现为主管当局认定为已经合法，则这样的判定便不存在。

The Commission considered that it would have been inappropriate to make the recognition of this right subject to the annulment of the unlawful expulsion decision, since in principle only the authorities of the expelling State are competent to annul such a decision.

委员会认为，不宜规定只有在非法驱逐决定已撤销时才承认此项权利，因为原则上只有驱逐国当局才有权撤销这样的决定。

The wording of draft article 29 also covers situations where expulsion has occurred without the adoption of a formal decision, in other words through conduct attributable to the expelling State.

第29条草案的措辞也涵盖了未通过正式决定，即通过可归因于驱逐国的行为便发生驱逐的情况。

 That said, by making the right of readmission subject to the existence of a prior determination by a competent authority as to the unlawfulness of the expulsion, draft article 29 avoids giving the alien, in this context, the right to judge for him or herself whether the expulsion to which he or she has been subject was lawful or unlawful.

 尽管如此，第29条草案规定必须先由主管当局认定驱逐为非法才能有重新准入的权利，这样就避免在这种情形下给予外国人自行判断其所受驱逐是否合法的权利。

(5) Draft article 29 should not be understood as conferring on the determinations of international bodies legal effects other than those for which provision is made in the instrument by which the body in question was established.

(5) 不应认为第29条草案赋予国际机构的决定超出机构创建文书条款规定的法律效力之外的效力。

It recognizes only, as a matter of progressive development, and on an independent basis, a right to readmission to the territory of the expelling State, the existence of which right is subject, inter alia, to a previous determination that the expulsion was unlawful.

它仅作为一个逐渐发展的做法而且是在独立的基础之上承认重新准入驱逐国的权利，该权利的存在取决于事先确定驱逐为非法等各项因素。

(6) As this draft article clearly indicates, the expelling State retains the right to deny readmission to an alien who has been unlawfully expelled, if that readmission constitutes a threat to national security or public order or if, for any other reason, the alien no longer fulfils the conditions for admission under the law of the expelling State.

(6) 本条草案明确指出，若重新准入对国家安全或公共秩序构成威胁，或出于其他任何原因该外国人已不再符合驱逐国法律规定的入境条件，驱逐国保留拒绝被非法驱逐的外国人重新入境的权利。

The Commission is of the view that it is necessary to allow such exceptions to readmission in order to preserve a fair balance between the rights of the unlawfully expelled alien and the power of the expelling State to control the entry of any alien to its territory in accordance with its legislation in force when a decision is to be taken on the readmission of the alien in question.

委员会认为有必要允许重新准入时的这种例外情况，以便在就当事外国人的重新准入做出决定时，在被非法驱逐的外国人的权利和驱逐国依照所执行的法律控制外国人入境的权力之间保持公正的平衡。

The purpose of the final exception mentioned in draft article 29 is to take account of the fact that, in some cases, the circumstances or facts forming the basis on which an entry visa or residence permit was issued to the alien might no longer exist.

第29条草案提及最后例外情况的目的是要考虑到某些情况下，向该外国人签发入境签证或居留许可证所依据的情况或事实也许不再存在。

A State’s power to assess the conditions for readmission must, however, be exercised in good faith.

然而，国家必须出于善意地行使其评估重新准入条件的权力。

For example, the expelling State would not be entitled to refuse readmission on the basis of legislative provisions which made the mere existence of a previous expulsion decision a bar to readmission.

例如，驱逐国将无权依据规定仅因先前存在驱逐决定就限制重新入境的法律条款，拒绝外国人重新入境。

This restriction is reflected in draft article 29, paragraph 2, which states: “In no case may the earlier unlawful expulsion decision be used to prevent the alien from being readmitted.”

这一限制措施体现在第29条草案第2款中，该款规定：“在任何情况下，先前的非法驱逐决定不得被用来阻止该外国人重新获准入境。 ”

This formulation draws on the wording of article 22, paragraph 5, of the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families.

这种表述借鉴了《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》第22条第5款的措辞。  

(7) Lastly, recognition of a right to readmission under draft article 29 is without prejudice to the legal regime governing the responsibility of States for internationally wrongful acts, to which reference is made in draft article 31.

(7) 最后，第29条草案承认重新准入的权利，不影响关于国家对国际不法行为的责任的法律制度，第31条草案提到了这一点。

In particular, the legal rules governing reparation for an internationally wrongful act remain relevant in the context of the expulsion of aliens.

尤其是关于国际不法行为赔偿问题的法律规则在驱逐外国人的情形下仍然适用。

Article 30 Protection of the property of an alien subject to expulsion

第30条 保护拟被驱逐的外国人的财产

The expelling State shall take appropriate measures to protect the property of an alien subject to expulsion, and shall, in accordance with the law, allow the alien to dispose freely of his or her property, even from abroad.

驱逐国应采取适当措施，保护拟被驱逐的外国人的财产，并应依法允许外国人自由处置其财产，甚至从国外处置。

Commentary

评注

(1) Draft article 30, which concerns the protection of the property of an alien subject to expulsion,  establishes two obligations for the expelling State.

(1) 第30条草案涉及保护拟被驱逐的外国人的财产，  规定驱逐国负有两项义务。

The first relates to the adoption of measures to protect the property of the alien in question, while the second concerns the free disposal by the alien of his or her property.

第一项是关于采取措施保护当事外国人的财产，第二项是关于外国人对其财产的自由处置。

(2) The wording of article 30 is sufficiently general to encompass all the guarantees relating to the protection of the property of an alien subject to expulsion under the applicable legal instruments.

(2) 第30条的措辞足够宽泛，足以涵盖适用的法律文书规定的与保护拟被驱逐的外国人的财产相关的所有保障措施。

It should be recalled that article 17, paragraph 2, of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that “[n]o one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his property”.

应该指出的是，《世界人权宣言》第十七条第2款称：“任何人的财产不得任意剥夺”。

Concerning expulsion more specifically, article 22 of the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families provides that:

具体到驱逐方面，《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》第22条规定：

“6. In case of expulsion, the person concerned shall have a reasonable opportunity before or after departure to settle any claims for wages and other entitlements due to him or her and any pending liabilities.

“6. 如被驱逐出境，当事人在离境之前或之后应有合理机会解决任何应得工资和其他应享权利的要求以及任何未决义务。

9. Expulsion from the State of employment shall not in itself prejudice any rights of a migrant worker or a member of his or her family acquired in accordance with the law of that State, including the right to receive wages and other entitlements due to him or her.”

9. 从就业国被驱逐出境的事实不得损害某一移徙工人或其一家庭成员按照该国法律所获的任何权利，包括接受工资及其他应享的权利。

At the regional level, article 14 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights states that:

在区域一级，《非洲人权和人民权利宪章》第14条规定：

“The right to property shall be guaranteed.

“财产权利应受到保障。

It may only be encroached upon in the interest of public need or in the general interest of the community and in accordance with the provisions of appropriate laws.”