| A/69/10 | A/69/10 |
| United Nations | 联 合 国 |
| General Assembly | 大 会 |
| Official Records | 正式记录 |
| Sixty-ninth session | 第六十九届会议 |
| Supplement No. 10 (A/69/10) | 补编第10号(A/69/10) |
| Report of the International Law Commission | 国际法委员会报告 |
| Sixty-sixth session | 第六十六届会议 |
| (5 May–6 June and 7 July–8 August 2014) | (2014年5月5日至6月6日和7月7日至8月8日) |
| United Nations·New York, 2014 | 联合国·纽约，2014 |
| Note | 说明 |
| Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of letters combined with figures. | 联合国文件都用大写英文字母附加数字编号。 |
| Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document. | 凡是提到这种编号，就是指联合国的某一个文件。 |
| The
word Yearbook followed by suspension points and the year (e.g. Yearbook
… 1971) indicates a reference to the Yearbook of the International Law
Commission. | 前有年份和省略号的“年鉴”(如《1971年…年鉴》)是指《国际法委员会年鉴》。 |
| A
typeset version of the report of the Commission will be included in
Part Two of volume II of the Yearbook of the International Law
Commission 2014. | 委员会报告的排版本将载入《2014年国际法委员会年鉴》第二卷第二部分。 |
| Summary of contents | 简要目录 |
| Chapter | 章次 |
| Paragraphs | 段次 |
| Page | 页次 |
| Chapter I Introduction | 第一章 导言 |
| 1.
The International Law Commission held the first part of its sixty-sixth
session from 5 May to 6 June 2014 and the second part from 7 July to 8
August 2014 at its seat at the United Nations Office at Geneva. | 1. 国际法委员会分别于2014年5月5日至6月6日和2014年7月7日至8月8日在联合国日内瓦办事处委员会所在地举行了第六十六届会议第一期会议和第二期会议。 |
| The session was opened by Mr. Bernd H. Niehaus, Chairman of the sixty-fifth session of the Commission. | 本届会议由委员会第六十五届会议主席贝恩德·尼豪斯先生主持开幕。 |
| A. Membership | A. 委员 |
| 2. The Commission consists of the following members: | 2. 委员会包括下列成员： |
| Mr. Mohammed Bello Adoke (Nigeria) | 穆罕默德·贝洛·阿多克先生(尼日利亚) |
| Mr. Ali Mohsen Fetais Al-Marri (Qatar) | 阿里·穆赫辛·费塔伊斯·马里先生(卡塔尔) |
| Mr. Lucius Caflisch (Switzerland) | 卢修斯·卡弗利施先生(瑞士) |
| Mr. Enrique J.A. Candioti (Argentina) | 恩里克·坎迪奥蒂先生(阿根廷) |
| Mr. Pedro Comissário Afonso (Mozambique) | 佩德罗·科米萨里奥·阿丰索先生(莫桑比克) |
| Mr. Abdelrazeg El-Murtadi Suleiman Gouider (Libya) | 阿卜杜勒拉齐克·穆尔塔迪·苏莱曼·古伊德尔先生(利比亚) |
| Ms. Concepción Escobar Hernández (Spain) | 康塞普西翁·埃斯科瓦尔·埃尔南德斯女士(西班牙) |
| Mr. Mathias Forteau (France) | 马蒂亚斯·福尔托先生(法国) |
| Mr. Kirill Gevorgian (Russian Federation) | 基里尔·格沃尔吉安先生(俄罗斯联邦) |
| Mr. Juan Manuel Gómez-Robledo (Mexico) | 胡安·曼努埃尔·戈麦斯－罗夫莱多先生(墨西哥) |
| Mr. Hussein A. Hassouna (Egypt) | 侯赛因·哈苏纳先生(埃及) |
| Mr. Mahmoud D. Hmoud (Jordan) | 马哈茂德·哈穆德先生(约旦) |
| Mr. Huikang Huang (China) | 黄惠康先生(中国) |
| Ms. Marie G. Jacobsson (Sweden) | 玛丽·雅各布松女士(瑞典) |
| Mr. Maurice Kamto (Cameroon) | 莫里斯·卡姆托先生(喀麦隆) |
| Mr. Kriangsak Kittichaisaree (Thailand) | 江萨·吉滴猜萨里先生(泰国) |
| Mr. Ahmed Laraba (Algeria) | 艾哈迈德·拉腊巴先生(阿尔及利亚) |
| Mr. Donald M. McRae (Canada) | 唐纳德·麦克雷先生(加拿大) |
| Mr. Shinya Murase (Japan) | 村濑信也先生(日本) |
| Mr. Sean D. Murphy (United States of America) | 肖恩·墨菲先生(美利坚合众国) |
| Mr. Bernd H. Niehaus (Costa Rica) | 贝恩德·尼豪斯先生(哥斯达黎加) |
| Mr. Georg Nolte (Germany) | 格奥尔格·诺尔特先生(德国) |
| Mr. Ki Gab Park (Republic of Korea) | 朴基甲先生(大韩民国) |
| Mr. Chris Maina Peter (United Republic of Tanzania) | 克里斯·马伊纳·彼得先生(坦桑尼亚联合共和国) |
| Mr. Ernest Petrič (Slovenia) | 埃内斯特·彼得里奇先生(斯洛文尼亚) |
| Mr. Gilberto Vergne Saboia (Brazil) | 吉尔贝托·贝尔涅·萨博亚先生(巴西) |
| Mr. Narinder Singh (India) | 纳林德·辛格先生(印度) |
| Mr. Pavel Šturma (Czech Republic) | 帕维尔·斯图尔马先生(捷克共和国) |
| Mr. Dire D. Tladi (South Africa) | 迪雷·特拉迪先生(南非) |
| Mr. Eduardo Valencia-Ospina (Colombia) | 爱德华多·巴伦西亚－奥斯皮纳先生(哥伦比亚) |
| Mr. Marcelo Vázquez-Bermúdez (Ecuador) | 马塞洛·巴斯克斯－贝穆德斯先生(厄瓜多尔) |
| Mr. Amos S. Wako (Kenya) | 阿莫斯·瓦科先生(肯尼亚) |
| Mr. Nugroho Wisnumurti (Indonesia) | 努格罗霍·维斯努穆尔蒂先生(印度尼西亚) |
| Mr. Michael Wood (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) | 迈克尔·伍德先生(大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国) |
| B. Officers and the Enlarged Bureau | B. 主席团成员和扩大的主席团 |
| 3. At its 3198th meeting, on 5 May 2014, the Commission elected the following officers: | 3. 委员会在2014年5月5日举行的第3198次会议上，选出了下列主席团成员： |
| Chairman: | 主席： |
| Mr. Kirill Gevorgian (Russian Federation) | 基里尔·格沃尔吉安先生(俄罗斯联邦) |
| First Vice-Chairman: | 第一副主席： |
| Mr. Shinya Murase (Japan) | 村濑信也先生(日本) |
| Second Vice-Chairperson: | 第二副主席： |
| Ms. Concepción Escobar Hernández (Spain) | 康塞普西翁·埃斯科瓦尔·埃尔南德斯女士(西班牙) |
| Chairman of the Drafting Committee: | 起草委员会主席： |
| Mr. Gilberto Vergne Saboia (Brazil) | 吉尔贝托·贝尔涅·萨博亚先生(巴西) |
| Rapporteur: | 报告员： |
| Mr. Dire D. Tladi (South Africa) | 迪雷·特拉迪先生(南非) |
| 4.
The Enlarged Bureau of the Commission was composed of the officers of
the present session, the previous Chairmen of the Commission and the
Special Rapporteurs. | 4. 委员会扩大的主席团由本届会议主席团成员、委员会前任主席和特别报告员组成。 |
| 5.
The Commission set up a Planning Group composed of the following
members: Mr. S. Murase (Chairman), Mr. L. Caflisch, Mr. P. Comissário
Afonso, Mr. A. El-Murtadi Suleiman Gouider, Ms. C. Escobar Hernández,
Mr. M. Forteau, Mr. H.A. Hassouna, Mr. M.D. Hmoud, Ms. M.G. Jacobsson,
Mr. M. Kamto, Mr. K. Kittichaisaree, Mr. A. Laraba, Mr. D.M. McRae, Mr.
S.D. Murphy, Mr. B.H. Niehaus, Mr. G. Nolte, Mr. K.G. Park, Mr. E.
Petrič, Mr. G.V. Saboia, Mr. N. Singh, Mr. P. Šturma, Mr. E.
Valencia-Ospina, Mr. M. Vázquez-Bermúdez, Mr. N. Wisnumurti, Mr. M.
Wood, and Mr. D.D. Tladi (ex officio). | 5.
委员会设立了由下列委员组成的规划组：村濑先生(主席)、卡弗利施先生、科米萨里奥·阿丰索先生、穆尔塔迪·苏莱曼·古伊德尔先生、埃斯科瓦尔·埃尔南德
斯女士、福尔托先生、哈苏纳先生、哈穆德先生、雅各布松女士、卡姆托先生、吉滴猜萨里先生、拉腊巴先生、麦克雷先生、墨菲先生、尼豪斯先生、诺尔特先生、
朴先生、彼得里奇先生、萨博亚先生、辛格先生、斯图尔马先生、巴伦西亚－奥斯皮纳先生、巴斯克斯－贝穆德斯先生、维斯努穆尔蒂先生、伍德先生和特拉迪先生
(当然成员)。 |
| C. Drafting Committee | C. 起草委员会 |
| 6.
At its 3200th, 3204th, 3210th, 3222nd and 3227th meetings, on 7, 14 and
23 May and on 11 and 18 July 2014, the Commission established a
Drafting Committee, composed of the following members for the topics
indicated: | 6. 委员会在分别于2014年5月7日、14日、23日和7月11日、18日举行的第3200、3204、3210、3222和3227次会议上，为下列专题设立了由下列委员组成的起草委员会： |
| (a)
Protection of persons in the event of disasters: Mr. G.V. Saboia
(Chairman), Mr. E. Valencia-Ospina (Special Rapporteur), Mr. M.
Forteau, Mr. M.D. Hmoud, Mr. K. Kittichaisaree, Mr. S. Murase, Mr. S.D.
Murphy, Mr. K.G. Park, Mr. E. Petrič, Mr. N. Singh, Mr. M.
Vázquez-Bermúdez, Mr. N. Wisnumurti, Mr. M. Wood, and Mr. D.D. Tladi
(ex officio). | (a) 发生灾害时的人员保护：萨博亚先生(主席)、巴伦西亚－奥斯皮纳先生(特别报告员)、福尔托先生、哈穆德先生、吉滴猜萨里先生、村濑先生、墨菲先生、朴先生、彼得里奇先生、辛格先生、巴斯克斯－贝穆德斯先生、维斯努穆尔蒂先生、伍德先生和特拉迪先生(当然成员)。 |
| (b)
Expulsion of aliens: Mr. G.V. Saboia (Chairman), Mr. M. Kamto (Special
Rapporteur), Mr. E.J.A. Candioti, Mr. M. Forteau, Mr. J.M.
Gómez-Robledo, Mr. M.D. Hmoud, Mr. K. Kittichaisaree, Mr. S.D. Murphy,
Mr. G. Nolte, Mr. K.G. Park, Mr. N. Singh, Mr. P. Šturma, Mr. M.
Vázquez-Bermúdez, Mr. A.S. Wako, Mr. M. Wood, and Mr. D.D. Tladi (ex
officio). | (b)
驱逐外国人：萨博亚先生(主席)、卡姆托先生(特别报告员)、坎迪奥蒂先生、福尔托先生、戈麦斯－罗夫莱多先生、哈穆德先生、吉滴猜萨里先生、墨菲先生、
诺尔特先生、朴先生、辛格先生、斯图尔马先生、巴斯克斯－贝穆德斯先生、瓦科先生、伍德先生和特拉迪先生(当然成员)。 |
| (c)
Subsequent agreements and subsequent practice in relation to the
interpretation of treaties: Mr. G.V. Saboia (Chairman), Mr. G. Nolte
(Special Rapporteur), Mr. M.D. Hmoud, Mr. K. Kittichaisaree, Mr. S.D.
Murphy, Mr. K.G. Park, Mr. M. Vázquez-Bermúdez, Mr. N. Wisnumurti, Mr.
M. Wood, and Mr. D.D. Tladi (ex officio). | (c) 与条约解释相关的嗣后协定和嗣后惯例：萨博亚先生(主席)、诺尔特先生(特别报告员)、哈穆德先生、吉滴猜萨里先生、墨菲先生、朴先生、巴斯克斯－贝穆德斯先生、维斯努穆尔蒂先生、伍德先生和特拉迪先生(当然成员)。 |
| (d)
Immunity of State officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction: Mr.
G.V. Saboia (Chairman), Ms. C. Escobar Hernández (Special Rapporteur),
Mr. E.J.A. Candioti, Mr. M. Forteau, Mr. H. Huang, Ms. M.G. Jacobsson,
Mr. K. Kamto, Mr. K. Kittichaisaree, Mr. S.D. Murphy, Mr. K.G. Park,
Mr. E. Petrič, Mr. N. Singh, Mr. P. Šturma, Mr. M. Vázquez-Bermúdez,
Mr. A.S. Wako, Mr. M. Wood, and Mr. D.D. Tladi (ex officio). | (d)
国家官员的外国刑事管辖豁免：萨博亚先生(主席)、埃斯科瓦尔·埃尔南德斯女士(特别报告员)、坎迪奥蒂先生、福尔托先生、黄先生、雅各布松女士、卡姆托
先生、吉滴猜萨里先生、墨菲先生、朴先生、彼得里奇先生、辛格先生、斯图尔马先生、巴斯克斯－贝穆德斯先生、瓦科先生伍德先生和特拉迪先生(当然成员)。 |
| (e)
Identification of customary international law: Mr. G.V. Saboia
(Chairman), Mr. M. Wood (Special Rapporteur), Ms. C. Escobar Hernández,
Mr. M. Forteau, Mr. J.M. Gómez-Robledo, Mr. M.D. Hmoud, Mr. K. Kamto,
Mr. K. Kittichaisaree, Mr. S. Murase, Mr. S.D. Murphy, Mr. G. Nolte,
Mr. K.G. Park, Mr. E. Petrič, Mr. M. Vázquez-Bermúdez, and Mr. D.D.
Tladi (ex officio). | (e)
习惯国际法的识别：萨博亚先生(主席)、伍德先生(特别报告员)、埃斯科瓦尔·埃尔南德斯女士、福尔托先生、戈麦斯－罗夫莱多先生、哈穆德先生、卡姆托先
生、吉滴猜萨里先生、村濑先生、墨菲先生、诺尔特先生、朴先生、彼得里奇先生、巴斯克斯－贝穆德斯先生和特拉迪先生(当然成员)。 |
| 7. The Drafting Committee held a total of 31 meetings on the five topics indicated above. | 7. 起草委员会就以上五个专题共举行了31次会议。 |
| D. Working Groups and Study Group | D. 工作组和研究组 |
| 8.
At its 3199th and 3218th meetings, on 6 May and 8 July 2014, the
Commission reconstituted the following Working Group and Study Group: | 8. 委员会在2014年5月6日和7月8日举行的第3199和3218次会议上，重新设立了以下工作组和研究组： |
| (a)
Working Group on the Obligation to extradite or prosecute (aut dedere
aut judicare): Mr. K. Kittichaisaree (Chairman), Mr. A. El-Murtadi
Suleiman Gouider, Ms. C. Escobar Hernández, Mr. M. Forteau, Mr. A.
Laraba, Mr. S.D. Murphy, Mr. K.G. Park, Mr. N. Singh, Mr. P. Šturma,
Mr. M. Vázquez-Bermúdez, and Mr. D.D. Tladi (ex officio). | (a)
引渡或起诉的义务(aut dedere aut
judicare)问题工作组：吉滴猜萨里先生(主席)、穆尔塔迪·苏莱曼·古伊德尔先生、埃斯科瓦尔·埃尔南德斯女士、福尔托先生、拉腊巴先生、墨菲先
生、朴先生、辛格先生、斯图尔马先生、巴斯克斯－贝穆德斯先生和特拉迪先生(当然成员)。 |
| (b)
Study Group on Most-Favoured-Nation clause: Mr. D.M. McRae (Chairman),
Mr. L. Caflisch, Ms. C. Escobar Hernández, Mr. M. Forteau, Mr. M.D.
Hmoud, Mr. M. Kamto, Mr. S. Murase, Mr. S.D. Murphy, Mr. K.G. Park, Mr.
N. Singh, Mr. P. Šturma, Mr. M. Vázquez-Bermúdez, Mr. M. Wood, and Mr.
D.D. Tladi (ex officio). | (b) 最惠国条款研究组：麦克雷先生(主席)、卡弗利施先生、埃斯科瓦尔·埃尔南德斯女士、福尔托先生、哈穆德先生、卡姆托先生、村濑先生、墨菲先生、朴先生、辛格先生、斯图尔马先生、巴斯克斯－贝穆德斯先生、伍德先生和特拉迪先生(当然成员)。 |
| 9. The Planning Group reconstituted the following Working Group: | 9. 规划组重新设立了以下工作组： |
| Working
Group on long-term programme of work for the quinquennium: Mr. D. McRae
(Chairman), Mr. L. Caflisch, Ms. C. Escobar Hernández, Mr. M. Forteau,
Mr. K. Gevorgian, Mr. J.M. Gómez-Robledo, Mr. H.A. Hassouna, Mr. M.D.
Hmoud, Ms. M.G. Jacobsson, Mr. M. Kamto, Mr. K. Kittichaisaree, Mr. A.
Laraba, Mr. S. Murase, Mr. S.D. Murphy, Mr. B.H. Niehaus, Mr. G. Nolte,
Mr. K.G. Park, Mr. E. Petrič, Mr. N. Singh, Mr. P. Šturma, Mr. M.
Vázquez-Bermúdez, Mr. A.S. Wako, Mr. N. Wisnumurti, Mr. M. Wood, and
Mr. D.D. Tladi (ex officio). | 五年期长期工作方案工作组：麦克雷先生(主
席)、卡弗利施先生、埃斯科瓦尔·埃尔南德斯女士、福尔托先生、格沃尔吉安先生、戈麦斯－罗夫莱多先生、哈苏纳先生、哈穆德先生、雅各布松女士、卡姆托先
生、吉滴猜萨里先生、拉腊巴先生、村濑先生、墨菲先生、尼豪斯先生、诺尔特先生、朴先生、彼得里奇先生、辛格先生、斯图尔马先生、巴斯克斯－贝穆德斯先
生、瓦科先生、维斯努穆尔蒂先生、伍德先生和特拉迪先生(当然成员)。 |
| E. Secretariat | E. 秘书处 |
| 10. Mr. Miguel de Serpa Soares, Under-Secretary-General and United Nations Legal Counsel, represented the Secretary-General. | 10. 副秘书长兼联合国法律顾问米格尔·塞尔帕·苏亚雷斯先生担任秘书长的代表。 |
| Mr.
George Korontzis, Director of the Codification Division of the Office
of Legal Affairs, acted as Secretary to the Commission and, in the
absence of the Legal Counsel, represented the Secretary-General. | 法律事务厅编纂司司长乔治·科伦济斯先生担任委员会秘书，并在法律顾问缺席时代表秘书长。 |
| Mr. Trevor Chimimba and Mr. Arnold Pronto, Senior Legal Officers, served as Senior Assistant Secretaries. | 高级法律干事特雷沃尔·齐敏巴先生和阿诺德·普龙托先生担任高级助理秘书。 |
| Ms.
Hanna Dreifeldt-Lainé and Mr. David Nanopoulos, Legal Officers, and Mr.
Noah Bialostozky, Associate Legal Officer, served as Assistant
Secretaries to the Commission. | 法律干事哈娜·德雷菲尔特－莱恩女士和戴维·纳诺波利斯先生以及协理法律干事诺亚·比亚沃斯托茨基先生担任委员会助理秘书。 |
| F. Agenda | F. 议程 |
| 11.
At its 3198th meeting, on 5 May 2014, the Commission adopted an agenda
for its sixty-sixth session consisting of the following items: | 11. 委员会在2014年5月5日第3198次会议上通过了第六十六届会议议程，包括下列项目： |
| 1. Organization of the work of the session. | 1. 会议工作安排。 |
| 2. Expulsion of aliens. | 2. 驱逐外国人。 |
| 3. The obligation to extradite or prosecute (aut dedere aut judicare). | 3. 引渡或起诉的义务(aut dedere aut judicare)。 |
| 4. Protection of persons in the event of disasters. | 4. 发生灾害时的人员保护。 |
| 5. Immunity of State officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction. | 5. 国家官员的外国刑事管辖豁免。 |
| 6. Subsequent agreements and subsequent practice in relation to the interpretation of treaties. | 6. 与条约解释相关的嗣后协定和嗣后惯例。 |
| 7. The Most-Favoured-Nation clause. | 7. 最惠国条款。 |
| 8. Provisional application of treaties. | 8. 条约的暂时适用。 |
| 9. Identification of customary international law. | 9. 习惯国际法的识别。 |
| 10. Protection of the environment in relation to armed conflicts. | 10. 与武装冲突有关的环境保护。 |
| 11. Protection of the atmosphere. | 11. 保护大气层。 |
| 12. Programme, procedures and working methods of the Commission and its documentation. | 12. 委员会方案、程序和工作方法以及文件。 |
| 13. Date and place of the sixty-seventh session. | 13. 第六十七届会议的日期和地点。 |
| 14. Cooperation with other bodies. | 14. 与其他机构的合作。 |
| 15. Other business. | 15. 其他事项。 |
| Chapter II Summary of the work of the Commission at its sixty-sixth session | 第二章 委员会第六十六届会议工作概况 |
| 12.
With regard to the topic “Expulsion of aliens”, the Commission adopted,
on second reading, a set of 31 draft articles, together with
commentaries thereto, on the expulsion of aliens, and, in accordance
with article 23 of its Statute, the Commission recommended to the
General Assembly to take note of the draft articles on the expulsion of
aliens in a resolution, to annex the articles to the resolution, and to
encourage their widest possible dissemination; and to consider, at a
later stage, the elaboration of a convention on the basis of the draft
articles (chap. IV). | 12. 关于“驱逐外国人”专题，委员会二读通过了关于驱逐外国人专题的一套条款草案，共31条，包括评注，并根据《章程》第23条建议大会通过一项决议注意到该条款草案并将该条款草案附在该决议之后，并考虑在以后某个阶段根据该条款草案拟订一项公约(第四章)。 |
| 13.
Concerning the topic “Protection of persons in the event of disasters”,
the Commission had before it the seventh report of the Special
Rapporteur (A/CN.4/668 and Corr.1 and Add.1) which dealt with the
protection of relief personnel and their equipment and goods, as well
as the relationship of the draft articles with other rules, and
included a proposal for the use of terms. | 13. 关于“发生灾害时的人员保护”专题，委员会收到了特别报告员第七次报告(A/CN.4/668和Corr.1和Add.1)，报告处理了保护救灾人员及其设备和物资以及条款草案与其他规则的关系问题，并提出了一项关于用语的建议。 |
| 14.
As a result of its consideration of the topic at the present session,
the Commission adopted on first reading a set of 21 draft articles,
together with commentaries thereto, on the protection of persons in the
event of disasters. | 14. 委员会在本届会议上对该专题进行审议之后，一读通过了关于发生灾害时的人员保护的一套条款草案，共21条，包括评注。 |
| The
Commission decided, in accordance with articles 16 to 21 of its
Statute, to transmit the draft articles, through the Secretary-General,
to Governments, competent international organizations, the
International Committee of the Red Cross and the International
Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies for comments and
observations, with the request that such comments and observations be
submitted to the Secretary-General by 1 January 2016. | 委员会根据《章程》第16至21条决定，通过秘书长向各国政府、有关国际组织、红十字国际委员会和红十字会与红新月会国际联合会转发这些条款草案，征求其评论和意见，并要求在2016年1月1日前向秘书长提交。 |
| The
Commission also indicated that it would welcome comments and
observations on the draft articles from the United Nations, including
the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs and the United
Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, by the same date (chap. V). | 委员会还表示，欢迎联合国、包括其人道主义事务协调厅和联合国减少灾害风险办公室也在该日期前对条款草案提出其评论和意见(第五章)。 |
| 15.
In connection with the topic “The obligation to extradite or prosecute
(aut dedere aut judicare)”, the Commission re-constituted the Working
Group on the topic. | 15. 关于“引渡或起诉的义务(aut dedere aut judicare)”专题，委员会重新组建了本专题工作组。 |
| The
Working Group continued to evaluate the work on this topic,
particularly in the light of comments made in the Sixth Committee at
the sixty-eighth session of the General Assembly on the 2013 report of
the Working Group. | 该工作组继续评估本专题的有关工作，特别是根据大会第六十八届会议期间第六委员会对工作组2013年报告提出的意见评估有关工作。 |
| On
basis of the work of the Working Group, the Commission adopted the
final report on the topic, and decided to conclude its consideration of
the topic (chap. VI). | 在工作组工作的基础上，委员会通过了关于本专题的最后报告，并决定结束对本专题的审议(第六章)。 |
| 16.
As regards the topic “Subsequent agreements and subsequent practice in
relation to the interpretation of treaties”, the Commission had before
it the second report of the Special Rapporteur (A/CN.4/671), which
contained, inter alia, six draft conclusions relating to the
identification of subsequent agreements and subsequent practice, the
possible effects of subsequent agreements and subsequent practice in
interpretation, the forms and value of subsequent practice under
article 31, paragraph 3 (b), of the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law
of Treaties, agreement of the parties regarding the interpretation of a
treaty, decisions adopted within the framework of a Conference of
States Parties, and the scope for interpretation by subsequent
agreements and subsequent practice. | 16.
关于“与条约解释相关的嗣后协定和嗣后惯例”专题，委员会收到了特别报告员第二次报告(A/CN.4/671)，其中除其他外，载有六项结论草案，分别涉
及嗣后协定和嗣后惯例的识别、嗣后协定和嗣后惯例可能对解释产生的影响、1969年《维也纳条约法公约》第三十一条第三款(b)项所述嗣后惯例的形式和价
值、与条约解释有关的当事国协定、在缔约国大会框架内通过的决定以及嗣后协定和嗣后惯例的解释范围。 |
| Following
the debate in Plenary, the Commission decided to refer the six draft
conclusions proposed by the Special Rapporteur to the Drafting
Committee. | 经全体会议辩论之后，委员会决定将特别报告员建议的六项结论草案转交起草委员会。 |
| Upon
consideration of the report of the Drafting Committee, the Commission
provisionally adopted five draft conclusions, together with
commentaries thereto (chap. VII). | 委员会在审议了起草委员会报告后，暂时通过了五项结论草案及其评注(第七章)。 |
| 17.
With respect to the topic “Protection of the atmosphere”, the
Commission considered the first report of the Special Rapporteur
(A/CN.4/667). | 17. 关于“保护大气层”专题，委员会审议了特别报告员第一次报告(A/CN.4/667)。 |
| The
report addressed the general objective of the project, including
providing the rationale for work on the topic, delineating its general
scope, identifying the relevant basic concepts and offering
perspectives and approaches to be taken with respect to the subject; | 该报告阐述了这个项目的总体目标，包括阐述围绕本专题开展工作的理由，划定了一般范围，确定了相关基本概念，提出了处理本专题拟采用的观点和处理方法； |
| and presented three draft guidelines concerning (a) the definition of the term “atmosphere; | 并就以下三点提出了三条指南草案：(a) “大气层”一词的定义； |
| (b) the scope of the draft guidelines; | (b) 指南草案的范围； |
| and (c) the legal status of the atmosphere. | 和(c) 大气层的法律地位。 |
| Following
the debate in plenary, the referral of the draft guidelines to the
Drafting Committee was deferred, at the request of the Special
Rapporteur, until next year (chap. VIII). | 经全体会议辩论之后，应特别报告员的请求，指南草案转交起草委员会一事被推迟到明年(第八章)。 |
| 18.
In relation to the topic “Immunity of State officials from foreign
criminal jurisdiction”, the Commission considered the third report of
the Special Rapporteur (A/CN.4/673), in which, inter alia, draft
article 2 (e), on the definition of State official, and draft article
5, on the beneficiaries of immunity ratione materiae, were presented. | 18. 关于“国家官员的外国刑事管辖豁免”专题，委员会审议了特别报告员第三次报告(A/CN.4/673)，其中除其他外，提出了关于国家官员定义的第2条(e)项草案和关于享有属事豁免的人员的第5条草案。 |
| Following the debate in plenary, the Commission decided to refer the two draft articles to the Drafting Committee. | 经全体会议辩论之后，委员会决定将这两项条文草案转交起草委员会。 |
| Upon
consideration of the report of the Drafting Committee, the Commission
provisionally adopted draft article 2 (e), on the definition of State
official, and draft article 5, on the persons enjoying immunity ratione
materiae, together with commentaries thereto (chap. IX). | 委员会在审议了起草委员会报告后，暂时通过了关于国家官员定义的第2条(e)项草案和关于享有属事豁免的人员的第5条草案及其评注(第九章)。 |
| 19.
As regards the topic “Identification of customary international law”,
the Commission had before it the second report of the Special
Rapporteur (A/CN.4/672), which contained, inter alia, eleven draft
conclusions, following an analysis of: the scope and outcome of the
topic, the basic approach, as well as the two constituent elements of
rules of customary international law, namely “a general practice” and
“accepted as law”. | 19. 关于“习惯国际法的识别”专题，委员会收到了特别报告员第二次报告(A/CN.4/672)，其中除其他外，载有十一项结论草案，此前还分析了：本专题的范围和结果； 基本方法； 以及习惯国际法规则的两个构成要素，即“一般惯例”和“接受为法律”。 |
| Following
the debate in Plenary, the Commission decided to refer the eleven draft
conclusions proposed by the Special Rapporteur to the Drafting
Committee. | 经全体会议辩论之后，委员会决定将特别报告员建议的十一项结论草案转交起草委员会。 |
| The
Commission took note of the interim report of the Chairman of the
Drafting Committee, including the eight draft conclusions provisionally
adopted by the Committee, which was submitted to the Commission for
information (chap. X). | 委员会注意到起草委员会主席提交的供委员会了解情况的临时报告，报告里含有起草委员会暂时通过的八条结论草案(第十章)。 |
| 20.
Concerning the topic “Protection of the environment in relation to
armed conflicts”, the Commission had before it the preliminary report
of the Special Rapporteur (A/CN.4/674 and Corr.1), which, inter alia,
presented an overview of views expressed by delegates in the Sixth
Committee of the General Assembly, practice of States and international
organizations, scope and methodology, use of terms, environmental
principles, and issues relating to human and indigenous rights. | 20.
关于“与武装冲突有关的环境保护”专题，委员会收到了特别报告员初步报告(A/CN.4/674和Corr.1)，其中除其他外，综述了各国代表在大会第
六委员会中表示的意见、各国和各国际组织的实践、范围和方法、术语的使用、环境原则以及与人权和土著人民权利有关的问题。 |
| The
debate in the plenary addressed, among other issues, scope and
methodology, use of terms, environmental principles, and human and
indigenous rights (chap. XI). | 全体会议上的辩论涉及范围和方法、术语的使用、环境原则以及人权和土著人民权利等问题及其他问题(第十一章)。 |
| 21.
In relation to the topic “Provisional application of treaties”, the
Commission had before it the second report of the Special Rapporteur
(A/CN.4/675) that sought to provide a substantive analysis of the legal
effects of the provisional application of treaties. | 21. 关于“条约的暂时适用”专题，委员会收到了特别报告员的第二次报告(A/CN.4/675)，报告力求对条约暂时适用的法律效果作出实质性分析。 |
| The
debate revealed broad agreement that the basic premise underlying the
topic was that, subject to the specificities of the treaty in question,
the rights and obligations of a State which had decided to
provisionally apply the treaty, or parts thereof, were the same as if
the treaty were in force for that State (chap. XII). | 辩论表明，委员们普遍同意这一专题的基本假设：在不违反有关条约特定要求的前提下，决定暂时适用条约或适用条约的一部分的国家，其权利和义务是相同的，犹如条约已对该国生效一样(第十二章)。 |
| 22. Concerning the topic “The Most-Favoured-Nation clause”, the Commission reconstituted the Study Group on the topic. | 22. 关于“最惠国条款”专题，委员会重新组建了本专题研究组。 |
| The
Study Group began it consideration of the draft final report, prepared
by its Chairman, based on the working papers and other informal
documents that had been considered by the Study Group in the course of
its work since it began deliberations in 2009. | 研究组以其自2009年开始审议以来在工作过程中审议过的工作文件及其他非正式文件为基础，开始审议研究组主席编写的最后报告草稿。 |
| The
Study Group envisaged a revised draft final report to be presented for
consideration at the sixty-seventh session of the Commission in 2015,
taking into account comments made and amendments proposed by individual
members of the Study Group during the present session (chap. XIII). | 研究组准备将修订后的最后报告草稿提交2015年委员会第六十七届会议审议，其中将考虑到研究组个别成员在本届会议期间提出的意见和修正案(第十三章)。 |
| 23. The Commission established a Planning Group to consider its programme, procedures and working methods (chap. XIV, sect. A). | 23. 委员会设立了规划组，负责审议其方案、程序和工作方法(第十四章A节)。 |
| The
Commission decided to include the topic “Crimes against humanity” in
its programme of work, and to appoint Mr. Sean D. Murphy as Special
Rapporteur for the topic (chap. XIV, sect. A.1). | 委员会决定在其工作方案中列入“危害人类罪”专题，并任命肖恩·墨菲先生为该专题特别报告员(第十四章A.1节)。 |
| The Commission decided to include the topic “Jus cogens” in its long-term programme of work. | 委员会决定将“强制法”专题列入其长期工作方案。 |
| The
Commission endorsed the review and update of the list of possible
topics, using the 1996 illustrative general scheme of topics list as a
starting point for that purpose. | 委员会赞同审查和更新可能的专题的清单，并以1996年专题示例大纲的清单作为这项工作的出发点。 |
| In
this connection, it requested the Secretariat to review the 1996 list
in the light of subsequent developments and prepare a list of potential
topics (“survey”), accompanied by brief explanatory notes, by the end
of the present quinquennium. | 为此，委员会请秘书处根据后来的事态发展重新审视1996年的清单，在本五年期结束前编列出可能的专题(“调研”)，并附有简短的说明。 |
| It
was understood that the Working Group on the long-term programme of
work would continue to consider any topics that members may propose
(chap. XIV, sect. A.2). | 有一项理解是，长期工作方案工作组将继续审议委员们可能提议的任何专题(第十四章A.2节)。 |
| 24.
The Commission continued its exchange of information with the
International Court of Justice, the Asian-African Legal Consultative
Organization, the Inter-American Juridical Committee, the Committee of
Legal Advisers on Public International Law of the Council of Europe and
the African Union Commission on International Law. | 24. 委员会继续与国际法院、亚非法律协商组织、美洲法律委员会、欧洲委员会国际公法法律顾问委员会和非洲联盟国际法委员会交流了信息。 |
| 25.
The Commission decided that its sixty-seventh session be held in Geneva
from 4 May to 5 June and 6 July to 7 August 2015 (chap. XIV, sect. B). | 25. 委员会决定第六十七届会议于2015年5月4日至6月5日和7月6日至8月7日在日内瓦举行(第十四章B节)。 |
| Chapter III Specific issues on which comments would be of particular interest to the Commission | 第三章 委员会特别想听取意见的具体问题 |
| A. Subsequent agreements and subsequent practice in relation to treaty interpretation | A. 与条约解释相关的嗣后协定和嗣后惯例 |
| 26. The Commission requests, by 31 January 2015, States and international organizations: | 26. 委员会请各国和国际组织在2015年1月31日之前： |
| (a)
to provide it with any examples where the practice of an international
organization has contributed to the interpretation of a treaty; | (a) 向委员会提供国际组织的惯例 为条约解释作出贡献的任何实例； |
| and | 以及 |
| (b)
to provide it with any examples where pronouncements or other action by
a treaty body consisting of independent experts have been considered as
giving rise to, subsequent agreements or subsequent practice relevant
for the interpretation of a treaty. | (b) 向委员会提供由独立专家组成的条约机构的宣判或其他行动被视为引起与条约解释相关的嗣后协定或嗣后惯例的任何实例。 |
| B. Protection of the atmosphere | B. 保护大气层 |
| 27.
The Commission requests States to provide relevant information, by 31
January 2015, on domestic legislation and the judicial decisions of the
domestic courts. | 27. 委员会请各国在2015年1月31日之前提供关于国内法律和国内法院司法判决的相关资料。 |
| C. Immunity of State officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction | C. 国家官员的外国刑事管辖豁免 |
| 28.
The Commission requests States to provide information, by 31 January
2015, on their domestic law and their practice, in particular judicial
practice, with reference to the following issues: | 28. 委员会请各国在2015年1月31日之前提供资料，针对以下问题说明国内法律和惯例，尤其是司法惯例： |
| (a)
the meaning given to the phrases “official acts” and “acts performed in
an official capacity” in the context of the immunity of State officials
from foreign criminal jurisdiction; | (a) 在论及国家官员的外国刑事管辖豁免时，如何定义“公务行为”和“以公务身份实施的行为”； |
| and | 以及 |
| (b) any exceptions to immunity of State officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction. | (b) 国家官员外国刑事管辖豁免的任何例外情况。 |
| D. Identification of customary international law | D. 习惯国际法的识别 |
| 29.
The Commission reiterates its request to States to provide information,
by 31 January 2015, on their practice relating to the formation of
customary international law and the types of evidence for establishing
such law in a given situation, as set out in: | 29. 委员会再次请各国在2015年1月31日之前提供资料，说明以下文件体现的与习惯国际法的形成有关的国家实践和在特定情况下用于确立此种法律的证据类型： |
| (a) official statements before legislatures, courts and international organizations; | (a) 在立法机构、法院和国际组织的正式发言； |
| and | 以及 |
| (b) decisions of national, regional and subregional courts. | (b) 国家、区域和次区域法院的判决。 |
| 30.
In addition, the Commission would welcome information about digests and
surveys on State practice in the field of international law. | 30. 此外，委员会希望收到介绍国家在国际法领域实践的文摘和调查的资料。 |
| E. Protection of the environment in relation to armed conflicts | E. 与武装冲突有关的环境保护 |
| 31.
The Commission requests information from States, by 31 January 2015, on
whether, in their practice, international or domestic environmental law
has been interpreted as applicable in relation to international or
non-international armed conflict. | 31. 委员会请各国在2015年1月31日之前提供资料，说明在它们的实践中，在涉及国际或非国际武装冲突时，国际或国内环境法是否被解释为适用。 |
| The Commission would particularly appreciate receiving examples of: | 委员会特别希望收到以下材料： |
| (a) treaties, including relevant regional or bilateral treaties; | (a) 条约，包括有关的区域或双边条约； |
| (b) national legislation relevant to the topic, including legislation implementing regional or bilateral treaties; | (b) 与本专题有关的国内法律，包括执行区域或双边条约的国内法律； |
| (c) case-law in which international or domestic environmental law was applied to disputes in relation to armed conflict. | (c) 对涉及武装冲突的争端适用国际或国内环境法的判例法。 |
| 32.
The Commission would also like information from States as to whether
they have any instruments aimed at protecting the environment in
relation to armed conflict. | 32. 委员会还希望各国提供资料，说明它们是否有旨在在武装冲突背景下保护环境的文书。 |
| Examples of such instruments include but are not limited to: national legislation and regulations; | 有关这类文书的实例包括但不限于：国家法律和规章； |
| military
manuals, standard operating procedures, Rules of Engagement or Status
of Forces Agreements applicable during international operations; | 在国际行动期间适用的军事手册、标准操作程序、接战规则或部队地位协定； |
| and environmental management policies related to defence-related activities. | 以及涉及与防卫相关活动的环境管理政策。 |
| F. Provisional application of treaties | F. 条约的暂时适用 |
| 33.
The Commission reiterates its request to States to provide information,
by 31 January 2015, on their practice concerning the provisional
application of treaties, including domestic legislation pertaining
thereto, with examples, in particular in relation to: | 33. 委员会再次请各国在2015年1月31日之前提供资料，说明其关于暂时适用条约的实践，包括涉及这一问题的国内法律，并特别举例说明以下方面的实践： |
| (a) the decision to provisionally apply a treaty; | (a) 关于暂时适用条约的决定； |
| (b) the termination of such provisional application; | (b) 此种暂时适用的终止； |
| and | 以及 |
| (c) the legal effects of provisional application. | (c) 暂时适用的法律效力。 |
| G. Crimes against humanity | G. 危害人类罪 |
| 34. The Commission requests States to provide information, by 31 January 2015, on: | 34. 委员会请各国在2015年1月31日之前提供资料，说明以下方面： |
| (a) whether the State’s national law at present expressly criminalizes “crimes against humanity” as such and, if so: | (a) 国家的国内法律目前是否明确将“危害人类罪”定为犯罪，如果将其定为犯罪，则： |
| (b) the text of the relevant criminal statute(s); | (b) 提供相关刑事法规的案文； |
| (c)
under what conditions the State is capable of exercising jurisdiction
over an alleged offender for the commission of a crime against humanity
(e.g. when the offense occurs within its territory or when the offense
is by its national or resident); | (c) 说明国家在哪些条件下能够对据称犯下危害人类罪行者行使管辖权(例如：在国家领土内发生这类罪行的情况，或由该国国民或居民犯下此类罪行的情况)； |
| and | 以及 |
| (d) decisions of the State’s national courts that have adjudicated crimes against humanity. | (d) 国家的国内法院对危害人类罪作出宣判的判决。 |
| Chapter IV Expulsion of aliens | 第四章 驱逐外国人 |
| A. Introduction | A. 导言 |
| 35.
At its fifty-sixth session (2004), the Commission decided to include
the topic “Expulsion of aliens” in its programme of work and to appoint
Mr. Maurice Kamto as Special Rapporteur for the topic. | 35. 委员会第五十六届会议(2004年)决定在工作方案中纳入“驱逐外国人”这一专题，并任命莫里斯·卡姆托先生为这一专题的特别报告员。 |
| The
General Assembly, in paragraph 5 of resolution 59/41 of 2 December
2004, endorsed the decision of the Commission to include the topic in
its agenda. | 大会2004年12月2日第59/41号决议第5段核准了委员会将这一专题纳入委员会议程的决定。 |
| 36.
From its fifty-seventh session (2005) to its sixty-fourth session
(2012), the Commission received and considered eight reports by the
Special Rapporteur, a new version of the draft articles on protection
of the human rights of persons who have been or are being expelled,
revised and restructured in the light of the plenary debate, a new
draft workplan presented by the Special Rapporteur with a view to
restructuring the draft articles, a memorandum by the Secretariat and
comments and observations received from Governments. | 36.
从第五十七届会议(2005年)至第六十四届会议(2012年)，委员会收到并审议了特别报告员的八份报告、
参照全会的辩论修订和重组的关于保护遭受驱逐者或正在遭受驱逐者的人权的新案文、 特别报告员为条款草案的重组而提交的一份新的工作计划草案、
秘书处的一份备忘录以及各国政府提出的评论和意见。 |
| 37. At
its sixty-fourth session (2012), the Commission adopted on first
reading a set of 32 draft articles on the expulsion of aliens, together
with the commentaries thereto. | 37. 委员会第六十四届会议(2012年)一读通过了一套共32条关于驱逐外国人的条款草案及其评注。 |
| It
decided, in accordance with articles 16 to 21 of its Statute, to
transmit the draft articles, through the Secretary-General, to
Governments for comments and observations. | 它根据《规约》第16至21条决定通过秘书长转交这些条款草案，请各国政府提出评论和意见。 |
| B. Consideration of the topic at the present session | B. 本届会议对此专题的审议 |
| 38.
At the present session, the Commission had before it the ninth report
of the Special Rapporteur (A/CN.4/670), containing his proposals for
reformulating the draft articles adopted on first reading in the light
of the comments and observations of Governments (A/CN.4/669 and Add.1). | 38. 在本届会议上，委员会备有特别报告员的第九次报告(A/CN.4/670)，其中载有他关于根据各国政府的评注和意见对一读通过的条款的草案(A/CN.4/669和Add.1)进行重组的建议。 |
| At
its 3199th meeting, on 6 May 2014, and at its 3201st to 3204th
meetings, from 8 to 14 May 2014, the Commission considered the ninth
report of the Special Rapporteur and instructed the Drafting Committee
to commence the second reading of the entire set of draft articles on
the basis of the proposals of the Special Rapporteur, taking into
account the comments and observations of Governments and the debate in
the plenary on the Special Rapporteur’s report. | 在2014
年5月6日的第3199次会议以及从2014年5月8日至14日的第3201次至第3204次会议上，委员会审议了特别报告员的第九次报告，并指示起草委
员会根据特别报告员的建议开始对整套条款草案进行二读，同时考虑各国政府的评论和意见，以及全体会议上对特别报告员的报告进行的辩论情况。 |
| 39.
The Commission considered the report of the Drafting Committee
(A/CN.4/L.832) at its 3217th meeting, on 6 June 2014, and adopted the
entire set of draft articles on the expulsion of aliens on second
reading (sect. E.1 below). | 39. 委员会在2014年6月6日的第3217次会议上审议了起草委员会的报告(A/CN.4/L.832)，二读通过了关于驱逐外国人的整套条款草案(下文E.1节)。 |
| 40.
At its 3238th meeting, on 5 August 2014, the Commission adopted the
commentaries to the draft articles mentioned above (sect. E.2 below). | 40. 在2014年8月5日的第3238次会议上，委员会通过了对上述条款草案的评注(下文E.2节)。 |
| 41.
In accordance with its Statute, the Commission submits the draft
articles to the General Assembly, together with the recommendation set
out below. | 41. 根据《章程》，委员会向大会提交了条款草案以及下述建议。 |
| C. Recommendation of the Commission | C. 委员会的建议 |
| 42.
At its 3238th meeting, on 5 August 2014, the Commission decided, in
accordance with article 23 of its Statute, to recommend to the General
Assembly: | 42. 在2014年8月5日第3238次会议上，委员会决定按照《章程》第23条向大会提出下述建议： |
| (a)
To take note of the draft articles on the expulsion of aliens in a
resolution, to annex the articles to the resolution, and to encourage
their widest possible dissemination; | (a) 通过一项决议注意到关于驱逐外国人的条款草案，将条款草案附在决议之后，并鼓励尽可能广泛地传播条款草案； |
| (b) To consider, at a later stage, the elaboration of a convention on the basis of the draft articles. | (b) 考虑在以后某个阶段在条款草案的基础上制订一项公约。 |
| D. Tribute to the Special Rapporteur | D. 向特别报告员表示感谢 |
| 43.
At its 3238th meeting, on 5 August 2014, the Commission, after adopting
the commentary to the draft articles on the expulsion of alien, adopted
the following resolution by acclamation: | 43. 在2014年8月5日的第3238次会议上，委员会在通过了关于驱逐外国人的条款草案的评注后，以唱名表决的方式通过了以下决议： |
| “The International Law Commission, | “国际法委员会， |
| Having adopted the draft articles on the expulsion of aliens, | 通过了关于驱逐外国人的条款草案， |
| Expresses
to the Special Rapporteur, Mr. Maurice Kamto, its deep appreciation and
warm congratulations for the outstanding contribution he has made to
the preparation of the draft articles through his tireless efforts and
devoted work, and for the results achieved in the elaboration of draft
articles on the expulsion of aliens.” | 向特别报告员莫里斯·卡姆托先生表示深挚感谢和热烈祝贺，感谢并祝贺他以不懈的努力和专注的工作为起草条款草案做出杰出贡献，并使关于驱逐外国人的条款草案的拟订工作取得成果。 ” |
| E. Text of the draft articles on the expulsion of aliens | E. 关于驱逐外国人的条款草案案文 |
| 1. Text of the draft articles | 1. 条款草案案文 |
| 44. The text of the draft articles adopted by the Commission on second reading at its sixty-sixth session is reproduced below. | 44. 委员会第六十六届会议二读通过的条款草案案文载录如下。 |
| Expulsion of aliens | 驱逐外国人 |
| Part One General provisions | 第一部分 一般规定 |
| Article 1 Scope | 第1条 范围 |
| 1. The present draft articles apply to the expulsion by a State of aliens present in its territory. | 1. 本条款草案适用于一国驱逐在其境内的外国人事宜。 |
| 2. The present draft articles do not apply to aliens enjoying privileges and immunities under international law. | 2. 本条款草案不适用于依国际法享有特权和豁免的外国人。 |
| Article 2 Use of terms | 第2条 用语 |
| For the purposes of the present draft articles: | 为本条款草案的目的： |
| (a)
“expulsion” means a formal act or conduct attributable to a State, by
which an alien is compelled to leave the territory of that State; | (a) “驱逐”是指可归于一国的使外国人被迫离开该国领土的一项正式行动或行为； |
| it
does not include extradition to another State, surrender to an
international criminal court or tribunal, or the non-admission of an
alien to a State; | 它不包括引渡到另一国、移交给一国际刑事法院或法庭、或不允许外国人进入一国； |
| (b) “alien” means an individual who does not have the nationality of the State in whose territory that individual is present. | (b) “外国人”是指不拥有其所在国的国籍的个人。 |
| Article 3 Right of expulsion | 第3条 驱逐权 |
| A State has the right to expel an alien from its territory. | 一国有权将外国人驱逐出境。 |
| Expulsion
shall be in accordance with the present draft articles, without
prejudice to other applicable rules of international law, in particular
those relating to human rights. | 驱逐应符合本条款草案，不应影响适用的其他国际法规则，尤其是与人权有关的规则。 |
| Article 4 Requirement for conformity with law | 第4条 符合法律规定的要求 |
| An alien may be expelled only in pursuance of a decision reached in accordance with law. | 只有在执行依法作出的决定的情况下才可驱逐外国人。 |
| Article 5 Grounds for expulsion | 第5条 驱逐的理由 |
| 1. Any expulsion decision shall state the ground on which it is based. | 1. 任何驱逐决定均应说明决定所依据的理由。 |
| 2. A State may only expel an alien on a ground that is provided for by law. | 2. 国家仅可以法律规定的理由驱逐外国人。 |
| 3.
The ground for expulsion shall be assessed in good faith and
reasonably, in the light of all the circumstances, taking into account
in particular, where relevant, the gravity of the facts, the conduct of
the alien in question or the current nature of the threat to which the
facts give rise. | 3. 应虑及所有情节，在相关情况下尤其应考虑到事实的严重性、所涉外国人的行为或这些事实所造成的威胁的目前性质，诚信合理地评估驱逐理由。 |
| 4. A State shall not expel an alien on a ground that is contrary to its obligations under international law. | 4. 国家不得以违背其国际法义务的理由驱逐外国人。 |
| Part Two Cases of prohibited expulsion | 第二部分 禁止驱逐的情况 |
| Article 6 Rules relating to the expulsion of refugees | 第6条 与驱逐难民有关的规则 |
| The
present draft articles are without prejudice to the rules of
international law relating to refugees, as well as to any more
favourable rules or practice on refugee protection, and in particular
to the following rules: | 本条款草案不影响与难民有关的国际法规则，也不影响关于难民保护的任何更有利的规则或惯例，尤其是不影响下列规则： |
| (a) a State shall not expel a refugee lawfully in its territory save on grounds of national security or public order; | (a) 除因国家安全或公共秩序理由外，一国不得驱逐合法地在其境内的难民。 |
| (b)
a State shall not expel or return (refouler) a refugee in any manner
whatsoever to the frontiers of territories where the person’s life or
freedom would be threatened on account of his or her race, religion,
nationality, membership of a particular social group or political
opinion, unless there are reasonable grounds for regarding the person
as a danger to the security of the country in which he or she is, or if
the person, having been convicted by a final judgement of a
particularly serious crime, constitutes a danger to the community of
that country. | (b) 一国不得以任何方式将难民驱逐或遣返(“推回”)至其生命或自由因其种族、宗教、国籍、参加某一社会团体或因其政治见解而会受到威胁的领土边界，除非有正当理由认为该人危害所在国的安全，或除非该人已被最终判定犯有特别严重罪行，对该国社会构成危险。 |
| Article 7 Rules relating to the expulsion of stateless persons | 第7条 与驱逐无国籍人有关的规则 |
| The
present draft articles are without prejudice to the rules of
international law relating to stateless persons, and in particular to
the rule that a State shall not expel a stateless person lawfully in
its territory save on grounds of national security or public order. | 本条款草案不影响与无国籍人有关的国际法规则，尤其不影响除因国家安全或公共秩序理由外，一国不得驱逐合法地在其境内的无国籍人这一规则。 |
| Article 8 Deprivation of nationality for the purpose of expulsion | 第8条 为驱逐的目的剥夺国籍 |
| A State shall not make its national an alien, by deprivation of nationality, for the sole purpose of expelling him or her. | 一国不得仅为将其国民驱逐的目的，通过剥夺国籍使其国民成为外国人。 |
| Article 9 Prohibition of collective expulsion | 第9条 禁止集体驱逐 |
| 1. For the purposes of the present draft article, collective expulsion means expulsion of aliens, as a group. | 1. 为本条草案的目的，集体驱逐是指将外国人作为一个群体予以驱逐。 |
| 2. The collective expulsion of aliens is prohibited. | 2. 禁止集体驱逐外国人。 |
| 3.
A State may expel concomitantly the members of a group of aliens,
provided that the expulsion takes place after and on the basis of an
assessment of the particular case of each individual member of the
group in accordance with the present draft articles. | 3. 一国可同时驱逐某外国人群体的成员，条件是，驱逐是在对该群体的每一名成员的具体情况按照本条款草案进行了评估之后并在评估基础上进行。 |
| 4.
The present draft article is without prejudice to the rules of
international law applicable to the expulsion of aliens in the event of
an armed conflict involving the expelling State. | 4. 本条草案不影响适用于在涉及驱逐国的武装冲突的情况下驱逐外国人的国际法规则。 |
| Article 10 Prohibition of disguised expulsion | 第10条 禁止变相驱逐 |
| 1. Any form of disguised expulsion of an alien is prohibited. | 1. 禁止以任何形式变相驱逐外国人。 |
| 2.
For the purposes of the present draft article, disguised expulsion
means the forcible departure of an alien from a State resulting
indirectly from an action or an omission attributable to the State,
including where the State supports or tolerates acts committed by its
nationals or other persons, intended to provoke the departure of aliens
from its territory other than in accordance with law. | 2. 为本条草案的目的，变相驱逐是指由于可归于一国的作为或不作为所造成的间接后果，外国人被迫离开该国，包括该国支持或容许其国民或其他人实施意图以非法律规定方式促使外国人离境的行为。 |
| Article 11 Prohibition of expulsion for the purpose of confiscation of assets | 第11条 禁止以没收财产为目的驱逐外国人 |
| The expulsion of an alien for the purpose of confiscating his or her assets is prohibited. | 禁止以没收财产为目的驱逐外国人。 |
| Article 12 Prohibition of resort to expulsion in order to circumvent an ongoing extradition procedure | 第12条 禁止为规避正在进行的引渡程序而诉诸驱逐 |
| A State shall not resort to the expulsion of an alien in order to circumvent an ongoing extradition procedure. | 一国不得为了规避正在进行的引渡程序而诉诸驱逐外国人的做法。 |
| Part Three Protection of the rights of aliens subject to expulsion | 第三部分 保护拟被驱逐的外国人的权利 |
| Chapter I General provisions | 第一章 一般规定 |
| Article 13 Obligation to respect the human dignity and human rights of aliens subject to expulsion | 第13条 尊重拟被驱逐的外国人的人格尊严和人权的义务 |
| 1.
All aliens subject to expulsion shall be treated with humanity and with
respect for the inherent dignity of the human person at all stages of
the expulsion process. | 1. 在驱逐过程的所有阶段，拟被驱逐的所有外国人均应得到人道的待遇，其固有尊严应得到尊重。 |
| 2. They are entitled to respect for their human rights, including those set out in the present draft articles. | 2. 他们有权得到对其人权、包括本条款草案所述人权的尊重。 |
| Article 14 Prohibition of discrimination | 第14条 禁止歧视 |
| The
expelling State shall respect the rights of the alien subject to
expulsion without discrimination of any kind on grounds such as race,
colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national,
ethnic or social origin, property, birth or other status, or any other
ground impermissible under international law. | 驱逐国应尊重拟被驱逐的外国人的权利，不得以种族、肤色、性别、语言、宗教、政治或其他见解、民族、族裔或社会出身、财产、出生或其他身份为由或以国际法不容许的任何其他理由进行任何歧视。 |
| Article 15 Vulnerable persons | 第15条 弱势者 |
| 1.
Children, older persons, persons with disabilities, pregnant women and
other vulnerable persons who are subject to expulsion shall be
considered as such and treated and protected with due regard for their
vulnerabilities. | 1. 拟被驱逐的儿童、老年人、残疾人、孕妇和其他弱势者应按其具体身份予以考虑，并在适当考虑其弱势的情况下予以处理和保护。 |
| 2.
In particular, in all actions concerning children who are subject to
expulsion, the best interests of the child shall be a primary
consideration. | 2. 尤其是，在所有涉及拟被驱逐的儿童的行动中，应首要考虑儿童的最大利益。 |
| Chapter II Protection required in the expelling State | 第二章 在驱逐国需要的保护 |
| Article 16 Obligation to protect the right to life of an alien subject to expulsion | 第16条 保护拟被驱逐的外国人的生命权的义务 |
| The expelling State shall protect the right to life of an alien subject to expulsion. | 驱逐国应保护拟被驱逐的外国人的生命权。 |
| Article 17 Prohibition of torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment | 第17条 禁止酷刑或残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚 |
| The
expelling State shall not subject an alien subject to expulsion to
torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. | 驱逐国不得使拟被驱逐的外国人遭受酷刑或残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚。 |
| Article 18 Obligation to respect the right to family life | 第18条 尊重家庭生活权的义务 |
| The expelling State shall respect the right to family life of an alien subject to expulsion. | 驱逐国应尊重拟被驱逐的外国人的家庭生活权。 |
| It shall not interfere arbitrarily or unlawfully with the exercise of such right. | 驱逐国不得任意或非法干涉此项权利的行使。 |
| Article 19 Detention of an alien for the purpose of expulsion | 第19条 为驱逐目的而对外国人实施的拘留 |
| 1. (a) | 1. (a) |
| The detention of an alien for the purpose of expulsion shall not be arbitrary nor punitive in nature. | 为驱逐目的而对外国人实施的拘留不得是任意性的或惩罚性的。 |
| (b)
An alien detained for the purpose of expulsion shall, save in
exceptional circumstances, be separated from persons sentenced to
penalties involving deprivation of liberty. | (b) 为驱逐目的而被拘留的外国人，除非在特殊情况下，应与被判罚剥夺自由的人分开。 |
| 2. (a) | 2. (a) |
| The
duration of the detention shall be limited to such period of time as is
reasonably necessary for the expulsion to be carried out. | 拘留期应限定为执行驱逐所需的合理必要时间。 |
| All detention of excessive duration is prohibited. | 禁止所有时间过长的拘留。 |
| (b)
The extension of the duration of the detention may be decided upon only
by a court or, subject to judicial review, by another competent
authority. | (b) 延长拘留期的决定仅可由法院或受制于司法审查的另一主管当局作出。 |
| 3. (a) | 3. (a) |
| The
detention of an alien subject to expulsion shall be reviewed at regular
intervals on the basis of specific criteria established by law. | 应在法律规定的具体标准基础上定期审查拟被驱逐的外国人的拘留情况。 |
| (b)
Subject to paragraph 2, detention for the purpose of expulsion shall
end when the expulsion cannot be carried out, except where the reasons
are attributable to the alien concerned. | (b) 在遵守第2款的前提下，为驱逐目的实施的拘留应在驱逐无法执行时终止，除非可将驱逐无法执行的原因归诸有关外国人。 |
| Article 20 Protection of the property of an alien subject to expulsion | 第20条 保护拟被驱逐的外国人的财产 |
| The
expelling State shall take appropriate measures to protect the property
of an alien subject to expulsion, and shall, in accordance with the
law, allow the alien to dispose freely of his or her property, even
from abroad. | 驱逐国应采取适当措施，保护拟被驱逐的外国人的财产，并应依法允许外国人自由处置其财产，甚至从国外处置。 |
| Chapter III Protection in relation to the State of destination | 第三章 与目的地国有关的保护 |
| Article 21 Departure to the State of destination | 第21条 离境前往目的地国 |
| 1. The expelling State shall take appropriate measures to facilitate the voluntary departure of an alien subject to expulsion. | 1. 驱逐国应采取适当措施，便利拟被驱逐的外国人自愿离境。 |
| 2.
In cases of forcible implementation of an expulsion decision, the
expelling State shall take the necessary measures to ensure, as far as
possible, the safe transportation to the State of destination of the
alien subject to expulsion, in accordance with the rules of
international law. | 2. 在强制执行驱逐决定的情况下，驱逐国应采取必要措施，按照国际法规则，尽可能确保拟被驱逐的外国人安全地前往目的地国。 |
| 3.
The expelling State shall give the alien subject to expulsion a
reasonable period of time to prepare for his or her departure, having
regard to all circumstances. | 3. 驱逐国应考虑到所有相关情况，给予拟被驱逐的外国人合理的期限以做离境准备。 |
| Article 22 State of destination of aliens subject to expulsion | 第22条 拟被驱逐的外国人的目的地国 |
| 1.
An alien subject to expulsion shall be expelled to his or her State of
nationality or any other State that has the obligation to receive the
alien under international law, or to any State willing to accept him or
her at the request of the expelling State or, where appropriate, of the
alien in question. | 1. 拟被驱逐的外国人应被驱逐至其国籍国或根据国际法有义务接收该外国人的任何其他国家，或应驱逐国请求或酌情应当事外国人请求同意接收该人的任何国家。 |
| 2.
Where the State of nationality or any other State that has the
obligation to receive the alien under international law has not been
identified and no other State is willing to accept the alien, that
alien may be expelled to any State where he or she has a right of entry
or stay or, where applicable, to the State from where he or she has
entered the expelling State. | 2. 若无法确定国籍国或根据国际法有义务接收该外国人的任何其他国家，且没有任何其他国家愿意接收该外国人，该外国人可被驱逐至其有权入境或居留的任何国家，或酌情驱逐至该外国人从其进入驱逐国的国家。 |
| Article 23 Obligation not to expel an alien to a State where his or her life would be threatened | 第23条 不将外国人驱逐至其生命会受到威胁的国家的义务 |
| 1.
No alien shall be expelled to a State where his or her life would be
threatened on grounds such as race, colour, sex, language, religion,
political or other opinion, national, ethnic or social origin,
property, birth or other status, or any other ground impermissible
under international law. | 1. 不得将任何外国人驱逐至其生命可能会因种族、肤色、性别、语言、宗教、政治或其他见解、民族、族裔或社会出身、财产、出生或其他身份等理由或因国际法不容许的任何其他理由而受到威胁的国家。 |
| 2.
A State that does not apply the death penalty shall not expel an alien
to a State where the alien has been sentenced to the death penalty or
where there is a real risk that he or she will be sentenced to death,
unless it has previously obtained an assurance that the death penalty
will not be imposed or, if already imposed, will not be carried out. | 2. 不适用死刑的国家不得将外国人驱逐至该外国人被判处死刑的国家或该外国人面临被判处死刑的真实危险的国家，除非它已事先获得保证：该人不会被判处死刑，或如已判处死刑，不会执行。 |
| Article
24 Obligation not to expel an alien to a State where he or she may be
subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or
punishment | 第24条 不将外国人驱逐至其可能遭受酷刑或残忍、不人道或有辱人格待遇或处罚的国家的义务 |
| A
State shall not expel an alien to a State where there are substantial
grounds for believing that he or she would be in danger of being
subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or
punishment. | 一国不得将外国人驱逐至有充分理由相信此人会面临遭受酷刑或残忍、不人道或有辱人格待遇或处罚的危险的国家。 |
| Chapter IV Protection in the transit State | 第四章 过境国境内的保护 |
| Article 25 Protection in a transit State of the human rights of an alien subject to expulsion | 第25条 在过境国境内保护拟被驱逐的外国人的人权 |
| A
transit State shall protect the human rights of an alien subject to
expulsion, in conformity with its obligations under international law. | 过境国应按照其国际法义务保护拟被驱逐的外国人的人权。 |
| Part Four Specific procedural rules | 第四部分 具体程序规则 |
| Article 26 Procedural rights of aliens subject to expulsion | 第26条 拟被驱逐的外国人的程序权利 |
| 1. An alien subject to expulsion enjoys the following procedural rights: | 1. 拟被驱逐的外国人享有下列程序权利： |
| (a) the right to receive notice of the expulsion decision; | (a) 收到驱逐决定通知的权利； |
| (b) the right to challenge the expulsion decision, except where compelling reasons of national security otherwise require; | (b) 对驱逐决定提出异议的权利，但出于国家安全方面的强有力理由而须实施的驱逐除外； |
| (c) the right to be heard by a competent authority; | (c) 由一个主管当局听讯的权利； |
| (d) the right of access to effective remedies to challenge the expulsion decision; | (d) 获得有效救济对驱逐决定提出异议的权利； |
| (e) the right to be represented before the competent authority; | (e) 在主管当局面前有人代理的权利； |
| and | 和 |
| (f)
the right to have the free assistance of an interpreter if he or she
cannot understand or speak the language used by the competent authority. | (f) 如果不懂或不讲主管当局所用的语言，有获得免费口译协助的权利。 |
| 2. The rights listed in paragraph 1 are without prejudice to other procedural rights or guarantees provided by law. | 2. 第1款所列权利不影响法律规定的其他程序权利或保障。 |
| 3. An alien subject to expulsion has the right to seek consular assistance. | 3. 拟被驱逐的外国人有权寻求领事协助。 |
| The expelling State shall not impede the exercise of this right or the provision of consular assistance. | 驱逐国不得妨碍行使这一权利或妨碍提供领事协助。 |
| 4.
The procedural rights provided for in this article are without
prejudice to the application of any legislation of the expelling State
concerning the expulsion of aliens who have been unlawfully present in
its territory for a brief duration. | 4. 本条规定的程序权利不影响驱逐国适用有关驱逐非法在其境内短暂停留的外国人的任何法律。 |
| Article 27 Suspensive effect of an appeal against an expulsion decision | 第27条 针对驱逐决定的上诉的暂停效力 |
| An
appeal lodged by an alien subject to expulsion who is lawfully present
in the territory of the expelling State shall have a suspensive effect
on the expulsion decision when there is a real risk of serious
irreversible harm. | 当存在不可挽回的严重损害的危险时，在驱逐国境内合法居留的拟被驱逐的外国人，其提出的上诉对驱逐决定具有暂停执行的效力。 |
| Article 28 International procedures for individual recourse | 第28条 个人申诉国际程序 |
| An
alien subject to expulsion shall have access to any available procedure
involving individual recourse to a competent international body. | 拟被驱逐的外国人应能够诉诸个人向主管国际机构提出申诉的任何现有程序。 |
| Part Five Legal consequences of expulsion | 第五部分 驱逐的法律后果 |
| Article 29 Readmission to the expelling State | 第29条 重新准入驱逐国 |
| 1.
An alien lawfully present in the territory of a State, who is expelled
by that State, shall have the right to be readmitted to the expelling
State if it is established by a competent authority that the expulsion
was unlawful, save where his or her return constitutes a threat to
national security or public order, or where the alien otherwise no
longer fulfils the conditions for admission under the law of the
expelling State. | 1. 如果一个主管当局确定驱逐非法，被一国驱逐的在该国境内合法居留的外国人有权重新准入驱逐国，除非其返回对国家安全或公共秩序构成威胁，或按照驱逐国的法律该外国人已不再符合入境条件。 |
| 2. In no case may the earlier unlawful expulsion decision be used to prevent the alien from being readmitted. | 2. 在任何情况下，先前的非法驱逐决定不得被用来阻止该外国人重新获准入境。 |
| Article 30 Responsibility of States in cases of unlawful expulsion | 第30条 国家在非法驱逐情况下的责任 |
| The
expulsion of an alien in violation of the expelling State’s obligations
set forth in the present draft articles or in any other rule of
international law entails the international responsibility of that
State. | 违反本条款草案或国际法任何其他规则为驱逐国规定的义务驱逐外国人引起该国的国际责任。 |
| Article 31 Diplomatic protection | 第31条 外交保护 |
| The
State of nationality of an alien subject to expulsion may exercise
diplomatic protection in respect of the alien in question. | 拟被驱逐的外国人的国籍国可就该外国人行使外交保护。 |
| 2. Text of the draft articles and commentaries thereto | 2. 条款草案案文及其评注 |
| 45.
The text of the draft articles, together with commentaries, adopted by
the Commission on second reading at its sixty-sixth session is
reproduced below. | 45. 委员会第六十六届会议二读通过的条款草案案文及其评注载录如下。 |
| Expulsion of aliens | 驱逐外国人 |
| General commentary | 总评注 |
| (1)
Although the expulsion of aliens is a sovereign right of the State, it
brings into play the rights of an alien subject to expulsion and the
rights of the expelling State in relation to the State of destination
of the person expelled. | (1) 虽然驱逐外国人是国家的主权权利，但它涉及拟被驱逐的人的权利和驱逐国相对于被驱逐者的目的地国而言的权利。 |
| The subject matter thus does not fall outside international law. | 故本专题处理的事项并非处在国际法范围之外。 |
| State practice on various aspects of the expulsion of aliens has been evolving at least since the nineteenth century. | 关于驱逐外国人的各个方面的国家实践至少自十九世纪起一直在演变。 |
| Several international treaties also contain provisions concerning one or another aspect of this topic. | 好几项国际条约也载有关于这个专题的这一个或那一个方面的规定。 |
| The
applicable international case-law has been accumulating since the
mid-nineteenth century and has in fact facilitated the codification of
various aspects of international law. | 自十九世纪中叶以来适用的国际案例法已经有一定积累，事实上促进了国际法各个方面的编纂。 |
| This
basis in case-law has recently been reinforced by a judgment of the
International Court of Justice that clarifies the relevant law on
various points. | 案例法的这一基础最近因国际法院的一项判决而得到加强，国际法院澄清了各个问题上的有关法律。 |
| Nevertheless,
the entire subject area does not have a foundation in customary
international law or in the provisions of international conventions of
a universal nature. | 然而，整个专题领域在习惯国际法中或在普遍性的国际公约的规定中没有基础。 |
| On
certain aspects, practice is still limited, although it does point to
trends permitting some prudent development of the rules of
international law in this domain. | 在某些方面，实践仍然是有限的，尽管它指向的趋势允许这一领域的国际法规则得到一些稳健的发展。 |
| This
is why the present draft articles involve both the codification and the
progressive development of fundamental rules on the expulsion of aliens. | 基于上述理由，本条款草案事关驱逐外国人的基本规则的编纂和逐渐发展。 |
| (2) The draft articles are divided into five parts. | (2) 本条款草案分为五部分。 |
| Part
One, entitled “General provisions”, delimits the scope of the draft
articles, defines the two key terms “expulsion” and “alien” for the
purposes of the draft articles and then sets forth a few general rules
relating to the right of expulsion, the requirement for conformity with
law and the grounds for expulsion. | 第一部分题为“一般规定”，界定了本条款草案的范围，并为本条款草案的目的对“驱逐”和“外国人”下了定义，然后列出了与驱逐权、遵守法律的要求、驱逐理由等有关的若干项一般规则。 |
| Part Two of the draft articles deals with various cases of prohibited expulsion. | 条款草案第二部分处理受禁止的各种驱逐情况。 |
| Part
Three addresses the question of protection of the rights of aliens
subject to expulsion, first from a general standpoint (chapter I), then
by dealing more specifically with the protection required in the
expelling State (chapter II), protection in relation to the State of
destination (chapter III) and protection in the transit State (chapter
IV). | 第三部分处理保护拟被驱逐的外国人的权利问题，首先是从一般角度(第一章)，然后更具体地处理在驱逐国必须给予的保护(第二章)、与目的地国有关的保护(第三章)以及在过境国的保护(第四章)。 |
| Part
Four of the draft articles concerns specific procedural rules, while
Part Five sets out the legal consequences of expulsion. | 条款草案第四部分涉及具体程序规则，而第五部分列出了驱逐的法律后果。 |
| (3)
The formulation “alien[s] subject to expulsion” used throughout the
draft articles is sufficiently broad in meaning to cover, according to
context, any alien facing any phase of the expulsion process. | (3) “拟被驱逐的外国人”这一说法贯穿于整个条款草案，其含义足够宽泛，依各种情况，包括了面临驱逐程序的任何外国人。 |
| That
process generally begins when a procedure is instituted that could lead
to the adoption of an expulsion decision, in some cases followed by a
judicial phase; | 驱逐过程开始时，通常先是发起一项程序，然后有可能导致通过一项驱逐决定，在某些情况下紧接着是一个司法阶段； |
| it
ends, in principle, with the implementation of the expulsion decision,
whether that involves the voluntary departure of the alien concerned or
the forcible implementation of the decision. | 驱逐过程最后原则上是实施驱逐决定，无论是涉及有关外国人自愿离境，还是强迫执行这一决定。 |
| In
other words, the formulation covers the situation of the alien not only
in relation to the expulsion decision adopted in his or her regard but
also in relation to the various stages of the expulsion process that
precede or follow the adoption of the decision and may in some cases
involve the taking of restrictive measures against the alien, including
possible detention for the purpose of expulsion. | 换句话说，这一措词涉及外国人的各种状况，不仅相对于针对外国人的驱逐决定而言，而且也相对于驱逐过程中在驱逐决定作出之前和之后的各个阶段而言。 驱逐过程在某些情况下可能涉及对外国人采取限制性措施，还包括为了驱逐目的而可能进行拘留。 |
| Part One General provisions | 第一部分 一般规定 |
| Article 1 Scope | 第1条 范围 |
| 1. The present draft articles apply to the expulsion by a State of aliens present in its territory. | 1. 本条款草案适用于一国驱逐在其境内的外国人事宜。 |
| 2. The present draft articles do not apply to aliens enjoying privileges and immunities under international law. | 2. 本条款草案不适用于依国际法享有特权和豁免的外国人。 |
| Commentary | 评注 |
| (1) The purpose of draft article 1 is to delimit the scope of the draft articles. | (1) 第1条草案的目的是界定本条款草案的范围。 |
| While
paragraph 1 defines the scope in general terms, paragraph 2 excludes
certain categories of individuals who would otherwise be covered by
virtue of paragraph 1. | 第1款界定了一般性范围，而第2款排除了某些类别的个人，这些类别通常根据第1款应包括在内。 |
| (2)
In stating that the draft articles apply to the expulsion by a State of
aliens who are present in its territory, paragraph 1 defines the scope
of the draft articles both ratione materiae and ratione personae. | (2) 第1款规定本条款草案适用于国家驱逐在其境内的外国人事宜，这就界定了条款草案的属事范围和属人范围。 |
| With
regard to scope ratione materiae, which relates to the measures covered
by the draft articles, reference is made simply to the “expulsion by a
State”, which covers any and all expulsion measures; | 关于属事范围，这涉及到条款草案所涵盖的措施，这一款简单地提到“一国驱逐”，这涵盖所有驱逐措施； |
| no further elaboration is provided, since “expulsion” is defined in draft article 2, subparagraph (a), below. | 没有作进一步阐述，因为“驱逐”概念在下文第2条(a)项中得到界定。 |
| With
regard to scope ratione personae, that is, the persons covered by the
draft articles, it follows from paragraph 1 that the draft articles
apply in general to the expulsion of all aliens present in the
territory of the expelling State, with no distinction between the
various categories of persons involved, for example, aliens lawfully
present in the territory of the expelling State, aliens unlawfully
present, displaced persons, asylum seekers, persons granted asylum and
stateless persons. | 关于属人范围，也就是说关于条款草案涉及哪些人，从第1款中可以看出，条款草案一般适用于驱逐在驱逐国境内的所有外国人，而对所涉外国人的所有类别不加区分，例如不论外国人是合法还是非法地处在该国境内，是流离失所者，还是寻求庇护者、获得庇护者、无国籍人。 |
| The term “alien” is defined in draft article 2, subparagraph (b). | “外国人”一词在第2条草案(b)项中得到界定。 |
| (3)
The draft articles cover the expulsion of both aliens lawfully present
and those unlawfully present in the territory of the expelling State,
as paragraph 1 of the draft article indicates. | (3) 条款草案既应包括合法地在驱逐国境内的外国人，也应包括非法在其境内的外国人，正如本条草案第1款清楚地表示的那样。 |
| The
category of aliens unlawfully present in the territory of the expelling
State covers both aliens who have entered the territory unlawfully and
aliens whose presence in the territory has subsequently become
unlawful, primarily because of a violation of the laws of the expelling
State governing conditions of stay. | 非法处在驱逐国境内的外国人这一类别既涵盖非法进入境内的外国人，也涵盖主要因违反驱逐国逗留条件的法律，因而其逗留随后变得不合法的外国人。 |
| Although
the draft articles apply in general to the expulsion of aliens present
lawfully or unlawfully in the territory of the expelling State, it
should be noted at the outset that some provisions of the draft
articles draw necessary distinctions between the two categories of
aliens, particularly with respect to the rights to which they are
entitled. | 虽然条款草案一般适用于驱逐目前合法或非法地在驱逐国境内的外国人，但必须一开始就应该指出的是，条款草案的某些规定确实对两类外国人作了必要的区分，特别是就他们所能享有的权利而言。 |
| It
should be also noted that the inclusion within the scope of the draft
articles of aliens whose presence in the territory of the expelling
State is unlawful is to be understood in conjunction with the phrase in
article 2, subparagraph (a), in fine, which excludes from the scope of
the draft articles questions concerning non-admission of an alien to
the territory of a State. | 另外还应注意的是，对条款草案将非法处在驱逐国境内的外国人也包含在内，应结合第2条(a)项中最后一个短语来理解，该短语将不允许一个外国人进入一国境内的问题排除在条款草案范围之外。 |
| (4)
Paragraph 2 of draft article 1 excludes from the scope of the draft
articles certain categories of aliens, namely, aliens enjoying
privileges and immunities under international law. | (4) 第1条草案第2款将某些类别的外国人即按照国际法享有特权和豁免的外国人排除在条款草案范围之外。 |
| The
purpose of the provision is to exclude aliens whose enforced departure
from the territory of a State is governed by special rules of
international law, such as persons connected with diplomatic missions,
consular posts, special missions, international organizations and
military forces of a State including, as appropriate, members of their
families. | 这一规定的目的是将其强迫离境须受特别国际法规则约束的外国人排除在外，诸如与外交使团、领馆、特别使团、国际组织和一国军事力量相关的人员(酌情包括其家庭成员)。 |
| In
other words, such aliens are excluded from the scope of the draft
articles because of the existence of special rules of international law
governing the conditions under which they can be compelled to leave the
territory of the State in which they are posted for the exercise of
their functions. | 换句话说，这些外国人之所以被排除在条款草案范围之外，是因为存在着国际法特别规则，决定着在何种条件下他们才可被强制离开他们被派往履行其职责的国家。 |
| (5)
On the other hand, some other categories of aliens who enjoy special
protection under international law, such as refugees, stateless persons
and migrant workers and their family members, are not excluded from the
scope of the draft articles. | (5) 另一方面，按照国际法享受某种特别保护的其他类别的外国人没有被排除在条款草案之外，例如难民、无国籍人和移徙工人及其家庭成员。 |
| It
is understood, however, that the application of the provisions of the
draft articles to those categories of aliens is without prejudice to
the application of the special rules that may govern one aspect or
another of their expulsion from the territory of a State. | 然而有一项谅解是，将本条款草案的规定适用于这些类别的外国人不影响可能涉及将他们从一国境内驱逐事宜的某一方面的特别规则的适用。 |
| Displaced
persons, in the sense of relevant resolutions of the United Nations
General Assembly, are also not excluded from the scope of the draft
articles. | 联合国大会有关决议 所指的各种流离失所者也没有被排除在本条款草案范围之外。 |
| Article 2 Use of terms | 第2条 用语 |
| For the purposes of the present draft articles: | 为本条款草案的目的： |
| (a)
“expulsion” means a formal act or conduct attributable to a State by
which an alien is compelled to leave the territory of that State; | (a) “驱逐”是指可归于一国的使外国人被迫离开该国领土的一项正式行动或行为； |
| it
does not include extradition to another State, surrender to an
international criminal court or tribunal, or the non-admission of an
alien to a State; | 它不包括引渡到另一国、移交给一国际刑事法院或法庭、或不允许外国人进入一国； |
| (b) “alien” means an individual who does not have the nationality of the State in whose territory that individual is present. | (b) “外国人”是指不拥有其所在国的国籍的个人。 |
| Commentary | 评注 |
| (1) Draft article 2 defines two key terms, “expulsion” and “alien”, for the purposes of the present draft articles. | (1) 为了本条款草案的目的，第2条草案界定了两个关键术语“驱逐”和“外国人”。 |
| (2) Subparagraph (a) provides a definition of “expulsion”. | (2) (a)项规定了“驱逐”的定义。 |
| The
definition reflects the distinction between, on the one hand, a formal
act by which a State orders and thereby compels an alien to leave its
territory (regardless of what that act may be called under internal
law) and, on the other hand, conduct attributable to that State which
produces the same result. | 这一定义反映了对下述两者的区分：一方面是一国发出命令强迫外国人离开其领土的正式行为(而不论按照国内法这一行为可称作什么)，另一方面是可归于该国的产生相同效果的行为。 |
| The
Commission thought it appropriate to include both types of cases in the
definition of “expulsion” for purposes of the draft articles. | 委员会认为，为了本条款草案的目的，应当将两种情况都包括在“驱逐”的定义内。 |
| It
should also be clarified that draft article 2 merely provides a
definition of “expulsion” and does not prejudge in any way the question
of the lawfulness of the various means of expulsion to which it refers. | 另外还需要澄清的是，第2条草案只是规定了“驱逐”的定义，而没有丝毫预先判断它所指的各种驱逐手段的合法性问题。 |
| Means
of expulsion that do not take the form of a formal act are also
included in the definition of expulsion within the meaning of the draft
articles. | 没有采取正式行为形式的驱逐方式也包含在本条款草案界定的驱逐定义中。 |
| They may fall under the regime of prohibition of “disguised expulsion” set out in draft article 10. | 这种驱逐方式可置于另一种制度即第10条草案所说的禁止“变相驱逐”制度的约束之下。 |
| (3)
The proviso that the formal act or conduct constituting expulsion must
be attributable to the State is to be understood in the light of the
criteria of attribution to be found in Chapter II of Part One of the
articles on the responsibility of States for internationally wrongful
acts. | (3) 正式行为或构成驱逐的行为必须能归于一国，对这一限定语应参照关于国家对国际不法行为的责任的条款第一部分第二章中的归属标准来理解。 |
| The
same criteria of attribution as those defined in the latter articles
must accordingly be applied in determining whether an expulsion should
be considered the act of a State in accordance with international law. | 因此必须适用在这些条款中所界定的相同归属标准，以便按照国际法确定驱逐是否应被视为一国的行为。 |
| (4)
Conduct — other than the adoption of a formal decision — that could
result in expulsion may take the form of either an action or an
omission on the part of the State. | (4) 可能造成驱逐的正式决定之外的行为，其形式要么是国家的作为，要么是不作为。 |
| Omission
might in particular consist of tolerance towards conduct directed
against the alien by individuals or private entities, for example, if
the State failed to appropriately protect an alien from hostile acts
emanating from non-State actors. | 不作为尤其可能包括容忍个人或私人实体针对外国人采取的行为，例如一国未能恰当地保护外国人不受来自于非国家行为者的敌对行为。 |
| What
appears to be the determining element in the definition of expulsion is
that, as a result of either a formal act or conduct — active or passive
— attributable to the State, the alien in question is compelled to
leave the territory of that State. | 在驱逐定义中似乎起决定作用的要素是，由于可归于一国的一种正式行为或一种主动的或消极的行为，有关外国人被迫离开该国领土。 |
| In
addition, in order to conclude that there has been expulsion as a
result of conduct (that is, without the adoption of a formal decision),
it is essential to establish the intention of the State in question, by
means of that conduct, to bring about the departure of the alien from
its territory. | 此外，为了得出结论说这种行为(即没有通过一项正式决定)造成了驱逐，必须能够确定有关国家通过该种行为有意使该外国人离开该国。 |
| (5)
For the sake of clarity, the Commission thought it useful to specify,
in the second clause of subparagraph (a), that the concept of expulsion
within the meaning of the draft articles did not cover extradition of
an alien to another State, surrender to an international criminal court
or tribunal or the non-admission of an alien to a State. | (5) 为了清楚起见，委员会认为有必要在(a)项第二个短语中说明，条款草案所指的驱逐概念并不包括将外国人引渡到另一国、送交一个国际刑事法院或法庭或不允许一个外国人进入一国的情况。 |
| With
respect to non-admission, it should be explained that, in some legal
regimes, the term “return (refoulement)” is sometimes used instead of
“non-admission”. | 对于不准入境问题，应该说明的是，在某些法律制度中，有时使用“遣返(推回)”一词，而不用“不允许进入”。 |
| For the sake of consistency, the present draft articles use the latter term in cases where an alien is refused entry. | 为了一致起见，在涉及拒绝外国人入境的情况时，本条款草案使用了后一说法。 |
| The
exclusion relates to the refusal by the authorities of a State —
usually the authorities responsible for immigration and border control
— to allow an alien to enter the territory of that State. | 不准入境涉及一国当局，通常是负责移民和边防检查的当局拒绝外国人进入该国领土。 |
| On
the other hand, the measures taken by a State to compel an alien
already present in its territory, even if unlawfully present, to leave
it are covered by the concept of “expulsion” as defined in draft
article 2, subparagraph (a). | 另一方面，一国迫使已经在其境内，即使是非法在其境内的外国人离开该国，包含在第2条草案(a)项所界定的“驱逐”概念中。 |
| This
distinction should be understood in the light of the definition of the
scope ratione personae of the draft articles, which includes both
aliens lawfully present in the territory of the expelling State and
those unlawfully present. | 对这种区别应该参照条款草案的属事范围的定义来理解，合法地和非法地在驱逐国境内的外国人都包括在条款草案的属事范围之内。 |
| Moreover
the exclusion of matters relating to non-admission from the scope of
the draft articles is without prejudice to the rules of international
law relating to refugees. | 此外，不准入境问题不包括在条款草案范围内，这一点不妨碍与难民有关的国际法规则。 |
| That
reservation is explained by draft article 6, subparagraph (b), which
references the prohibition against return (refoulement) within the
meaning of article 33 of the Convention on the Status of Refugees of 28
July 1951 and hence inevitably touches on questions of admission. | 这一保留由第6条(b)项作了解释，第6条(b)项提及1951年7月28日《关于难民地位的公约》第三十三条意义上的禁止将难民遣返(推回)规定，因此必然涉及准许入境问题。 |
| (6)
Draft article 2, subparagraph (b), defines an “alien” as an individual
who does not have the nationality of the State in whose territory the
individual is present. | (6) 第2条(b)项界定了“外国人”，是指不拥有其所在国的国籍的个人。 |
| The
definition covers both individuals with the nationality of another
State and individuals without the nationality of any State, that is,
stateless persons. | 这一定义既包括拥有另一国国籍的个人，也包括没有任何国家国籍即无国籍的个人。 |
| Based
on that definition, it follows that an individual who has the
nationality of the State in whose territory the individual is present
cannot be considered an alien with regard to that State, even if he or
she possesses one or more other nationalities, and even if it happens
that one of those other nationalities can be considered predominant, in
terms of an effective link, vis-à-vis the nationality of the State in
whose territory the individual is present. | 根据这一定义，可以得出结论认为，拥有所在国国籍的个人不能被视为外国人，即使他拥有其他的国籍，并且即使其他的国籍可以被认为是主要国籍，即相对于该个人所在的国家的国籍而言，与其他国家有更有效的联系。 |
| (7)
The definition of “alien” for the purposes of the draft articles is
without prejudice to the right of a State to accord certain categories
of aliens special rights with respect to expulsion by allowing them,
under its internal law, to enjoy in that regard a regime similar to or
the same as that enjoyed by its nationals. | (7) 为本条款草案的目的而制订的“外国人”定义不妨碍一国在驱逐方面给予某些类别外国人特别权利，允许他们按照国内法享有与本国国民享有的相似或相同的制度。 |
| Nonetheless,
any individual who does not have the nationality of the State in whose
territory that individual is present should be considered an alien for
purposes of the draft articles, and his or her expulsion from that
territory is subject to the present draft articles. | 尽管如此，为本条款草案的目的，在所在国没有拥有其国籍的个人应该视为外国人，而将其从该国领土驱逐应受本条款草案的约束。 |
| Article 3 Right of expulsion | 第3条 驱逐权 |
| A State has the right to expel an alien from its territory. | 一国有权将外国人驱逐出境。 |
| Expulsion
shall be in accordance with the present draft articles, without
prejudice to other applicable rules of international law, in particular
those relating to human rights. | 驱逐应符合本条款草案，不应影响适用的其他国际法规则，尤其是与人权有关的规则。 |
| Commentary | 评注 |
| (1) The first sentence of draft article 3 sets out the right of a State to expel an alien from its territory. | (1) 第3条草案第一句规定了国家有权将外国人从其领土上驱逐。 |
| That right is uncontested in practice as well as in case-law and writings. | 这一权利无论是在实践中，还是在案例法和著作中都是无可争议的。 |
| The right to expel is not conferred on a State by some external rule; | 驱逐权不是由一些外部规则赋予国家的； |
| it is a inherent right of the State, flowing from its sovereignty. | 它是国家源于其主权的一项固有权利。 |
| This
right has been recognized in particular in a number of arbitral awards
and decisions of claims commissions and in various decisions of
regional courts and commissions. | 驱逐权尤其是在若干仲裁裁决和索赔委员会决定中以及在各种区域法院和委员会的决定中得到承认。 |
| Moreover, it is enshrined in the internal law of most States. | 而且，大多数国家的国内法也都规定了这一权利。 |
| (2)
The second sentence of draft article 3 is a reminder that the exercise
of this right of expulsion is regulated by the present draft articles,
without prejudice to other applicable rules of international law. | (2) 第3条草案第二句意在提醒，行使驱逐权要受本条款草案约束，而不妨碍其他适用的国际法规则。 |
| The
reference to “other” applicable rules of international law does not
mean that the draft articles, as a whole, reflect current international
law in the sense of treaty law. | 提及“其他”适用的国际法规则并不意味着条款草案作为一个整体反映了在条约法意义上的现行国际法。 |
| They are both a work of codification of international law and an exercise in its progressive development. | 条款草案既是国际法的编纂成果，也是国际法逐渐发展的实际活动。 |
| Some
of the rules contained therein are established by certain treaty
regimes or firmly established in customary international law, although
some of them constitute progressive development of international law. | 条款草案所载的一些规则由某些条约制度确立，或稳固地立足于习惯国际法之中，尽管其中某些规则构成国际法的逐渐发展。 |
| In
addition, the specific mention of human rights is justified by the
importance that respect for human rights assumes in the context of
expulsion, an importance also underlined by the many provisions of the
draft articles devoted to various aspects of the protection of the
human rights of aliens subject to expulsion. | 此外，之所以具体提到人权，是因为尊重人权在驱逐所涉及的问题上所具有的重要性，这种重要性也因条款草案中许多规定专门论及拟被驱逐的外国人人权应得到保护而得到强调。 |
| Among
the “other applicable rules of international law” to which a State’s
exercise of its right to expel aliens is subject and which are not
addressed in specific provisions of the draft articles, it is worth
mentioning in particular some of the traditional limitations that
derive from the rules governing the treatment of aliens, including the
prohibitions against arbitrariness, abuse of rights and denial of
justice. | 另有“其他适用的国际法规则”约束着国家驱逐外国人的权利，但在条款草案中没有具体加以处理，其中特别值得一提的是一些“传统的”限制，这些限制源于禁止任意性、侵犯权利和拒绝司法等规定。 |
| Other applicable rules also include rules in human rights instruments concerning derogation in times of emergency. | 其他适用的规则还包括各人权文书中与紧急时期克减权利有关的规则。 |
| It
should be emphasized in this connection that most of the obligations of
States under these instruments are not absolute in nature, and that
derogations are possible in certain emergency situations, for example,
where there is a public emergency threatening the life of the nation. | 在这方面应该强调的是，大多数国家按照这些文书所承担的义务不是绝对性的，在某些紧急情况下是有可能予以减损的，例如在出现威胁国家生命的公共紧急情况时。 |
| Draft
article 3 thus preserves the possibility for a State to adopt measures
that derogate from certain requirements of the present draft articles
insofar as it is consistent with its other obligations under
international law. | 第3条草案因而保留了国家在情况需要时采取减损本条款草案某些规定的措施的可能性，只要这些措施与一国根据国际法而承担的其他义务相一致。 |
| Article 4 Requirement for conformity with law | 第4条 符合法律规定的要求 |
| An alien may be expelled only in pursuance of a decision reached in accordance with law. | 只有在执行依法作出的决定的情况下才可驱逐外国人。 |
| Commentary | 评注 |
| (1)
Draft article 4 sets out a fundamental condition to which a State’s
exercise of its right to expel aliens from its territory is subject. | (1) 第4条草案列出了国家在行使驱逐外国人权利时须遵守的一个基本条件。 |
| That condition is the adoption of an expulsion decision by the expelling State in accordance with law. | 这一条件就是驱逐国必须依法作出了驱逐决定。 |
| (2)
The requirement that an expulsion decision must be made in accordance
with law has, first of all, the effect of prohibiting a State from
engaging in conduct intended to compel an alien to leave its territory
without notifying the alien of a decision in that regard. | (2) 要求必须依法作出驱逐决定，这首先产生一个这样的效果，即禁止一国采取意图迫使外国人离开其领土而又不必将这方面的决定通知外国人的做法。 |
| The prohibition of any form of disguised expulsion is contained in draft article 10, paragraph 1. | 禁止任何形式的变相驱逐的规定载于第10条草案第1款。 |
| (3)
The requirement of conformity with the law follows logically from the
fact that expulsion is to be exercised within the framework of law. | (3) 要求符合法律依逻辑源于这样的事实，即驱逐须在法律范围内进行。 |
| The
State’s prerogative of regulating conditions of expulsion on its
territory within the limits of international law entails the obligation
to comply with the rules it has laid down or subscribed to in this area. | 国家在其领土内并在国际法规定的限度内享有调整驱逐条件的特权，这也意味着它有义务遵守它在这方面规定的或承诺遵守的规则。 |
| It
is thus not surprising to note the wide agreement in the legislation of
many States on the minimum requirement that the expulsion procedure
must conform to the provisions of law. | 因此不令人奇怪的是，对于驱逐程序必须符合法律规定这一最低限度要求，许多国家的立法都普遍地一致。 |
| Moreover, the requirement is well established in international human rights law, both universal and regional. | 此外，这一要求也在国际人权法律，不论是世界性还是区域性人权法律中，都已稳定地确立。 |
| At
the universal level, it appears in article 13 of the International
Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (with respect to aliens lawfully
present on the territory of the expelling State); | 在国际一级，这一点载于《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第十三条 (涉及合法地在驱逐国境内的外国人)； |
| in
article 22, paragraph 2, of the International Convention on the
Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their
Families; | 《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》第二十二条第二款； |
| in
article 32, paragraph 2, of the Convention relating to the Status of
Refugees; and in article 31, paragraph 2, of the Convention relating to
the Status of Stateless Persons. | 《难民地位公约》第三十二条第二款， 以及《关于无国籍人地位的公约》第三十一条第二款。 |
| At the regional level, it is relevant to mention article 12, paragraph 4, of the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights; | 在区域一级，值得一提的是《非洲人权和人民权利宪章》第12条第4款； |
| article 22, paragraph 6, of the American Convention on Human Rights (Pact of San José); | 《美洲人权公约》(《圣何塞公约》)第22条第6款； |
| article 1, paragraph 1, of Protocol No. 7 to the European Convention on Human Rights; | 《欧洲人权公约第7号议定书》第1条第1款； |
| and
article 26, paragraph 2, of the Arab Charter on Human Rights, which
impose the same requirement with respect to aliens lawfully present in
the territory of the expelling State. | 以及《阿拉伯人权宪章》第26条第2款； 所有这些条款都针对驱逐合法地在驱逐国境内的外国人规定了相同的要求。 |
| (4)
The requirement for conformity with law must apply to any expulsion
decision, irrespective of whether the presence of the alien in question
in the territory of the expelling State is lawful or not. | (4) 要求遵守法律这一点须适用于任何驱逐决定，不论在驱逐国境内的外国人是合法地在那里还是非法地在那里。 |
| It
is understood, however, that domestic legislation may provide for
different rules and procedures for expulsion depending on the lawful or
unlawful nature of that presence. | 然而一项理解是，国内立法可能规定不同的驱逐规则和程序，取决于该外国人是合法还是非法地在该国。 |
| (5)
The requirement for conformity with law is quite general, since it
applies to both the procedural and the substantive conditions for
expulsion. | (5) 要求遵守法律也是相当普遍的规定，因为这既适用于正式的驱逐条件，也适用于实质性的驱逐条件。 |
| In
consequence, its scope is wider than the similar requirement set out in
draft article 5, paragraph 2, with regard to the grounds for expulsion. | 因此，其范围要比关于驱逐理由的第5条第2款所规定的类似要求更宽。 |
| (6)
In its judgment of 30 November 2010 in the case concerning Ahmadou
Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo),
the International Court of Justice confirmed the requirement for
conformity with law as a condition for the lawfulness of an expulsion
under international law. | (6) 在其2010年11月30日关于艾哈迈杜·萨迪奥·迪亚洛(几内亚共和国诉刚果民主共和国)的案件中，国际法院确认了遵守法律这一要求，认为这是依照国际法使驱逐达到合法的条件。 |
| Referring,
in that context, to article 13 of the International Covenant on Civil
and Political Rights and to article 12, paragraph 4, of the African
Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, the Court observed: | 国际法院在这方面提到《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第13条和《非洲人权和人民权利宪章》第12条第4款并指出： |
| “It
follows from the terms of the two provisions cited above that the
expulsion of an alien lawfully in the territory of a State which is a
party to these instruments can only be compatible with the
international obligations of that State if it is decided in accordance
with ‘the law’, in other words the domestic law applicable in that
respect. | “从上述两项规定的措词可以得出如下结论，参加这些公约的国家如果将合法在其境内的外国人驱逐，只有按依法作出的驱逐决定，即按照在这方面适用的本国法律作出的决定，才符合其国际法义务。 |
| Compliance with international law is to some extent dependent here on compliance with internal law.” | 在一定程度上，遵守国际法取决于遵守国内法。 ” |
| (7)
Although the requirement for conformity with law is a condition for the
lawfulness of any expulsion measure under international law, the
question might arise as to the extent of an international body’s power
of review of compliance with internal law rules in a context like that
of expulsion. | (7) 虽然要求遵守法律是采取的任何驱逐措施按照国际法取得合法性的条件，但有可能产生这样的问题：在驱逐的问题上国际机构在多大程度上有权审查一国遵守本国国内法律规则。 |
| An international body is likely to be somewhat reticent in that regard. | 国际机构很可能在这方面保持沉默。 |
| As
an example, one might mention the position taken by the Human Rights
Committee with respect to the expulsion by Sweden in 1977 of a Greek
political refugee suspected of being a potential terrorist. | 例如人们可以提到人权事务委员会对于1977年瑞典将一名涉嫌参与恐怖主义活动的希腊政治难民驱逐出境所采取的立场。 |
| That
individual argued before the Committee that the expulsion decision had
not been taken “in accordance with law” and therefore was not in
compliance with the provisions of article 13 of the Covenant. | 该人在人权事务委员会里声称，这一驱逐决定没有“按照法律作出”，因此不符合公约第13条的规定。 |
| The
Human Rights Committee took the view that the interpretation of
internal law was essentially a matter for the courts and authorities of
the State party concerned, and that “it was not within the powers or
functions of the Committee to evaluate whether the competent
authorities of the State party in question [had] interpreted and
applied the internal law correctly in the case before it …, unless it
[was] established that they [had] not interpreted and applied it in
good faith or that it [was] evident that there [had] been an abuse of
power”. | 人权事务委员会认为，对国内法作出解释基本上是有关缔约国法院和当局的事情，“评价有关缔约
国当局是否在所涉的案件上正确地解释并适用了国内法，这不是委员会的权利或职责范围内的事情，除非委员会能够确定缔约国没有诚实地解释和适用国内法，并且
明显地看出缔约国滥用了权利”。 |
| The International
Court of Justice and the European Court of Human Rights took a similar
approach to their own power to assess whether a State had complied with
its internal law in a case of expulsion. | 国际法院和欧洲人权法院对自己是否有权评估一国是否在驱逐案件上遵守了国内法，采取了类似的立场。 |
| Article 5 Grounds for expulsion | 第5条 驱逐的理由 |
| 1. Any expulsion decision shall state the ground on which it is based. | 1. 任何驱逐决定均应说明决定所依据的理由。 |
| 2. A State may only expel an alien on a ground that is provided for by law. | 2. 国家仅可以法律规定的理由驱逐外国人。 |
| 3.
The ground for expulsion shall be assessed in good faith and
reasonably, in the light of all the circumstances, taking into account
in particular, where relevant, the gravity of the facts, the conduct of
the alien in question or the current nature of the threat to which the
facts give rise. | 3. 应虑及所有情节，在相关情况下尤其应考虑到事实的严重性、所涉外国人的行为或这些事实所造成的威胁的目前性质，诚信合理地评估驱逐理由。 |
| 4. A State shall not expel an alien on a ground that is contrary to its obligations under international law. | 4. 国家不得以违背其国际法义务的理由驱逐外国人。 |
| Commentary | 评注 |
| (1)
The question of the grounds for expulsion encompasses several aspects
having to do with the statement of the ground for expulsion, the
existence of a valid ground and the assessment of that ground by the
competent authorities. | (1) 驱逐理由问题包含好几个方面，诸如须说明驱逐理由，存在着有效的理由，由有关当局来对理由进行评估等。 |
| Draft article 5 deals with those issues. | 第5条草案处理的正是这些问题。 |
| (2)
Draft article 5, paragraph 1, sets out an essential condition under
international law, namely, the statement of the ground for the
expulsion decision. | (2) 第5条草案第1款规定了在国际法方面的一个基本条件，即必须说明驱逐决定的理由。 |
| The duty of the expelling State to indicate the grounds for an expulsion is well-established in international law. | 驱逐国有义务说明驱逐的理由是在国际法中久已确立的做法。 |
| It
is recognized that while the conditions for admission of aliens into
the territory of a State fall under its sovereignty and therefore its
exclusive competence, a State may not at will deprive them of their
right of residence. | 人们承认的一点是，虽然外国人在何种条件下进入一个主权国家完全属于其主权范围内的事项，因此该国有处理此事的专属权力，但一国不得随意地剥夺其居住权利。 |
| As
early as 1892, the Institute of International Law was of the view that
an act ordering expulsion must “être motivé en fait et en droit” [be
reasoned in fact and in law]. | 早在1892年，国际法学会就认为，进行驱逐的法律行为必须“être motivé en fait et en droit”[在事实和法律上都有根据]。 |
| In
its judgment on the merits in the Diallo case, the International Court
of Justice found that the Democratic Republic of the Congo had failed
to fulfil this obligation to give reasons and that, throughout the
proceedings, it had failed to adduce grounds that might provide “a
convincing basis” for Mr. Diallo’s expulsion; | 在对迪亚洛案件实质作出判决时，国际法院认为，刚果民主共和国未履行其说明理由的义务，并且在整个程序中，未举出理由，从而为驱逐迪亚洛先生提供一个“具有说服力的根据”； |
| the Court therefore concluded that the arrest and detention of Mr. Diallo with a view to his expulsion had been arbitrary. | 法院因此得出结论认为，为了将迪亚洛先生驱逐而将他逮捕并拘留这是一种任意的行为。 |
| In that regard, the Court could not but | 在这方面法院只能 |
| “find
not only that the decree itself was not reasoned in a sufficiently
precise way … but that throughout the proceedings, the Democratic
Republic of the Congo has never been able to provide grounds which
might constitute a convincing basis for Mr. Diallo’s expulsion. … | “得出这样的结论，该驱逐决定本身并没有给出足够准确的理由，而且在整个程序中，刚果民主共和国从来没有提供理由，可以构成驱逐迪亚洛先生的具有说服力的根据。 |
| Under
these circumstances, the arrest and detention aimed at allowing such an
expulsion measure, one without any defensible basis, to be effected can
only be characterized as arbitrary within the meaning of Article 9,
paragraph 1, of the Covenant and Article 6 of the African Charter.” | …在这种情况下，为了实现驱逐措施而进行的逮捕和拘留在没有任何辩护理由的情况下只能说成是任意的行为，正如《公约》第九条第1款和《非洲宪章》第6条所说的”。 |
| In
the Amnesty International v. Zambia case, the African Commission on
Human and Peoples’ Rights held that Zambia had violated the right of
the alien concerned to receive information by failing to inform him of
the reasons for his expulsion. | 在大赦国际诉赞比亚案件中，非洲人权和民族权利委员会认为，赞比亚侵犯了有关个人获得信息的权利，未将驱逐他的理由告诉他。 |
| According
to the Commission, the fact “that neither Banda nor Chinula were
supplied with reasons for the action taken against them means that the
right to receive information was denied to them (article 9 (1))”. | 该委员会认为，“Banda和Chinula两人都没有得到针对他们采取行动的理由，这意味着获得信息的权利被剥夺了(第九条第1款)”。 |
| (3)
Draft article 5, paragraph 2, sets out the fundamental requirement that
the ground for expulsion must be provided for by law. | (3) 第5条草案第2款规定了一项基本要求，即驱逐理由必须是法律规定的理由。 |
| The reference to “law” here is to be understood as a reference to the internal law of the expelling State. | 这里提到的“法律”是指驱逐国的国内法。 |
| In
other words, international law makes the lawfulness of an expulsion
decision dependent on the condition that the decision is based on a
ground provided for in the law of the expelling State. | 换句话说，国际法使驱逐决定的合法性取决于以下条件，即该决定必须依据驱逐国法律所规定的理由而做出。 |
| The
Commission considers that this requirement is implied by the general
requirement of conformity with law, set forth in draft article 4. | 委员会认为，这项要求是第4条草案所规定的必须遵守法律这项一般原则所包含的推论。 |
| It would be futile to search international law for a list of valid grounds of expulsion that would apply to aliens in general; | 从国际法中搜索出一个适用于一般外国人的有效的驱逐理由清单，将是徒劳的； |
| it
is for the internal law of each State to provide for and define the
grounds for expulsion, subject to the reservation stated in paragraph 4
of the draft article, namely, that the grounds must not be contrary to
the obligations of the State under international law. | 应由每个国家的国内法规定并定义驱逐理由，同时须遵守本条草案第4款所述的保留，即驱逐理由不能违背国家根据国际法承担的义务。 |
| In this regard, internal laws may be found to provide for a rather wide variety of grounds for expulsion. | 在这方面，可能发现国内法律规定了相当相当广泛的驱逐理由。 |
| It
must be noted that violation of internal law on entry and stay
(immigration law) constitutes the most common ground for expulsion. | 必须指出的是，违反入境和居留方面的国内法(移民法)是最为普通的驱逐理由。 |
| This ground provided for in the legislation of many States is permissible under international law; | 这个理由是许多国家的法律所规定的驱逐理由，根据国际法是允许的； |
| in
other words, the unlawfulness of the presence of an alien in the
territory of a State can in itself constitute a sufficient ground for
expulsion. | 换句话说，外国人非法存在于一国境内，这一事实本身就可构成充分的驱逐理由。 |
| Moreover, national security and public order are also grounds that are frequently invoked to justify an expulsion. | 此外，国家安全和社会秩序也是经常提到的进行驱逐的根据。 |
| (4) Paragraph 3 sets out general criteria for the expelling State’s assessment of the ground for expulsion. | (4) 第3款规定了各国对驱逐理由进行评估的一般标准。 |
| The assessment shall be made in good faith and reasonably, in the light of all the circumstances. | 这种评估应该参照所有情况，本着诚信并且合理地做出。 |
| The
gravity of the facts, the conduct of the alien in question and the
current nature of the threat to which the facts give rise are mentioned
as among the factors to be taken into consideration, where relevant, by
the expelling State. | 事实的严重性、有关外国人的行为以及这些事实所引起的威胁的目前性质均被提到，是驱逐国在相关的情况下须考虑的因素。 |
| The
criterion of “the current nature of the threat” mentioned in fine is
particularly relevant when the ground for expulsion is a threat to
national security or public order. | 句子当中所提到的“威胁的目前性质”这一标准是特别具有意义的，尤其是当驱逐理由对国家安全或公共秩序构成威胁时。 |
| (5)
The purpose of draft article 5, paragraph 4, is simply to recall the
prohibition against expelling an alien on a ground contrary to the
expelling State’s obligations under international law. | (5) 第5条草案第4款的目的简单地说就是提到禁止以违反驱逐国的国际法义务的理由驱逐外国人。 |
| The
prohibition would apply, for example, to expulsion based on a ground
that was discriminatory in the sense of draft article 14 below. | 例如这种禁止适用于基于下文第14条草案所说的歧视性理由所进行的驱逐。 |
| It
should be specified that the expression “to its obligations under
international law” does not mean that a State may interpret such
obligations in a restrictive manner, to avoid other obligations under
international law that are opposable to it. | 应该说明的是，短语“其国际法义务”不意味着一国可对这种义务进行狭义解释，以避开可对之施用的其他国际法义务。 |
| Part Two Cases of prohibited expulsion | 第二部分 禁止驱逐的情况 |
| Article 6 Prohibition of the expulsion of refugees | 第6条 与驱逐难民有关的规则 |
| The
present draft articles are without prejudice to the rules of
international law relating to refugees, as well as to any more
favourable rules or practice on refugee protection, and in particular
to the following rules: | 本条款草案不影响与难民有关的国际法规则，也不影响关于难民保护的任何更有利的规则或惯例，尤其是不影响下列规则： |
| (a) a State shall not expel a refugee lawfully in its territory save on grounds of national security or public order; | (a) 除因国家安全或公共秩序理由外，一国不得驱逐合法地在其境内的难民。 |
| (b)
a State shall not expel or return (refouler) a refugee in any manner
whatsoever to the frontiers of territories where the person’s life or
freedom would be threatened on account of his or her race, religion,
nationality, membership of a particular social group or political
opinion, unless there are reasonable grounds for regarding the person
as a danger to the security of the country in which he or she is, or if
the person, having been convicted by a final judgement of a
particularly serious crime, constitutes a danger to the community of
that country. | (b) 一国不得以任何方式将难民驱逐或遣返(“推回”)至其生命或自由因其种族、宗教、国籍、参加某一社会团体或因其政治见解而会受到威胁的领土边界，除非有正当理由认为该人危害所在国的安全，或除非该人已被最终判定犯有特别严重罪行，对该国社会构成危险。 |
| Commentary | 评注 |
| (1)
Draft article 6 deals with the expulsion of refugees, which is subject
to restrictive conditions by virtue of the relevant rules of
international law. | (1) 第6条草案处理了驱逐难民的问题，驱逐难民须遵守有关国际法规则所规定的限制性条件。 |
| It
contains a “without prejudice” clause aimed at ensuring the continued
application to refugees of the rules concerning their expulsion, as
well as of any more favourable rules or practice on refugee protection. | 它包含一个“不影响”条款，旨在确保有关驱逐难民的规则以及关于难民保护的任何更有利的规则或惯例继续对难民适用。 |
| In
particular, subparagraphs (a) and (b) of draft article 6 recall two
particularly important rules concerning the expulsion or return
(refoulement) of refugees. | 具体来说，第6条草案(a)项和(b)提及关于难民驱逐或遣返(推回)的两项特别重要规则。 |
| (2)
The term “refugee” should be understood not only in the light of the
general definition contained in article 1 of the Convention relating to
the Status of Refugees of 28 July 1951, as amended by article 1 of the
Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees of 31 January 1967, which
eliminated the geographic and temporal limitations of the 1951
definition, but also having regard to subsequent developments in the
matter, including the practice of the Office of the United Nations High
Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). | (2)
在理解“难民”一词时，不仅应参照1951年7月28日《关于难民地位的公约》第一条所载的一般性定义，
以及1967年1月31日《关于难民地位的议定书》第一条所作的修订，
这一修订消除了1951年定义中具有的地域和时间上的限制，同时还应参照后来在此问题上的发展，包括联合国难民事务高级专员办事处(难民署)的实践。 |
| In
that regard, the broader definition of “refugee” adopted in the
Organization of African Unity (OAU) Convention Governing the Specific
Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa of 10 September 1969 merits
particular mention. | 在这方面，1969年9月10日《非洲统一组织关于非洲难民问题特定方面的公约》所采用的“难民”定义更为宽泛，值得特别一提。 |
| (3)
The terms “rules of international law relating to refugees” should be
understood as referring to all of the treaty rules at the universal,
regional and subregional levels that relate to refugees, as well as to
relevant customary rules, to which the draft articles are without
prejudice. | (3) 术语“与难民有关的国际法规则”应理解为是指普遍、区域和次区域一级涉及难民的所有条约规则以及相关习惯规则，对这些规则本条款草案均不妨碍。 |
| Draft
article 6 refers, in particular, to the exclusion clause in article 1,
subparagraph (F) of the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees
and the rules on procedural conditions applying to the expulsion of a
refugee such as is contained, in particular, in article 32, paragraph
2, of that Convention. | 第6条草案尤其提及《关于难民地位的公约》第一条第(六)项中的排除条款，并申请难民的驱逐程序性条件规则的公约，特别是第32条第2款第1楼的排除条款， 和尤其是该公约第三十二条第2款所载的适用于驱逐难民的程序性条件规则。 |
| It
likewise relates to the provisions of article 32, paragraph 3, of the
1951 Convention which require the expelling State to allow a refugee or
stateless person a reasonable period within which to seek legal
admission into another country, and which likewise accord that State
the right to apply during that period such internal measures as it
might deem necessary. | 它同样涉及1951年公约第32条第3款， 该款要求缔约各国应给予难民和无国籍人一个合理的期间，以便取得合法进入另一国家的许可，该款同样赋予缔约各国保留在这期间内适用它们所认为必要的内部措施的权利。 |
| (4)
Moreover, draft article 6 adds that the present draft articles are
without prejudice to more favourable rules or practice on refugee
protection. | (4) 此外，第6条草案补充说，本条款草案不妨碍对难民的保护更有利的规则或惯例。 |
| In
addition to the rules of international law, national practice in this
area is of particular importance in that it can be the source of
important rights for refugees. | 除了国际法规则，在这方面国家的做法是特别重要的，因为它可以是难民权利的重要来源。 |
| This
means, inter alia, the pertinent rules in the internal law of the
expelling State, as long as they are not incompatible with the State’s
international obligations or with declarations made by the expelling
State pursuant to its treaty obligations. | 这尤其是指驱逐国国内法的有关规定，只要这些规定不与该国的国际义务，或驱逐国根据其条约义务作出的声明不符。 |
| (5)
Draft article 6, subparagraph (a), reproduces the wording of article
32, paragraph 1, of the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees
of 28 July 1951. | (5) 第6条草案(a)项采用了1951年7月28日《关于难民地位的公约》第32条第1款的措辞。 |
| The
rule contained in that paragraph, which applies only to refugees
lawfully in the territory of the expelling State, limits the grounds
for expulsion of such refugees to those relating to reasons of national
security or public order. | 这一款所包含的规则仅适用于合法地在驱逐国境内的难民，对这类难民驱逐的理由限于涉及国家安全或公共秩序的理由。 |
| (6)
The prohibition of expulsion of a refugee lawfully in the territory of
the expelling State for any grounds other than national security or
public order has also been extended to any refugee who, being
unlawfully in the territory of the State, has applied for refugee
status, as long as this application is under consideration. | (6) 禁止以国家安全或公共秩序以外的其他任何理由驱逐合法地在驱逐国境内的难民，这一点也适用于虽然非法处在一国境内但已经申请难民地位的任何难民，只要这一申请正在审理之中。 |
| However, such protection can be envisaged only for so long as the application is pending. | 然而，这种保护只能在申请受审理的期间内有效。 |
| This
protection, which reflects a trend in the legal literature and finds
support in the practice of some States and of UNHCR, would constitute a
departure from the principle whereby the unlawfulness of the presence
of an alien in the territory of a State can in itself justify expulsion
of the alien. | 这种保护反映了法律文献中的一个趋势， 并在一些国家和难民署的实践中得到支持，构成了对一项原则的偏离，这项原则是，外国人非法处在一国境内这一事实本身即构成驱逐外国人的理由。 |
| The
protection might be set aside only in cases where the manifest intent
of the application for refugee status was to thwart an expulsion
decision likely to be handed down against the individual concerned. | 只有当申请难民地位的明显意图是阻止很可能针对有关个人下达的驱逐决定时，保护才可能会被搁置一边。 |
| It
concerns only individuals who, while not enjoying the status of refugee
in the State in question, did meet the definition of “refugee” within
the meaning of the 1951 Convention or, in some cases, other relevant
instruments, such as the 1969 OAU Convention Governing the Specific
Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa, and should therefore be regarded
as refugees under international law. | 这一规定仅涉及下述人员：虽然在有关国家未享有难民地位，但符合1951年公约意义上的“难民”定义，或在某些情况下，符合其他相关文书如1969年《非洲统一组织关于非洲难民问题特定方面的公约》中的“难民”定义，因此应视为国际法所指的难民。 |
| Any
individual who does not correspond to the definition of refugee within
the meaning of the relevant legal instruments is ineligible to enjoy
the protection recognized in draft article 6 and can be expelled on
grounds other than those stipulated in subparagraph (a), including on
the sole ground of the unlawfulness of his or her presence in the
territory of the expelling State. | 不符合相关法律文书所指难民的定义的任何个人没有资格享受第6条草案确认的保护，可以(a)项所列理由以外的理由驱逐，包括仅仅以非法处在驱逐国境内这一唯一理由而予以驱逐。 |
| In
any event, article 6 is without prejudice to the right of a State to
expel, for reasons other than those mentioned in subparagraph (a), an
alien whose application for refugee status is manifestly abusive. | 在任何情况下，第6条不影响一国有权以(a)项所列理由以外的理由的驱逐其申请难民地位是明显滥用权利的外国人。 |
| (7)
Draft article 6, subparagraph (b), which concerns the obligation of
non-refoulement, combines paragraphs 1 and 2 of article 33 of the 1951
Convention. | (7) 第6条草案(b)项涉及不推回的义务，将1951年公约的第33条第1和第2款结合了起来。 |
| Unlike
the other provisions of the draft articles, which do not cover the
situation of non-admission of an alien to the territory of a State,
draft article 6, subparagraph (b), provides that these draft articles
are without prejudice to that situation as well, as indicated by the
opening phrase: “A State shall not expel or return (refouler) … ”. | 条款草案的其他规定不涉及不准外国人进入到一国领土的情况， 但第6条草案(b)项不同的是，它确定条款草案也不妨碍这种情况，正如其开头第一句所说：“一国不得以任何方式将难民驱逐或遣返(“推回”)…”。 |
| Moreover,
unlike the protection stipulated in subparagraph (a), the protection
mentioned in subparagraph (b) applies to all refugees, regardless of
whether their presence in the receiving State is lawful or unlawful. | 此外，与(a)项规定的保护不同，(b)项提到的保护适用于所有难民，不管他们在接受国的存在是否合法还是不合法。 |
| It
should also be emphasized that the mention of this specific obligation
of non-refoulement of refugees is without prejudice to the application
to them of the general rules prohibiting expulsion to certain States as
contained in draft articles 23 and 24. | 还应该强调的是，提及不驱回难民的这种特定义务不妨碍对难民适用第23和24条草案所载的禁止驱逐至某些国家的一般规则。 |
| Article 7 Rules relating to the expulsion of stateless persons | 第7条 与驱逐无国籍人有关的规则 |
| The
present draft articles are without prejudice to the rules of
international law relating to stateless persons, and in particular to
the rule that a State shall not expel a stateless person lawfully in
its territory save on grounds of national security or public order. | 本条款草案不影响与无国籍人有关的国际法规则，尤其不影响除因国家安全或公共秩序理由外，一国不得驱逐合法地在其境内的无国籍人这一规则。 |
| Commentary | 评注 |
| (1)
As is the case for refugees, stateless persons are protected under the
relevant rules of international law by a favourable regime that places
limits on their expulsion. | (1) 与保护难民一样，无国籍人也按照国际法有关规则得到一项有利制度的保护，这项制度对驱逐规定了限制。 |
| Article
1 of the Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons of 28
September 1954, defines the term “stateless person” as “a person who is
not considered as a national by any State under the operation of its
law.” | 1954年9月28日《关于难民地位的公约》第一条给“无国籍人”所下的定义是“指任何国家根据它的法律不认为他为国民的人”。 |
| (2)
Draft article 7 consists of a “without prejudice” clause aimed at
ensuring the continued application to stateless persons of the rules
concerning their expulsion. | (2) 第7条草案包含一个“不影响”条款，旨在确保有关驱逐无国籍人的规则继续适用于无国籍人。 |
| It
relates, in particular, to the rules on procedural conditions applying
to the expulsion of a stateless person as contained in article 31,
paragraph 2, of the 1954 Convention. | 这一条草案尤其涉及1954年公约第31条第2款所载的适用于无国籍人的驱逐的程序性条件规则。 |
| It
likewise relates to the provisions of article 31, paragraph 3, of the
1954 Convention which require the expelling State to allow a stateless
person a reasonable period within which to seek legal admission into
another country, and which likewise accord that State the right to
apply during that period such internal measures as it might deem
necessary. | 它同样涉及1954年公约第31条第3款的规定， 该款要求缔约各国应给予无国籍人一个合理的期间，以便取得合法进入另一国家的许可，该款同样赋予缔约各国在这期间内适用它们所认为必要的内部措施的权利。 |
| (3)
By analogy with subparagraph (a) of draft article 6 concerning
refugees, draft article 7 is patterned after article 31, paragraph 1,
of the Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons. | (3) 与关于难民的第6条草案(a)项相类似，第7条草案参照的是《关于无国籍人地位的公约》第31条第1款。 |
| Here,
too, the limitation on the grounds for expulsion applies only to
stateless persons lawfully present in the territory of the expelling
State. | 在这里，对驱逐理由的限制也仅适用于合法地在驱逐国境内的无国籍人。 |
| (4)
Draft article 7 does not contain a parallel provision to subparagraph
(b) of draft article 6 concerning refugees, which refers to the
obligation of non-refoulement. | (4) 第7条草案不包含与关于难民的第6条草案(b)项相似的规定，(b)项提到了不推回的义务。 |
| Stateless
persons, like any other alien subject to expulsion, are entitled to the
protection recognized by draft articles 23 and 24 below, which apply to
aliens in general. | 无国籍人与已被驱逐的其他任何外国人一样，也有权享有下文第23条和第24条草案所承认的保护。 |
| Article 8 Deprivation of nationality for the purpose of expulsion | 这类保护适用于一般外国人。 第8条 为驱逐的目的剥夺国籍 |
| A State shall not make its national an alien, by deprivation of nationality, for the sole purpose of expelling him or her. | 一国不得仅为将其国民驱逐的目的，通过剥夺国籍使其国民成为外国人。 |
| Commentary | 评注 |
| (1)
Draft article 8 concerns the specific situation in which a State might
deprive a national of his or her nationality, and thus makes that
national an alien, for the sole purpose of expelling him or her. | (1) 第8条草案涉及一国可能仅为驱逐目的而剥夺国民国籍使其成为外国人的特定情况。 |
| Such
a deprivation of nationality, insofar as it has no other justification
than the State’s desire to expel the individual, would be abusive,
indeed arbitrary within the meaning of article 15, paragraph 2, of the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights. | 由于这种情况下的剥夺国籍只是因为国家想要驱逐有关个人，而没有其他理由，因此属于滥用权力，实际上构成《世界人权宣言》第十五条第(二)款意义范围内的任意剥夺。 |
| For this reason, draft article 8 sets forth the prohibition of the deprivation of nationality for the sole purpose of expulsion. | 有鉴于此，第8条草案规定，禁止仅为驱逐的目的剥夺国籍。 |
| (2)
It would no doubt have been simpler to state, for example, that “[a]
State may not deprive a national of his or her nationality for the sole
purpose of expulsion. | (2) 无疑可以采用更简单的行文，例如“一国不得仅为驱逐目的剥夺国民的国籍。 |
| ”
However, the Commission preferred the current wording because the
phrase “shall not make its national an alien, by deprivation of
nationality”, in addition to linking the specific situation covered in
the draft article to the topic of the expulsion of aliens, is
expository in nature: it describes how a national of a State may become
an alien in that State by means of deprivation of his or her
nationality when the sole aim of that State is to expel the person
concerned. | ”但委员会更倾向于当前的措辞，因为“不得通过剥夺国籍使其国民成为外国人”一语除了将条款草案涵盖的特定情况与驱逐外国人这一专题联系起来之外，还具有解释的性质：它说明一国国民如何可能在该国的唯一目的是将其驱逐的情况下，因被剥夺国籍而成为外国人。 |
| (3)
It should be clarified, however, that draft article 8 does not purport
to limit the normal operation of legislation relating to the grant or
loss of nationality; | (3) 但应当说明的是，第8条草案并不是要限制与授予或丧失国籍有关的立法的正常适用； |
| consequently,
it should not be interpreted as affecting a State’s right to deprive an
individual of its nationality on a ground that is provided for in its
legislation. | 因此，不应理解为它会影响一国以其立法中规定的理由剥夺其国民国籍的权利。 |
| Similarly, draft article 8 does not relate to situations when an individual voluntarily renounces his or her nationality. | 同样，第8条草案不涉及个人自愿放弃其国籍的情况。 |
| (4)
Furthermore, draft article 8 does not address the issue of the
expulsion by a State of its own nationals, something that falls outside
the scope of the draft articles, which deal solely with the expulsion
of aliens. | (4) 另外，第8条草案并不涉及一国驱逐本国国民的问题，该问题不属于本条款草案的范围，因为本条款草案只涉及驱逐外国人。 |
| Article 9 Prohibition of collective expulsion | 第9条 禁止集体驱逐 |
| 1. For the purposes of the present draft article, collective expulsion means expulsion of aliens, as a group. | 1. 为本条草案的目的，集体驱逐是指将外国人作为一个群体予以驱逐。 |
| 2. The collective expulsion of aliens is prohibited. | 2. 禁止集体驱逐外国人。 |
| 3.
A State may expel concomitantly the members of a group of aliens,
provided that the expulsion takes place after and on the basis of an
assessment of the particular case of each individual member of the
group in accordance with the present draft articles. | 3. 一国可同时驱逐某外国人群体的成员，条件是，驱逐是在对该群体的每一名成员的具体情况按照本条款草案进行了评估之后并在评估基础上进行。 |
| 4.
The present draft article is without prejudice to the rules of
international law applicable to the expulsion of aliens in the event of
an armed conflict involving the expelling State. | 4. 本条草案不影响适用于在涉及驱逐国的武装冲突的情况下驱逐外国人的国际法规则。 |
| Commentary | 评注 |
| (1) Paragraph 1 of draft article 9 contains a definition of collective expulsion for the purposes of the present draft articles. | (1) 第9条草案第1款给出了本条款草案中集体驱逐的定义。 |
| According to this definition, collective expulsion is understood to mean the expulsion of aliens “as a group”. | 根据这一定义，集体驱逐被理解为是指驱逐外国人“群体”。 |
| This criterion is informed by the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights. | 这个标准受欧洲人权法院案例法的启发。 |
| It
is a criterion that the Special Rapporteur on the rights of
non-citizens of the Commission on Human Rights, Mr. David Weissbrodt,
had also endorsed in his final report of 2003. | 对于这项标准，人权委员会的非公民权利问题特别报告员戴维·魏斯布罗德先生在2003年的最后报告里也表示赞同。 |
| Only
the “collective” aspect is addressed in this definition, which must be
understood in the light of the general definition of expulsion
contained in draft article 2, subparagraph (a). | 此定义只涉及“集体”方面，必须结合第2条草案(a)项中驱逐的一般定义来理解。 |
| (2) Paragraph 2 sets out the prohibition of the collective expulsion of aliens. | (2) 第2款规定禁止集体驱逐外国人。 |
| This prohibition is expressly embodied in several international human rights treaties. | 这项禁止规定明确地载于好几项国际人权条约中。 |
| At
the universal level, the International Convention on the Protection of
the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families
expressly prohibits the collective expulsion of these persons,
providing, in article 22, paragraph 1, that “[m]igrant workers and
members of their families shall not be subject to measures of
collective expulsion. | 在国际层面，《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》明确禁止集体驱逐移徙工人及其家庭成员，该公约第22条第1款规定，“不得对移徙工人及其家庭成员采取集体驱逐的措施。 |
| Each case of expulsion shall be examined and decided individually. | 对每一宗驱逐案件都应逐案审查和决定。 |
| ”
At the regional level, the American Convention on Human Rights provides
in article 22, paragraph 9, that “[t]he collective expulsion of aliens
is prohibited”. | ”在区域层面，《美洲人权公约》第22条第9款规定，“禁止集体驱逐外国人。 |
| Article
4 of Protocol No. 4 to the European Convention on Human Rights
stipulates that “[c]ollective expulsion of aliens is prohibited”. | ”《欧洲人权公约第4号议定书》 第4条规定，“禁止集体驱逐外国人。 |
| Similarly,
article 12, paragraph 5, of the African Charter on Human and Peoples’
Rights provides that “[t]he mass expulsion of non-nationals shall be
prohibited” and in the same provision defines this form of expulsion as
“that which is aimed at national, racial, ethnic or religious groups”. | ”同样，《非洲人权和人民权利宪章》第12条第5款规定，“禁止大规模驱逐非国民”。 该款还将这种驱逐界定为“针对民族、种族、族裔或宗教群体的驱逐”。 |
| Lastly,
in article 26, paragraph 2, in fine, the Arab Charter on Human Rights
states that “[c]ollective expulsion is prohibited under all
circumstances”. | 最后，《阿拉伯人权宪章》第26条第2款在末尾规定，“禁止任何情况下的集体驱逐”。 |
| (3) Article 13 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights does not expressly prohibit collective expulsion. | (3) 《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第十三条没有明确禁止集体驱逐。 |
| However,
the Human Rights Committee expressed the opinion that such a form of
expulsion would be contrary to the procedural guarantees to which
aliens subject to expulsion are entitled. | 但人权事务委员会认为，这种驱逐违反拟被驱逐的外国人所享有的程序性保障。 |
| In its General Comment No. 15 on the position of aliens under the Covenant, the Committee stated the following: | 委员会在关于《公约》规定的外侨地位的第15号一般性意见中指出： |
| “Article 13 directly regulates only the procedure and not the substantive grounds for expulsion. | “第13条仅仅直接规定驱逐出境的程序，而非实质性理由。 |
| However,
by allowing only those carried out ‘in pursuance of a decision reached
in accordance with law’, its purpose is clearly to prevent arbitrary
expulsions. | 但是，由于它规定只有‘按照依法作出的决定’才可以被驱逐出境，所以它的宗旨显然是为了防止任意驱逐出境。 |
| On
the other hand, it entitles each alien to a decision in his own case
and, hence, article 13 would not be satisfied with laws or decisions
providing for collective or mass expulsions. | 另外一方面，它规定外侨均有权就其案件得到一种判决； 因此，第13条就不容许关于集体或成批驱逐出境的法律或判决。 |
| This
understanding, in the opinion of the Committee, is confirmed by further
provisions concerning the right to submit reasons against expulsion and
to have the decision reviewed by and to be represented before the
competent authority or someone designated by it. | 委员会认为，此项了解可由下列的其他规定加以证实，即该条规定了提出反对驱逐出境的理由和使他的案件判决得到主管当局或由该当局所指定的人员进行复审，并为此目的而请人担任代表。 |
| An
alien must be given full facilities for pursuing his remedy against
expulsion so that this right will in all the circumstances of his case
be an effective one. | 外侨必须能够获得有关寻求其反对驱逐出境的补救办法的充分的便利，以期有效行使他的全部诉讼权利。 |
| The
principles of article 13 relating to appeal against expulsion and the
entitlement to review by a competent authority may only be departed
from when ‘compelling reasons of national security’ so require. | 只有在遇有“国家安全的紧迫原因另有要求”的情况下，才可能不适用第13条内有关反对驱逐出境的申诉权利和有关由主管当局进行复审的权利的原则。 |
| Discrimination may not be made between different categories of aliens in the application of article 13.” (emphasis added) | 在适用第13条时，不得区别对待不同类别的外侨。 ” (强调是后加的)。 |
| (4)
The prohibition of the collective expulsion of aliens set out in
paragraph 2 of the present draft article should be read in the light of
paragraph 3, which elucidates it by specifying the conditions under
which the members of a group of aliens may be expelled concomitantly
without such a measure being regarded as a collective expulsion within
the meaning of the draft articles. | (4) 本条草案第2款规定的禁止集体驱逐外国人应结合第3款来理解，后者对这种禁止作了阐述，规定了一国同时驱逐某外国人群体成员而不会被认为是本条款草案意义范围内的集体驱逐的条件。 |
| Paragraph
3 states that such an expulsion is permissible provided that it takes
place after and on the basis of an assessment of the particular case of
each individual member of the group in accordance with the present
draft articles. | 第3款规定，这样的驱逐是允许的，但条件是驱逐是在对该群体的每一名成员的具体情况按照本条款草案进行了评估之后并在评估基础上进行的。 |
| The
latter phrase refers in particular to draft article 5, paragraph 3,
which states that the ground for expulsion must be assessed in good
faith and reasonably, in the light of all the circumstances, taking
into account in particular, where relevant, the gravity of the facts,
the conduct of the alien in question or the current nature of the
threat to which the facts give rise. | 按照本条款草案这一短语尤其是指第5条草案第3款，其中规定，应虑及所有情节，在相关情况下尤其应考虑到事实的严重性、所涉外国人的行为或这些事实所造成的威胁的目前性质，诚信合理地评估驱逐理由。 |
| (5) Paragraph 4 of draft article 9 is a “without prejudice” clause referring to situations of armed conflict. | (5) 第9条草案第4款是一项“不影响”条款，指武装冲突情况。 |
| This
clause, which relates in general terms to the rules of international
law applicable to the expulsion of aliens in the event of an armed
conflict involving the expelling State aims to avoid any
incompatibility between the rights and obligations of the State set out
in the present draft articles and those under international
humanitarian law. | 这一款一般涉及适用于在涉及驱逐国的武装冲突的情况下驱逐外国人的国际法规则，其目的是防止本条款草案所规定的一国权利和义务与其根据国际人道主义法律所承担的权利和义务发生不一致。 |
| Article 10 Prohibition of disguised expulsion | 第10条 禁止变相驱逐 |
| 1. Any form of disguised expulsion of an alien is prohibited. | 1. 禁止以任何形式变相驱逐外国人。 |
| 2.
For the purposes of these draft articles, disguised expulsion means the
forcible departure of an alien from a State resulting indirectly from
an action or omission attributable to the State, including where the
State supports or tolerates acts committed by its nationals or other
persons, intending to provoke the departure of aliens from its
territory other than in accordance with the law. | 2. 为本条草案的目的，变相驱逐是指由于可归于一国的作为或不作为所造成的间接后果，外国人被迫离开该国，包括该国支持或容许其国民或其他人实施意图以非法律规定方式促使外国人离境的行为。 |
| Commentary | 评注 |
| (1)
Draft article 10 is intended to indicate that a State does not have the
right to utilize disguised or indirect means or techniques in order to
bring about the same result that it could obtain through the adoption
of a expulsion decision, namely to compel an alien to depart from its
territory. | (1) 第10条草案意在指出，一国无权利用任何变相或间接手段或方法来取得与作出驱逐决定所能取得的同样结果，即将一外国人驱逐出本国国境。 |
| In
the legal literature in English, the term “constructive expulsion” is
sometimes used to designate methods of expulsion other than the
adoption of a decision as such. | 在英文法律文献中， “推定驱逐”一词有时是指除作出驱逐决定以外的其他驱逐方法。 |
| The
Commission considered, however, that it was difficult to find a
satisfactory equivalent of the term “constructive expulsion” in other
languages, particularly French, as the term might carry an undesirable
positive connotation. | 但委员会认为，很难在其他语言特别是法语中找到一个令人满意的、与“推定驱逐”相对等的词语，因为该词可能含有不应有的积极含义。 |
| Consequently, the Commission opted in this context for the term “disguised expulsion”. | 因此，委员会在这里选用了“变相驱逐”一词。 |
| (2)
Paragraph 1 of draft article 10 sets out the prohibition of any form of
disguised expulsion, thus indicating that such conduct is prohibited
under international law regardless of the form it takes or the methods
employed. | (2) 第10条草案第1款规定，禁止以任何形式变相驱逐外国人，从而表明这种行为是国际法所禁止的，而不论其采取何种形式或方法。 |
| This
is because, in essence, disguised expulsion infringes the human rights
of the alien in question, including the procedural rights referred to
in Part Four of the draft articles. | 原因在于，从本质上讲，变相驱逐侵犯了所涉外国人的人权，包括本条款草案第四部分提及的程序权利。 |
| (3) Draft article 10, paragraph 2, contains a definition of disguised expulsion that focuses on what characterizes it. | (3) 第10条草案第2款载有变相驱逐的定义，并侧重于其特点。 |
| The
specificity lies in the fact that the expelling State, without adopting
a formal expulsion decision, engages in conduct intended to produce and
actually producing the same result, namely the forcible departure of an
alien from its territory. | 变相驱逐的特点是，驱逐国在未作出正式驱逐决定的情况下，实施了意在产生并且实际上也产生了相同结果的行为，即外国人被迫离开该国。 |
| The
element of détournement is conveyed by the adverb “indirectly” that
qualifies the occurrence of an alien’s departure as a result of the
conduct of the State. | 这种间接性是通过对因国家行为造成外国人离境的情况予以修饰的“间接”一词来传达的。 |
| The
last phrase of paragraph 2 is intended to indicate that the notion of
“disguised expulsion” covers only situations in which the forcible
departure of an alien is the intentional result of an action or
omission attributable to the State. | 第2款的最后一句旨在表明，“变相驱逐”的概念只涵盖外国人被迫离开是国家的作为或不作为“意图产生的结果”这种情况。 |
| The
State’s intention to provoke an alien’s departure from its territory,
which is inherent in the definition of expulsion in general, thus
remains a decisive factor when expulsion occurs in a disguised form. | 因此，驱逐的一般定义中所必然包含的国家促使外国人离境的意图仍然是变相驱逐的决定性因素。 |
| In
addition, paragraph 2 of the draft article relates only to actions or
omissions of a State intended to provoke an alien’s departure in a way
other than in accordance with the law. | 此外，该条草案第2款仅涉及一国意图以非法律规定方式促使外国人离境的作为或不作为。 |
| This
prohibition does not cover, in particular, situations when expulsion
results from a decision adopted in conformity with the law and on
grounds in accordance with international law. | 这项禁止尤其不包括因依法采取的决定或与国际法规定一致的理由而进行驱逐的情况。 |
| (4)
The definition of disguised expulsion, based on the elements of
“compulsion” and “intention”, appears consistent with the criteria
applied in this regard by the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal, which
had before it a number of claims relating to situations of the same
nature as those envisaged in draft article 10. | (4) 以“驱逐”和“意图”等要素为基础的变相驱逐的定义似与伊朗－美国索赔法庭在这方面适用的定义相一致，该法庭受理了许多性质与第10条草案设想的情况相类似的案件。 |
| The
two essential elements of the notion of “disguised expulsion” that
emerge from the relevant decisions of the Tribunal have been summarized
as follows: | 从该法庭的相关裁决中得出的“变相驱逐”概念的两个基本要素被概述如下： |
| “Such
cases would seem to presuppose at least (1) that the circumstances in
the country of residence are such that the alien cannot reasonably be
regarded as having any real choice, and (2) that behind the events or
acts leading to the departure there is an intention of having the alien
ejected and these acts, moreover, are attributable to the State in
accordance with principles of state responsibility.” | “这些案件似乎至少假定：(1) 根据居住国的情况，无法合理地认为外国人可作任何真正选择； (2) 在导致离开的事件或行为背后，有驱逐外国人的意图，而且按照国家责任原则，这些行为属于国家行为。 ” |
| (5) The approach taken by the Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims Commission seems to follow the same lines. | (5) 厄立特里亚－埃塞俄比亚索赔委员会采用的办法似乎基于同样的思路。 |
| The
Commission considered the claim of Ethiopia that Eritrea was
responsible for “indirect” or “constructive” expulsions of Ethiopians
that were contrary to international law. | 委员会审议了埃塞俄比亚的申诉，埃塞俄比亚称，厄立特里亚应对违反国际法而“间接”或“推定”驱逐埃塞俄比亚人的行为负责。 |
| The
Commission rejected certain claims after finding that the Ethiopians in
question had not been expelled by the Government of Eritrea or made to
leave by Government policy; instead, they had left the country for
other reasons, such as economic factors or upheavals brought about by
war, for which Eritrea could not be held responsible. | 委员会拒绝了某些索赔要求，认定有关埃塞俄比亚人并未遭到厄立特里亚政府的驱逐，或者是因政府政策而被迫离开，他们是由于其他原因，例如经济因素或战争造成的动荡而离开该国的，对这些原因厄立特里亚无须负责。 |
| The Commission noted that free consent seemed to have prevailed in these situations. | 委员会注意到这些情况似有自愿同意的特点。 |
| In
considering subsequent expulsions, the Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims
Commission emphasized the high legal threshold for responsibility based
on the jurisprudence of the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal. | 在审议随后的驱逐时，厄立特里亚－埃塞俄比亚索赔委员会着重指出，根据伊朗－美国索赔法庭的判例，对推定驱逐的责任规定的法律门槛很高。 |
| The Commission concluded that Ethiopia had failed to meet the high legal threshold for proof of such claims as follows: | 委员会得出结论认为，埃塞俄比亚在这些索赔的举证方面，未能达到高法律门槛的要求。理由如下： |
| “126.
Ethiopia also contended that those who left between May 2000 and
December 2000 were victims of unlawful indirect or constructive
expulsion. | “126. 埃塞俄比亚又称，在2000年5月至2000年12月之间离开的人，是非法间接驱逐或推定驱逐的受害者。 |
| The Parties expressed broadly similar understanding of the law bearing on these claims. | 当事双方对这些索赔的适用法律表示了大致相同的了解。 |
| Both
cited the jurisprudence of the Iran-U.S. Claims Tribunal, which
establishes a high threshold for liability for constructive expulsion. | 双方都引用了伊朗－美国索赔法庭的判例，其中对推定驱逐的赔偿责任规定了较高的门槛。 |
| That
Tribunal’s constructive expulsion awards require that those who leave a
country must have experienced dire or threatening conditions so extreme
as to leave no realistic alternative to departure. | 该法庭关于推定驱逐的赔偿判决要求符合如下条件：离开一国的人必须经历极端严峻或具有威胁性的处境，以致除离开外别无任何其他实际可行办法。 |
| These conditions must result from actions or policies of the host government, or be clearly attributable to that government. | 这些处境必须是由于东道国政府的行动或政策所造成的，或明显可归于该国政府的行为。 |
| Finally, the government’s actions must have been taken with the intention of causing the aliens to depart. | 最后，该国政府必须已采取这些行动，立意要使外国人离开。 |
| 127. The evidence does not meet these tests. | 127. 证据未能通过这些检验。 |
| Post-war
Eritrea was a difficult economic environment for Ethiopians and
Eritreans both, but the Eritrean Government did not intentionally
create generalized economic adversity in order to drive away Ethiopians. | 厄立特里亚战后的经济环境，对埃塞俄比亚人和厄立特里亚人都是非常困难的，但厄立特里亚政府并不是刻意造成普遍经济困难的环境，以赶走埃塞俄比亚人。 |
| The
Commission notes that the Government of Eritrea took actions in the
summer of 2000 that were detrimental to many Ethiopians’ economic
interests and that there was anti-Ethiopian public opinion and
harassment. | 委员会注意到厄立特里亚政府曾在2000年夏采取一些损害许多埃塞俄比亚人经济利益的行动，同时也有一些反埃塞俄比亚人的舆论和骚扰行为。 |
| Nevertheless,
many Ethiopians in Eritrea evidently saw alternatives to departure and
elected to remain or to defer their departures. | 但是许多在厄立特里亚的埃塞俄比亚人显然有不离开的其他办法，他们选择了留下或推迟离开。 |
| Given
the totality of the record, the Commission concludes [that the claim of
wide-scale constructive expulsion does not meet the high legal
threshold for proof of such a claim.” | 根据整个记录，委员会得出结论认为，对大规模推定驱逐提出的索赔，在举证方面，不符高法律门槛的要求。” |
| (6)
Among the acts of a State that might constitute disguised expulsion
within the meaning of draft article 10 should be included support or
tolerance shown by the State towards acts committed individually or
collectively by private persons. | (6) 可能构成第10条草案意义范围内的变相驱逐的国家行为中应包括国家对个人单独或集体实施的行为的支持或容忍。 |
| Support
or tolerance shown by a State towards acts committed by private persons
could fall within the scope of the prohibition of disguised expulsion
if such support or tolerance constituted an “action or omission
attributable to the State … intending to provoke the departure of
aliens from its territory”. | 一国对个人行为的支持或容忍如果构成“意图促使外国人离境的可归于该国的作为或不作为，”则可属于禁止变相驱逐的范围。 |
| In
other words, such support or tolerance on the part of the expelling
State must be assessed according to the criterion of the specific
intention to which the last phrase of paragraph 2 refers. | 换言之，必须根据第2款最后一句提到的具体意图标准来评估驱逐国的这种支持或容忍。 |
| It
is understood that a particularly high threshold should be set for this
purpose when it is a matter of mere tolerance unaccompanied by definite
actions of support on the part of the State for the acts of private
persons. | 不言而喻的是，如果仅仅是容忍的问题，国家并没有对个人行为采取决定性的支持行动，则应为此设定特别高的门槛。 |
| The
criteria for the attribution of conduct to a State are the same as
those contained in chapter II of the articles on the responsibility of
States for internationally wrongful acts adopted in 2001. | 将行为归于一国的标准与2001年通过的国家对国际不法行为的责任条款第二章中的标准相同。 |
| (7)
The situation of support or tolerance towards acts of private persons
could involve acts committed by either nationals of the State in
question or aliens present in the territory of that State. | (7) 支持或容忍个人行为的情况可能涉及有关国家的国民或在该国境内居住的外国人所实施的行为。 |
| That is what is meant by the phrase “its nationals or other persons”, which, moreover, covers both natural and legal persons. | 这正是“其国民或其他人”一语的所指，其中不仅包括自然人，也包括法人。 |
| Article 11 Prohibition of expulsion for purposes of confiscation of assets | 第11条 禁止以没收财产为目的驱逐外国人 |
| The expulsion of an alien for the purpose of confiscating his or her assets is prohibited. | 禁止以没收财产为目的驱逐外国人。 |
| Commentary | 评注 |
| (1)
Draft article 11 sets out the prohibition of confiscatory expulsions,
that is, expulsions with the aim of unlawfully depriving an alien of
his or her assets. | (1) 第11条草案规定，禁止没收性的驱逐，即以非法剥夺外国人的财产为目的的驱逐。 |
| The unlawful confiscation of property may well be the undeclared aim of an expulsion. | 非法剥夺财产很可能是驱逐的非公开目的。 |
| “For
example, the ‘right’ of expulsion may be exercised … in order to
expropriate the alien’s property … In such cases the exercise of the
power cannot remain untainted by the ulterior and illegal purposes. | “例如，行使驱逐‘权’的动机可能是…为了没收外国人的财产…在这些情况下，权力的行使不可能不受险恶和非法目的的影响。 |
| ”
Such expulsions, to which some States have resorted in the past, are
unlawful from the perspective of contemporary international law. | ” 从现代国际法的角度看，有些国家过去采用的这种驱逐办法是非法的。 |
| Aside
from the fact that the grounds for such expulsions appear unsound, it
must be said that they are incompatible with the fundamental principle
set out in the Declaration on the Human Rights of Individuals Who are
not Nationals of the Country in which They Live, adopted by the General
Assembly in 1985, which states: “No alien shall be arbitrarily deprived
of his or her lawfully acquired assets.” | 这种驱逐除了理由似乎不足外， 还必须指出，它们也不符合大会1985年通过的《非居住国国民个人人权宣言》所载的基本原则，该宣言指出：“不得任意剥夺任何外国人合法取得的财产”。 |
| (2)
In addition, an expulsion for the sole purpose of confiscation of the
assets of the alien in question implicates the right to property as
recognized in various human rights treaties. | (2) 此外，仅以剥夺所涉外国人的财产为目的进行驱逐涉及各种人权条约所确认的财产权。 |
| It
should be noted that the prohibition set out in draft article 11 does
not extend to situations in which assets are confiscated as a sanction
consistent with law for the commission of an offence by an alien giving
rise to the confiscation of assets. | 应该指出，第11条所规定的禁止并不涵盖因外国人犯下可处以没收财产惩罚的罪行而依法实施没收财产惩罚的情况。 |
| Article 12 Prohibition of resort to expulsion in order to circumvent an ongoing extradition procedure | 第12条 禁止为规避正在进行的引渡程序而诉诸驱逐 |
| A State shall not resort to the expulsion of an alien in order to circumvent an ongoing extradition procedure. | 一国不得为了规避正在进行的引渡程序而诉诸驱逐外国人的做法。 |
| Commentary | 评注 |
| (1)
Draft article 12 sets out in general terms the prohibition against
resorting to expulsion in order to circumvent an ongoing extradition
procedure. | (1) 第12条草案一般性地规定，不得为了规避正在进行的引渡程序而诉诸驱逐。 |
| One could speak of “disguised extradition” in this context. | 在这方面可以提到“变相驱逐”。 |
| As
the wording of draft article 12 clearly indicates, the prohibition in
question applies only as long as the extradition procedure is ongoing,
in other words, from the moment at which the State in the territory of
which the alien is present receives from another State a request for
extradition in respect of the alien until a definitive decision is
taken and enforced by the competent authorities of the first State on
the request for extradition. | 第12条草案的措辞明确表明，这种禁止只有当引渡程序正在进行时才适用，换言之，即从该外国人所在国从另一国接到引渡该外国人的请求之时起，到前一国的主管当局就引渡请求作出最后决定并实施为止。 |
| It
does not extend to situations in which no request for extradition has
been made or to situations in which a request for extradition has been
rejected or resolved in some other manner. | 这种禁止不涵盖没有提出引渡请求的情况或引渡请求被拒或以其他某种方式得到解决的情况。 |
| (2)
In addition, the prohibition set out in draft article 12 relates only
to situations in which the sole purpose of the expulsion is to
circumvent an extradition procedure. | (2) 此外，第12条草案所载的禁止规定只涉及驱逐的唯一目的是为了规避引渡程序的情况。 |
| The
term “circumvent” presupposes an intention of the expelling State to
use the expulsion procedure for the sole purpose of avoiding its
obligations in the context of an extradition procedure. | “规避”一词的预先假设是驱逐国有意使用驱逐程序，其唯一目的是避免履行在引渡程序方面的义务。 |
| Where
the sole purpose is not to circumvent an extradition procedure, the
expelling State retains the right to expel an alien when the conditions
for doing so have been met. | 在唯一目的不是规避引渡程序的情况下，当驱逐的条件得到满足时，驱逐国依然有权驱逐。 |
| Part Three Protection of the rights of aliens subject to expulsion | 第三部分 保护拟被驱逐的外国人的权利 |
| Chapter I General provisions | 第一章 一般规定 |
| Article 13 Obligation to respect the human dignity and human rights of aliens subject to expulsion | 第13条 尊重拟被驱逐的外国人的人格尊严和人权的义务 |
| 1.
All aliens subject to expulsion shall be treated with humanity and with
respect for the inherent dignity of the human person at all stages of
the expulsion process. | 1. 在驱逐过程的所有阶段，拟被驱逐的所有外国人均应得到人道的待遇，其固有尊严应得到尊重。 |
| 2. They are entitled to respect for their human rights, including those set out in the present draft articles. | 2. 他们有权得到对其人权、包括本条款草案所述人权的尊重。 |
| Commentary | 评注 |
| (1)
Draft article 13, paragraph 1, sets out the obligation of the expelling
State to treat all aliens subject to expulsion with humanity and
respect for the inherent dignity of the human person at all stages of
the expulsion process. | (1) 第13条草案第1款规定驱逐国在驱逐过程的所有阶段，有义务对拟被驱逐的所有外国人给予人道和尊重人的固有尊严的待遇。 |
| The
wording of this paragraph is taken from article 10 of the International
Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which deals with the situation
of persons deprived of their liberty. | 该款的措辞取自《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》关于被剥夺自由者的处境的第十条。 |
| The
addition in fine of the phrase “at all stages of the expulsion process”
is intended to underline the general nature of the obligation in
question, which covers all stages of the process that can lead to the
adoption of an expulsion decision and its implementation, including, in
some cases, the imposition of restrictive or custodial measures. | 添加“驱逐过程的所有阶段”一语是为了强调这项义务的一般性质，它涵盖可能会致使作出并执行驱逐决定的整个过程的所有阶段，在有些情况下，还包括采取限制性或关押措施。 |
| (2)
The general principle of respect for the dignity of any alien subject
to expulsion is of particular importance in view of the fact that
aliens are not infrequently subjected to humiliating treatment in the
course of the expulsion process offensive to their dignity as human
beings, without necessarily amounting to cruel, inhuman or degrading
treatment. | (2) 鉴于外国人在被驱逐过程中遭受屈辱性待遇的情况并不少见――这有伤其作为人的尊严，虽然这种待遇不一定构成残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇，故尊重受驱逐的任何外国人的尊严这项一般原则特别重要。 |
| The
phrase “the inherent dignity of the human person”, drawn from article
10 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, is
intended to make it clear that the dignity referred to in this draft
article is to be understood as an attribute that is inherent in every
human being. | “人的固有尊严”一语借鉴了《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第十条，意在说明本条草案中所指的尊严应被理解为每个人所固有的一种属性。 |
| (3)
Draft article 13, paragraph 2, simply recalls that all aliens subject
to expulsion are entitled to respect for their human rights. | (3) 第13条草案第2款简单地指出，拟被驱逐的所有外国人均有权得到对其人权的尊重。 |
| The
word “including”, which precedes the reference to the rights mentioned
in the draft articles, is intended to make it clear that the specific
mention of some rights in the draft articles is justified only because
of their particular relevance in the context of expulsion; their
mention should not be understood as implying in any way that respect
for those rights is more important than respect for other human rights
not mentioned in the draft articles. | 提及本条款草案所述权利的文字之前的“包括”一词旨在说明，本条款草案具体提到某些权利，只是因为它们在驱逐情况下特别相关，而绝不应被理解为暗指尊重这些权利比尊重条款草案中未提到的其他权利重要。 |
| It
goes without saying that the expelling State is required, in respect of
an alien subject to expulsion, to meet all the obligations incumbent
upon it concerning the protection of human rights, both by virtue of
international conventions to which it is a party and by virtue of
general international law. | 不言而喻，对于拟被驱逐的外国人，驱逐国必须遵守它所承担的与保护人权有关的所有义务，无论是其加入的国际公约所规定的义务，还是一般国际法赋予的义务。 |
| That
said, mention should be made in particular in this context of the
Declaration on the Human Rights of Individuals Who are not Nationals of
the Country in which They Live, adopted by the General Assembly on 13
December 1985. | 尽管如此，在这里应特别提及大会1985年12月13日通过的《非居住国公民个人人权宣言》。 |
| Article 14 Prohibition of discrimination | 第14条 禁止歧视 |
| The
expelling State shall respect the rights of the alien subject to
expulsion without discrimination of any kind on grounds such as race,
colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national,
ethnic or social origin, property, birth or other status, or any other
ground impermissible under international law. | 驱逐国应尊重拟被驱逐的外国人的权利，不得以种族、肤色、性别、语言、宗教、政治或其他见解、民族、族裔或社会出身、财产、出生或其他身份为由或以国际法不容许的任何其他理由进行任何歧视。 |
| Commentary | 评注 |
| (1) Draft article 14 concerns the obligation to respect rights without discrimination in the context of the expulsion of aliens. | (1) 第14条草案涉及在驱逐外国人方面尊重权利而不歧视的义务。 |
| The
obligation not to discriminate is set out, in varying formulations, in
the major universal and regional human rights instruments. | 主要的国际和区域人权文书以不同的表述方式规定了不歧视义务。 |
| This obligation has also been recognized in case-law concerning expulsion. | 有关驱逐问题的案例法也确认了这项义务。 |
| It was for example, stated in general terms by the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal in the Rankin case: | 例如，伊朗－美国索赔法庭在Rankin的案件中笼统地指出： |
| “A
claimant alleging expulsion has the burden of proving the wrongfulness
of the expelling State’s action, in other words that it was arbitrary,
discriminatory, or in breach of the expelling State’s treaty
obligations.” | “声称被驱逐的申诉人负有举证责任，证明驱逐国的行为非法，换言之，证明驱逐是任意性的、歧视性的或者违背了驱逐国的条约义务。 |
| Also
noteworthy is the Mauritian women case, in which the Human Rights
Committee considered that there had been a violation of the
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights because the law in
question introduced discrimination on the ground of sex by protecting
the wives of Mauritian men against expulsion while not affording such
protection to the husbands of Mauritian women. | ” 同样值得注意的是毛里求斯妇女案件，在该案中，人权事务委员会认为违反《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》的情况成立，因为有关法律存在基于性别的歧视，只保护毛里求斯籍男子的妻子免遭驱逐，却不为毛里求斯籍妇女的丈夫提供这种保护。 |
| The
European Court of Human Rights took the same position that the Human
Rights Committee had taken in the aforementioned Mauritian women case
in its judgment of 28 May 1985 in the Abdulaziz, Cabales and Balkandali
case. | 欧洲人权法院在1985年5月28日就Abdulaziz、Cabales和Balkandali案作出的判决中，与人权事务委员会在上述毛里求斯妇女案中所持的立场相同。 |
| The
Court held unanimously that article 14 of the European Convention on
Human Rights had been violated by reason of discrimination against each
of the applicants on the ground of sex: unlike male immigrants settled
in the United Kingdom, the applicants did not have the right, in the
same situation, to obtain permission for their non-national spouses to
enter or remain in the country for settlement. | 该法院一致认为，存在违反《欧洲人权公约》第14条的情况，因为每个申诉人都受到了基于性别理由的歧视：与在联合王国定居的男性移民不同，这些申诉人在相同情况下，无权为其非国民配偶获得进入该国或在该国定居的许可。 |
| After
having stated that “advancement of the equality of the sexes is today a
major goal in the member States of the Council of Europe”, the Court
held that “very weighty reasons would have to be advanced before a
difference of treatment on the ground of sex could be regarded as
compatible with the Convention”. | 法院指出，“实现两性平等是欧洲委员会成员国当前的重要目标”，认为“只有在理由十分充足时才可以认为，基于性别的区别对待与公约相符”。 |
| It
also emphasized that article 14 was concerned with the “avoidance of
discrimination in the enjoyment of the Convention rights in so far as
the requirements of the Convention as to those rights can be complied
with in different ways”. | 法院还强调，第14条的目的是“在可以不同方式遵守《公约》规定的权利情况下，防止在享受《公约》权利方面出现歧视”。 |
| On
the other hand, it held that in the current case, the fact that
applicable rules affected “fewer white people than others” was not a
sufficient reason to consider them as racist in character as they “did
not contain regulations differentiating between persons or groups on
the ground of their race or ethnic origin.” | 另一方面，法院认为，在此案中，所适用的规则“对白人的影响小于对其他人的影响”，并不能构成认为该规则有种族主义性质的充分理由，因为它“不包含基于种族或族裔出身区别对待个人或群体的条款”。 |
| (2)
Draft article 14 sets out the obligation of the expelling State to
respect the rights of the alien subject to expulsion without
discrimination of any kind. | (2) 第14条草案第1款规定了驱逐国在无任何歧视的基础上尊重拟被驱逐的外国人的权利的义务。 |
| As
this obligation applies to the exercise of the right of expulsion, it
covers both the decision to expel or not to expel and the procedures
relating to the adoption of an expulsion decision and its possible
implementation. | 因这一义务适用于驱逐权的行使，这项规定既涵盖驱逐或不驱逐的决定，也涵盖与作出驱逐决定及其可能的执行有关的程序。 |
| (3)
The list of prohibited grounds for discrimination contained in draft
article 14 is based on the list included in article 2, paragraph 1, of
the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, with the
addition of the ground of “ethnic origin” and a reference to “any other
ground impermissible under international law. | (3) 第14条草案所列的禁止歧视的理由基于《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第二条第1款所列理由，并添加了“族裔出身”和“国际法不容许的任何其他理由”。 |
| ”
The express mention of “ethnic origin” in the draft article is
justified because of the undisputed nature of the prohibition in
contemporary international law of discrimination on this ground and in
view of the particular relevance of ethnic issues in the context of the
expulsion of aliens. | 在本条草案中明确提到“族裔出身”是合理的，因为现代国际法对以此为由的歧视所作的禁止具有不可辩驳性，而且族裔问题与驱逐外国人特别相关。 |
| The
reference to “any other ground impermissible under international law”
clearly indicates the non-exhaustive nature of the list of prohibited
grounds for discrimination included in draft article 14. | “国际法不容许的任何其他理由”这一提法明确表明，第14条草案所列的禁止歧视的理由并不是详尽无遗的。 |
| (4)
With regard to the prohibition of any discrimination on the ground of
sexual orientation, differences remain and in certain regions the
practice varies. | (4) 禁止以性取向为由的任何歧视，分歧仍存在，在某些地区，做法也有差异。 |
| In any case, there is international practice and case-law on this matter. | 无论怎么说，在此问题问题上，存在着国际实践和案例法。 |
| It
should be noted that the interpretation by the Human Rights Committee
of the reference to “sex” in articles 2, paragraph 1, and 26 of the
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights was that the
notion includes sexual orientation. | 应该指出的是，根据人权事务委员会对《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第二条第1款和第二十六条中提及的“性别”一词的解释，这一概念包括性取向。 |
| (5)
The reference in the draft article to “any other ground impermissible
under international law” makes it possible to capture any legal
development concerning prohibited grounds for discrimination that might
have occurred since the adoption of the Covenant. | (5) 本条草案通过提及“国际法不容许的任何其他理由”，就有可能考虑到自《公约》通过以来可能在禁止歧视理由方面取得的任何法律进展。 |
| On the other hand, it also preserves the possible exceptions to the obligation not to discriminate based on national origin. | 另一方面，它也保留了不以民族出身为由进行歧视的义务的可能例外情形。 |
| In
particular, it preserves the possibility for States to establish among
themselves special legal regimes based on the principle of freedom of
movement for their citizens such as the regime of the European Union. | 具体地说，它保留了各国在彼此之间建立以公民自由迁徙原则为基础的特殊法律制度的可能性，例如欧洲联盟所实行的那种制度。 |
| Article 15 Vulnerable persons | 第15条 弱势人员 |
| 1.
Children, older persons, persons with disabilities, pregnant women and
other vulnerable persons who are subject to expulsion shall be
considered as such and treated and protected with due regard for their
vulnerabilities. | 1. 拟被驱逐的儿童、老年人、残疾人、孕妇和其他弱势人员应按其弱势身份予以考虑并给予充分考虑其脆弱性的待遇和保护。 |
| 2.
In particular, in all actions concerning children who are subject to
expulsion, the best interests of the child shall be a primary
consideration. | 2. 尤其是，在所有涉及拟被驱逐的儿童的行动中，应首要考虑儿童的最大利益。 |
| Commentary | 评注 |
| (1)
Draft article 15 sets out particular requirements concerning the
expulsion of vulnerable persons such as children, older persons,
persons with disabilities and pregnant women. | (1) 第15条草案规定了与驱逐弱势群体如儿童、老年人、残疾人和孕妇有关的特殊要求。 |
| (2) Draft article 15, paragraph 1, is general in scope. | (2) 第15条草案第1款在范围上具有一般性。 |
| It
sets out the obligation of the expelling State to treat and protect
vulnerable persons who are subject to expulsion with due regard for
their vulnerabilities and special needs. | 它规定了驱逐国对拟被驱逐的弱势人员给予充分考虑其脆弱性和特殊需要的待遇和保护的义务。 |
| The
reference to the requirement that the individuals in question “shall be
considered as such”, is intended to emphasize the importance of due
recognition by the expelling State of their vulnerabilities, as it is
that recognition that would justify granting these individuals special
treatment and protection. | 提出对这些人员“应按其弱势身份予以考虑”的要求，其用意就在于强调驱逐国对这些人的脆弱性给予充分考虑的重要性，因为只有承认这一点，给予他们特殊待遇和保护才有根据。 |
| (3)
It is hardly possible to list in a draft article all categories of
vulnerable persons that might merit special protection in the context
of an expulsion procedure. | (3) 很难在一项条款草案中列出驱逐程序中可能需要特殊保护的所有类别的弱势人员。 |
| Aside
from the categories of persons explicitly mentioned, there might be
other individuals, such as those suffering from incurable diseases or
an illness requiring particular care which, ex hypothesi, could not be
provided — or would be difficult to provide — in the possible State or
States of destination. | 除明确提到的人员类别外，还可能有其他人员，如患有不治之症或所患疾病需要特殊护理(假定目的地国无法或很难提供这种护理)的人员。 |
| The
addition of the phrase “and other vulnerable persons” clearly indicates
that the list included in paragraph 1 is not exhaustive. | 添加“和其他弱势人员”一语，明确表明第1款所列清单不是详尽无遗的。 |
| (4)
Draft article 15, paragraph 2, deals with the specific case of children
and reproduces the wording of article 3, paragraph 1, of the Convention
on the Rights of the Child. | (4) 第15条草案第2款涉及儿童的特定情形，并照搬了《儿童权利公约》第3条第1款的措辞。 |
| While
not excluding consideration of other relevant factors, paragraph 2 sets
out the requirement that the best interests of the child shall be a
primary consideration in all decisions concerning children who are
subject to expulsion. | 第2款在不排除考虑其他相关因素的同时，规定在所有涉及拟被驱逐的儿童的决定中，应首要考虑儿童的最大利益。 |
| Chapter II Protection required in the expelling State | 第二章 在驱逐国需要的保护 |
| Article 16 Obligation to protect the right to life of an alien subject to expulsion | 第16条 保护拟被驱逐的外国人的生命权的义务 |
| The expelling State shall protect the right to life of an alien subject to expulsion. | 驱逐国应保护拟被驱逐的外国人的生命权。 |
| Commentary | 评注 |
| Draft article 16 recalls the obligation of the expelling State to protect the right to life of an alien subject to expulsion. | 第16条草案指出了驱逐国保护拟被驱逐的外国人生命权的义务。 |
| This
right, which is “inherent” in “every human being” according to article
6, paragraph 1, of the International Covenant on Civil and Political
Rights, is proclaimed, admittedly in various ways, in core
international instruments for the protection of human rights, both
universal and regional. | 根据《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第六条第1款，这项权利是“人人”所“固有”的，核心国际人权保护文书，包括全球和区域一级的文书都在内，以各种方式宣布了这项权利。 |
| Article 17 Prohibition of torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment | 第17条 禁止酷刑或残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚 |
| The
expelling State shall not subject an alien subject to expulsion to
torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. | 驱逐国不得使拟被驱逐的外国人遭受酷刑或残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚。 |
| Commentary | 评注 |
| (1)
Draft article 17 recalls, in the context of expulsion, the general
prohibition of torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or
punishment. | (1) 第17条草案指出了在驱逐情况下对酷刑或残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚的普遍禁止。 |
| This is an obligation enshrined in various treaty instruments for the protection of human rights, both universal and regional. | 这是保护人权的各种国际和区域条约文书所载的一项义务。 |
| The
obligation not to subject aliens to torture or cruel, inhuman or
degrading treatment is also set forth in General Assembly resolution
40/144. | 大会第40/144号决议也规定了不得使外国人遭受酷刑或残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚的义务。 |
| In
its judgment of 20 November 2010 in the Ahmadou Sadio Diallo case, the
International Court of Justice recalled in connection with an expulsion
case that the prohibition of inhuman or degrading treatment forms part
of general international law. | 国际法院在2010年11月20日对艾哈迈杜·萨迪奥·迪亚洛案作出的判决中，就一起驱逐案件回顾说，禁止不人道或有辱人格的待遇已经是一般国际法的内容。 |
| (2)
Draft article 17 concerns only the obligation of the expelling State
itself not to subject an alien to torture or cruel, inhuman or
degrading treatment or punishment. | (2) 第17条草案只涉及驱逐国本身不得使外国人遭受酷刑或残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚的义务。 |
| On
the other hand, the obligation not to expel an alien to a State where
he or she may be subjected to such treatment or punishment is set out
in draft article 24 below. | 另一方面，下文第24条草案还规定了不得将外国人驱逐至该人可能遭受此种待遇的国家的义务。 |
| (3)
Draft article 17 does not address the question of the extent to which
the prohibition of torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or
punishment also covers cases in which such treatment is inflicted, not
by de jure or de facto State organs but by persons or groups acting in
a private capacity. | (3) 第17条草案没有处理禁止酷刑或残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚在多大程度上也涵盖如下情况的问题：即这种待遇不是由法律或事实上的国家机构实施，而是由以私人身份行事的个人或群体实施。 |
| That
issue is left to the relevant international monitoring bodies to assess
or, where appropriate, to the courts that might be called upon to rule
on the exact extent of the obligations arising from one instrument or
another for the protection of human rights. | 这一问题留给有关国际监督机构评估，或酌情留给可能被要求就某一人权保护文书产生的义务的确切程度作出裁决的法院解决。 |
| Article 18 Obligation to respect the right to family life | 第18条 尊重家庭生活权的义务 |
| The expelling State shall respect the right to family life of an alien subject to expulsion. | 驱逐国应尊重拟被驱逐的外国人的家庭生活权。 |
| It shall not interfere arbitrarily or unlawfully with the exercise of such right. | 驱逐国不得任意或非法干涉此项权利的行使。 |
| Commentary | 评注 |
| (1)
Draft article 18 establishes the obligation of the expelling State to
respect the right to family life of an alien subject to expulsion. | (1) 第18条草案规定，驱逐国有义务尊重拟被驱逐的外国人的家庭生活权。 |
| This right is of particular relevance in the context of the expulsion of aliens. | 这一权利与驱逐外国人事项特别有关。 |
| By
the mere fact of compelling an alien to leave the territory of a State,
expulsion may undermine the unity of the alien’s family in the event
that, for various reasons, family members are not able to follow the
alien to the State of destination. | 在家庭成员因各种原因不能随外国人前往目的地国的情况下，仅驱逐外国人离境这一事实，就可能损害外国人家庭的团聚。 |
| It
is not surprising, therefore, that the legislation and case-law of
various States recognize the need to take into account family
considerations as a limiting factor in the expulsion of aliens. | 因此，毫不令人惊奇的是，各国的法律和案例法都承认必须考虑到家庭问题，在驱逐外国人方面将其作为一个限制因素。 |
| (2)
The right to family life is included both in universal instruments and
in regional conventions for the protection of human rights. | (2) 保护人权的全球性文书和区域公约都规定了家庭生活权。 |
| At the universal level, article 17 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights states: | 在全球一级，《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第十七条规定： |
| “1.
No one shall be subjected to arbitrary or unlawful interference with
his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to unlawful attacks on
his honour and reputation. (emphasis added). | “一. 任何人的私生活、家庭、住宅或通信不得加以任意或非法干涉，他的荣誉和名誉不得加以非法攻击。 |
| 2. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks.” | 二. 人人有权享受法律保护，以免受这种干涉或攻击。 |
| Similarly,
under the terms of article 5, paragraph 1 (b), of the Declaration on
the Human Rights of Individuals Who are not Nationals of the Country in
which They Live, aliens enjoy “the right to protection against
arbitrary or unlawful interference with privacy, family, home or
correspondence.” | ” 同样，根据《非居住国公民个人人权宣言》第五条第1款(b)项，外国人享有“隐私、家庭、住宅或通信受到保护，不受任意或非法干涉的权利”。 |
| (3)
At the regional level, article 8, paragraph 1, of the European
Convention on Human Rights provides that “[e]veryone has the right to
respect for his private and family life … ”. | (3) 在区域一级，《欧洲人权公约》第八条第1款规定“人人有权使他的私人及家庭生活…受到尊重”。 |
| Article 7 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union reproduces this provision in extenso. | 《欧洲联盟基本权利宪章》第七条完全照搬了这一规定。 |
| Under
section III (c) of the Protocol to the European Convention on
Establishment, the contracting States, in exercising their right of
expulsion, must in particular pay due regard to family ties and the
period of residence in their territory of the person concerned. | 根据《欧洲居留公约议定书》第三节(c)项， 缔约国在行使驱逐权时，必须特别注意有关人员的家庭纽带以及在其境内的居住期。 |
| While
the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights does not contain this
right, in other respects it is deeply committed to the protection of
the family (see article 18). | 尽管《非洲人权和人民权利宪章》未载有这一权利，但是在其他方面坚定地承诺保护家庭(见第十八条)。 |
| Article
11, paragraph 2, of the American Convention on Human Rights establishes
this right in the same terms as the above-cited article 17 of the
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. | 《美洲人权公约》第十一条第2款以相同于上述《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第十七条的措辞规定了这一权利。 |
| Article 21 of the Arab Charter on Human Rights also sets out the right. | 《阿拉伯人权宪章》第二十一条也规定了这一权利。 |
| (4)
However, the obligation to respect the family life of an alien subject
to expulsion, set out in the first sentence of draft article 18, does
not accord the alien absolute protection against expulsion. | (4) 第18条草案第一句规定了尊重拟被驱逐的外国人家庭生活的义务，但并不是绝对保护外国人不受驱逐。 |
| The
second sentence of draft article 18 indicates that the expelling State
must not interfere arbitrarily or unlawfully with the exercise of that
right. | 第18条第二句表示驱逐国不得任意或非法干涉这一权利的行使。 |
| This
limitation appears explicitly in article 17, paragraph 1, of the
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and article 21,
paragraph 1, of the Arab Charter of Human Rights and is highlighted in
article 8, paragraph 2, of the European Convention on Human Rights. | 《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第十七条第1款和《阿拉伯人权宪章》第二十一条第1款都明确规定了这一限制，《欧洲人权公约》第八条第2款也给予了强调。 |
| (5)
The provisions of draft article 18 are without prejudice to the
case-law on protection of family life established by the European Court
of Human Rights. | (5) 第18条草案的规定不影响欧洲人权法院确立的关于保护家庭生活的判例法。 |
| According
to this case-law, the expelling State may interfere with the exercise
of the right to family life only where provided by law and in achieving
a “fair balance” between the interests of the State and those of the
alien in question. | 根据这一判例法，驱逐国只有在法律规定的情况下，并在国家利益与有关外国人的利益取得“公正平衡”的情况下才可干涉家庭生活。 |
| The
notion of “fair balance” is inspired by the Court’s case-law regarding
article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights and, more
specifically, by the requirement that “interference” in family life
must be necessary in a democratic society within the meaning of
paragraph 2 of that article. | “公正平衡”的概念受法院关于《欧洲人权公约》第8条的判例法的启发，更具体地说受对家庭生活的“干涉”必须是如该条第2款所说在民主社会中为必要这项要求的启发。 |
| In Moustaquim v. Belgium, the Court concluded that the expulsion of Mr. Moustaquim did not satisfy that requirement. | 在Moustaquim诉比利时案中，法院的结论是，对Moustaquim先生的驱逐并没有满足上述要求。 |
| Given
the circumstances of the case, in particular the long period of time
during which Mr. Moustaquim had resided in Belgium, the ties of his
close relatives with Belgium as well as the relatively long interval
between the latest offence committed by Mr. Moustaquim and the
deportation order, the Court came to the conclusion that the measure
was not “necessary in a democratic society” since “a proper balance was
not achieved between the interests involved, and … the means employed
was therefore disproportionate to the legitimate aim pursued. | 考
虑到案件的情况，尤其是考虑到Moustaquim先生已经长期居住在比利时、其近亲属与比利时的联系以及Moustaquim先生最新违法行为与驱逐令
相隔较长时间，法院得出结论认为，这项措施不是“在民主社会中为必要”的，因为“在所涉各方利益之间没有实现恰当的平衡，. |
| ”
The Court considered on several occasions whether expulsion measures in
conformity with article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights,
particularly in the cases Nasri v. France, Cruz Varas and Others v.
Sweden and Boultif v. Switzerland. | 因此所使用的手段对于追求的合法目标而言是不相称的。 ” 法院曾多次审查所采取的驱逐措施是否符合《欧洲人权公约》第8条，特别是在纳斯里诉法国、克鲁兹·巴拉斯等人诉瑞典以及布尔提夫诉瑞士等案件中。 |
| In
this last case, the Court set forth a list of criteria to be applied in
order to determine whether the interference in family life resulting
from an expulsion is “necessary in a democratic society.” | 在审理最后一个案件时，法院规定 待适用的一系列标准，以确定因驱逐而对家庭生活造成的干扰是否是“在民主社会中为必要”。 |
| (6)
The criterion of “fair balance” also seems compatible with the approach
taken by the Human Rights Committee for the purpose of assessing
whether expulsion measures are in conformity with article 17 of the
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. | (6) “公正平衡”标准也似乎与人权事务委员会在评估驱逐措施是否符合《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第17条时采用的做法一致。 |
| Article 19 Detention of an alien for the purpose of expulsion | 第19条 为驱逐目的而对外国人实施的拘留 |
| 1. (a) | 1. (a) |
| The detention of an alien for the purpose of expulsion shall not be arbitrary nor punitive in nature. | 为驱逐目的而对外国人实施的拘留不得是任意性的或惩罚性的。 |
| (b)
An alien detained for the purpose of expulsion shall, save in
exceptional circumstances, be separated from persons sentenced to
penalties involving deprivation of liberty. | (b) 为驱逐目的而被拘留的外国人，除非在特殊情况下，应与被判罚剥夺自由的人分开。 |
| 2. (a) | 2. (a) |
| The
duration of the detention shall be limited to such period of time as is
reasonably necessary for the expulsion to be carried out. | 拘留期应限定为执行驱逐所需的合理必要时间。 |
| All detention of excessive duration is prohibited. | 禁止所有时间过长的拘留。 |
| (b)
The extension of the duration of the detention may be decided upon only
by a court or, subject to judicial review, by another competent
authority. | (b) 延长拘留期的决定仅可由法院或受制于司法审查的另一主管当局作出。 |
| 3. (a) | 3. (a) |
| The
detention of an alien subject to expulsion shall be reviewed at regular
intervals on the basis of specific criteria established by law. | 应在法律规定的具体标准基础上定期审查拟被驱逐的外国人的拘留情况。 |
| (b)
Subject to paragraph 2, detention for the purpose of expulsion shall
end when the expulsion cannot be carried out, except where the reasons
are attributable to the alien concerned. | (b) 在遵守第2款的前提下，为驱逐目的实施的拘留应在驱逐无法执行时终止，除非可将驱逐无法执行的原因归诸有关外国人。 |
| Commentary | 评注 |
| (1)
Draft article 19 sets forth the obligations of the expelling State in
respect of the detention of an alien for the purpose of expulsion. | (1) 第19条草案载列驱逐国为驱逐目的而对外国人实施拘留时的义务。 |
| Such
obligations cover only situations in which deprivation of liberty is
ordered in the context of an expulsion procedure and for the sole
purpose of the alien’s expulsion. | 这种义务只涵盖为实施驱逐程序而命令剥夺自由的情况而且这样做的唯一目的是为了驱逐。 |
| The
rules contained in draft article 19 do not cover the detention of an
alien for any reason other than expulsion, including when it is caused
by the commission of a crime that is both grounds for detention and a
reason for expulsion. | 第19条草案包含的规则并不涵盖为了驱逐以外目的而拘留外国人的情况，包括驱逐是由犯罪而引起，这种犯罪既是拘留的理由也是驱逐的理由。 |
| (2)
Draft article 19, paragraph 1, sets out the non-arbitrary and
non-punitive nature of detention to which aliens facing expulsion may
be subject. | (2) 第19条草案第1款规定了拟被驱逐的外国人可能面临的拘留的非任意和非惩罚性质。 |
| Subparagraph
(a) establishes the general principle that such detention must not be
arbitrary or punitive in nature whereas subparagraph (b) sets out one
of the consequences of that principle. | (a)项确立了这种拘留不得具有任意性或惩罚性的一般原则，(b)项则阐述了这项原则的后果之一。 |
| Subparagraph
(b) provides that, save in exceptional circumstances, an alien who is
detained for the purpose of expulsion must be held separately from
persons sentenced to penalties involving deprivation of liberty. | (b)项规定，除特殊情况外，为驱逐目的而被拘留的外国人应与被判处剥夺自由刑罚的人分开拘留。 |
| Such
a safeguard is granted to accused persons, in their capacity as
unconvicted persons, under article 10, paragraph 2 (a), of the
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. | 《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第十条第2款(甲)项为被控告但未被判罪的人提供了这种保障。 |
| In
view of the non-punitive nature of detention for the purpose of
expulsion, there is all the more reason to provide the safeguard set
out in article 10, paragraph 2, of the Covenant to aliens subjected to
that form of detention, as indicated by the position expressed by the
Human Rights Committee in its comments on article 13 of the Covenant in
relation to expulsion. | 鉴于以驱逐为目的的拘留的非惩罚性，更有理由为遭到这种拘留的外国人提供《公约》第十条第2款所规定的保障，这正如人权事务委员会就《公约》与驱逐有关的第十三条提出的意见中所表明的立场那样。 |
| The
Committee noted that if expulsion procedures entail arrest, the
safeguards of the Covenant relating to deprivation of liberty (articles
9 and 10) may also be applicable. | 委员会指出，如果驱逐程序导致逮捕，则亦可适用《公约》中有关剥夺自由(第9条和第10条)的保障条款。 |
| The
same requirement is set out in principle 8 of the Body of Principles
for the Protection of All Persons under Any Form of Detention or
Imprisonment in the annex to General Assembly resolution 43/173 of 9
December 1988. | 大会1988年12月9日第43/173号决议附件所载“保护所有遭受任何形式拘留或监禁的人的原则”中的原则8也提出了同样的要求。 |
| This
principle, which also covers detention for the purpose of expulsion,
stipulates: “Persons in detention shall be subject to treatment
appropriate to their unconvicted status. | 该原则也涉及以驱逐为目的的拘留，其中规定：“对被拘留人应给予适合其尚未定罪者身分的待遇。 |
| Accordingly, they shall, whenever possible, be kept separate from imprisoned persons. | 因此，在可能情形下，应将他们同被监禁人隔离。 |
| ”
The International Court of Justice has likewise recognized that the
scope of the provisions of article 9, paragraphs 1 and 2, of the
Covenant is not confined to criminal proceedings: “they also apply, in
principle, to measures which deprive individuals of their liberty that
are taken in the context of an administrative procedure, such as those
which may be necessary in order to effect the forcible removal of an
alien from the national territory.” | ”国际法院法院也同样承认，《公约》第9条第1和第2款规定的范围并不局限于刑事诉讼：“这些规定原则上也适用于为实施行政程序而采取的剥夺个人自由的措施，例如为将外国人强行从本国境内移走而可能必须采取的那些措施。” |
| (3)
The reference to “exceptional circumstances” that could justify
non-compliance with the rule set out in paragraph 1 (b) is drawn from
article 10, paragraph 2 (a), of the International Covenant on Civil and
Political Rights. | (3) 可作为不遵守第1款(b)项所载规则理由的“特殊情况”一语源自《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第十条第2款(甲)项。 |
| (4)
The rule set out in paragraph 1 (b) does not necessarily require the
expelling State to put in place facilities specially set aside for the
detention of aliens with a view to their expulsion; | (4) 第1款(b)项所载规则并不要求驱逐国建立专门用于为驱逐目的拘留外国人的设施； |
| the
detention of aliens could occur in a facility in which persons
sentenced to custodial penalties are also detained, provided, however,
that the aliens in question are placed in a separate section of the
facility. | 可在关押被判处监禁者的设施中拘留外国人，但条件是应将这些外国人隔离。 |
| (5)
It should be clarified that the safeguards mentioned above apply only
to detention for the purpose of ensuring the implementation of an
expulsion decision; they are without prejudice to the case of aliens
subject to expulsion who have been convicted of a criminal offence,
including those situations in which the expulsion of an alien might be
ordered as an additional measure or as an alternative to prison. | (5) 应当说明的是，上述保障措施仅适用于为确保执行驱逐决定而实施的拘留，并不影响拟被驱逐的外国人被判犯有刑事罪的情况，包括作为一种附加处罚或非监禁处罚而下令驱逐外国人的情况。 |
| (6)
The important issue of the length of detention, which poses difficult
problems in practice, is the subject of draft article 19, paragraph 2,
which comprises two subparagraphs. | (6) 第19条草案第2款涉及在实践中造成难题的拘留期限这一重要问题，这一款包括两个分项。 |
| Subparagraph
(a) is general in scope and sets out the principle that the detention
of an alien with a view to his or her expulsion is subject to time
limits. | (a)项在范围上具有一般性，规定为驱逐目的对外国人进行的拘留应当有时间限制。 |
| It
must be limited to such period of time as is reasonably necessary for
the expulsion decision to be carried out and cannot be of excessive
duration. | 应将拘留期限定为执行驱逐所需的合理必要时间，而不应时间过长。 |
| Such
requirements are confirmed in international case-law, the legislation
of various States and a significant number of judicial findings of
national courts. | 国际案例法、各国立法和国内法院的大量司法判决也确定了这类要求。 |
| The
words “reasonably necessary” that appear in paragraph 2 (a) are
intended to provide administrative authorities and, if necessary, a
judicial authority with a standard to assess the necessity and the
duration of the detention of an alien for the purpose of expulsion. | 第2款(a)项中的“所需的合理必要”等字旨在为行政机构以及必要情况下为司法机构评估为驱逐目的拘留外国人的必要性和时间长短提供一个标准。 |
| (7)
Paragraph 2 (b) states that the extension of the duration of the
detention may be decided upon only by a court or by another competent
authority, subject to judicial review. | (7) 第2款(b)项指出，延长拘留期的决定仅可由法院或或受制于司法审查的另一主管当局作出。 |
| The
stipulation regarding judicial review of other competent authorities is
designed to prevent possible abuses by the administrative authorities
with respect to the length of the detention of an alien subject to
expulsion. | 规定对其他主管当局进行司法审查，意在防止行政机构在拘留拟被驱逐的外国人的时限方面滥用权力。 |
| The content of paragraph 2 (b) is inspired by the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights. | 第2款(b)项的内容受欧洲人权法院案例法的启发。 |
| (8)
Draft article 19, paragraph 3, is inspired by a recommendation put
forward by the Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants. | (8) 第19条草案第3款受到移民人权问题特别报告员所提建议的启发。 |
| Paragraph
3 (a) sets out the requirement of regular review of the detention of an
alien for the purpose of expulsion on the basis of specific criteria
established by law. | 第3款(a)项提出了应在法律规定的具体标准基础上定期审查为驱逐目的而对外国人实施的拘留的要求。 |
| According
to paragraph 3 (a), it is detention as such, as opposed to the initial
decision concerning placement in detention, that should be subject to
regular review. | 根据第3款(a)项，应当定期审查的是这种拘留，而不是关于实施拘留的初步决定。 |
| Such safeguards flowed from the non-punitive nature of the detention of aliens for the purpose of expulsion. | 这些保障源于为驱逐目的对外国人实施的拘留所具有的非惩罚性质。 |
| (9)
Paragraph 3 (b) sets out the principle that detention for the purpose
of expulsion shall end when the expulsion cannot be carried out, except
where the reasons are attributable to the alien concerned. | (9) 第3款(b)项规定了在驱逐无法执行的情况下应终止与驱逐有关的拘留的原则，除非可将驱逐无法执行的原因归诸有关外国人。 |
| The
application of this principle is without prejudice to the right of the
expelling State to apply to the person subject to expulsion its
criminal law for offences committed by that person. | 这一项原则的适用不妨碍驱逐国有权针对拟被驱逐的外国人犯的罪行而适用刑法。 |
| The
entire paragraph should be understood in the light of paragraph 2,
which means, in particular, that under paragraph 2 (a), even in the
event that the impossibility of carrying out an expulsion decision is
attributable to the alien in question, the alien cannot be kept in
detention for an excessive length of time. | 对整个第3款应结合第2款加以理解，这尤其意味着，根据第2款(a)项，即使不可能执行驱逐决定的情况是由有关外国人造成的，也不能将该外国人拘留过长的时间。 |
| Article 20 Protection of the property of an alien subject to expulsion | 第20条 保护拟被驱逐的外国人的财产 |
| The
expelling State shall take appropriate measures to protect the property
of an alien subject to expulsion, and shall, in accordance with the
law, allow the alien to dispose freely of his or her property, even
from abroad. | 驱逐国应采取适当措施，保护拟被驱逐的外国人的财产，并应依法允许外国人自由处置其财产，甚至从国外处置。 |
| Commentary | 评注 |
| (1)
Draft article 20, which concerns the protection of the property of an
alien subject to expulsion, establishes two obligations for the
expelling State. | (1) 第20条草案涉及保护拟被驱逐的外国人的财产，规定驱逐国负有两项义务。 |
| The
first relates to the adoption of measures to protect the property of
the alien in question, while the second concerns the free disposal by
the alien of his or her property. | 第一项是关于采取措施保护当事外国人的财产，第二项是关于外国人对其财产的自由处置。 |
| (2)
The wording of article 20 is sufficiently general to encompass all the
guarantees relating to the protection of the property of an alien
subject to expulsion under the applicable legal instruments. | (2) 第20条的措辞足够宽泛，足以涵盖适用的法律文书规定的与保护拟被驱逐的外国人的财产相关的所有保障措施。 |
| It
should be recalled that article 17, paragraph 2, of the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights states that “[n]o one shall be arbitrarily
deprived of his property. | 应该指出的是，《世界人权宣言》第十七条第2款称：“任何人的财产不得任意剥夺”。 |
| ”
Concerning expulsion more specifically, article 22 of the International
Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and
Members of Their Families provides that: | 具体到驱逐方面，《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》第22条规定： |
| “6.
In case of expulsion, the person concerned shall have a reasonable
opportunity before or after departure to settle any claims for wages
and other entitlements due to him or her and any pending liabilities. | “6. 如被驱逐出境，当事人在离境之前或之后应有合理机会解决任何应得工资和其他应享权利的要求以及任何未决义务。 |
| 9.
Expulsion from the State of employment shall not in itself prejudice
any rights of a migrant worker or a member of his or her family
acquired in accordance with the law of that State, including the right
to receive wages and other entitlements due to him or her.” | 9. 从就业国被驱逐出境的事实不得损害某一移徙工人或其一家庭成员按照该国法律所获的任何权利，包括接受工资及其他应享的权利。 |
| At the regional level, article 14 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights states that: | ” 在区域一级，《非洲人权和人民权利宪章》第14条规定： |
| “The right to property shall be guaranteed. | “财产权利应受到保障。 |
| It
may only be encroached upon in the interest of public need or in the
general interest of the community and in accordance with the provisions
of appropriate laws.” | 除非为了公共需要或者为了整个社会的利益并依照适当的法律规定，否则不受侵犯。 ” |
| The American Convention on Human Rights (Pact of San José, Costa Rica) states in article 21 on the right to property that: | 《美洲人权公约》(《哥斯达黎加圣何塞公约》)在关于财产权的第21条中规定： |
| “1. Everyone has the right to the use and enjoyment of his property. | “1. 人人都有使用和享受财产的权利。 |
| The law may subordinate such use and enjoyment to the interest of society. | 法律可以使这种使用和享受服从于社会利益。 |
| 2.
No one shall be deprived of his property except upon payment of just
compensation, for reasons of public utility or social interest, and in
the cases and according to the forms established by law. | 2. 不得剥夺任何人的财产，但因公用事业或社会利益等理由以及法律规定的情况和按法律规定的形式，付予正当赔偿的情况除外。 |
| Similarly,
article 1 of Protocol No. 1 to the European Convention for the
Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms states: | 同样，《欧洲保护人权与基本自由公约第1号议定书》 第1条规定： |
| “Every natural or legal person is entitled to the peaceful enjoyment of his possessions. | “每个自然人或法人均享有和平保有其财产之权利。 |
| No
one shall be deprived of his possessions except in the public interest
and subject to the conditions provided for by law and by the general
principles of international law. | 不得剥夺任何人的财产，但符合公共利益或按照法律或一般国际法原则规定的条件的情况除外。 |
| The
preceding provisions shall not, however, in any way impair the right of
a State to enforce such laws as it deems necessary to control the use
of property in accordance with the general interest or to secure the
payment of taxes or other contributions or penalties.” | 但是上述规定不应以任何方式妨碍一国有权利执行其认为必要的法律，按照普遍利益控制财产的使用或确保支付税金或其他税赋及罚金。 |
| Lastly, article 31 of the Arab Charter on Human Rights states: | ” 最后，《阿拉伯人权宪章》第31条规定： |
| “Everyone
has a guaranteed right to own property, and shall not under any
circumstances be arbitrarily or unlawfully divested of all or any part
of his property.” | “保障人人有权拥有财产，而且在任何情况下均不能任意或非法剥夺其全部或部分财产。” |
| (3)
It may be considered that the obligation to protect the property of an
alien subject to expulsion ought to involve allowing the individual a
reasonable opportunity to protect the property rights and other
interests that he or she may have in the expelling State. | (3) 可以认为，保护拟被驱逐的外国人的财产之义务应该涉及允许个人有合理机会保护其在驱逐国可能拥有的财产权和其他利益。 |
| Failure to give an alien such opportunity has given rise to international claims. | 不给予外国人这种机会曾引起国际索赔。 |
| As
early as 1892, the Institute of International Law adopted a resolution
containing a provision indicating that aliens who are domiciled or
resident, or have a commercial establishment in the expelling State,
shall be given the opportunity to settle their affairs and interests. | 早在1892年，国际法学会便通过了一项决议，其所载条款规定，在驱逐国居住、居留或经商的外国人应有机会处理其事务和利益。 |
| “L’expulsion
d’étrangers domiciliés, résidents ou ayant un établissement de commerce
ne doit être prononcée que de manière à ne pas trahir la confiance
qu’ils ont eue dans les lois de l’État. Elle doit leur laisser la
liberté d’user, soit directement, si c’est possible, soit par
l’entremise de tiers par eux choisis, de toutes les voies légales pour
liquider leur situation et leurs intérêts, tant actifs que passifs, sur
le territoire. ” [Deportation of aliens who are domiciled or resident
or who have a commercial establishment in the territory shall only be
ordered in a manner that does not betray the trust they have had in the
laws of the State. | “L’expulsion d’étrangers
domiciliés, résidents ou ayant un établissement de commerce ne doit
être prononcée que de manière à ne pas trahir la confiance qu’ils ont
eue dans les lois de l’État. Elle doit leur laisser la liberté d’user,
soit directement, si c’est possible, soit par l’entremise de tiers par
eux choisis, de toutes les voies légales pour liquider leur situation
et leurs intérêts, tant actifs que passifs, sur le
territoire.”[递解在领土内定居或经商的外国人出境的命令，应以不违背关系外国人对该国法律的信任的方式作出， |
| It
shall give them the freedom to use, directly where possible or by the
mediation of a third party chosen by them, every possible legal process
to settle their affairs and their interests, including their assets and
liabilities, in the territory.] | 并应让他们自由地运用(可能时直接运用，或通过他们自己选择的第三方运用)每一可能的法律程序处理他们在领土内的事务和利益，包括资产和负债] |
| More
than a century later, the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal held, in
Rankin v. The Islamic Republic of Iran, that an expulsion was unlawful
if it denied the alien concerned a reasonable opportunity to protect
his or her property interests: | 一个多世纪之后，伊朗－美国索赔法庭在Rankin诉伊朗伊斯兰共和国一案中裁定：驱逐如不让当事外国人有合理机会保护其财产利益，即为非法： |
| “The
implementation of this policy could, in general terms, be violative of
both procedural and substantive limitations on a State’s right to expel
aliens from its territory, as found in the provisions of the Treaty of
Amity and in customary international law.… | “此一政策的执行，一般而言，是违反一国驱逐外国人出境权利在程序上和实质上应受的限制，如同友好条约和习惯国际法所规定的。[…] |
| For example, by depriving an alien of a reasonable opportunity to protect his property interests prior to his expulsion.” | 例如，不让外国人在驱逐前有合理机会保护他的财产利益。” |
| Similarly,
with regard in particular to migrant workers, paragraph 18 (sect. VI)
of the Migration for Employment Recommendation (Revised), adopted by
the General Conference of the International Labour Organization on 1
July 1949, reads as follows: | 同样，在移徙工人方面，国际劳工组织大会1949年7月1日通过的《移民就业建议》(经修订)第六部分第18段规定如下： |
| “(1)
When a migrant for employment has been regularly admitted to the
territory of a Member, the said Member should, as far as possible,
refrain from removing such person or the members of his family from its
territory on account of his lack of means or the state of the
employment market, unless an agreement to this effect has been
concluded between the competent authorities of the emigration and
immigration territories concerned. | “(1) 如果一个就业移民通过正常途径获准在一成员国入境，该成员国就应尽可能不以此人缺乏生计或其在劳务市场的状况为由将此人及其家庭成员遣离其领土，除非有关移出和移入领土主管当局之间就此达成协议。 |
| (2) Any such agreement should provide: | (2) 任何这种协议均应规定： |
| “(c)
that the migrant must have been given reasonable notice so as to give
him time, more particularly to dispose of his property” (emphasis
added). | “(c) 该移民须得到合理通知，从而给他时间，特别是有时间处置财产”(强调是后加的)。 |
| Such
considerations are taken into account in national laws, which, inter
alia, may afford the alien a reasonable opportunity to settle any
claims for wages or other entitlements before his or her departure or
provide for the necessary actions to be taken in order to ensure the
safety of the alien’s property while the alien is detained pending
deportation. | 各国的国内法也顾及这些考虑，特别给予外国人合理机会，在离境前解决关于工资或其他权益的索赔，或规定采取必要行动，确保外国人在等待递解出境被拘押期间的财产安全。 |
| More
generally, the need to protect the property of aliens subject to
expulsion is also taken into account, to varying degrees and in
different ways, by the laws of a number of States. | 更笼统而言，一些国家的法律也在不同程度上以不同方式考虑到保护拟被驱逐的外国人的财产的需要。 |
| (4)
According to draft article 20, an alien must be guaranteed the free
disposal of his or her property “in accordance with the law”. | (4) 根据第20条草案，必须保障外国人“依法”自由处置其财产。 |
| This
clarification should not be interpreted as allowing the expelling State
to apply laws that would have the effect of denying or limiting
arbitrarily the free disposal of property. | 不应将这一说明阐释为允许驱逐国适用具有任意剥夺或限制自由处置财产效力的法律。 |
| However,
it takes sufficient account of the interest that the expelling State
may have in limiting or prohibiting, in accordance with its own laws,
the free disposal of certain assets, particularly assets that were
illegally acquired by the alien in question or that might be the
proceeds of criminal or other unlawful activities. | 然而，它充分考虑到驱逐国可能希望依照本国法律限制或禁止自由处置某些财产，尤其是当事外国人非法所得财产或者可能源自犯罪活动或其他非法活动的收益。 |
| Furthermore,
the clarification that the alien should be allowed to dispose freely of
his or her property “even from abroad” is intended to address the
specific needs, where applicable, of an alien who has already left the
territory of the expelling State because of an expulsion decision
concerning him or her. | 此外，关于应允许外国人自由处置其财产“甚至从国外处置”这一说明的目的是，在适用情况下解决已经因对其本人的驱逐令离开驱逐国境内的外国人的具体需要。 |
| That
point was taken into account by the International Court of Justice in
its 2010 judgment in the Diallo case, even although the Court
ultimately found that in the case in question Mr. Diallo’s direct
rights as associé had not been violated by the Democratic Republic of
the Congo, because “no evidence [had] been provided that Mr. Diallo
would have been precluded from taking any action to convene general
meetings from abroad, either as gérant or as associé.” | 国际法院在2010年Diallo案的裁决中便考虑到这一点，尽管法院最终裁定本案中迪亚洛先生作为合伙人的直接权利没有受到刚果民主共和国的侵犯，因为“没有提出任何证据，说明迪亚洛先生作为经理或者合伙人，无法采取任何行动在海外召集一般性会议”。 |
| (5)
It is understood that the rules set forth in draft article 20 are
without prejudice to the right any State has to expropriate or
nationalize the property of an alien, in accordance with the applicable
rules of international law. | (5) 一项理解是，第30条草案的规定不影响任何国家根据适用的国际法规则没收外国人财产或将其收归国有的权利。 |
| (6)
The issue of the property rights of enemy aliens in time of armed
conflict is not specifically addressed in draft article 20, since the
Commission’s choice, as mentioned in the commentary to draft article 9,
is not to address aspects of the expulsion of aliens in time of armed
conflict. | (6) 第30条草案没有具体处理武装冲突期间敌侨的财产权问题，因为正如第10条草案评注中所言，委员会选择不处理武装冲突期间驱逐外国人的各方面问题。 |
| It
should, however, be noted that the issue of property rights in the
event of armed conflict was the subject of extensive discussion in the
Eritrea- Ethiopia Claims Commission. | 但应该指出的是，厄立特里亚－埃塞俄比亚索赔委员会广泛讨论了发生武装冲突时的财产权问题。 |
| Chapter III Protection in relation to the State of destination | 第三章 与目的地国有关的保护 |
| Article 21 Departure to the State of destination | 第21条 离境前往目的地国 |
| 1. The expelling State shall take appropriate measures to facilitate the voluntary departure of an alien subject to expulsion. | 1. 驱逐国应采取适当措施，便利拟被驱逐的外国人自愿离境。 |
| 2.
In cases of forcible implementation of an expulsion decision, the
expelling State shall take the necessary measures to ensure, as far as
possible, the safe transportation to the State of destination of the
alien subject to expulsion, in accordance with the rules of
international law. | 2. 在强制执行驱逐决定的情况下，驱逐国应采取必要措施，按照国际法规则，尽可能确保拟被驱逐的外国人安全地前往目的地国。 |
| 3.
The expelling State shall give the alien subject to expulsion a
reasonable period of time to prepare for his or her departure, having
regard to all circumstances. | 3. 驱逐国应考虑到所有相关情况，给予拟被驱逐的外国人合理的期限以做离境准备。 |
| Commentary | 评注 |
| (1)
Draft article 21 concerns the protection that an expelling State must
accord an alien subject to expulsion in relation to his or her
departure to a State of destination. | (1) 第21条草案涉及驱逐国必须为拟被驱逐的外国人离境前往目的地国而提供的保护。 |
| The draft article covers the possibility of both voluntary departure and forcible implementation of the expulsion decision. | 本条草案涵盖了自愿离境和强制执行驱逐决定的两种可能性。 |
| (2)
Article 21, paragraph 1, provides that the expelling State shall take
appropriate measures to facilitate the voluntary departure of an alien
subject to expulsion. | (2) 第21条第1款规定，驱逐国应采取适当措施，便利拟被驱逐的外国人自愿离境。 |
| Even
though it aims to a certain extent to make voluntary departure of the
alien the preferred solution, the provision cannot be interpreted as
authorizing the expelling State to exert undue pressure on the alien to
opt for voluntary departure rather than forcible implementation of an
expulsion decision. | 尽管在某种程度上它旨在使外国人自愿离境成为首选解决办法，但是不能将这一规定解释为授权驱逐国对外国人施加不当压力，迫使他选择自愿离境，而非强制执行驱逐决定。 |
| It aims at facilitating voluntary departure, where appropriate. | 这一款的目的是在适当时，便利自愿离境。 |
| (3) Paragraph 2 concerns cases of forcible implementation of an expulsion decision. | (3) 第2款涉及到强制执行驱逐决定的情况。 |
| It
provides that in such a case the expelling State shall take the
necessary measures to ensure, as far as possible, the safe
transportation to the State of destination of the alien subject to
expulsion, in accordance with the rules of international law. | 它规定，在这种情况下，驱逐国应采取必要措施，根据国际法规则，尽可能确保拟被驱逐的外国人安全地前往目的地国。 |
| It
should be clarified in this regard that the expression “safe
transportation … in accordance with the rules of international law”
refers not only to the requirement to ensure the protection of the
rights of the alien subject to expulsion and avoid any excessive use of
force against the alien but also to the need to ensure, if necessary,
the safety of persons other than the alien in question, for example the
passengers on an aeroplane taken by the alien to travel to the State of
destination. | 就此应当说明，“按照国际法规则…安全前往”的表述不仅要求确保拟被驱逐的外国人的权利，避免对外国人过分使用武力，而且要求在必要情况下必须确保有关外国人之外人员的安全，例如，该外国人所乘前往目的地国的飞机上旅客们的安全。 |
| (4)
This requirement was implicit in the arbitral award rendered in the
Lacoste case, although it was held that the claimant had not been
subjected to harsh treatment: | (4) 这一要求也包括在Lacoste案的仲裁决定之中，尽管该案裁定申诉人没有遭受苛刻的待遇： |
| “Lacoste further claims damages for his arrest, imprisonment, harsh and cruel treatment, and expulsion from the country. … | “Lacoste进一步以他被逮捕、监禁、严酷和残忍对待和驱逐出境为理由，要求赔偿损失。 |
| The
expulsion does not, however, appear to have been accompanied by harsh
treatment, and at his request the claimant was allowed an extension of
the term fixed for his leaving the country.” | …但是，在被驱逐出境时，似乎未曾伴以严酷的待遇，并曾根据申诉人的请求，准许将其规定离开该国的期限延长”。 |
| Similarly,
in the Boffolo case, the umpire indicated in general terms that
“[e]xpulsion […] must be accomplished in the manner least injurious to
the person affected”. | 同样，在Boffolo案中，仲裁员以一般性的措辞指出，“驱逐出境…必须以尽量减少对有关人士伤害的方式进行…”。 |
| In
the Maal case, the umpire stressed the sacred character of the human
person and the requirement that an expulsion should be accomplished
without unnecessary indignity or hardship: | 在Maal案中，仲裁员强调了人身的神圣性以及驱逐不得伴以非必要的侮辱和困苦这一要求： |
| “[H]ad
the exclusion of the claimant been accomplished without unnecessary
indignity or hardship to him the umpire would feel constrained to
disallow the claim. | “如果在遣送申诉人时，未曾附带使其蒙受不必要的侮辱或困苦，首席仲裁员则认为不得不拒绝给予赔偿。 |
| From
all the proof he came here as a gentleman and was entitled throughout
his examination and deportation to be treated as a gentleman, and
whether we have to consider him as a gentleman or simply as a man his
rights to his own person and to his own undisturbed sensitivities is
one of the first rights of freedom and one of the priceless privileges
of liberty. | 从一切证据来看，他以绅士的身份来到此地，在他受审查和递解出境期间也有权被当作绅士对待，无论我们必须把他当作绅士还是常人看待，他对自己人身和对自己心绪安宁的权利是自由的一种首要权利，也是自由的一种无比宝贵的特权。 |
| The
umpire has been told to regard the person of another as something to be
held sacred, and that it could not be touched even in the lightest
manner, in anger or without cause, against his consent, and if so done
it is considered an assault for which damages must be given
commensurate with the spirit and the character of the assault and the
quality of the manhood represented in the individual thus assaulted.” | 首席仲裁员曾被告知，应把别人的身体视为神圣之物，未经其同意，不得出于愤怒或无缘无故地加以丝毫碰触，如有此种举动，则视为侵犯人身，必须按照这项侵犯行为的本意和性质以及受此种侵犯的个人所代表的男人人格，给予相应的赔偿”。 |
| (5)
When transportation of the alien to the State of destination takes
place, for example, by aeroplane, reference to the rules of
international law also cover the rules relating to air transportation,
particularly the regulations adopted in the framework of the
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). | (5) 当向目的地国运送外国人时，例如以飞机运送时，所参照的国际法规则也包括关于航空运输的规则，特别是在国际民航组织框架中采纳的条例。 |
| The Convention on International Civil Aviation and annex 9 thereto should be mentioned in particular in this respect. | 在这方面，应当特别提及《国际民航公约》及其附件九。 |
| The annex states, inter alia, that: | 该附件规定如下： |
| “5.2.1
During the period when […] a person to be deported is under their
custody, the state officers concerned shall preserve the dignity of
such persons and take no action likely to infringe such dignity.” | “5.2.1 […]即将递解出境人士被有关国家官员羁押期间，该官员应维护此种人士的尊严，不采取可能损害此种尊严的行动。” |
| (6)
In both situations considered in draft article 21 — voluntary departure
of the alien or forcible implementation of the expulsion decision —
paragraph 3 requires the expelling State to give the alien a reasonable
period of time to prepare for his or her departure, taking into account
all circumstances. | (6) 在第21条草案所涉的外国人自愿离境或强制执行驱逐决定两种情况下，第4款都要求驱逐国兼顾所有相关情况，给予外国人合理的期限准备离境。 |
| The
circumstances to be taken into account for the purpose of determining
what seems in the case in question to be a reasonable period of time
vary in nature. | 有关案件中确定什么似乎是合理期限而应考虑的情况，在性质上各有不同。 |
| They
can relate to, inter alia, ties (social, economic or other) that the
alien subject to expulsion has established with the expelling State,
the conduct of the alien in question, including, where applicable, the
nature of the threat to the national security or public order of the
expelling State that the presence of the alien in its territory could
constitute or the risk that the alien would evade the authorities of
the State order to avoid expulsion. | 这可能关系到拟被驱逐的外国人在驱逐国建立的(社会、经济或其他)关系、有关外国人的行为，并且在可适用情况下，包括外国人在境内可能对国家安全和公共秩序造成的威胁性质、或外国人可能逃脱国家主管当局的命令避免驱逐的危险。 |
| The
requirement of granting a reasonable period of time to prepare for
departure must also be understood in the light of the need to permit
the alien subject to expulsion to protect adequately his or her
property rights and other interests in the expelling State. | 也必须考虑到需要允许拟被驱逐的外国人适当保护其在驱逐国的财产权和其他利益，以此来理解关于给予准备离境合理期限的要求。 |
| Article 22 State of destination of aliens subject to expulsion | 第22条 拟被驱逐的外国人的目的地国 |
| 1.
An alien subject to expulsion shall be expelled to his or her State of
nationality or any other State that has the obligation to receive the
alien under international law, or to any State willing to accept him or
her at the request of the expelling State or, where appropriate, of the
alien in question. | 1. 拟被驱逐的外国人应被驱逐至其国籍国或根据国际法有义务接收该外国人的任何其他国家，或应驱逐国请求或酌情应当事外国人请求同意接收该人的任何国家。 |
| 2.
Where the State of nationality or any other State that has the
obligation to receive the alien under international law has not been
identified and no other State is willing to accept the alien, that
alien may be expelled to any State where he or she has a right of entry
or stay or, where applicable, to the State from where he or she has
entered the expelling State. | 2. 若无法确定国籍国或根据国际法有义务接收该外国人的任何其他国家，且没有任何其他国家愿意接收该外国人，该外国人可被驱逐至其有权入境或居留的任何国家，或酌情驱逐至该外国人从其进入驱逐国的国家。 |
| Commentary | 评注 |
| (1) Draft article 22 concerns the determination of the State of destination of aliens subject to expulsion. | (1) 第22条草案关系到如何确定拟被驱逐的外国人目的地国问题。 |
| In
this context, paragraph 1 refers first of all to the alien’s State of
nationality, since it is undisputed that that State has an obligation
to receive the alien under international law. | 在这方面，第1款首先提外国人的国籍国，因为该国根据国际法接受该外国人的义务是不可争议的。 |
| In
the case of a person who has several nationalities, the term “his or
her State of nationality” means each of the countries of which the
person is a national. | 在一个人拥有几个国籍的情况下，“其国籍国”一语是指该个人的每一个国籍国。 |
| In
accordance with draft articles 23 and 24 of the present draft articles,
if the alien subject to expulsion is justified in fearing for his or
her life or there are substantial grounds for believing that she or she
would be in danger of being subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman
or degrading treatment or punishment, then he or she cannot be expelled
to such a country. | 按照条款草案第23和第24条的规定，如果受驱逐的外国人有合理的理由担心其生命，或有充分理由相信他或她会面临遭受酷刑或残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚的危险，那么他或她不能被驱逐到这样的国家。 |
| Paragraph
1 also recognizes the existence of other potential States of
destination, distinguishing between States that might be obliged, under
international law, to receive the alien and those that are not obliged
to do so. | 第1款也承认还有其他潜在的目的地国，从而在可能有义务根据国际法接收拟被驱逐的外国人的国家与没有义务接收的国家之间做出了区别。 |
| This
distinction reflects, with regard to the expulsion of aliens, the
uncontested principle that a State is not required to receive aliens in
its territory, save where obliged to do so by a rule of international
law. | 就驱逐外国人一事来说，这一区别反映了一项不可争议的原则，即除非一国负有国际法上的义务，否则不能要求其接收外国人入境。 |
| While
this is a fundamental distinction, it does not necessarily result in an
order of priority in determining the State of destination of an
expelled alien; | 尽管这是一个根本性的区别，但在决定一个拟被驱逐的外国人目的地国之时，不一定导致先后秩序的不同； |
| in
other words, the fact that a State of nationality has been identified
and that there is, hypothetically, no legal obstacle to the alien’s
expulsion to that State in no way precludes the possibility of
expelling the alien to another State that has the obligation to receive
the alien under international law, or to any other State willing to
accept him or her. | 换言之，即使已经确定了国籍国，并且假设来说不存在着将外国人驱逐回该国的法律障碍，也绝不排除有可能将该外国人驱逐到另一有国际法上义务接收该外国人的国家、或任何其他愿意接受他的国家。 |
| In
this regard, the expelling State, while retaining a margin of
appreciation in the matter, should take into consideration, as far as
possible, the preferences expressed by the expelled alien for the
purposes of determining the State of destination. | 在这方面，驱逐国尽管在此事上有判断余地，但是应尽可能考虑到被驱逐的外国人表达的选择，以确定目的地国。 |
| (2)
The wording “or any other State that has the obligation to receive the
alien under international law” is intended to cover situations where a
State other than the State of nationality of the expelled alien would
be required to receive that person under a rule of international law,
whether a treaty rule binding on that State or a rule of customary
international law. | (2) “或根据国际法有义务接收该外国人的任何其他国家”的话旨在涵盖以下情况，即拟被驱逐的外国人国籍国之外的一个国家必须根据国际法规则接收该人，无论是根据对该国有约束力的条约规则还是根据习惯国际法规则。 |
| One
should also mention, in this context, the position expressed by the
Human Rights Committee in relation to article 12, paragraph 4, of the
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: | 在这方面，也应当提及人权事务委员会就《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第十二条第4款所表达的意见： |
| “The scope of ‘his own country’ is broader than the concept ‘country of his nationality’. | “‘本国’的范围要大于‘原籍国’。 |
| It is not limited to nationality in a formal sense, that is, nationality acquired at birth or by conferral; | 它不局限于形式上的国籍，即出生时获得或被授予的国籍； |
| it
embraces, at the very least, an individual who, because of his or her
special ties to or claims in relation to a given country, cannot be
considered to be a mere alien. | 它至少包括因与某国特殊联系和具有的特殊权利而不能被仅仅视为外侨的那些人。 |
| This
would be the case, for example, of nationals of a country who have
there been stripped of their nationality in violation of international
law and of individuals whose country of nationality has been
incorporated into or transferred to another national entity whose
nationality is being denied them. | 例如，被违反国际法剥夺国籍的人和原籍国被并入或转移到另一国家实体的人，就属于此类。 |
| The
language of article 12, paragraph 4, moreover, permits a broader
interpretation that might embrace other categories of long-term
residents, including but not limited to stateless persons arbitrarily
deprived of the right to acquire the nationality of the country of such
residence. | 第十二条第4款的语言允许做更广义的解释，使之可能包括其他种类的长期居民，包括但不局限于长期居住但被专横地剥夺了获得国籍权利的无国籍人。 |
| Since
other factors may in certain circumstances result in the establishment
of close and enduring connections between a person and a country,
States parties should include in their reports information on the
rights of permanent residents to return to their country of residence.” | 由于其他因素在某些情况下可使个人和国家之间产生密切的长久的联系，因此缔约国的报告中应包括有关永久性居民返回居住国的权利的情况。 ” |
| Thus,
paragraph 1, by acknowledging that an alien subject to expulsion may
express a preference as to the State of destination, permits the alien
to make known the State with which he or she has the closest links,
such as the State of prior residence, the State of birth or the State
with which the alien has particular family or financial links. | 因此，第1款承认受到驱逐的外国人可表示其更倾向于哪一个国家作为目的地国，允许外国人告知他或她有最密切联系的是哪一国，例如先前的居住国、出生地国或与该外国人有特殊家庭或金融联系的国家。 |
| Draft
article 22, paragraph 1, gives the expelling State the right to assess
such factors in order to preserve its own interests as well as those of
the alien subject to expulsion. | 草案第22条第1款赋予驱逐国以下权利：它可以评估这些因素，以维护自己的利益及受驱逐的外国人的利益。 |
| (3)
Draft article 22, paragraph 2, addresses the situation where it has not
been possible to identify either the State of nationality or any other
State that has the obligation to receive the alien under international
law. | (3) 第22条草案第2款阐述关于无法确定国籍国或任何其他有国际法义务接收外国人的国家的情况。 |
| In
such cases, it is stated that the alien may be expelled to any State
where he or she has a right of entry or stay or, where applicable, to
the State from where he or she has entered the expelling State. | 在这种情况下，条款指出，可以将该外国人驱逐到他或她有权入境或停留的任何国家，或者酌情驱逐到他或她从其进入驱逐国的国家。 |
| The
last phrase (“the State from where he or she has entered the expelling
State”) should be understood primarily to mean the State of
embarkation, although the chosen wording is sufficiently general also
to cover situations where an alien has entered the territory of the
expelling State by a mode of transport other than air transport. | 最后几个字(“从其进入驱逐国的国家”)应当首先理解为是指登机国，尽管所选的措辞足以笼统地涵盖外国人以航空之外的载运方式进入驱逐国境内的情况。 |
| (4) Readmission agreements are of particular interest in determining the State of destination of an expelled alien. | (4) “重新接纳协定”在确定被驱逐的外国人目的地国问题上特别有意义。 |
| These
agreements fall within the broad scope of international cooperation, in
which States exercise their sovereignty in light of variable
considerations that in no way lend themselves to normative
standardization through codification. | 这些协定涉及广泛的国际合作范围，各国根据各种考虑行使主权，但这些考虑绝不可能通过编纂而成为标准性规范。 |
| That
said, such agreements should be implemented in compliance with the
relevant rules of international law, particularly those aimed at
protecting the human rights of the alien subject to expulsion. | 言虽如此，履行这类协定应依照相关的国际法规则，特别是保护拟被驱逐的外国人人权的国际法规则。 |
| (5)
Determination of the State of destination of the alien subject to
expulsion under draft article 22 must be done in compliance with the
obligations contained in draft article 6, subparagraph (b) (prohibition
of refoulement), and in draft articles 23 and 24, which prohibit
expulsion of an alien to a State where his or her life would be
threatened or to a State where the alien may be subjected to torture or
to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. | (5) 根据第22条草案确定拟被驱逐的外国人的目的地国，必须遵守第6条草案(b)项(禁止推回)以及第23和第24条草案所载的义务，即禁止将外国人驱逐到一个他或她的生命受到威胁的国家，或者一个该外国人可能遭受酷刑或残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚的国家。 |
| Article 23 Obligation not to expel an alien to a State where his or her life would be threatened | 第23条 不将外国人驱逐至其生命会受到威胁的国家的义务 |
| 1.
No alien shall be expelled to a State where his or her life would be
threatened on grounds such as race, colour, sex, language, religion,
political or other opinion, national, ethnic or social origin,
property, birth or other status, or any other ground impermissible
under international law. | 1. 不得将任何外国人驱逐至其生命可能会因种族、肤色、性别、语言、宗教、政治或其他见解、民族、族裔或社会出身、财产、出生或其他身份等理由或因国际法不容许的任何其他理由而受到威胁的国家。 |
| 2.
A State that does not apply the death penalty shall not expel an alien
to a State where the alien has been sentenced to the death penalty or
where there is a real risk that he or she will be sentenced to death,
unless it has previously obtained an assurance that the death penalty
will not be imposed or, if already imposed, will not be carried out. | 2. 不适用死刑的国家不得将外国人驱逐至该外国人被判处死刑的国家或该外国人面临被判处死刑的真实危险的国家，除非它已事先获得保证：该人不会被判处死刑，或如已判处死刑，不会执行。 |
| Commentary | 评注 |
| (1)
Draft article 23 deals with protection of the life of an alien subject
to expulsion in relation to the situation in the State of destination. | (1) 第23条草案就目的地国的状况而阐述关于保护拟被驱逐的外国人生命的问题。 |
| Paragraph
1 prohibits the expulsion of an alien “to a State where his or her life
would be threatened” on one of the grounds set out in draft article 14,
which establishes the obligation not to discriminate. | 第1款禁止将一名外国人驱逐到“其生命会受到威胁的国家”，只要受威胁的原由之一是规定不歧视义务的第14条草案所列举的。 |
| The
wording referring to a State “where his or her life would be
threatened”, which delimits the scope of this prohibition of expulsion,
corresponds to the content of article 33 of the Convention relating to
the Status of Refugees of 28 July 1951, which establishes the
prohibition of return (refoulement), without extending to all aliens
the prohibition of expulsion or return (refoulement) of a refugee to a
State where his or her freedom would be threatened. | “其生命会受到威胁的”国家几个字划定了禁止驱逐的范围，对应于规定了禁止遣返(推回)的1951年7月28日《关于难民地位的公约》第三十三条，而没有将禁止驱逐或遣返(推回)难民至其生命或自由受到威胁的国家这一规定涵盖所有外国人。 |
| (2)
The prohibited grounds of discrimination set out in draft article 14
and reproduced in draft article 23 are those contained in article 2,
paragraph 1, of the International Covenant on Civil and Political
Rights. | (2) 第23条草案重述的第14条草案所禁止的歧视理由是《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第二条第1款所载的内容。 |
| There
is no valid reason why the list of discriminatory grounds in draft
article 23 should be less broad in scope than the list contained in
draft article14. | 如果让第23条草案所列的歧视理由比第14条草案的范围更窄，是不合理的。 |
| In
particular, the list of grounds contained in article 33 of the 1951
Convention was too narrow for the present draft article, which
addresses the situations not only of persons who could be defined as
“refugees”, but of aliens in general, and in a wide range of possible
situations. | 具体而言，1951年《公约》第三十三条所列理由对于本条款草案过于狭隘，仅涉及到一个人可能被定义为“难民”的情况，而不是一般意义上的外国人以及可能出现的更广泛情况。 |
| As
for the prohibition of any discrimination on grounds of sexual
orientation, there is a trend in that direction in international
practice and case-law, but the prohibition is not universally
recognized. | 对于禁止基于性取向的任何歧视问题，国际实践中出现了朝这一方向发展的趋势，但这一禁止并未得到普遍承认。 |
| (3)
Paragraph 2 of draft article 23 concerns the specific situation where
the life of an alien subject to expulsion would be threatened in the
State of destination by the imposition or execution of the death
penalty, unless an assurance has previously been obtained that the
death penalty will not be imposed or, if already imposed, will not be
carried out. | (3) 第23条草案第2款审议的具体情况是，除非已经事先得到不会判处死刑、或者如果已经判处但不会执行死刑的保证，拟被驱逐的外国人将在目的地国面临被判处或执行死刑的威胁。 |
| The
Human Rights Committee has taken the position that, under article 6 of
the Covenant, States that did not have the death penalty or have
abolished it may not expel a person to another State in which he or she
has been sentenced to death, unless they have previously obtained an
assurance that the penalty will not be carried out. | 人权事务委员会采取的立场是，根据《公约》第六条，已经废除死刑的国家除非已经事先得到死刑不会执行的保证，有义务不将一人驱逐到他或她已被判处死刑的另一国家。 |
| While
it may be considered that, within these precise limits, this
prohibition now corresponds to a distinct trend in international law,
it would be difficult to state that international law goes any further
in this area. | 尽管可以认为，在这些确切的限度之内，这一禁止性规定对应着国际法中的一个明显趋势，但是难以说国际法在这一领域有任何更多的进展。 |
| (4)
Consequently, paragraph 2 of draft article 23 constitutes progressive
development in two respects: first, because the prohibition established
in paragraph 2 covers not only States that did not have the death
penalty or have abolished it, but also States that retain the penalty
in their legislation but do not apply it in practice: this is the
meaning of the phrase, “[a] State that does not apply the death
penalty”; | (4) 因此，第23条草案第2款在两个方面构成国际法的逐渐发展：首先，第2款的禁止性规定不仅涵盖没有死刑或已经废除死刑的国家，而且涵盖仍在立法中保留死刑但实际上不采用的国家：这就是“不适用死刑的国家”几字的含义； |
| second,
because the scope of protection has been extended to cover not only
situations where the death penalty has already been imposed but also
those where there is a real risk that it will be imposed. | 其次，保护的范围已经扩大，不仅涵盖已经判处死刑的情况，而且涵盖可能判处死刑的情况。 |
| Article
24 Obligation not to expel an alien to a State where he or she may be
subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or
punishment | 第24条 不将外国人驱逐至其可能遭受酷刑或残忍、不人道或有辱人格待遇或处罚的国家的义务 |
| A
State shall not expel an alien to a State where there are substantial
grounds for believing that he or she would be in danger of being
subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or
punishment. | 一国不得将外国人驱逐至有充分理由相信此人会面临遭受酷刑或残忍、不人道或有辱人格待遇或处罚的危险的国家。 |
| Commentary | 评注 |
| (1)
The wording of draft article 24, which obliges the expelling State not
to expel an alien to a State where there are substantial grounds for
believing that he or she would be in danger of being subjected to
torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, is
inspired by article 3 of the 1984 Convention against Torture and Other
Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. | (1) 第24条草案的措辞要求驱逐国不将一名外国人驱逐至有充分理由相信他或她会面临酷刑或残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚之危险的国家。 这一条受1984年《禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚公约》第3条的启发。 |
| Article 3 of the Convention restricts the obligation of non-expulsion to acts of torture. | 该公约第3条将不驱逐的义务限定为只针对酷刑行为。 |
| It
does not therefore extend this obligation to situations in which there
are substantial grounds for believing that an alien subject to
expulsion would be subjected to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment
or punishment. | 该条因而没有扩展到涵盖有充分理由相信拟被驱逐的外国人会受到残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚的情况。 |
| However,
draft article 24 broadens the scope of the protection afforded by this
provision of the Convention, since the obligation not to expel
contained in the draft article covers not only torture, but also other
cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. | 然而，第24条草案扩大了《公约》这一规定所保护的范围，因为本条草案的不驱逐义务不仅涵盖存在酷刑的情况，而且涵盖存在其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚的情况。 |
| This broader scope of the prohibition has been introduced at the universal level and by certain regional systems. | 在普遍的范围内，并在某些区域制度里，开始实行这一更广泛的禁止。 |
| At
the universal level, it is reflected in general comment No. 20 of the
Human Rights Committee to the effect that “States parties must not
expose individuals to the danger of torture or cruel, inhuman or
degrading treatment or punishment upon return to another country by way
of their extradition, expulsion or refoulement. | 在普遍的层面上，它体现在人权委员会的第20号一般性意见中，其大意是“委员会认为，缔约国不得通过引渡、驱逐或推回的方式使个人回到另一国时有可能遭受酷刑或残忍、不人道或有辱人格待遇或处罚”。 |
| ”
In its Views in Maksudov et al v. Kirghizstan, dated 31 July 2008, the
Human Rights Committee recalled the principle set out in General
Comment No. 20 and added that it “should not be subject to any
balancing with considerations of national security or the type of
criminal conduct an individual is accused or suspected of. | 在其2008年7月31日关于Maksudov等人诉吉尔吉斯斯坦案的意见中，人权事务委员会忆及载于第20号一般性意见的原则，补充说，“对此项原则，不应以国家安全方面的考虑或个人被指控或怀疑的犯罪行为而加以平衡。 |
| ” A recommendation by the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination takes a similar stance. | ” 消除种族歧视委员会的一项建议采取了类似的立场。 |
| At
the regional level, this global or undifferentiated approach to torture
and to other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment has
been enunciated in the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human
Rights concerning article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights. | 在区域一级，以这种全球性的或不加区分的方法来处理酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚的做法也明显见于欧洲人权法院关于《欧洲人权公约》第3条的判例中。 |
| The
Inter-American Court of Human Rights has affirmed a similar position in
Lori Berenson-Mejía v. Peru, in which it stated that: | 美洲人权法院在洛瑞·贝伦森－梅西亚诉秘鲁案中采取了类似的立场，指出： |
| “torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading punishment or treatment are strictly prohibited by international human rights law. | “酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的惩罚或待遇都是国际人权法严格禁止的。 |
| The
prohibition of torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading punishment or
treatment is absolute and non-derogable, even under the most difficult
circumstances, such as war, threat of war, the fight against terrorism
and any other crimes, martial law or a state of emergency, civil
commotion or conflict, suspension of constitutional guarantees,
internal political instability or other public emergencies or
catastrophes.” | 对酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的惩罚或待遇的禁止是绝对的，不可克减的，即使在最困难的情况下，如战争、战争威胁、打击恐怖主义和其他犯罪行为、戒严或状态紧急情况、内乱或冲突、暂停宪法保障、国内政局动荡或其他突发公共事件或灾难等情况下。” |
| (2)
With regard to determining the existence of “substantial grounds”
within the meaning of draft article 24, attention should be drawn to
article 3, paragraph 2, of the 1984 Convention against Torture and
Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, which states
that the competent authorities shall take into account “all relevant
considerations including, where applicable, the existence in the State
concerned of a consistent pattern of gross, flagrant or mass violations
of human rights”. | (2)
对于如何确定第24条草案所指的“充分理由”，应当注意1984年《禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚公约》第3条第2款。
这一款规定：主管当局应考虑到“所有有关的因素，包括在适当情况下，考虑到在有关国家境内是否存在一贯严重、公然、大规模侵犯人权的情况”。 |
| This
provision has been interpreted on many occasions by the Committee
against Torture established pursuant to the Convention, which has
considered a number of communications alleging that the expulsion of
aliens to particular States was contrary to article 3. | 根据《公约》设立的禁止酷刑委员会也多次解释了这一条款，审议了若干指称向某些国家驱逐外国人违反第3条的来文。 |
| (3)
The Committee against Torture has adopted guidelines concerning the
implementation of article 3 in its general comment No. 1. | (3) 禁止酷刑委员会在第1号一般性意见中制定了关于执行第3条的准则。 |
| These
guidelines indicate the information that may be relevant in determining
whether the expulsion of an alien to a particular State is consistent
with article 3: | 这些准则指出了在决定向某国驱逐外国人是否符合第3条时可能相关的信息： |
| “The following information, while not exhaustive, would be pertinent: | “下列资料虽然不是详尽无遗的，却是相关的： |
| (a)
Is the State concerned one in which there is evidence of a consistent
pattern of gross, flagrant or mass violations of human rights (see art.
3, para. 2)? | (a) 是否有证据表明所涉国家是一个一贯严重、公然或大规模侵犯人权的国家(见第3条第2款)？ |
| (b)
Has the author been tortured or maltreated by or at the instigation of
or with the consent of acquiescence of a public official or other
person acting in an official capacity in the past? | (b) 撰文人是否曾遭受公职人员或以官方身份行事的人施行或煽动或认可或默许的酷刑或虐待？ |
| If so, was this the recent past? | 如果是，是否是最近发生的？ |
| (c)
Is there medical or other independent evidence to support a claim by
the author that he/she has been tortured or maltreated in the past? | (c) 是否有医疗证据或其他独立证据证明撰文人关于曾遭受酷刑或虐待的指控？ |
| Has the torture had after-effects? | 酷刑是否有后遗症？ |
| (d) Has the situation referred to in (a) above changed? | (d) 以上(a)段所指情况是否已发生变化？ |
| Has the internal situation in respect of human rights altered? | 境内人权情况是否已发生变化？ |
| (e)
Has the author engaged in political or other activity within or outside
the State concerned which would appear to make him/her particularly
vulnerable to the risk of being placed in danger of torture were he/she
to be expelled, returned or extradited to the State in question? | (e) 撰文人是否在所涉国家境内外从事政治活动或其他活动，使得他(她)如被驱逐、遣返或引渡到该国，特别容易遭受酷刑？ |
| (f) Is there any evidence as to the credibility of the author? | (f) 是否有任何证据证明撰文人是可信的？ |
| (g) Are there factual inconsistencies in the claim of the author? | (g) 撰文人的指控中是否存在与事实不符的情况？ |
| If so, are they relevant?” | 如果存在，是否有重大关系？ |
| The
Committee has also indicated that substantial grounds for believing
that there is a risk of torture require more than a mere theory or
suspicion but less than a high probability of such a risk. | ” 委员会还指出，有充分理由认为存在着酷刑危险，是要求不能仅仅依据于理论或怀疑。 但是不必证明这种危险极有可能发生。 |
| Other
elements on which the Committee against Torture has provided important
clarifications are the existence of a personal risk of torture; the
existence, in this context, of a present and foreseeable danger; the
issue of subsequent expulsion to a third State; | 禁止酷刑委员会就此做出重要说明的其他因素是：存在着遭受酷刑的个人危险、 存在着这方面现存和可预见的危险、 接着驱逐到第三国的问题、 以及禁止的绝对性。 |
| and
the absolute nature of the prohibition. (4) As was the case for draft
article 17, the Commission preferred not to address, in the text of
draft article 24, situations where the risk of torture or cruel,
inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment emanated from persons or
groups of persons acting in a private capacity. | (4) 如同第17条草案一样， 委员会不赞成在第24条草案的案文中处理个人或群体以私人身份实施酷刑或残忍、不人道或有辱人格待遇或处罚的危险问题。 |
| In
this regard, it should be recalled that in its general comment No. 1,
the Committee against Torture expressed the following view on this
issue: | 就此应当忆及禁止酷刑委员会在第1号一般性意见中表达的关于这一问题的以下意见： |
| “Pursuant
to article 1, the criterion, mentioned in article 3, paragraph 2, of ‘a
consistent pattern or gross, flagrant or mass violations of human
rights’ refers only to violations by or at the instigation of or with
the consent or acquiescence of a public official or other person acting
in an official capacity.” | “根据第1条，在第3条第2款中提及的‘一贯严重、公然、大规模侵犯人权情况’的标准，仅指由公职人员或以官方身份行事的其他人施行或煽动或认可或默许的侵犯人权情况。 |
| For
its part, the European Court of Human Rights has drawn from the
absolute character of article 3 of the European Convention on Human
Rights the conclusion that the said provision may also cover cases
where the danger emanates not from the State of destination itself but
from “persons or groups of persons who are not public officials”, when
the State of destination is not able to offer adequate protection to
the individual concerned. | ” 欧洲人权法院就此从《欧洲人权公约》第三条的绝对性中得出结论认为，上述规定所涵盖的情况也可包括危险不是来自目的地国本身，而是在目的地国不能适当保护有关个人情况下的“非公职人员的个人或群体”。 |
| “Owing
to the absolute character of the right guaranteed, the Court does not
rule out the possibility that Article 3 of the Convention may also
apply where the danger emanates from persons or groups of persons who
are not public officials. | “鉴于所保障权利的绝对性质，法院没有排除这一可能，即《公约》第三条也可以适用于危险来自于并非公职人员的个人或群体的情况。 |
| However,
it must be shown that the risk is real and that the authorities of the
receiving State are not able to obviate the risk by providing
appropriate protection.” | 然而，必须表明危险是真实的，并且接收国当局不能够提供适当保护来避免危险。 ” |
| Chapter IV Protection in the transit State | 第四章 过境国境内的保护 |
| Article 25 Protection in the transit State of the human rights of an alien subject to expulsion | 第25条 在过境国境内保护拟被驱逐的外国人的人权 |
| The
transit State shall protect the human rights of an alien subject to
expulsion, in conformity with its obligations under international law. | 过境国应按照其国际法义务保护拟被驱逐的外国人的人权。 |
| Commentary | 评注 |
| The
implementation of an expulsion order often involves the transit of the
alien through one or more States before arrival in the State of
destination. | 执行驱逐令，通常涉及到外国人抵达目的地国之前在一个或几个国家的过境。 |
| Draft
article 25 sets out the transit State’s obligation to protect the human
rights of the alien subject to expulsion, in conformity with its
obligations under international law. | 第25条草案规定过境国负有保护拟被驱逐的外国人人权的国际法义务。 |
| The
chosen wording clearly indicates that the transit State is obliged to
respect only its own obligations under international conventions to
which it is a party or under the rules of general international law,
and not obligations that are, ex hypothesi, binding on the expelling
State alone. | 措辞的选择清楚表明，过境国只须尊重本身所加入的国际公约或一般国际法的义务，而不是依据假设仅拘束驱逐国的义务。 |
| Part Four Specific procedural rules | 第四部分 具体程序规则 |
| Article 26 Procedural rights of aliens subject to expulsion | 第26条 拟被驱逐的外国人的程序权利 |
| 1. An alien subject to expulsion enjoys the following procedural rights: | 1. 拟被驱逐的外国人享有下列程序权利： |
| (a) the right to receive notice of the expulsion decision; | (a) 收到驱逐决定通知的权利； |
| (b) the right to challenge the expulsion decision, except where compelling reasons of national security otherwise require; | (b) 对驱逐决定提出异议的权利，但出于国家安全方面的强有力理由而须实施的驱逐除外； |
| (c) the right to be heard by a competent authority; | (c) 由一个主管当局听讯的权利； |
| (d) the right of access to effective remedies to challenge the expulsion decision; | (d) 获得有效救济对驱逐决定提出异议的权利； |
| (e) the right to be represented before the competent authority; | (e) 在主管当局面前有人代理的权利； |
| and | 和 |
| (f)
the right to have the free assistance of an interpreter if he or she
cannot understand or speak the language used by the competent authority. | (f) 如果不懂或不讲主管当局所用的语言，有获得免费口译协助的权利。 |
| 2. The rights listed in paragraph 1 are without prejudice to other procedural rights or guarantees provided by law. | 2. 第1款所列权利不影响法律规定的其他程序权利或保障。 |
| 3. An alien subject to expulsion has the right to seek consular assistance. | 3. 拟被驱逐的外国人有权寻求领事协助。 |
| The expelling State shall not impede the exercise of this right or the provision of consular assistance. | 驱逐国不得妨碍行使这一权利或妨碍提供领事协助。 |
| 4.
The procedural rights provided for in this article are without
prejudice to the application of any legislation of the expelling State
concerning the expulsion of aliens who have been unlawfully present in
its territory for a brief duration. | 4. 本条规定的程序权利不影响驱逐国适用有关驱逐非法在其境内短暂停留的外国人的任何法律。 |
| Commentary | 评注 |
| (1)
Draft article 26, paragraph 1, sets out a list of procedural rights
from which any alien subject to expulsion must benefit, irrespective of
whether that person is lawfully or unlawfully present in the territory
of the expelling State. | (1) 第26条草案第1款规定了任何拟被驱逐的外国人必须享有的程序权利，无论该人合法还是非法地处于驱逐国境内。 |
| The
sole exception — to which reference is made in paragraph 4 of the draft
article — is that of aliens who have been unlawfully present in the
territory of that State for a brief duration. | 唯一例外的是本条草案第4款所提到的非法短期停留于该国境内的外国人。 |
| (2) Paragraph 1 (a) sets forth the right to receive notice of the expulsion decision. | (2) 第1款(a)项规定了收到驱逐决定通知的权利。 |
| The
expelling State’s respect for this essential guarantee is a conditio
sine qua non for the exercise by an alien subject to expulsion of all
of his or her procedural rights. | 驱逐国尊重这一基本保证，是拟被驱逐的外国人行使其所有程序权利的一个基本条件。 |
| This
condition was explicitly embodied in article 22, paragraph 3, of the
1990 International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All
Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, which stipulates that
the expulsion decision “shall be communicated to them in a language
they understand”. | 1990年《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》第22条第3款明确体现了这一条件：规定：驱逐决定“应以他们所了解的语言…传达给他们”。 |
| In
1892 the Institute of International Law already expressed the view that
“l’acte ordonnant l’expulsion est notifié à l’expulsé” [the expulsion
order shall be notified to the expellee] and also that “si l’expulsé a
la faculté de recourir à une haute cour judiciaire ou administrative,
il doit être informé, par l’acte même, et de cette circonstance et du
délai à observer” [if the expellee is entitled to appeal to a high
judicial or administrative court, the expulsion order must indicate
this and state the deadline for filing the appeal]. | 国
际法学会在1892年已经表达了以下的观点：“l’acte ordonnant l’expulsion est notifié à
l’expulsé” [须将驱逐决定通知被驱逐者] 并且“si l’expulsé a la faculté de recourir à
une haute cour judiciaire ou administrative, il doit être informé， par
l’acte même, et de cette circonstance et du délai à
observer”[如果被驱逐者有权向高级司法或行政法院上诉，则驱逐令必须指出这一点，并说明提出上诉的限期]。 |
| The legislation of several States contains a requirement that an expulsion decision must be notified to the alien concerned. | 好几个国家的法律要求必须将驱逐决定通知有关外国人。 |
| (3) Paragraph 1 (b) sets out the right to challenge the expulsion decision, a right well established in international law. | (3) 第1款(b)项规定了对驱逐决定提出异议的权利； 这是国际法上久已确立的一项权利。 |
| At
the universal level, article 13 of the International Covenant on Civil
and Political Rights provides the individual facing expulsion with the
right to submit the reasons against his or her expulsion, except where
“compelling reasons of national security otherwise require”. | 在全球一级，《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第十三条规定：面临驱逐的人有权提出反对驱逐的理由，除非“在国家安全的紧迫原因另有要求的情况下”。 |
| It
states that “[a]n alien lawfully in the territory of a State Party to
the present Covenant … shall, except where compelling reasons of
national security otherwise require, be allowed to submit the reasons
against his expulsion” (emphasis added). | 它指出，“合法处在本公约缔约国领土内的外侨，…除非在国家安全的紧迫原因另有要求的情况下，应准予提出反对驱逐出境的理由” (强调是后加的)。 |
| The
same right is to be found in article 7 of the Declaration on the Human
Rights of Individuals who are not Nationals of the Country in which
They Live, annexed to General Assembly resolution 40/144 of 13 December
1985, which provides that “[a]n alien lawfully in the territory of a
State … shall, except where compelling reasons of national security
otherwise require, be allowed to submit the reasons why he or she
should not be expelled”. | 同一权利也见于大会1985年12月13日第40/144号决议所附的《非居住国公民个人人权宣言》第七条，即：“对合法在一国境内的外侨，…除因国家安全的重大理由必须另行处理外，应准其提出不应被驱逐的理由”。 |
| At
the regional level, article 1, paragraph 1 (a) of Protocol No. 7 to the
Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms
provides that an alien lawfully resident in the territory of a State
and subject to an expulsion order shall be allowed “to submit reasons
against his expulsion”. | 在区域一级，《保护人权和基本自由公约》第七号议定书第一条第1款(a)项规定：允许合法居于一国境内拟被驱逐的外国人“提出反对驱逐出境的理由”。 |
| Article
3, paragraph 2, of the European Convention on Establishment offers the
same safeguard by providing that “[e]xcept where imperative
considerations of national security otherwise require, a national of
any Contracting Party who has been so lawfully residing for more than
two years in the territory of any other Party shall not be expelled
without first being allowed to submit reasons against his expulsion”. | 《欧洲居留公约》第三条第2款提供了同样的保障，规定“在缔约一方领土内正常居住达二年以上的任一缔约国国民，除了涉及国家安全的严重理由以外，非经给予机会陈述反对驱逐出境的理由，…不得当作驱逐出境措施的对象”。 |
| Lastly, the right of an alien to contest his or her expulsion is also embodied in internal law. | 最后，国内法也体现了一名外国人可以对驱逐他或她的决定提出反对意见的权利。 |
| (4)
The right to be heard by a competent authority, set out in paragraph 1
(c), is essential for the exercise of the right to challenge an
expulsion decision, which forms the subject of paragraph 1 (b). | (4) 对于作为第1款(b)项主要内容的、对驱逐决定提出异议的权利来说，第1款(c)项规定的由主管当局听讯的权利至关重要。 |
| Although
article 13 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
does not expressly grant the alien the right to be heard, the Human
Rights Committee has taken the view that an expulsion decision adopted
without the alien having been given an opportunity to be heard may
raise questions under article 13 of the Covenant: | 尽管《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第十三条没有明确赋予外国人得到听讯的权利，但是人权委员会认为，未给予外国人听讯的机会就通过驱逐决定，可能引起与《公约》第十三条有关的问题： |
| “The
Committee is also concerned that the Board of Immigration and the
Aliens Appeals Board may in certain cases yield their jurisdiction to
the Government, resulting in decisions for expulsion or denial of
immigration or asylum status without the affected individuals having
been given an appropriate hearing. | “委员会还关注的是，移民委员会和外籍人申诉委员会可能将某些案件的管辖权交给政府，造成了未适当的听证，就对有关个人作出驱逐或拒绝移民或拒绝给予庇护地位的决定。 |
| In the Committee’s view, this practice may, in certain circumstances, raise questions under article 13 of the Covenant.” | 委员会认为，这种做法在某些情况下，产生了《公约》第十三条所列的问题。 ” |
| The
national laws of several States grant aliens the right to be heard
during expulsion proceedings, as do many national tribunals. | 好几个国家的本国法都在驱逐程序中给予外国人获得听讯的权利，许多国家的法院也是如此。 |
| Given
the divergence in State practice in this area, it cannot be said that
international law gives an alien subject to expulsion the right to be
heard in person by the competent authority. | 鉴于这一领域的国家实践不同，无法认定国际法给予了拟被驱逐的外国人当面在主管当局得到听讯的权利。 |
| What
is required is that an alien be furnished with an opportunity to
explain his or her situation and submit his or her own reasons before
the competent authority. | 所要求的仅是向外国人提供一个向主管机构解释其处境和提出本人理由的机会。 |
| In some circumstances, written proceedings may satisfy the requirements of international law. | 在某些情况下，书面审理就可以满足国际法上的要求。 |
| One
writer, commenting on the decisions of the Human Rights Committee
concerning cases related to articles 13 and 14 of the Covenant,
expressed the opinion that “[e]ven though the reasons against a pending
expulsion should, as a rule, be asserted in an oral hearing, Article 13
does not, in contrast to Article 14, paragraph 3 (d), give rise to a
right to personal appearance.” | 一名学者在评论人权事务委员会关于《公约》第十三条和十四条的案件时认为，“即便口头听讯通常都包含提出反对即将执行的驱逐的理由，但第十三条不同于第十四条第3款(丁)项的是，它没有规定亲自出席的权利。 ” |
| (5) Paragraph 1 (d) sets out the right of access to effective remedies to challenge the expulsion decision. | (5) 第1款(d)项规定了获得有效救济对驱逐决定提出异议的权利。 |
| While
article 13 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
entitles an alien lawfully present in the expelling State to a review
of the expulsion decision, it does not specify the type of authority
which should undertake the review: | 尽管《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第十三条让在驱逐国合法居住的外国人有权得到对驱逐令的复审，但是未规定应由哪类当局进行这类复审： |
| “An
alien lawfully in the territory of a State Party to the present
Covenant may be expelled therefrom only in pursuance of a decision
reached in accordance with law and shall, except where compelling
reasons of national security otherwise require, be allowed … to have
his case reviewed by, and be represented for the purpose before, the
competent authority or a person or persons especially designated by the
competent authority.” (emphasis added). | “合法处在本公约缔约国领土内的外侨，只有按照依法作出的决定才可以被驱逐出境，并且，除非在国家安全的紧迫原因另有要求的情况下，应准予…使他的案件得到合格当局或由合格当局特别指定的一人或数人的复审，并为此目的而请人作代表” (强调是后加的)。 |
| The
Human Rights Committee has drawn attention to the fact that the right
to a review, as well as the other guarantees provided in article 13,
may be departed from only if “compelling reasons of national security”
so require. | 人权事务委员会已经提醒各国注意，只有在“国家安全的紧迫原因”所要求的情况下，才可以违反关于复审的权利以及第十三条提供的其他保障。 |
| The Committee has also stressed that the remedy at the disposal of the alien expelled must be an effective one: | 委员会也强调：被驱逐的外国人得到的救济必须是有效的： |
| “An
alien must be given full facilities for pursuing his remedy against
expulsion so that this right will in all the circumstances of his case
be an effective one. | “必须给予外国人一切便利，以便他就驱逐问题寻求补救措施，从而使其权利成为一项切实权利，而不论案子情况。 |
| The
principles of article 13 relating to appeal against expulsion and the
entitlement to review by a competent authority may only be departed
from when ‘compelling reasons of national security’ so require.” | 第十三条规定的有关就驱逐提出上诉及有权要求合格当局进行复审等原则惟有在‘国家安全的紧迫原因’如此要求的情况下才可免于执行。 |
| The
Human Rights Committee has also considered that protests lodged with
the expelling State’s diplomatic or consular missions abroad are not a
satisfactory solution under article 13 of the International Covenant on
Civil and Political Rights: | ” 人权事务委员会还认为，根据《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第十三条，向驱逐国的驻外外交或领事机构提出抗议，不构成令人满意的解决办法： |
| “In
the Committee’s opinion, the discretionary power of the Minister of the
Interior to order the expulsion of any alien, without safeguards, if
security and the public interest so require poses problems with regard
to article 13 of the Covenant, particularly if the alien entered Syrian
territory lawfully and has obtained a residence permit. | “委员会认为，内政部长可在安全和公共利益需要时酌情命令驱逐外侨出境而不给与保障措施的做法，在公约第十三条方面造成了问题。 如果该外侨为合法进入叙利亚领土并已获得居住许可证，则情况更是如此。 |
| Protests
lodged by the expelled alien with Syrian diplomatic and consular
missions abroad are not a satisfactory solution in terms of the
Covenant.” | 被驱逐的外侨在海外向叙利亚外交和领事使团进行抗议，并不是符合公约的满意的解决办法。 |
| Article
13 of the European Convention on Human Rights recognizes a right to an
effective remedy with respect to a violation of any right or freedom
set forth in the Convention, including in cases of expulsion: | ” 《欧洲人权公约》第十三条承认，如果《公约》所规定的权利和自由遭到违反，包括在驱逐的情况下，则有权得到有效的救济： |
| “Everyone
whose rights and freedoms as set forth in this Convention are violated
shall have an effective remedy before a national authority
notwithstanding that the violation has been committed by persons acting
in an official capacity.” | “每个人依据《公约》享有的权利和自由如遭侵犯，应可向国家当局寻求切实有效的补救办法，即便侵犯行为是以官方身份行事者所为。 |
| In
respect of a complaint based on article 3 of the European Convention on
Human Rights concerning a case of expulsion, the European Court of
Human Rights said the following about the effective remedy to which
article 13 refers: | ” 在审理一项以《欧洲人权公约》第三条为依据的关于驱逐案的申诉时，欧洲人权法院就第十三条所提及的有效救济阐述如下： |
| “In
such cases, given the irreversible nature of the harm that might occur
if the risk of ill-treatment materialised and the importance the Court
attaches to Article 3, the notion of an effective remedy under Article
13 requires independent scrutiny of the claim that there exist
substantial grounds for fearing a real risk of treatment contrary to
Article 3. | “在这类案件中，鉴于虐待的危险如果成为现实则可能造成的损害不可逆转，以及法院对十三条的重视，因此按照第十三条所规定的有效救济概念，必须独立地审查关于有充分理由担心存在着待遇违反第三条的真实危险的申诉。 |
| This
scrutiny must be carried out without regard to what the person may have
done to warrant expulsion or to any perceived threat to the national
security of the expelling State.” | 必须进行这一审查，不论当事方有何行为，以致被驱逐或视为对驱逐国的国家安全有任何威胁。 |
| Article
1 of Protocol No. 7 to the European Convention on Human Rights grants
the alien subject to expulsion the right to have his or her case
reviewed by a competent authority: | ” 《欧洲人权公约第7号议定书》第一条给予被驱逐的外国人要求主管当局进行复审的权利： |
| “Article 1 – Procedural safeguards relating to expulsion of aliens | “第一条――有关驱逐外国人问题的程序保障 |
| 1.
An alien lawfully resident in the territory of a State shall not be
expelled therefrom except in pursuance of a decision reached in
accordance with law and shall be allowed: | 1. 合法居住在一国领土内的外国人不得被驱逐出境，除非是执行依法作出的决定，而且应允许该外国人： |
| b. to have his case reviewed, and | b. 要求其案件得到复审 |
| 2.
An alien may be expelled before the exercise of his rights under
paragraph 1.a, b and c of this Article, when such expulsion is
necessary in the interests of public order or is grounded on reasons of
national security.” | 2. 出于公共秩序需要或国家安全原因，可在外国人行使本条第1款a、b和c项所赋权利前将其驱逐出境。” |
| Similarly, article 3, paragraph 2 of the European Convention on Establishment provides: | 同样，《欧洲居留公约》第三条第2款规定： |
| “Except
where imperative considerations of national security otherwise require,
a national of any Contracting Party who has been so lawfully residing
for more than two years in the territory of any other Party shall not
be expelled without first being allowed to submit reasons against his
expulsion and to appeal to, and be represented for the purpose before,
a competent authority or a person or persons specially designated by
the competent authority” (emphasis added). | “除非国家安全的迫切理由另行要求，不然，对于任何缔约方国民在另一缔约方领土内合法居住两年以上者，在将他驱逐出境前，首先应允许他提出反对被驱逐的理由，向主管当局或由主管当局特别指定的一人或数人提出上诉，并为此目的而委托代表”(强调是后加的)。 |
| Article
83 of the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of
All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families; article 32,
paragraph 2, of the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees;
article 31, paragraph 2, of the Convention relating to the Status of
Stateless Persons; article 9, paragraph 5, of the European Convention
on the Legal Status of Migrant Workers; and article 26, paragraph 2, of
the Arab Charter on Human Rights also require that there be a
possibility of appealing against an expulsion decision. | 《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》第83条、《关于难民地位的公约》第三十二条第(二)款、《关于无国籍人地位的公约》第三十一条第二款、《欧洲移徙工人法律地位公约》第九条第5款、 以及《阿拉伯人权宪章》第二十六条第2款也要求有可能对驱逐决定提起上诉。 |
| This
right to a review procedure has also been recognized, in terms which
are identical to those of article 13 of the International Covenant on
Civil and Political Rights, by the General Assembly in article 7 of the
Declaration on the Human Rights of Individuals Who are not Nationals of
the Country in which They Live, annexed to General Assembly resolution
40/144: | 大会第40/144号决议所附的《非居住国公民个人人权宣言》第七条以《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第十三条完全同样的措辞，也承认了这一获得复审的权利： |
| “An
alien lawfully in the territory of a State may be expelled therefrom
only in pursuance of a decision reached in accordance with law and
shall, except where compelling reasons of national security otherwise
require, be allowed to submit the reasons why he or she should not be
expelled and to have the case reviewed by, and be represented for the
purpose before, the competent authority or a person or persons
specially designated by the competent authority” (emphasis added). | “对合法在一国境内的外侨，只能根据依法作出的判决将其驱逐出境，并且除因国家安全的重大理由必须另行处理外，应准其提出不应被驱逐的理由，并将其案件提交主管当局或经主管当局特别指定的人员复审，并准其委托代表向上述当局或人员陈述理由。”(强调是后加的)。 |
| In
its General Recommendation No. 30, the Committee on the Elimination of
Racial Discrimination stressed the need for an effective remedy in the
event of expulsion and recommended that States parties to the
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial
Discrimination should: | 消除种族歧视委员会在第30号一般性建议中强调，在驱逐的情况下，必须提供有效救济，并且建议《消除一切形式种族歧视公约》缔约国应当： |
| “Ensure
that … non-citizens have equal access to effective remedies, including
the right to challenge expulsion orders, and are allowed effectively to
pursue such remedies.” | “确保非公民有同等机会诉诸有效的补救办法，包括质疑驱逐令的权利，并切实允许他们求助于此类补救办法。” |
| The
requirement that the alien subject to expulsion be provided with a
review procedure has also been stressed by the African Commission on
Human and Peoples’ Rights with respect to illegal immigrants: | 对于非法移民问题，非洲人权和人民权利委员会也强调了应向拟被驱逐的外国人提供复审程序的要求： |
| “The
Commission does not wish to call into question nor is it calling into
question the right of any State to take legal action against illegal
immigrants and deport them to their countries of origin, if the
competent courts so decide. | “委员会无意、也不是在质疑任何国家对非法移民采取法律行动和将他们递解回原籍国的权利，如果主管法院如此判决的话。 |
| It
is however of the view that it is unacceptable to deport individuals
without giving them the possibility to plead their case before the
competent national courts as this is contrary to the spirit and letter
of the Charter and international law.” | 但委员会认为，未给当事方提供机会，以便他们向主管国家法院提出申辩，即将他们递解出境，这是不可接受的，因为这有违《宪章》和国际法的精神和文字。” |
| Similarly,
in another case, the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights
held that Zambia had violated the African Charter on Human and Peoples’
Rights by not giving an individual the opportunity to challenge an
expulsion order: | 同样，在另一案件中，非洲人权和人民权利委员会也认为，赞比亚不允许一人有机会对驱逐令提出异议，违反了《非洲人权和人民权利宪章》： |
| “36.
Zambia has contravened Article 7 of the Charter in that he was not
allowed to pursue the administrative measures, which were opened to him
in terms of the Citizenship Act … By all accounts, Banda’s residence
and status in Zambia had been accepted. | “36. 赞比亚违反了《宪章》第七条，因为未准许他诉诸行政措施，而根据《公民法》，这些措施是对他开放的…从各方面讲，Banda在赞比亚的居住和身份已被接受。 |
| He had made a contribution to the politics of the country. | 他为该国的政治作出了贡献。 |
| The provisions of Article 12 (4) have been violated. | 赞比亚违反了第十二条第4款的规定。 |
| 38. John Lyson Chinula was in an even worse predicament. | 38. John Lyson Chinula的处境更糟。 |
| He was not given any opportunity to contest the deportation order. | 他未得到机会抗辩递解出境令。 |
| Surely, government cannot say that Chinula had gone underground in 1974 having overstayed his visiting permit. | 政府当然不能说Chinula于1974年在访问许可逾期后便转入地下了。 |
| Chinula, by all account, was a prominent businessman and politician. | 从各方面讲，Chinula是一个知名的商人和政治人物。 |
| If government wished to act against him they could have done so. | 如果政府想对他采取行动，它本可以这么做。 |
| That they did not, does not justify the arbitrary nature of the arrest and deportation on 31 August 1994. | 政府没这么做，但这不能成为政府于1994年8月31日任意将他逮捕和递解出境的理由。 |
| He was entitled to have his case heard in the Courts of Zambia. | 他有权将其案子提交赞比亚法院审理。 |
| Zambia has violated Article 7 of the Charter. | 赞比亚违反了《宪章》第七条。 |
| 52. Article 7 (1) states that: | 52. 第七条第1款规定： |
| ‘Every individual shall have the right to have his cause heard … | ‘每个人均有权提出申辩… |
| (a)
The right to an appeal to competent national organs against acts
violating his fundamental rights as recognised and guaranteed … | (a) 有权对侵犯其被公认和受保障的基本权利的行为向主管国家机关提出上诉…’ |
| ’.
53. The Zambia government by denying Mr. Chinula the opportunity to
appeal his deportation order has deprived him of a right to a fair
hearing, which contravenes all Zambian domestic laws and international
human rights laws.” | 53. 赞比亚政府未给Chinula先生对递解出境令提出上诉的机会，从而剥夺了他得到公正听审的权利，这有违赞比亚所有国内法律及国际人权法。 ” |
| (6)
Paragraph 1 (e), the content of which is based on article 13 of the
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, gives an alien
subject to expulsion the right to be represented before the competent
authority. | (6) 第1款(e)项的内容依据的是《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第十三条，给予拟被驱逐的外国人请人代表自己与主管当局交涉的权利。 |
| From
the standpoint of international law, this right does not necessarily
encompass the right to be represented by a lawyer during expulsion
proceedings. | 从国际法的角度来看，这一权利不一定包括在驱逐程序中请律师代理的权利。 |
| In any case, it does not encompass an obligation on the expelling State to pay the cost of representation. | 无论如何，这一项不包含驱逐国支付代理费用的义务。 |
| (7)
The right of an alien to the free assistance of an interpreter if he or
she cannot understand or speak the language used by the competent
authority, which is set out in paragraph 1 (f) and recognized in the
legislation of a number of States, is an essential element of the right
to be heard, which is set out in paragraph 1 (c). | (7) 外国人如果听不懂或不能说主管当局使用的语言就有权获得免费口译协助，是第1款(c)项所规定的得到听讯权的一个基本要素； 这是第1款(f)项所规定的，并且得到了一些国家立法的承认。 |
| It
is also of some relevance to the right to be notified of the expulsion
decision and the right to challenge that decision, to which paragraphs
1 (a) and (b) of this draft article refer. | 这也有些关系到本条草案第1款(a)和(b)项所述的关于收到驱逐决定通知的权利和对该决定提出异议的权利。 |
| In
this connection, it will be noted that the Committee on the Rights of
the Child expressed concerns at reports of “ill-treatment of children
by police during forced expulsion to the country of origin where, in
some cases, they were deported without access to … interpretation.” | 在这方面，应注意儿童权利委员会对“儿童在被强行逐回原籍国时遭到警察的虐待，有时候他们没有得到…口译就被递解出境”的报道所表达的关切。 |
| Free interpretation is vital to the effective exercise by the alien in question of all of his or her procedural rights. | 对于有关外国人有效地行使其程序权利，免费口译至关重要。 |
| In this context, the alien must inform the competent authorities of the language(s) which he or she is able to understand. | 在这方面，外国人必须告知主管当局他或她能懂什么语言。 |
| However,
the right to the free assistance of an interpreter should not be
construed as including the right to the translation of possibly
voluminous documentation, or to interpretation into a language which is
not commonly used in the region where the State is located or at the
international level, provided that this can be done without impeding
the fairness of the hearing. | 然而，获得免费口译协助的权利不应当解释为包括了可能翻译大量文件，或者为该国所处地区或国际上不普遍使用的一种语言提供口译，但条件是在不影响听讯的公正性的前提下能够这样做。 |
| The
wording of paragraph 1 (f) is based on article 14, paragraph 1 (f), of
the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which makes
provision for that right in the context of criminal proceedings. | 第1款(f)项采用了《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》为刑事案规定这一权利的第十四条第1款(己)项的措辞。 |
| (8)
Under general international law the expelling State must respect the
procedural rights set forth in draft article 26, paragraph 1. | (8) 根据一般国际法，驱逐国必须尊重第26条草案第1款规定的程序权利。 |
| Moreover,
paragraph 2 specifies that the procedural rights listed in paragraph 1
are without prejudice to other procedural rights or guarantees provided
by law. | 而且，第2款规定，第1款所列的程序权利不得影响法律所规定的其他程序权利或保障。 |
| This
refers primarily to the rights or guarantees that the expelling State’s
legislation offers aliens (for example, possibly a right to free legal
assistance), which that State would be bound to respect by virtue of
its international legal obligation to comply with the law throughout
the expulsion procedure. | 这首先是指驱逐国法律为外国人提供的权利或保障(例如，也许是免费法律服务的权利)； 这类权利和保障是该国根据国际法有义务在整个驱逐程序中恪守法律而必须尊重的。 |
| In
addition, paragraph 2 should be understood to preserve any other
procedural right an alien subject to expulsion may enjoy under a rule
of international law, in particular one laid down in a treaty, which is
binding on the expelling State. | 另外，应将第2款解释为保留了拟被驱逐的外国人根据国际法规则可享有的任何其他程序权，特别是条约所规定的、并对缔约国有拘束力的权利。 |
| (9)
Draft article 26, paragraph 3, deals with consular assistance, the
purpose of which is to safeguard respect for the rights of an alien
subject to expulsion. | (9) 第26条草案第3款关系到领事协助，目的是保障拟被驱逐外国人权利得到尊重。 |
| This
paragraph refers to the alien’s right to seek consular assistance,
which is not synonymous with a right to obtain that assistance. | 这一款称外国人有权寻求领事协助，但是这不等于有权获得这一协助。 |
| From
the standpoint of international law, the alien’s State of nationality
remains free to decide whether or not to furnish him or her with
assistance, and the draft article does not address the question of the
possible existence of a right to consular assistance under that State’s
internal law. | 从国际法的角度来说，外国人的国籍国有自由决定是否向其提供协助，而本条草案没有论及该国国内法上是否存在着获得领事协助的权利的问题。 |
| At
the same time, the expelling State is bound, under international law,
not to impede the exercise by an alien of his or her right to seek
consular assistance or, as the case may be, the provision of such
assistance by the sending State. | 同时，驱逐国按照国际法有义务不妨碍外国人行使其寻求领事协助的权利，或者妨碍派遣国在可能的情况下提供这类协助。 |
| The right of an alien subject to expulsion to seek consular assistance is also expressly embodied in some national legislation. | 一些国家的立法也明确地规定了拟被驱逐的外国人寻求领事协助的权利。 |
| (10)
The consular assistance referred to in draft article 26, paragraph 3,
encompasses the various forms of assistance which the alien subject to
expulsion might receive from his or her State of nationality in
conformity with the rules of international law on consular relations,
which are essentially reflected in the Vienna Convention on Consular
Relations of 24 April 1963. | (10) 第26条草案第3款所述的领事协助，包含了拟被驱逐的外国人根据关于领事关系的国际法规则可能从国籍国获得的各种形式协助。 这些协助基本上反映在1963年4月24日的《维也纳领事关系公约》中。 |
| The
right of the alien concerned to seek consular assistance and the
obligations of the expelling State in that context must be ascertained
in the light of those rules. | 必须根据这些规则确定外国人寻求领事协助的权利与驱逐国在这方面的义务。 |
| Particular
mention should be made of article 5 of the Convention, which lists
consular functions, and of article 36, which concerns communication
between consular officials and nationals of the sending State. | 尤其应当提到《公约》关于领事职务的第五条与关于领事官员与派遣国国民通讯的第三十六条。 |
| Article
36, paragraph 1 (a), guarantees freedom of communication in very
general terms, which suggests that it is a guarantee that applies fully
in expulsion proceedings. | 第三十六条第一款第(一)项以非常笼统的措辞保障通讯自由，意味着这是一个充分适用于驱逐程序的保障。 |
| Moreover
the same guarantee is set forth in equally general terms in article 10
of the Declaration on the Human Rights of Individuals Who are not
Nationals of the Country in which They Live, annexed to General
Assembly resolution 40/144. | 另外，大会第40/144号决议所附的《非居住国公民个人人权宣言》第十条以同样笼统的措辞规定了同样的保障。 |
| Article
36, paragraph 1 (b), of the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations,
which concerns a person who has been committed to prison or to custody
pending trial, or who has been detained in any other manner, requires
the receiving State to inform the consular post if the person concerned
so requests and to inform the person of his or her rights in that
respect. | 《维也纳领事关系公约》第三十六条第一款第(二)项涉及到有人已经被监禁或拘押候审、或受任何其他方式拘禁的情况，要求接受国在有关个人提出请求的情况下通知领事馆，并且告知该人在这方面的权利。 |
| Paragraph
1 (c) states that consular officials shall have the right to visit a
national of the sending State who has been placed in detention. | 第一款(三)项规定，领事官员有权探访派遣国被拘禁的国民。 |
| The
International Court of Justice has applied article 36 of the Vienna
Convention on Consular Relations in contexts other than that of the
expulsion of aliens, for example in the cases concerning La Grand and
Avena and Other Mexican Nationals. | 国际法院在不涉及驱逐外国人问题的案件中适用了《维也纳领事关系公约》第三十六条，例如，在关于拉格朗案与阿韦纳和其他墨西哥国民案中。 |
| The
Court noted that “Article 36, paragraph 1 (b), spells out the
obligations the receiving State has towards the detained person and the
sending State” and that “[t]he clarity of these provisions, viewed in
their context, admits of no doubt”. | 法院指出，“第三十六条第一款第(二)项规定了接收国对被拘禁者和派遣国所负的义务” 并且“从上下文来看，这些规定的明确性没有任何疑问。” |
| The
Court again examined this question in relation to detention for the
purposes of expulsion in its Judgment of 30 November 2010 in the case
concerning Ahmadou Sadio Diallo. | 在2010年11月30日艾哈迈杜·萨迪奥·迪亚洛案(几内亚共和国诉刚果民主共和国)的判决中，法院就以驱逐出境为目的的拘留事项再次审议了这一问题。 |
| In
accordance with the precedent established in the case concerning Avena
and Other Mexican Nationals, the Court noted that it is for the
authorities of the State which proceeded with the arrest: | 根据阿韦纳和其他墨西哥国民案的先例， 法院指出，实施逮捕的国家当局应： |
| “to inform on their own initiative the arrested person of his right to ask for his consulate to be notified; | “主动告知被捕者，他有权要求通知他的领事； |
| the
fact that the person did not make such a request not only fails to
justify non-compliance with the obligation to inform which is incumbent
on the arresting State, but could also be explained in some cases
precisely by the fact that the person had not been informed of his
rights in that respect … Moreover, the fact that the consular
authorities of the national State of the arrested person have learned
of the arrest through other channels does not remove any violation that
may have been committed of the obligation to inform that person of his
rights ‘without delay’.” | 但是如果没有提出这一请求，不仅不能作为逮捕国不履行通知义务的理由，而且可以在同一案件中解释为该人尚未被告知他的这一权利…另外，被捕者的国籍国领事当局通过其他渠道了解到逮捕情况，并不解除对‘不延迟地’通知该人权利的义务的任何可能违反行为。 ” |
| Having
noted that the Democratic Republic of the Congo had not provided “the
slightest piece of evidence” to corroborate its assertion that it had
orally informed Mr. Diallo of his rights, the Court found that there
had been a violation by that State of article 36, paragraph 1 (b), of
the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations. | 法院指出，刚果民主共和国没有提供“最起码的证据”以证明它所称的自己曾经口头向迪亚洛先生告知他的权利，认为该国违反了《维也纳领事关系公约》第三十六条第一款第(二)项。 |
| (11) Paragraph 4 concerns aliens who have been unlawfully present in the territory of the expelling State for a brief duration. | (11) 第4款涉及到非法在驱逐国境内短期停留的外国人。 |
| It
takes the form of a “without prejudice” clause which, in such cases,
seeks to preserve the application of any legislation of the expelling
State concerning the expulsion of such persons. | 它采用了“不影响”条款的形式，并且在这种情况下，争取维护驱逐国所有关于驱逐外国人法律的适用。 |
| Several
States’ national laws make provision for simplified procedures for the
expulsion of aliens unlawfully present in their territory. | 好几个国家的国内法规定了驱逐非法居于境内的外国人的简化程序。 |
| Under
these procedures such aliens often do not even have the right to
challenge their expulsion, let alone the procedural rights enumerated
in paragraph 1, whose purpose is to give effect to that right. | 在这些程序中，这类外国人通常甚至无权对驱逐提出异议，更不用说第1款中所列的、旨在落实这一权利的程序权利。 |
| This
being so, as an exercise in the progressive development of
international law the Commission considered that even foreigners
unlawfully present in the territory of the expelling State for a
specified minimum period of time should have the procedural rights
listed in paragraph 1. | 尽管如此，作为逐渐发展国际法的工作，委员会认为，甚至非法居于驱逐国的外国人，如果住满最低的期限，也应当享有第1款所列的程序权利。 |
| According to the legislation of some countries, this period of time must not exceed six months. | 根据某些国家的法律，这个期限不得超过六个月。 |
| Article 27 Suspensive effect of an appeal against an expulsion decision | 第27条 针对驱逐决定的上诉的暂停效力 |
| An
appeal lodged by an alien subject to expulsion who is lawfully present
in the territory of the expelling State shall have a suspensive effect
on the expulsion decision when there is a real risk of serious
irreversible harm. | 当存在着造成严重的不可挽回的损害危险时，合法在驱逐国境内的拟被驱逐的外国人提出的上诉对驱逐决定具有暂停执行的效力。 |
| Commentary | 评注 |
| (1)
Draft article 27, which formulates the suspensive effect of an appeal
lodged against an expulsion decision by an alien lawfully present in
the territory of the expelling State, is progressive development of
international law. | (1) 第27条草案规定，合法居住在驱逐国境内的外国人提起的上诉对驱逐决定具有暂停执行的效力，这一点是国际法的逐渐发展。 |
| State
practice in the matter is not sufficiently uniform or convergent to
form the basis, in existing law, of a rule of general international law
providing for the suspensive effect of an appeal against an expulsion
decision when there is a real risk of serious irreversible harm to the
alien subject to expulsion. | 在这一问题上的国家实践不够统一或一致，在现有法律中还构不成这么一项一般国际法规则的基础，这样的规则是：当拟被驱逐的外国人面对真实的不可挽回的损害危险时，对于驱逐决定提出的上诉具有暂停执行的效力。 |
| (2) However, the formulation of a suspensive effect in a draft article is nevertheless warranted. | (2) 然而在一条草案中规定这一暂停执行的效力还是有必要的。 |
| One
of the reasons militating in favour of a suspensive effect is certainly
the fact that, unless the execution of the expulsion decision is
stayed, an appeal might well be ineffective in view of the potential
obstacles to return, including those of an economic nature, which might
be faced by an alien who in the intervening period has had to leave the
territory of the expelling State as a result of an expulsion decision,
the unlawfulness of which was determined only after his or her
departure. | 对于暂停执行的效力给予支持的理由之一，当然是在于这一事实：除非暂停执行驱逐决定，
否则一项上诉很可能无法潜在地阻止遣返，特别是出于经济原因的遣返。
这种遣返是在干预阶段必须按驱逐令离开缔约国领土的外国人可能面临的情况，但驱逐令的不合法性只有在其离境后才能确定。 |
| (3)
In this context, it is interesting to note the position of the European
Court of Human Rights regarding the effects of an appeal on the
execution of the decision. | (3) 在这方面，令人感兴趣的是欧洲人权法院关于上诉对执行驱逐决定的效力的立场。 |
| While
the Court recognized the discretion enjoyed by States parties in this
respect, it indicated that measures whose effects are potentially
irreversible should not be enforced before the national authorities
have determined whether they are compatible with the Convention. | 尽管法院承认缔约国在这方面享有任意裁量权，但指出，如果有关措施具有潜在的不可逆效果，就不应在本国当局确定其是否符合《公约》之前执行。 |
| For
example, in the case of Čonka v. Belgium the Court concluded that there
had been a violation of article 13 of the Convention: | 例如，在Čonka诉比利时一案中，法院认为《公约》第十三条遭到违反： |
| “The
Court considers that the notion of an effective remedy under Article 13
requires that the remedy may prevent the execution of measures that are
contrary to the Convention and whose effects are potentially
irreversible … . Consequently, it is inconsistent with Article 13 for
such measures to be executed before the national authorities have
examined whether they are compatible with the Convention, although
Contracting States are afforded some discretion as to the manner in
which they conform to their obligations under this provision.” | “法
院认为，第十三条规定的有效补救措施的概念要求此种补救措施可防止有违《公约》、且可能产生不可扭转的影响的措施得以执行…因此，在国家当局审查此类措施
是否符合《公约》规定前便予以执行，这有违第十三条，尽管缔约国在以何种方式履行此项规定所述义务方面有一定的酌处权”。 |
| (4)
One might also mention that the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council
of Europe has recommended that aliens expelled from the territory of a
member State of the Council of Europe should be entitled to a
suspensive appeal, which should be considered within three months from
the date of the decision on expulsion: | (4) 也许还可以提及的是，欧洲委员会议会建议，从欧洲委员会一成员国驱逐出境的外国人应当有权提出具有暂停执行效力的上诉，并且应当在驱逐决定作出之日起三个月之内审理这一上诉： |
| “With
regard to expulsion: ii. any decision to expel a foreigner from the
territory of a Council of Europe member state should be subject to a
right of suspensive appeal; | “关于驱逐：二. 把外国人从欧洲委员会成员国领土驱逐出境的任何决定都受暂停驱逐上诉权的制约； |
| iii.
if an appeal against expulsion is lodged, the appeal procedure shall be
completed within three months of the original decision to expel”. | 三. 如果对驱逐提出上诉，应在原来的驱逐决定之日起3个月内完成上诉程序。” |
| In
this context it is interesting to note that the Parliamentary Assembly
also took the view that an alien who was not lawfully present also had
this right of appeal: | 在这方面，令人感兴趣的是，议会同样认为，无合法居住权的外国人也有权上诉： |
| “An
alien without a valid residence permit may be removed from the
territory of a member state only on specified legal grounds which are
other than political or religious. | “惟有出于除政治或宗教以外的具体法律理由，才能将没有有效居留许可的外国人驱离成员国领土。 |
| He shall have the right and the possibility of appealing to an independent appeal authority before being removed. | 这样的外国人应有权和有机会在被驱离前向独立的上诉当局提出上诉。 |
| It should be studied if also, or alternatively, he shall have the right to bring his case before a judge. | 应研究他是否还有权或是有权选择将其案子提交法官审理。 |
| He shall be informed of his rights. | 他应被告知其权利。 |
| If he applies to a court or to a high administrative authority, no removal may take place as long as the case is pending; | 如果他向法院或高级行政当局提出申诉，那么，只要案子尚未结案，就不得被驱离； |
| A
person holding a valid residence permit may only be expelled from the
territory of a member state in pursuance of a final court order.” | 对于持有有效居留证者，惟有依据法院最终命令，才能将其驱逐出成员国领土。 ” |
| The Commission did not go as far as this. | 委员会没有走这么远。 |
| Article 28 International procedures for individual recourse | 第28条 个人申诉国际程序 |
| An
alien subject to expulsion shall have access to any available procedure
involving individual recourse to a competent international body. | 拟被驱逐的外国人应能够诉诸个人向主管国际机构提出申诉的任何现有程序。 |
| Commentary | 评注 |
| The
purpose of draft article 28 is to make it clear that aliens subject to
expulsion may, in some cases, be entitled to individual recourse to a
competent international body. | 第28条草案的目的是说明，在某些情况下，拟被驱逐的外国人可以向主管国际机构提出个人申诉。 |
| The
individual recourse procedures in question are mainly those established
under various universal and regional human rights instruments. | 有关的个人申诉程序主要是那些根据各种普遍和区域人权文书设立的程序。 |
| Part Five Legal consequences of expulsion | 第五部分 驱逐的法律后果 |
| Article 29 Readmission to the expelling State | 第29条 重新准入驱逐国 |
| 1.
An alien lawfully present in the territory of a State, who is expelled
by that State, shall have the right to be readmitted to the expelling
State if it is established by a competent authority that the expulsion
was unlawful, save where his or her return constitutes a threat to
national security or public order, or where the alien otherwise no
longer fulfils the conditions for admission under the law of the
expelling State. | 1. 如果一个主管当局确定驱逐非法，被一国驱逐的合法在该国境内的外国人有权重新准入驱逐国，除非其返回对国家安全或公共秩序构成威胁，或按照驱逐国的法律该外国人已不再符合入境条件。 |
| 2. In no case may the earlier unlawful expulsion decision be used to prevent the alien from being readmitted. | 2. 在任何情况下，先前的非法驱逐决定不得被用来阻止该外国人重新获准入境。 |
| Commentary | 评注 |
| (1)
Draft article 29 states, as an exercise in progressive development and
when certain conditions are met, that an alien who has had to leave the
territory of a State owing to an unlawful expulsion has the right to
re-enter the territory of the expelling State. | (1) 第29条草案规定，作为一种逐渐发展的做法，在符合某些条件时，因非法驱逐不得不离开一国领土的外国人有权重新进入驱逐国境内。 |
| Although
such a right — with a variety of conditions — may be discerned in the
legislation of some States and even at the international level,
practice does not appear to converge enough for it to be possible to
affirm the existence, in positive law, of a right to readmission, as an
individual right of an alien who has been unlawfully expelled. | 尽管可以在一些国家的立法中，甚至在国际层面发现这种权利(基于各种条件)，但是实践似乎不足以证明实在法中存在着重新准入的权利而且将此权利视为被非法驱逐的外国人的一项个人权利。 |
| (2) Even from the standpoint of progressive development, the Commission was cautious about formulating any such right. | (2) 即使从逐渐发展的角度来看，委员会对于拟定此类权利也保持谨慎。 |
| Draft
article 29 therefore concerns solely the case of an alien lawfully
present in the territory of the State in question who has been expelled
unlawfully and applies only when a competent authority has established
that the expulsion was unlawful and when the expelling State cannot
validly invoke one of the reasons mentioned in the draft article as
grounds for refusing to readmit the alien in question. | 因此，第29条草案仅涉及被一国非法驱逐的合法在该国境内的外国人，而且仅适用于主管当局已经确定驱逐为非法，且驱逐国无法有效援引条款草案中所述理由拒绝准许该外国人重新入境的情形。 |
| (3)
The adjective “unlawful” qualifying expulsion in the draft article
refers to any expulsion in breach of a rule of international law. It
must also, however, be construed in the light of the principle, set
forth in article 13 of the International Covenant on Civil and
Political Rights and reiterated in draft article 4, that an alien may
be expelled only in pursuance of a decision reached in accordance with
law, that is to say primarily in accordance with the internal law of
the expelling State. | (3) 条款草案中限定驱逐的形容词“非法”系指一切违反国际法规则的驱逐，但仍必须根据《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第十三条作规定、第4条草案又加以重申的原则进行解释，即只有按照依法作出的决定，亦即主要按照依驱逐国国内法作出的决定才可以驱逐外国人。 |
| (4)
Under draft article 29, a right of readmission applies only in
situations where the authorities of the expelling State, or an
international body such as a court or a tribunal which is competent to
do so, have found in a binding determination that expulsion was
unlawful. | (4) 根据第29条草案，只有在驱逐国当局或一个有此权限的法院或法庭等国际机构在具有约束力的决定中认定驱逐非法的情况下，重新准入的权利才适用。 |
| Such
a determination is not present when an expulsion decision which was
unlawful at the moment when it was taken is held by the competent
authorities to have been cured in accordance with the law. | 如果在作出之时曾为非法的驱逐决定现为主管当局认定为已经合法，则这样的判定便不存在。 |
| The
Commission considered that it would have been inappropriate to make the
recognition of this right subject to the annulment of the unlawful
expulsion decision, since in principle only the authorities of the
expelling State are competent to annul such a decision. | 委员会认为，不宜规定只有在非法驱逐决定已撤销时才承认此项权利，因为原则上只有驱逐国当局才有权撤销这样的决定。 |
| The
wording of draft article 29 also covers situations where expulsion has
occurred without the adoption of a formal decision, in other words
through conduct attributable to the expelling State. | 第29条草案的措辞也涵盖了未通过正式决定，即通过可归因于驱逐国的行为便发生驱逐的情况。 |
| That
said, by making the right of readmission subject to the existence of a
prior determination by a competent authority as to the unlawfulness of
the expulsion, draft article 29 avoids giving the alien, in this
context, the right to judge for him or herself whether the expulsion to
which he or she has been subject was lawful or unlawful. | 尽管如此，第29条草案规定必须先由主管当局认定驱逐为非法才能有重新准入的权利，这样就避免在这种情形下给予外国人自行判断其所受驱逐是否合法的权利。 |
| (5)
Draft article 29 should not be understood as conferring on the
determinations of international bodies legal effects other than those
for which provision is made in the instrument by which the body in
question was established. | (5) 不应认为第29条草案赋予国际机构的决定超出机构创建文书条款规定的法律效力之外的效力。 |
| It
recognizes only, as a matter of progressive development, and on an
independent basis, a right to readmission to the territory of the
expelling State, the existence of which right is subject, inter alia,
to a previous binding determination that the expulsion was unlawful. | 它仅作为一个逐渐发展的做法而且是在独立的基础之上承认重新准入驱逐国的权利，该权利的存在除其他外，取决于原先作出的具有约束力的关于驱逐为非法的决定。 |
| (6)
As this draft article clearly indicates, the expelling State retains
the right to deny readmission to an alien who has been unlawfully
expelled, if that readmission constitutes a threat to national security
or public order or if, for any other reason, the alien no longer
fulfils the conditions for admission under the law of the expelling
State. | (6) 本条草案明确指出，若重新准入对国家安全或公共秩序构成威胁，或出于其他任何原因该外国人已不再符合驱逐国法律规定的入境条件，驱逐国保留拒绝被非法驱逐的外国人重新入境的权利。 |
| It
is necessary to allow such exceptions to readmission in order to
preserve a fair balance between the rights of the unlawfully expelled
alien and the power of the expelling State to control the entry of any
alien to its territory in accordance with its legislation in force when
a decision is to be taken on the readmission of the alien in question. | 有必要允许重新准入时的这种例外情况，以便在就当事外国人的重新准入做出决定时，在被非法驱逐的外国人的权利和驱逐国依照所执行的法律控制外国人入境的权力之间保持公正的平衡。 |
| The
purpose of the final exception mentioned in draft article 29 is to take
account of the fact that, in some cases, the circumstances or facts
forming the basis on which an entry visa or residence permit was issued
to the alien might no longer exist. | 第29条草案提及最后例外情况的目的是要考虑到某些情况下，向该外国人签发入境签证或居留许可证所依据的情况或事实也许不再存在。 |
| A State’s power to assess the conditions for readmission must, however, be exercised in good faith. | 然而，国家必须出于善意地行使其评估重新准入条件的权力。 |
| For
example, the expelling State would not be entitled to refuse
readmission on the basis of legislative provisions which made the mere
existence of a previous expulsion decision that was revealed to be
unlawful a bar to readmission. | 例如，驱逐国某些法律规定使得先前存在的但后来显示为非法的单纯驱逐决定成了重新入境的障碍，但驱逐国无权依据这种法律规定拒绝外国人重新入境。 |
| This
restriction is reflected in draft article 29, paragraph 2, which
states: “In no case may the earlier unlawful expulsion decision be used
to prevent the alien from being readmitted. | 这一限制措施体现在第29条草案第2款中，该款规定：“在任何情况下，先前的非法驱逐决定不得被用来阻止该外国人重新获准入境。 |
| ”
This formulation draws on the wording of article 22, paragraph 5, of
the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All
Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families. | ”这种表述借鉴了《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》第22条第5款的措辞。 |
| (7)
Lastly, the formulation of a right to readmission under draft article
29 is without prejudice to the legal regime governing the
responsibility of States for internationally wrongful acts, to which
reference is made in draft article 30. | (7) 最后，第29条草案所拟订的重新入境权利不影响关于国家对国际不法行为的责任的法律制度，第30条草案提到了这一点。 |
| In
particular, the legal rules governing reparation for an internationally
wrongful act remain relevant in the context of the expulsion of aliens. | 尤其是关于国际不法行为赔偿问题的法律规则在驱逐外国人的情形下仍然适用。 |
| Article 30 Responsibility of States in cases of unlawful expulsion | 第30条 国家在非法驱逐情况下的责任 |
| The
expulsion of an alien in violation of the expelling State’s obligations
set forth in the present draft articles or any other rule of
international law entails the international responsibility of that
State. | 违反本条款草案或国际法任何其他规则为驱逐国规定的义务驱逐外国人引起该国的国际责任。 |
| Commentary | 评注 |
| (1)
It is undisputed that an expulsion in violation of a rule of
international law entails the international responsibility of the
expelling State for an internationally wrongful act. | (1) 无可争议的是，违反国际法规则的驱逐引起驱逐国对国际不法行为的国际责任。 |
| In
this regard, draft article 30 is to be read in the light of Part Two of
the articles on the responsibility of States for internationally
wrongful acts. | 关于这一点，第30条草案应结合国家对国际不法行为的责任条款第二部分来读。 |
| Part
Two sets out the content of the international responsibility of a
State, including in the context of the expulsion of aliens. | 第二部分载述了国家国际责任的内容，包括涉及驱逐外国人的内容。 |
| (2)
The fundamental principle of full reparation by the State of the injury
caused by an internationally wrongful act is stated in article 31 of
the articles on State responsibility, while article 34 sets out the
various forms of reparation, namely restitution (article 35),
compensation (article 36) and satisfaction (article 37). | (2) 关于国家责任的条款第31条指出了国家对国际不法行为造成的损害提供充分赔偿这一根本原则， 而第34条 规定了各种赔偿方式，即恢复原状(第35条)、补偿(第36条)和抵偿(第37条)。 |
| The jurisprudence on reparation in cases of unlawful expulsion is particularly abundant. | 非法驱逐案例中关于赔偿的判例尤为丰富。 |
| (3)
Restitution, in the form of the return of the alien to the expelling
State, has sometimes been chosen as a form of reparation. | (3) 有时也选择以外国人返回驱逐国的方式恢复原状作为一种赔偿方式。 |
| In
this regard, the first Special Rapporteur on international
responsibility, Mr. García Amador, stated: “In cases of arbitrary
expulsion, satisfaction has been given in the form of the revocation of
the expulsion order and the return of the expelled alien. | 关于这一点，首任国际责任问题特别报告员加西亚·阿马多尔先生指出：“在任意驱逐出境的情况下，所给予的抵偿的形式是撤销驱逐令并让被驱逐者返回。 |
| ”
He was referring, in this context, to the Lampton and Wiltbank cases
(concerning two United States citizens expelled from Nicaragua in 1894)
and the case of four British subjects also expelled from Nicaragua. | ” 在这方面，他提及的是Lampton和Wiltbank两案(事关1894年被驱逐出尼加拉瓜的两名美国公民)和也被驱逐出尼加拉瓜的四名英国国民的案件。 |
| The
return in a case of unlawful expulsion has been ordered by the
Inter-American Commission on Human Rights in connection with the
arbitrary expulsion of a foreign priest. | 美洲人权委员会在涉及非法驱逐一名外国神父的案件中命令让被非法驱逐出境者返回。 |
| (4)
Compensation is a well-recognized means of reparation for the injury
caused by an unlawful expulsion to the alien expelled or to the State
of nationality. | (4) 补偿是对非法驱逐出境给被驱逐的外国人或国籍国所致损害的一种公认的赔偿手段。 |
| It is not disputed that the compensable injury includes both material and moral damage. | 无可争议的是，应予赔偿的损害既包括物质损害也包括精神损害。 |
| A
new approach was taken by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights to
the right to reparation by including interruption of the life plan in
the category of harm suffered by victims of violations of human rights. | 美洲人权法院在赔偿权利方面采取了一个新办法，将生活计划被打断纳入人权遭受侵犯的受害者所遭受的损害范畴。 |
| Damages have been awarded by a number of arbitral tribunals to aliens who had been victims of unlawful expulsions. | 若干仲裁法庭曾经裁定赔偿被非法驱逐出境的外国人的损失。 |
| In
the Paquet case, the umpire held that, given the arbitrary nature of
the expulsion, the Government of Venezuela should pay Mr. Paquet
compensation for the direct damages he had suffered: | 在Paquet案中，首席仲裁人认为，鉴于委内瑞拉政府任意将Paquet先生强行驱逐出境，应为驱逐出境对他直接造成的损害，向他提供赔偿： |
| “…
the general practice amongst governments is to give explanations to the
government of the person expelled if it asks them, and when such
explanations are refused, as in the case under consideration, the
expulsion can be considered as an arbitrary act of such a nature as to
entail reparation, which is aggravated in the present case by the fact
that the attributes of the executive power, according to the
Constitution of Venezuela, do not extend to the power to prohibit the
entry into the national territory, or expelling therefrom the domiciled
foreigners whom the Government suspects of being prejudicial to the
public order; | “…各国的一般做法是，如经被驱逐者的政府提出要求，应向其提出说明，如果拒绝
提出这种说明，像目前审理案件的情况一样，可以将驱逐出境视为任意行为，应给予赔偿，而本案中这种情节尤其严重，因为根据《委内瑞拉宪法》，行政部门的权
限不包括禁止政府怀疑足以妨害公共秩序的定居外国人进入国家领土或将其驱逐出国家领土的权力； |
| That, besides, the sum demanded does not appear to be exaggerated: | 此外，索赔的数目似乎并不过分： |
| Decides that N.A. Paquet is entitled to an indemnity of 4,500 francs.” | 兹裁决Paquet先生的这项要求可以得到赔偿金4,500法郎。” |
| Damages
were also awarded by the umpire in the Oliva case to compensate the
loss resulting from the breach of a concession contract, although these
damages were limited to those related to the expenditures which the
alien had incurred and the time he had spent in order to obtain the
contract. | 在Oliva案中，首席仲裁人也裁定给予赔偿，以弥补终止一项特许权所造成的损失，尽管这些损失只限于与该名外国人为了取得合同而承担的支出和所花时间有关的损失。 |
| Commissioner
Agnoli had considered that the arbitrary nature of the expulsion would
by itself have justified a demand for damages: | 委员Agnoli曾经认为，驱逐出境的任意性质本身就是要求赔偿的正当理由： |
| “[A]n
indemnity of not less than 40,000 bolivars should be conceded,
independently of any sum which might justly be found due him for losses
resulting from the arbitrary rupture of the contract aforementioned,
since there can be no doubt that, even had he not obtained the
concession referred to, the sole fact of his arbitrary expulsion would
furnish sufficient ground for a demand of indemnity.” | “除了因为上述无理毁约造成的损失可能应该得到任何数额之外，还应该同意给予至少40,000博利瓦的一笔赔偿金，因为毫无疑问，纵使他没有取得该项特许权，单单将他任意驱逐出境就可以作为要求赔偿的充分理由。 |
| In
other cases, it was the unlawful manner in which the expulsion had been
carried out (including the duration and conditions of a detention
pending deportation) that gave rise to compensation. | ” 在其他案件中，引起赔偿的是驱逐出境的非法执行方式(包括在递解出境之前拘留的时间和状况)。 |
| In the Maal case, the umpire awarded damages to the claimant because of the harsh treatment he had suffered. | 在Maal案中，首席仲裁人裁定因为索赔人曾遭受苛刻的待遇，应赔偿他的损失。 |
| Given
that the individuals who had carried out the deportation had not been
punished, the umpire considered that the sum awarded needed to be
sufficient in order for the State responsible to “express its
appreciation of the indignity” inflicted on the claimant: | 鉴于执行递解的人员并未受到惩罚，首席仲裁人认为赔偿的数额必须够多，以便责任国“表示了解”对索赔人施加的“侮辱”： |
| “The
umpire has been taught to regard the person of another as something to
be held sacred, and that it could not be touched even in the lightest
manner, in anger or without cause, against his consent, and if so done
it is considered an assault for which damages must be given
commensurate with the spirit and the character of the assault and the
quality of the manhood represented in the individual thus assaulted. [… | “首席仲裁人曾受教导，应将别人的身体视为神圣，非经其同意，不得在愤怒中或无缘无故对其身体有丝毫碰触，如有此种举动，即视为一种攻击，必须按照这种攻击的本意和性质以及被攻击者所代表的男子气概，给予适当的赔偿。 |
| ]
And since there is no proof or suggestion that those in discharge of
this important duty of the Government of Venezuela have been
reprimanded, punished or discharged, the only way in which there can be
an expression of regret on the part of the Government and a discharge
of its duty toward the subject of a sovereign and a friendly State is
by making an indemnity therefor in the way of money compensation. | […]既然毫无证据或迹象表示负责委内瑞拉政府这个重要职务的人员已经受到训斥，处罚或撤职，该国政府唯一能够对一个自主和友好国家的这个公民表示遗憾并履行责任的方法是以金钱的补偿方式对这件事作出赔偿。 |
| This
must be of a sufficient sum to express its appreciation of the
indignity practiced upon this subject and its high desire to fully
discharge such obligation. | 这项赔偿必须有足够的数额，以表示它了解对这个公民施加的侮辱并十分希望充分履行这个义务。 |
| In
the opinion of the umpire the respondent Government should be held to
pay the claimant Government in the interest of and on behalf of the
claimant, solely because of these indignities the sum of five hundred
dollars in gold coin of the United States of America, or its equivalent
in silver at the current rate of exchange at the time of the payment; | 首席仲裁人认为，单单因为这些侮辱，即应判决被告政府支付并由原告政府为索赔人的利益并代表索赔人接受五百美元，以美利坚合众国的金币支付，或按支付日期当天折换率以等值银币支付； |
| and judgment may be entered accordingly.” | 并可据此将判决登录备案。 |
| In
the Daniel Dillon case, damages were awarded to compensate maltreatment
inflicted on the claimant due to the duration and conditions of his
detention: | ” 在Daniel Dillon案中，裁决支付赔偿以弥补索赔人因被长期拘留和拘留期间的条件而遭受的虐待： |
| “The
long period of detention, however, and the keeping of the claimant
incommunicado and uninformed about the purpose of his detention,
constitute in the opinion of the Commission a maltreatment and a
hardship unwarranted by the purpose of the arrest and amounting to such
a degree as to make the United Mexican States responsible under
international law. | “但是，索赔人被长期拘留并禁止与外界接触，而且不知为何目的而被拘禁，委员会认为，这构成与逮捕的目的不相符的一种虐待和痛苦，而且达到如此程度，使墨西哥合众国依国际法必须承担责任。 |
| And
it is found that the sum in which an award should be made, can be
properly fixed at $2,500, U.S. currency, without interest.” | 兹裁决应支付一笔赔偿金，其数额可适当定为2,500美元，无利息。 ” |
| In
the Yaeger case, the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal awarded the
claimant compensation for (1) the loss of personal property that he had
to leave behind because he had not been given sufficient time to leave
the country; | 在Yaeger案中，伊朗－美国索赔法庭裁定补偿索赔人(1) 因为没有足够时间离开该国而不得不舍弃的私人财物的损失； |
| and (2) for the money seized at the airport by the “Revolutionary Komitehs”. | (2) 在机场被“革命委员会”没收的钱。 |
| In
some instances, the European Court of Human Rights has awarded a sum of
money as compensation for non-pecuniary damages resulting from an
unlawful expulsion. | 有些案例中，欧洲人权法院判给一笔钱，以补偿非法驱逐出境造成的非金钱损失。 |
| In
Moustaquim v. Belgium, the Court disallowed a claim for damages based
on the loss of earnings resulting from an expulsion in violation of
article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights, citing the
absence of a causal link between the violation and the alleged loss of
earnings. | 在Moustaquim诉比利时案中，法院驳回了以违反《欧洲人权公约》第8条的一次驱逐出境造成收入的损失为理由提出的赔偿要求。 在这方面，法院指出该项违法行为与声称的收入损失之间没有因果关系。 |
| However,
the Court awarded the applicant, on an equitable basis, 100,000 Belgian
francs as a compensation for non-pecuniary damages for the period that
he had to live away from his family and friends, in a country where he
had no ties. | 但是，法院根据公平原则，裁定给申诉人10万比利时法郎，以赔偿他必须离开家庭和朋友住在一个举目无亲的国家里所造成的非金钱损失。 |
| In
the Čonka v. Belgium case, the European Court of Human Rights awarded
the sum of 10,000 euros to compensate non-pecuniary damages resulting
from a deportation which had violated articles 5, paragraphs 1 and 4,
of the European Convention on Human Rights (right to liberty and
security), article 4 of Protocol No. 4 to that Convention (prohibition
of collective expulsion), as well as article 13 of the Convention
(right to an effective remedy) taken in conjunction with article 4 of
Protocol No. 4. | 在Čonka诉比利时案中，欧洲人权法院判给1万欧元，以赔偿一次递解出境
造成的非金钱损失，该次递解出境违反《欧洲人权公约》第5条第1款和第4款(享有自由和安全的权利)，该公约《第4号议定书》第4条(禁止集体驱逐出境)
以及该《公约》第13条(获得有效补救的权利)与《第4号议定书》第4条的连带规定。 |
| (5) Satisfaction as a form of reparation is addressed in article 37 of the articles on State responsibility. | (5) 关于国家责任的条款第37条处理了抵偿这种赔偿方式。 |
| It
is likely to be applied in the case of an unlawful expulsion,
particularly in situations where the expulsion decision has not yet
been executed. | 在非法驱逐出境，尤其是驱逐令尚未执行的情况下，很可能采用这种赔偿方式。 |
| In
such cases, the European Court of Human Rights considered that a
judgment determining the unlawfulness of the expulsion order was an
appropriate form of satisfaction and therefore abstained from awarding
non-pecuniary damages. | 这种案例中，欧洲人权法院认为，以一项判决确定驱逐令为非法，是一种适当的抵偿方式，因此避免判罚赔偿非金钱损失。 |
| Attention may be drawn in this respect to Beldjoudi v. France, Chahal v. United Kingdom and Ahmed v. Austria. | 在这方面可以注意Beldjoudi诉法国案、 Chahal诉联合王国案 和Ahmed诉奥地利案。 |
| It
is relevant to recall in this connection that the Commission itself, in
its commentary to article 37 of the articles on State responsibility,
stated: “One of the most common modalities of satisfaction provided in
the case of moral or non-material injury to the State is a declaration
of the wrongfulness of the act by a competent court or tribunal. | 在这方面，可以回顾委员会自己在关于国家责任的条款第37条的评注中指出：“遇有对国家造成精神或非物质损害的情况，最常用的抵偿方式之一是由主管法院或法庭宣布该行为非法。 |
| ”
Again with respect to satisfaction as a form of reparation, it should
be noted that the Inter-American Court of Human Rights does not limit
itself to awarding compensation to victims of unlawful expulsion,
considering that “the reparations that must be made by the State
necessarily include effectively investigating the facts [and] punishing
all those responsible”. | ” 关于以抵偿作为赔偿方式，应该再次指出的是，美洲人权法院并不局限于判决为非法驱逐的受害者提供补偿，它认为“国家必须做出的补偿一定要包括有效调查事实[和]惩处所有责任人”。 |
| (6)
The question of reparation for internationally wrongful acts related to
the expulsion of an alien was addressed by the International Court of
Justice in its judgment of 30 November 2010 in the Ahmadou Sadio Diallo
case: | (6) 国际法院在艾哈迈杜·萨迪奥·迪亚洛案2010年11月30日的判决中处理了有关驱逐外国人的国际不法行为的赔偿问题： |
| “Having
concluded that the Democratic Republic of the Congo has breached its
obligations under Articles 9 and 13 of the International Covenant on
Civil and Political Rights, Articles 6 and 12 of the African Charter on
Human and Peoples’ Rights, and article 36, paragraph 1 (b), of the
Vienna Convention on Consular Relations (see paragraphs 73, 74, 85 and
97 above), it is for the Court now to determine, in light of Guinea’s
final submissions, what consequences flow from these internationally
wrongful acts giving rise to the DRC’s international responsibility.” | “法
院已得出结论，刚果民主共和国违反了其根据《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第九条和第十三条、《非洲人权和人民权利宪章》第6条和第12条及《维也纳领事
关系公约》第36条第1(b)款承担的义务(见以上第73、74、85和97段)，现在要根据几内亚最后提交的材料，裁定这些引发刚果民主共和国的国际责
任的国际不法行为造成了何种后果。 |
| After recalling
the legal regime governing reparation, based on the principle,
established by the Permanent Court of International Justice in the case
concerning the Factory at Chorzów, that the reparation must, as far as
possible, “wipe out all the consequences of the illegal act and
re-establish the situation which would, in all probability, have
existed if that act had not been committed” and the principle, recently
recalled in the case concerning Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay
(Argentina v. Uruguay), that the reparation may take “the form of
compensation or satisfaction, or even both”, the Court stated: | ”
回顾关于赔偿的法律制度之后，依据以下两项原则的区别：常设国际法院在霍茹夫工厂案中确立的原则――赔偿必须尽可能“消除非法行为的一切后果并重建该行为
若未发生则很可能存在的局面”，和近期乌拉圭河纸浆厂(阿根廷诉乌拉圭)案中回顾的原则――赔偿可以采用“补偿或抵偿的方式，甚至可同时采用这两种方
式”， 法院指出： |
| “In the light of the
circumstances of the case, in particular the fundamental character of
the human rights obligations breached and Guinea’s claim for reparation
in the form of compensation, the Court is of the opinion that, in
addition to a judicial finding of the violations, reparation due to
Guinea for the injury suffered by Mr. Diallo must take the form of
compensation.” | “鉴于本案之情形，特别是所违反人权义务的根本特点和几内亚提出的以补偿的方式进行赔偿的要求，法院认为，除就侵犯人权行为得出司法结论之外，必须采用补偿的方式为迪亚洛先生遭受的伤害向几内亚做出赔偿。 |
| Subsequently,
on 19 June 2012, the Court handed down a judgment on the question of
compensation payable by the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the
Republic of Guinea. | ” 法院随后于2012年6月19日就刚果民主共和国应向几内亚共和国支付的补偿问题下达了判决。 |
| It
awarded the Republic of Guinea compensation of $85,000 for the
non-material injury suffered by Mr. Diallo because of the wrongful acts
attributable to the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and, on basis of
equitable considerations, awarded $10,000 dollars to compensate for Mr.
Diallo’s alleged loss of personal property. | 法院判定因迪亚洛先生由于可归于刚果民主共和国的不法行为造成的非物质损害，几内亚共和国得到85,000美元的补偿， 而且在公平考虑的基础上，另判支付10,000美元，补偿迪亚洛先生所称的个人财产损失。 |
| The
Court, however, rejected, for lack of evidence, requests for
compensation for the loss of remuneration that Mr. Diallo’s had
allegedly suffered during his detention and following his unlawful
expulsion. | 但是法院因证据不足驳回了迪亚洛先生要求补偿其所称拘留期间和非法驱逐后承受的薪酬损失的请求。 |
| The
Court in its judgment addressed in a general way several points
regarding the conditions and manner of compensation, including the
causal link between the unlawful acts and the injury, the assessment of
the injury — including the non-material injury — and the evidence for
the latter. | 法院在判决中一般性地处理了关于补偿条件和方式的几点问题，包括不法行为和损害之间的因果关系、损害(包括非物质损害)的评估和非物质损害的证据。 |
| Article 31 Diplomatic protection | 第31条 外交保护 |
| The
State of nationality of an alien subject to expulsion may exercise
diplomatic protection in respect of the alien in question. | 拟被驱逐的外国人的国籍国可就该外国人行使外交保护。 |
| Commentary | 评注 |
| (1)
Draft article 31 refers to the institution of diplomatic protection,
for which the legal regime is well established in international law. | (1) 第31条草案涉及外交保护制度，国际法中已就此建立了良好的法律制度。 |
| It
is undisputed that the State of nationality of an alien subject to
expulsion can exercise diplomatic protection on behalf of its national,
subject to the conditions specified by the rules of international law. | 无可争议的是，在符合国际法规则规定的条件的前提下，拟被驱逐的外国人的国籍国能够代表其公民行使外交保护。 |
| Those
rules are essentially reflected in the articles on diplomatic
protection adopted by the Commission in 2006, the text of which was
annexed by the General Assembly to its resolution 62/67 of 6 December
2007. | 这些规则大部分都体现在委员会2006年通过的关于外交保护的条款中，条款案文被收入2007年12月6日大会第62/67号决议附件。 |
| (2)
In its judgment of 2007 regarding the preliminary objections in the
Diallo case, the International Court of Justice reiterated, in the
context of the expulsion of aliens, two essential conditions for the
exercise of diplomatic protection, namely the nationality link and the
prior exhaustion of domestic remedies. | (2) 国际法院在2007年关于Diallo案先决反对的判决中重申了在驱逐外国人的情形下行使外交保护的两个基本条件，即存在国籍联系和已然用尽国内补救办法。 |
| Chapter V Protection of persons in the event of disasters | 第五章 发生灾害时的人员保护 |
| A. Introduction | A. 导言 |
| 46.
From the sixtieth (2008) to sixty-fifth sessions (2013), the Commission
considered the topic on the basis of six reports submitted by the
Special Rapporteur dealing with, inter alia, the main legal questions
to be covered, the scope of the topic ratione materiae, ratione
personae and ratione temporis, the definition of “disaster” for
purposes of the topic, the basic duty to cooperate, the principles that
inspire the protection of persons in the event of disasters, the
question of the role of the affected State, the responsibility of the
affected State to seek assistance where its national response capacity
is exceeded, the duty of the affected State not to arbitrarily withhold
its consent to external assistance, the right to offer assistance of
the international community, the conditions for the provision of
assistance, the question of the termination of assistance, prevention
in the context of the protection of persons in the event of disasters,
including disaster risk reduction, prevention as a principle of
international law, and international cooperation on prevention. | 46.
从第六十届会议(2008年)至第六十五届会议(2013年)，委员会根据特别报告员提交的六次报告对本专题进行了审议，
这些报告除其他外，分别处理了所涉及的主要法律问题、本专题的属事理由、属人理由和属时理由范围、在本专题范围内所用的“灾害”定义、合作的基本义务、发
生灾害时人员保护工作所基于的各项原则、受灾国的作用问题、受灾国在灾害超过其国家应对能力时寻求援助的责任、受灾国不得任意拒绝外来援助的义务、国际社
会提议援助的权利、对提供援助规定的条件、终止援助的问题、发生灾害时的人员保护所涉及的预防问题、包括减少灾害风险、将预防视为国际法原则、预防方面的
国际合作等。 |
| The Commission also had
before it a memorandum by the Secretariat, focusing primarily on
natural disasters (A/CN.4/590 and Add.1 to 3) and providing an overview
of existing legal instruments and texts applicable to a variety of
aspects of disaster prevention and relief assistance, as well as of the
protection of persons in the event of disasters. | 委员会还收到了秘书处的一份备忘录，主要侧重自然灾害(A/CN.4/590和Add.1至3)，概述了适用于灾害预防和救灾援助及在发生灾害时对人员保护各个方面的现有法律文书和案文。 |
| The
Commission further had before it a set of written replies submitted by
the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs of the United
Nations Secretariat and the International Federation of Red Cross and
Red Crescent Societies to the questions addressed to them by the
Commission in 2008. | 委员会还收到了联合国秘书处人道主义事务协调厅和红十字会与红新月会国际联合会对委员会2008年向它们提出的问题所提交的书面答复。 |
| 47.
At its sixty-second session (2010), the Commission provisionally
adopted draft articles 1 (Scope), 2 (Purpose), 3 (Definition of
disaster), 4 (Relationship with international humanitarian law) and 5
(Duty to cooperate). | 47. 在第六十二届会议(2010年)期间，委员会暂时通过了第1条草案(范围)、第2条草案(宗旨)、第3条草案(灾害的定义)、第4条草案(与国际人道主义法的关系)和第5条草案(合作的义务)。 |
| At
the sixty-third session (2011), the Commission provisionally adopted
draft articles 6 (Humanitarian principles in disaster response), 7
(Human dignity), 8 (Human rights), 9 (Role of the affected State), 10
(Duty of the affected State to seek assistance) and 11 (Consent of the
affected State to external assistance). | 在第六十三届会议(2011年)期间，委员会暂时通过了第6条草案(应对灾害的人道主义原则)、第7条草案(人的尊严)、第8条草案(人权)、第9条草案(受灾国的作用)、第10条草案(受灾国寻求援助的责任)和第11条草案(受灾国对外部援助的同意)。 |
| At
its sixty-fifth session (2013), the Commission provisionally adopted
draft articles 5 bis (Forms of cooperation), 5 ter (Cooperation for
disaster risk reduction), 12 (Offers of assistance), 13 (Conditions on
the provision of external assistance), 14 (Facilitation of external
assistance), 15 (Termination of external assistance) and 16 (Duty to
reduce the risk of disasters). | 在第六十五届会议(2013年)期间，委员
会暂时通过了第5条草案之二(合作的形式)、第5条草案之三(减少灾害风险的合作)、第12条草案(提议援助)、第13条草案(对提供外部援助规定条
件)、第14条草案(便利外部援助)、第15条草案(终止外部援助)和第16条草案(减少灾害风险的义务)。 |
| B. Consideration of the topic at the present session | B. 本届会议审议此专题的情况 |
| 48.
At the present session, the Commission had before it the seventh report
of the Special Rapporteur (A/CN.4/668 and Corr.1 and Add.1) dealing
with the protection of relief personnel and their equipment and goods,
and included a proposal for draft article 14 bis (protection of relief
personnel, equipment and goods). | 48. 在本届会议上，委员会收到了特别报告员的第七次报告(A/CN.4/668和Corr.1和Add.1)，报告处理了保护救灾人员及其设备和物资的问题，提出了第14条草案之二的案文建议(保护救灾人员、设备和物资)。 |
| The
report further considered the relationship of the draft articles being
developed and other rules, and included proposals for draft articles 17
(Relationship with special rules of international law), 18 (Matters
related to disaster situations not regulated by the present draft
articles) and 19 (Relationship to the Charter of the United Nations). | 报告还考虑了正在拟订的本条款草案与其他规则的关系，提出了下述几条案文草案建议：第17条草案(与国际法特别规则的关系)、 第18条草案(与本条款草案未明文规定的灾害情况有关的事项) 和第19条草案(与《联合国宪章》的关系)。 |
| The report also contained a proposal for draft article 3 bis (Use of terms). | 报告还提出了第3条草案之二(用语)的案文建议。 |
| 49. The Commission considered the seventh report at its 3198th to 3201st meetings, from 5 to 8 May 2014. | 49. 委员会在2014年5月5日至8日第3198次至3201次会议上审议了第七次报告。 |
| 50.
At its 3201st meeting, on 8 May 2014, the Commission referred draft
articles 3 bis, 14 bis, 17, 18 and 19 to the Drafting Committee. | 50. 在2014年5月8日第3201次会议上，委员会将第3条草案之二、第14条草案之二、第17、第18和第19条草案转交起草委员会。 |
| 51.
The Commission considered and adopted the report of the Drafting
Committee on draft articles 1 [1] to 21 [4], at the 3213th meeting,
held on 30 May 2014. | 51. 在2014年5月30日第3213次会议上，委员会审议并通过了起草委员会关于第1[1]至第21[4]条草案的报告。 |
| It,
accordingly, adopted a set of 21 articles on the protection of persons
in the event of disasters on first reading (sect. C.1 below). | 委员会因此一读通过了一套共21条的发生灾害时的人员保护条款草案(下文C.1节)。 |
| 52.
At its 3238th and 3239th meetings, on 5 and 6 August 2014, the
Commission adopted the commentaries to the draft articles on the
protection of persons in the event of disasters on first reading (sect.
C.2 below). | 52. 在2014年8月5日和6日第3238和第3239次会议上，委员会一读通过了发生灾害时的人员保护条款草案的评注(下文C.2节)。 |
| 53.
At its 3239th meeting, on 6 August 2014, the Commission decided, in
accordance with articles 16 to 21 of its Statute, to transmit the draft
articles (see sect. C below), through the Secretary-General, to
Governments, competent international organizations, the International
Committee of the Red Cross and the International Federation of Red
Cross and Red Crescent Societies for comments and observations, with
the request that such comments and observations be submitted to the
Secretary-General by 1 January 2016. | 53.
在2014年8月6日第3239次会议上，委员会按照其《章程》第16至第21条作出决定，通过秘书长将条款草案(见下文C节)发送给各国政府、主管国际
组织、红十字国际委员会和红十字会与红新月会国际联合会征求评论和意见，同时请它们将这些评论和意见在2016年1月1日之前提交给秘书长。 |
| The
Commission also indicated that it would welcome comments and
observations on the draft articles from the United Nations, including
the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs and the United
Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, by the same date. | 委员会还表示，欢迎联合国人道主义事务协调厅和联合国减少灾害风险办公室在同一日期之前也就条款草案提出评论和意见。 |
| 54.
At its 3239th meeting, on 6 August 2014, the Commission expressed its
deep appreciation for the outstanding contribution of the Special
Rapporteur, Mr. Eduardo Valencia Ospina, which had enabled the
Commission to bring to a successful conclusion its first reading of the
draft articles on the on the protection of persons in the event of
disasters. | 54. 在2014年8月6日第3239次会议上，委员会向特别报告员爱德华多·巴伦西亚－奥斯皮纳先生表示感谢，由于他的杰出贡献，委员会得以圆满结束了对发生灾害时的人员保护条款草案的一读。 |
| C. Text of the draft articles on the protection of persons in the event of disasters adopted by the Commission on first reading | C. 委员会一读通过的发生灾害时的人员保护条款草案案文 |
| 1. Text of the draft articles | 1. 条款草案案文 |
| 55. The text of the draft articles adopted by the Commission on first reading is reproduced below. | 55. 委员会一读通过的发生灾害时的人员保护条款草案案文载录如下。 |
| Protection of persons in the event of disasters | 发生灾害时的人员保护 |
| Article 1 [1] Scope | 第1[1] 条 范围 |
| The present draft articles apply to the protection of persons in the event of disasters. | 本条款草案适用于发生灾害时的人员保护。 |
| Article 2 [2] Purpose | 第2[2]条 宗旨 |
| The
purpose of the present draft articles is to facilitate an adequate and
effective response to disasters that meets the essential needs of the
persons concerned, with full respect for their rights. | 本条款草案的宗旨是促进充分和有效地应对灾害以满足有关人员的基本需要，充分尊重其权利。 |
| Article 3 [3] Definition of disaster | 第3[3]条 灾害的定义 |
| “Disaster”
means a calamitous event or series of events resulting in widespread
loss of life, great human suffering and distress, or large-scale
material or environmental damage, thereby seriously disrupting the
functioning of society. | “灾害”是指造成广泛的生命损失、巨大的人类痛苦和危难、或大规模的物质或环境损害，从而严重扰乱社会运转的一个灾难性事件或一系列事件。 |
| Article 4 Use of terms | 第4条 用语 |
| For the purposes of the present draft articles: | 为本条款草案的目的： |
| (a)
“affected State” means the State in the territory or otherwise under
the jurisdiction or control of which persons, property or the
environment are affected by a disaster; | (a) “受灾国”是指在其领土内或在其管辖或控制下人员、财产或环境受到灾害影响的国家； |
| (b) “assisting State” means a State providing assistance to an affected State at its request or with its consent; | (b) “援助国”是指应受灾国请求或在得到其同意的情况下向受灾国提供援助的国家； |
| (c)
“other assisting actor” means a competent intergovernmental
organization, or a relevant non-governmental organization or any other
entity or individual external to the affected State, providing
assistance to that State at its request or with its consent; | (c) “其他援助方”是指应受灾国请求或在得到其同意的情况下向受灾国提供援助的主管政府间组织、有关非政府组织或受灾国以外的任何其他实体或个人； |
| (d)
“external assistance” means relief personnel, equipment and goods, and
services provided to an affected State by assisting States or other
assisting actors for disaster relief assistance or disaster risk
reduction; | (d) “外部援助”是指援助国或其他援助方为救灾援助或减少灾害风险而向受灾国提供的救灾人员、设备和物资及服务； |
| (e)
“relief personnel” means civilian or military personnel sent by an
assisting State or other assisting actor for the purpose of providing
disaster relief assistance or disaster risk reduction; | (e) “救灾人员”是指援助国或其他援助方为提供救灾援助或减少灾害风险而派遣的民事或军事人员； |
| (f)
“equipment and goods” means supplies, tools, machines, specially
trained animals, foodstuffs, drinking water, medical supplies, means of
shelter, clothing, bedding, vehicles and other objects for disaster
relief assistance or disaster risk reduction. | (f) “设备和物资”是指为救灾援助或减少灾害风险提供的用品、工具、机器、经过专门训练的动物、食品、饮用水、医疗用品、栖身手段、衣物、铺盖用品、车辆和其他物品。 |
| Article 5 [7] Human dignity | 第5[7]条 人的尊严 |
| In
responding to disasters, States, competent intergovernmental
organizations and relevant non-governmental organizations shall respect
and protect the inherent dignity of the human person. | 应对灾害时，各国、主管政府间组织和有关非政府组织应尊重和保护人的固有尊严。 |
| Article 6 [8] Human rights | 第6[8]条 人权 |
| Persons affected by disasters are entitled to respect for their human rights. | 灾民有权得到对其人权的尊重。 |
| Article 7 [6] Humanitarian principles | 第7[6]条 人道主义原则 |
| Response
to disasters shall take place in accordance with the principles of
humanity, neutrality and impartiality, and on the basis of
non-discrimination, while taking into account the needs of the
particularly vulnerable. | 应对灾害应按照人道、中立和公正的原则，在不歧视的基础上进行，同时考虑到特别弱势者的需要。 |
| Article 8 [5] Duty to cooperate | 第8[5]条 合作的义务 |
| In
accordance with the present draft articles, States shall, as
appropriate, cooperate among themselves, and with the United Nations
and other competent intergovernmental organizations, the International
Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies and the
International Committee of the Red Cross, and with relevant
non-governmental organizations. | 按照本条款草案，各国应酌情相互合作，并与联合国和其他主管政府间组织、红十字会与红新月会国际联合会和红十字国际委员会，以及与有关非政府组织合作。 |
| Article 9 [5 bis] Forms of cooperation | 第9[5之二]条 合作的形式 |
| For
the purposes of the present draft articles, cooperation includes
humanitarian assistance, coordination of international relief actions
and communications, and making available relief personnel, equipment
and goods, and scientific, medical and technical resources. | 为本条款草案的目的，合作包括提供人道主义援助，协调国际救灾行动和通信，提供救灾人员、救灾设备和物资以及科学、医学、技术资源。 |
| Article 10 [5 ter] Cooperation for disaster risk reduction | 第10[5之三]条 减少灾害风险的合作 |
| Cooperation shall extend to the taking of measures intended to reduce the risk of disasters. | 合作应扩展至采取旨在减少灾害风险的措施。 |
| Article 11 [16] Duty to reduce the risk of disasters | 第11[16]条 减少灾害风险的义务 |
| 1.
Each State shall reduce the risk of disasters by taking the necessary
and appropriate measures, including through legislation and
regulations, to prevent, mitigate, and prepare for disasters. | 1. 每一国应通过采取必要和适当的防灾、减灾和备灾措施，包括通过制订法律和规章，减少灾害风险。 |
| 2.
Disaster risk reduction measures include the conduct of risk
assessments, the collection and dissemination of risk and past loss
information, and the installation and operation of early warning
systems. | 2. 减少灾害风险的措施包括开展风险评估、收集和传播风险和以往损失信息、安装和操作预警系统。 |
| Article 12 [9] Role of the affected State | 第12[9]条 受灾国的作用 |
| 1.
The affected State, by virtue of its sovereignty, has the duty to
ensure the protection of persons and provision of disaster relief and
assistance on its territory. | 1. 受灾国由于其主权，有责任在其领土上确保保护人员和提供抗灾救济和援助。 |
| 2.
The affected State has the primary role in the direction, control,
coordination and supervision of such relief and assistance. | 2. 受灾国在指挥、控制、协调和监督抗灾救济和援助方面应发挥主要作用。 |
| Article 13 [10] Duty of the affected State to seek external assistance | 第13[10]条 受灾国寻求外部援助的责任 |
| To
the extent that a disaster exceeds its national response capacity, the
affected State has the duty to seek assistance from among other States,
the United Nations, other competent intergovernmental organizations and
relevant non-governmental organizations, as appropriate. | 如所遭受的灾害超过了国家的应对能力，受灾国有责任酌情从其他国家、联合国、其他主管政府间组织和有关非政府组织寻求援助。 |
| Article 14 [11] Consent of the affected State to external assistance | 第14[11]条 受灾国对外部援助的同意 |
| 1. The provision of external assistance requires the consent of the affected State. | 1. 提供外部援助需要征得受灾国的同意。 |
| 2. Consent to external assistance shall not be withheld arbitrarily. | 2. 受灾国不得任意拒绝外部援助。 |
| 3.
When an offer of assistance is extended in accordance with the present
draft articles, the affected State shall, whenever possible, make known
its decision regarding the offer. | 3. 对按照本条款草案提出的援助提议，受灾国只要有可能，应告知就该援助提议作出的决定。 |
| Article 15 [13] Conditions on the provision of external assistance | 第15[13]条 对提供外部援助规定条件 |
| The affected State may place conditions on the provision of external assistance. | 受灾国可对提供外部援助规定条件。 |
| Such
conditions shall be in accordance with the present draft articles,
applicable rules of international law, and the national law of the
affected State. | 此种条件应与本条款草案、适用的国际法规则以及受灾国国内法相符。 |
| Conditions shall take into account the identified needs of the persons affected by disasters and the quality of the assistance. | 条件应考虑到查明的受灾人员的需要和援助的质量。 |
| When formulating conditions, the affected State shall indicate the scope and type of assistance sought. | 在拟订条件时，受灾国应指明所寻求的援助的范围和种类。 |
| Article 16 [12] Offers of external assistance | 第16[12]条 提议外部援助 |
| In
responding to disasters, States, the United Nations, and other
competent intergovernmental organizations have the right to offer
assistance to the affected State. | 在应对灾害时，各国、联合国、其他主管政府间组织有权向受灾国提议援助。 |
| Relevant non-governmental organizations may also offer assistance to the affected State. | 有关非政府组织也可向受灾国提议援助。 |
| Article 17 [14] Facilitation of external assistance | 第17[14]条 便利外部援助 |
| 1.
The affected State shall take the necessary measures, within its
national law, to facilitate the prompt and effective provision of
external assistance regarding, in particular: | 1. 受灾国应在其国内法范围内采取必要措施，便利迅速及有效地提供外部援助，尤其是： |
| (a)
civilian and military relief personnel, in fields such as privileges
and immunities, visa and entry requirements, work permits, and freedom
of movement; | (a) 对于民事救灾人员和军队救灾人员，在诸如特权和豁免、签证和入境要求、工作许可证、通行自由等方面提供便利； |
| and | 以及 |
| (b) equipment and goods, in fields such as customs requirements and tariffs, taxation, transport, and disposal thereof. | (b) 对于设备和物资，在诸如海关要求和关税、征税、运输以及处置等方面提供便利。 |
| 2.
The affected State shall ensure that its relevant legislation and
regulations are readily accessible, to facilitate compliance with
national law. | 2. 受灾国应确保其有关法律和规章容易查阅，从而便利遵守国内法。 |
| Article 18 Protection of relief personnel, equipment and goods | 第18条 保护救灾人员、设备和物资 |
| The
affected State shall take the appropriate measures to ensure the
protection of relief personnel, equipment and goods present in its
territory for the purpose of providing external assistance. | 受灾国应采取适当措施，确保为提供外部援助目的而在该国境内的救灾人员、设备和物资得到保护。 |
| Article 19 [15] Termination of external assistance | 第19[15]条 终止外部援助 |
| The
affected State and the assisting State, and as appropriate other
assisting actors, shall consult with respect to the termination of
external assistance and the modalities of termination. | 受灾国和援助国以及适当时其他援助方，应就终止外部援助和终止的方式进行磋商。 |
| The affected State, the assisting State, or other assisting actor wishing to terminate shall provide appropriate notification. | 希望终止援助的受灾国、援助国或其他援助方应发出适当的通知。 |
| Article 20 Relationship to special or other rules of international law | 第20条 与国际法特别规则或其他规则的关系 |
| The
present draft articles are without prejudice to special or other rules
of international law applicable in the event of disasters. | 本条款草案不影响发生灾害时适用的国际法特别规则或其他规则。 |
| Article 21 [4] Relationship to international humanitarian law | 第21[4]条 与国际人道主义法的关系 |
| The present draft articles do not apply to situations to which the rules of international humanitarian law are applicable. | 本条款草案不适用于可适用国际人道主义法规则的情况。 |
| 2. Text of the draft articles with commentaries thereto | 2. 条款草案案文及其评注 |
| 56.
The text of the draft articles, together with commentaries thereto,
adopted by the Commission on first reading is reproduced below. | 56. 委员会一读通过的发生灾害时的人员保护条款草案案文及其评注载录如下。 |
| This
text comprises a consolidated version of the commentaries adopted so
far by the Commission, including modifications and additions made to
commentaries previously adopted and commentaries adopted at the
sixty-sixth session of the Commission. | 这个案文综合了委员会迄今为止通过的评注，包括对先前通过的评注作出的修改和增补及委员会第六十六届会议通过的评注。 |
| Protection of persons in the event of disasters | 发生灾害时的人员保护 |
| Article 1 [1] Scope | 第1[1] 条 范围 |
| The present draft articles apply to the protection of persons in the event of disasters. | 本条款草案适用于发生灾害时的人员保护。 |
| Commentary | 评注 |
| (1) Draft article 1 [1] establishes the scope of the draft articles, and tracks the formulation of the title of the topic. | (1) 第1[1]条草案确立了本条款草案的范围，并沿用了本专题标题的说法。 |
| It
establishes the orientation of the draft articles as being primarily
focused on the protection of persons whose life, well-being and
property are affected by disasters. | 第1[1]条草案确立本条款草案方向基本上是侧重于生命、福利和财产受灾害影响的那些人的保护。 |
| Accordingly,
as established in draft article 2 [2], the focus is on facilitating a
response that adequately and effectively meets the essential needs of
the persons concerned, while fully respecting their rights. | 因此，正如第2[2]条草案所确立的，侧重点是便利对灾害作出应对，以便充分和有效地满足有关人员的基本需要，同时充分尊重他们的权利。 |
| (2)
The draft articles cover, ratione materiae, the rights and obligations
of States affected by a disaster in respect of persons present on their
territory (irrespective of nationality) or under their jurisdiction or
control, third States and international organizations and other
entities in a position to cooperate, particularly in the provision of
disaster relief and assistance. | (2) 本条款草案从属事理由出发，涉及了受灾国对其境内(无论其国籍)或受其管辖或控制的人员所具有的权利和义务以及第三国、国际组织和有能力合作的其他实体特别是在提供救灾援助方面的权利和义务。 |
| Such
rights and obligations are understood to apply on two axes: the rights
and obligations of States in relation to one another, and the rights
and obligations of States in relation to persons in need of protection. | 这种权利和义务据理解围绕两个方向适用：各国相互之间的权利和义务，各国相对于需要保护的人员的权利和义务。 |
| While
the focus is on the former, the draft articles also contemplate, albeit
in general terms, the rights of individuals affected by disasters, as
established by international law. | 虽然侧重点是前者，但条款草案也笼统地考虑了国际法所规定的受灾者个人的权利。 |
| Furthermore, as is elaborated in draft article 3 [3], the draft articles are not limited to any particular type of disaster. | 此外，正如第3[3]条草案所说的，本条款草案不限于任何特定类型的灾害。 |
| (3) The scope ratione personae of the draft articles is limited to natural persons affected by disasters. | (3) 本条款草案出于属人理由而确定的范围局限于受灾害影响的自然人。 |
| In
addition, the focus is primarily on the activities of States and
international organizations and other entities enjoying specific
international legal competence in the provision of disaster relief and
assistance in the context of disasters. | 此外，侧重的主要是国家和国际组织以及在发生灾害时在提供救灾援助方面享有特定国际法律能力的其他实体的活动。 |
| The
activities of non-governmental organizations and other private actors,
sometimes collectively referred to as “civil society” actors, are
included within the scope of the draft articles only in a secondary
manner, either as direct beneficiaries of duties placed on States (for
example, of the duty of States to cooperate, in draft article 8 [5]) or
indirectly, as being subject to the domestic laws implementing the
draft articles of the affected State, a third State or the State of
nationality of the entity or private actor. | 非政府组织和其
他私人行为者有时统称为“民间社会”行为者，他们的活动也包括在条款草案的范围内，但处于次要地位，或作为国家义务(例如第8[5]条草案所规定的各国合
作的义务)的直接受益人，或根据受灾国、第三国或实体或私人行为者国籍国的国内法律，间接地实施条款草案。 |
| (4)
As suggested by the phrase “in the event of” in the title of the topic,
the scope of the draft articles ratione temporis is primarily focused
on the immediate post-disaster response and recovery phase, including
the post-disaster reconstruction phase. | (4) 正如本专题的标题中“发生灾害时”这一短语所表示的，条款草案的范围依据属时理由，主要侧重于灾害发生后的立即应对行动以及恢复阶段，包括灾害后的重建阶段。 |
| Nonetheless,
the draft articles also, in draft articles 10 [5 ter] and 11 [16],
where relevant, cover the pre-disaster phase as relating to disaster
risk reduction and disaster prevention and mitigation activities. | 尽管如此，本条款草案，通过第10[5之三]和第11[16]条草案，也酌情涉及了灾害前的阶段，例如与减少灾害风险、灾害预防和减轻损害活动有关的阶段。 |
| (5)
The draft articles are not limited, ratione loci, to activities in the
arena of the disaster, but also cover those within assisting States and
transit States. | (5) 从属地理由讲，本条款草案不局限于灾害发生地的活动，也包括那些援助国和过境国内的活动。 |
| Nor is the transboundary nature of a disaster a necessary condition for the triggering of the application of the draft articles. | 灾害具有跨界性质也不是引起条款草案适用的必要条件。 |
| Certainly,
it is not uncommon for major disasters to have a transboundary effect,
thereby increasing the need for international cooperation and
coordination. | 当然，重大的灾害通常具有跨界影响，因而增加了国际合作与协调的必要性。 |
| Nonetheless,
examples abound of major international relief assistance efforts being
undertaken in response to disasters occurring solely within the
territorial boundaries of a single State, or of those of a territory or
area under its jurisdiction or control. | 尽管如此，大量的例子也表明，重大的国际救灾活动主要针对发生在一国境内或受一国管辖或控制的领土或地区内的灾害事件。 |
| While different considerations may arise, unless otherwise specified, no such distinction is maintained in the draft articles. | 虽然可能会有各种不同的考虑，但在本条款草案里没有作任何这种区分，除非有另外明确规定。 |
| In
other words, the draft articles are not tailored with any specific
disaster type or situation in mind, but are intended to be applied
flexibly to meet the needs arising from all disasters, regardless of
their transboundary effect. | 换句话说，本条款草案不针对任何具体类型的灾害或情况，而是意在灵活地适用，以满足所有灾害所产生的需要，无论灾害是否具有跨界影响。 |
| Article 2 [2] Purpose | 第2[2]条 宗旨 |
| The
purpose of the present draft articles is to facilitate an adequate and
effective response to disasters that meets the essential needs of the
persons concerned, with full respect for their rights. | 本条款草案的宗旨是促进充分和有效地应对灾害以满足有关人员的基本需要，充分尊重其权利。 |
| Commentary | 评注 |
| (1) Draft article 2 [2] deals with the purpose of the draft articles. | (1) 第2[2]条草案涉及本条款草案的宗旨。 |
| While
it is not always the case that texts prepared by the Commission include
a provision outlining the objectives of the draft articles in question,
it is not unprecedented. | 虽然委员会在起草案文时并不总是包括一项概述有关条款草案宗旨的案文，但这样做也并非史无前例。 |
| The
2006 Draft Principles on the allocation of loss in the case of
transboundary harm arising out of hazardous activities include a
provision (draft article 3 [3]) on purposes. | 2006年有害活动引起跨界损害时的损失分配原则草案，就包含了关于宗旨(目的)的规定(第3[3]条草案)。 |
| (2) The provision elaborates on draft article 1 [1] (scope) by providing further guidance on the purport of the draft articles. | (2) 这一条是对第1[1]条(范围)的阐述，就条款草案的目的提出了进一步的指导。 |
| The main issue raised relates to the juxtaposition of “needs” versus “rights”. | 提出的主要问题涉及“需要”与“权利”的关系问题。 |
| The
Commission was aware of the debate in the humanitarian assistance
community on whether a “rights-based” approach as opposed to the more
traditional “needs-based” approach was to be preferred, or vice versa. | 委员会了解到人道主义援助领域人们进行过这样的辩论，即应该采用“基于权利”的做法，还是应该采用更为传统的“基于需要”的做法。 |
| The
prevailing sense of the Commission was that the two approaches were not
necessarily mutually exclusive, but were best viewed as being
complementary. | 委员会的主流意见认为，两种做法并不一定相互排斥，而最好视为相互补充。 |
| The
Commission settled for a formulation that emphasized the importance of
a response which adequately and effectively meets the “needs” of
persons affected by the disaster. | 委员会最终采用了这样的措词，强调充分和有效地满足受灾害影响的人员“需要”的重要性。 |
| Such response has to take place with full respect for the rights of such persons. | 在开展这种应对工作时须充分尊重这些人的权利。 |
| (3)
Although not necessarily a term of art, by “adequate and effective”,
what is meant is a high-quality response that meets the needs of the
persons affected by the disaster. | (3) “充分和有效”不一定是专门术语，其实际含义是高质量的应对工作，满足受灾害影响的人员的需要。 |
| Similar formulations are to be found in existing agreements. | 类似的措词也见于其他协定中。 |
| These
include “effective and concerted” and “rapid and effective” found in
the ASEAN Agreement on Disaster Management and Emergency Response of
2006, as well as “proper and effective” used in the Tampere Convention
on the Provision of Telecommunication Resources for Disaster Mitigation
and Relief Operations of 1998. | 这包括在东南亚国家联盟2006年《灾害管理和紧急应对协定》中出现的“有效和一致”以及“快速和有效”等词语，在1998年《关于为减灾和救灾行动提供电信资源的坦佩雷公约》中，曾使用过“恰当和有效”等词语。 |
| Given the context in which such response is to be provided, an element of timeliness is implicit in the term “effective”. | 鉴于进行各种应对时所存在的背景，及时性要素通常暗含于“有效”一词中。 |
| The more drawn-out the response the less likely it is that it will be effective. | 应对工作越是拖沓，其有效性越打折扣。 |
| This and other aspects of what makes a response “adequate” and “effective” is the subject of draft article 17 [14]. | 这一点，以及使应对“充分”和“有效”所涉的其他方面是第17[14]条草案的内容。 |
| Notwithstanding
this, it is understood that while a high standard is called for, it
has, nonetheless, to be based in what is realistic and feasible “on the
ground” in any given disaster situation. | 尽管如此，有一项谅解是，虽然有必要采纳高标准，但在发生任何具体灾害时，标准必须建立在“实地”工作现实和可行的基础上。 |
| Hence, no reference is made, for example, to the response having to be “fully” effective. | 因此，在案文里没有提到应对必须是“完全”有效。 |
| (4)
The Commission decided not to formulate the provision in the form of a
general statement on the obligation of States to ensure an adequate and
effective response, as it was felt that it would not sufficiently
highlight the specific rights and obligations of the affected State. | (4) 委员会在拟定这一项规定时没有采用一般性陈述这样的形式，论述各国确保充分和有效应对的义务，因为委员会觉得那样做不能足够地强调受害国的具体权利和义务。 |
| It
was not clear, for example, whether such formulation would sufficiently
distinguish different obligations for different States, such as for the
affected State as opposed to assisting States. | 但这种措词是否足够地区分了不同国家的不同义务，例如受灾国相对于援助国的不同义务，这点并不清楚。 |
| Accordingly,
a reference to States was not included, on the understanding that it
was not strictly necessary for a provision on the purpose of the draft
articles. | 因此，在这一条里没有提到各国，所依据的谅解是，对于论述条款草案目的的规定而言，这不是严格必要的。 |
| The obligations of States are considered in draft articles 11 [16], 12 [9], 13 [10],14 [11], 17 [14] and 18. | 各国的义务在第11[16]、第12[9]、第13[10]、第14[11]、第17[14]和第18条草案里加以考虑。 |
| (5)
The phrase “response to disasters” needs to be read in conjunction with
the general direction in draft article 1 [1] that the temporal
application of the draft articles needs to be viewed, where relevant,
to include the pre-disaster risk-reduction, prevention and mitigation
phase, as well as with draft articles 10 [5 ter] and 11 [16]. | (5) 短语“应对灾害”需要结合第1[1]条草案中的主旨来读，即条款草案在时间上的适用应作宽泛的理解，在适当时应包括灾害前的风险减轻、预防和缓解阶段，并且应与第10[5之三]和第11[16]条草案一起来读。 |
| While
other formulations specifying all the phases of assistance were
considered, the Commission opted for the present, more economical,
phrasing, without intending to favour a strict interpretation that
would render the provision applicable only to the response phase of
disaster assistance activities. | 虽然也考虑了论述援助的各个阶段的其他措词，但委员会还是采用了目前的更为简练的措词，并没有打算作狭义的解释，从而使这条规定仅适用于灾害援助活动的应对阶段。 |
| (6)
The word “facilitate” reflects the vision of the Commission for the
role that the draft articles might play in the overall panoply of
instruments and arrangements that exist at the international level in
the context of disaster relief and assistance. | (6) “促进”一词反映了委员会对于条款草案在灾害救援领域目前国际上存在的众多文书和协定中可起的作用的设想。 |
| It
was felt that while the draft articles could not by themselves ensure a
response, they were intended to facilitate an adequate and effective
response. | 委员会觉得，条款草案本身不能保证对灾害作出应对，其目的是便利作出充分和有效的应对。 |
| (7)
The qualifier “essential” before the term “needs” was included in order
to indicate more clearly that the needs being referred to are those
related to survival or similarly essential needs in the aftermath of a
disaster. | (7) 在“需要”之前加上了形容词“基本”，这是为了更清楚地表明，这里所说的需要是在发生灾害之后与生存相关的需要或类似的基本需要。 |
| It was felt that “essential” clearly brought out the context in which such needs arise. | 委员会觉得，“基本”明确地带出了这类需要所产生的背景。 |
| Such
reference should be further understood in the context of the importance
of taking into account the needs of the particularly vulnerable, as
indicated in draft article 7 [6]. | 应结合第7[6]条草案所示的考虑到特别弱势者需要的重要性，进一步理解这样的措词。 |
| (8)
By “persons concerned” what is meant are people directly affected by
the disaster, as opposed to individuals more indirectly affected. | (8) “有关人员”的意思是指直接受灾害影响的人，而不是那些更间接地受到影响的人。 |
| This term was included so as to further qualify the scope of application of the draft articles. | 这一用语是为了界定本条款草案的适用范围。 |
| This
is in conformity with the approach taken by existing instruments, which
focus on the provision of relief to persons directly affected by a
disaster. | 这与现有各文书所采取的做法是一致的，它们都侧重于向直接受灾害影响的人提供救济。 |
| This
is not to say that individuals who are more indirectly affected, for
example, through loss of family members in a disaster or who suffered
economic loss owing to a disaster elsewhere, would be without remedy. | 这不是说，更多地受到间接影响的个人，例如那些因灾害而失去家人或因其他地方遭受灾害而遭受经济损失的人便没有办法得到救济。 |
| Instead, it is not the intention of the Commission to cover their situation in the draft articles. | 而是说，委员会并不打算在本条款草案里涉及那样的情况。 |
| (9)
As regards the reference to rights, it was understood that some of the
relevant rights are economic and social rights, which States have an
obligation to ensure progressively. | (9) 对于提到权利的那些词语，委员会的理解是，其中一部分相关权利是经济和社会权利，对于这些权利各国有义务逐步确保。 |
| As
such, the present formula of “with full respect for” was accepted as
being more neutral, but nonetheless carries an active connotation of
the rights being “fully” respected, as confirmed by draft article 6 [8]. | 正由于此，目前的措词“充分尊重”被认为是更加中性的，但仍然含有权利得到“充分”尊重的积极含义，正如第6[8]条草案所确认的。 |
| In
addition, the phrase intentionally leaves the question of how those
rights are to be enforced to the relevant rules of international law
themselves. | 此外，这一短语目的是将这些权利如何实现的问题，留给有关的国际法规定本身来处理。 |
| It
is understood that there is often an implied degree of latitude in the
application of rights, conditioned by the extent of the impact of the
disaster, depending on the relevant rules recognizing or establishing
the rights in question. | 委员会的理解是，在适用权利的问题上，往往暗含着一定的灵活余地，视灾害的影响程度而定，同时取决于确认或确定有关权利的相关规则。 |
| (10)
The reference to “rights” is not only a reference to human rights, but
also, inter alia, to rights acquired under domestic law. | (10) 提到“权利”不仅是指人权，而且除其他外也指按照国内法所获得的权利。 |
| A
suggestion to draw up a list of applicable rights did not meet with
approval for the simple reason that it is not possible to consider all
potentially applicable rights, and out of concern that such a list
could lead to an a contrario interpretation that rights not mentioned
therein were not applicable. | 有人提议拟定一个适用权利清单，但没有获得赞同，理由很简单，不可能考虑到所有适用的权利，另外也担心这样的清单可能导致另一种相反的解释，即没有提到的权利并不适用。 |
| Nonetheless,
it is contemplated that the reference would include such applicable
rights as the right to life, as recognized in article 6, paragraph 1,
of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. | 尽管如此，委员会考虑到提到的权利将包括诸如《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第六条第1款所承认的生命权。 |
| Article 3 [3] Definition of disaster | 第3[3]条 灾害的定义 |
| “Disaster”
means a calamitous event or series of events resulting in widespread
loss of life, great human suffering and distress, or large-scale
material or environmental damage, thereby seriously disrupting the
functioning of society. | “灾害”是指造成广泛的生命损失、巨大的人类痛苦和危难、或大规模的物质或环境损害，从而严重扰乱社会运转的一个灾难性事件或一系列事件。 |
| Commentary | 评注 |
| (1) Draft article 3 [3] seeks to define the term “disaster” for the purpose of the draft articles. | (1) 第3[3]条草案力图为条款草案的目的而界定“灾害”。 |
| It
was considered necessary to delimit the definition so as to properly
capture the scope of application of the draft articles, as established
in draft article 1 [1], while not, for example, inadvertently also
dealing with other serious events, such as political and economic
crises, which may also undermine the functioning of society. | 据认为有必要确定定义，以便恰当地确定本条款草案的适用范围，正如第1[1]条草案所说的，而与此同时又不会无意地处理其他严重事件，例如政治和经济危机，这些危机也可能破坏社会的运转。 |
| Such
delimitation of the definition is evident from two features of the
definition: (1) the emphasis placed on the existence of an event which
caused the disruption of society; | 这样的定义界定包含着两个特点：(1) 强调发生了导致社会运转被破坏的事件； |
| and (2) the inclusion of a number of qualifying phrases. | (2) 包括了一些限定性短语。 |
| (2)
The Commission considered the approach of the Tampere Convention on the
Provision of Telecommunication Resources for Disaster Mitigation and
Relief Operations of 1998, which conceptualized a disaster as being the
consequence of an event, namely the serious disruption of the
functioning of society caused by that event, as opposed to being the
event itself. | (2) 委员会审议了1998年《关于为减灾和救灾行动提供电信资源的坦佩雷公约》中的处理办法，该公约将灾害设想为一个事件的后果，即由于该事件而社会的运转遭受严重破坏，这有别于事件本身。 |
| The
Commission was aware that such an approach represented contemporary
thinking in the humanitarian assistance community, as confirmed by the
2005 World Conference on Disaster Reduction, convened by the United
Nations at Hyogo in Japan, as well as by recent treaties and other
instruments, including the 2007 IFRC Guidelines for the Domestic
Facilitation and Regulation of International Disaster Relief and
Initial Recovery Assistance. | 委员会意识到，这样的处理办法代表了人道主义援助界目前所存在的思维，这正如2005年联合国在日本兵库举行的世界减灾大会所确认的，以及最近的条约和其他文书所确认的，包括2007年红十字会与红新月会国际联合会《国内便利和管理国际救灾和初期恢复援助工作导则》。 |
| Nonetheless,
the prevailing view was that the Commission was free to shift the
emphasis back to the earlier conception of “disaster” as being a
specific event, since it was embarking on the formulation of a legal
instrument, which required a more concise and precise legal definition,
as opposed to one that is more policy-oriented. | 尽管如此，委员会的主流意见是，委员会完全可以将重点恢复到早先的“灾害”概念中，即灾害是一个具体事件，因为委员会正在做的是拟订一项法律文书，要求有更精确和准确的法律定义，不同于更多地以政策为导向的那种定义。 |
| (3) The element of the existence of an event is qualified in several ways. | (3) 对存在的一项事件的要素进行了几种限定。 |
| First,
the reference to a “calamitous” event serves to establish a threshold,
by reference to the nature of the event, whereby only extreme events
are covered. | 首先，提到“灾难性”事件，这是通过提到事件的性质而确立一个门槛，即只有极端的事件才包含在内。 |
| This
was inspired by the definition embodied in the Resolution on
Humanitarian Assistance adopted by the Institute of International Law
at its 2003 Bruges session, which deliberately established such higher
threshold so as to exclude other acute crises. | 这一点受国际法学会2003年布鲁日会议通过的关于人道主义援助的决议 中定义的启发，国际法学会有意确立这么高的门槛，以排除其他紧急事件。 |
| What
constitutes “calamitous” is to be understood both by application of the
qualifier in the remainder of the provision, viz. “… resulting in
widespread loss of life, great human suffering and distress or
large-scale material or environmental damage, thereby seriously
disrupting the functioning of society”; | 对于“灾难性”一词的理解应该从两方面来进行，一是适用该条规定后部分的限定语，即“造成普遍生命损失、巨大人类痛苦和危难、或大规模物质和环境损坏，从而严重扰乱社会运转”； |
| and by keeping in mind the scope and purpose of the draft articles, as articulated in draft articles 1 [1] and 2 [2]. | 另一方面须牢记条款草案的范围和目的，正如第1[1]和第2[2]条草案所说明的。 |
| In
addition, reference is made to “event or series of events” in order to
cover those types of events which, on their own, might not meet the
necessary threshold, but which, taken together, would constitute a
calamitous event for purposes of the draft articles. | 此外，还提到“事件或一系列事件”，这是为了包含这样类型的事件，其本身可能达不到标准，但合在一起，可能构成本条款草案所说的灾难性事件。 |
| No
limitation is included concerning the origin of the event, i.e. whether
natural or man-made, in recognition of the fact that disasters often
arise from complex sets of causes that may include both wholly natural
elements and contributions from human activities. | 这一条里没有包含事件的原因，不论是人为还是自然原因，这是为了承认，灾害往往产生于复杂的原因，可能既包含完全天然的因素，也包含人类活动的因素。 |
| (4) The event is further qualified by two causation requirements. | (4) 另有两个因果要求对事件作出限定。 |
| First,
for the event, or series of events, to be considered “calamitous” in
the sense required by the draft articles, it has to result in one or
more of three possible outcomes: widespread loss of life, great human
suffering and distress, or large-scale material or environmental damage. | 首先对于事件或系列事件而言，如果要认定为条款草案所说的“灾难性”，事件须造成三项可能后果中的一个或更多：普遍生命损失、巨大的人类痛苦和危难，或大规模物质和环境损害。 |
| Accordingly,
a major event such as a serious earthquake, which takes place in the
middle of the ocean or in an uninhabited area, and which does not
result in at least one of the three envisaged outcomes, would not
satisfy the threshold requirement in draft article 3 [3]. | 因此，像一次严重地震这样的重大事件，如果发生在海洋中间或无人居住地区，并没有造成上面所说的三个结果之一，就不符合第3[3]条草案所说的标准。 |
| In
addition, the nature of the event is further qualified by the
requirement that any, or all, of the three possible outcomes, as
applicable, result in the serious disruption of the functioning of
society. | 此外，事件的性质还加了一条限定，即上述三个可能结果其中的任何一个或全部结果都会造成社会运转遭受了严重破坏。 |
| In
other words, an event which resulted in, for example, the widespread
loss of life, but does not seriously disrupt the functioning of
society, would not, accordingly, satisfy the threshold requirement. | 换句话说，有一个事件造成了人员普遍伤亡，但并没有严重扰乱社会的运转，这就不符合这一条中的要求。 |
| Hence,
by including such causal elements, the definition retains aspects of
the approach taken in contemporary texts, as exemplified by the Tampere
Convention, namely by considering the consequence of the event as a key
aspect of the definition, albeit for purposes of establishing the
threshold for the application of the draft articles. | 因此，通过加上这些因果要素，定义就保留了现在人们所用的案文中的做法，例如《坦佩雷公约》中的做法，即考虑事件的后果，将其视为定义的关键方面，虽然这只是为了确立适用本条款的门槛的目的。 |
| (5)
The element of “widespread loss of life” is a refinement, inspired by
the 1995 Code of Conduct for the International Red Cross and Red
Crescent Movement and Non-Governmental Organizations in Disaster Relief. | (5) “广泛的生命损失”，这一限定语受1995年国际红十字会和红新月会运动和非政府组织救灾行为准则的启发。 |
| The requirement of “widespread” loss of life serves to exclude events which result in relatively low loss of life; | 规定了“广泛的”生命损失，目的是排除造成较少人员伤亡的事件。 |
| it being borne in mind that such events could nonetheless satisfy one of the other causal requirements. | 需要牢记的是，这样的事件也可能满足其他的因果要求。 |
| Conversely,
an event causing widespread loss of life could, on its own, satisfy the
causation requirement and could result in the triggering of the
application of the draft articles if it resulted in the serious
disruption of the functioning of society. | 相反，已造成广泛的生命损失的事件，如果使社会运转遭受严重破坏，其本身也能满足因果要求，因而可引起本条款草案的适用。 |
| (6)
The possibility of “great human suffering and distress” was included
out of recognition that many major disasters are accompanied by
widespread loss of life or by great human suffering and distress. | (6) 之所以加上“巨大的人类痛苦和危难”，是为确认许多重大的灾害伴随着广泛的生命损失，或伴随着巨大的人类痛苦和危难。 |
| Accordingly,
cases where an event has resulted in relatively localized loss of life,
owing to adequate prevention and preparation, as well as effective
mitigation actions, but nonetheless has caused severe dislocation
resulting in great human suffering and distress which seriously disrupt
the functioning of society, would be covered by the draft articles. | 因此，有时由于有充分的预防和准备工作以及有效的减轻灾害行动，当地造成的生命损失有限，但还是引起了巨大的人类痛苦和危难，并严重破坏了社会的运转，这样的情况依然在条款草案范围内。 |
| (7)
“Large-scale material or environmental damage” was included by the
Commission in recognition of the wide-scale damage to property and the
environment typically caused by major disasters, and the resultant
disruption of the functioning of society arising from the severe
setback for human development and well-being that such a loss typically
causes. | (7) 委员会将“大规模的物质或环境损害”列入条款，是为了确认重大灾害通常引起的大规模物质和环境破坏，以及由于这种损失通常引起人类发展和福利遭受严重损害而使社会的运转遭受破坏。 |
| It
is to be understood that it is not the environmental or property loss
per se that would be covered by the draft articles, but rather the
impact on persons of such loss; thus avoiding a consideration of
economic loss in general. | 应该理解的是，环境或财产损失本身没有包含在条款草案范围内，而是这种损失对人类的影响，从而避免对经济损失的一般考虑。 |
| A
requirement of economic loss might unnecessarily limit the scope of the
draft articles, by, for example, precluding them from also dealing with
activities designed to mitigate potential future human loss arising
from existing environmental damage. | 对经济损失加以规定，可能不必要地限制条款草案范围，例如使条款草案无法处理某些活动，这些活动的目的是减轻现有的环境破坏可能给未来的人类造成的损失。 |
| (8)
As already alluded to, the requirement of serious disruption of the
functioning of society serves to establish a high threshold which would
exclude from the scope of application of the draft articles other types
of crises such as serious political or economic crises. | (8) 正如已经暗示过的，规定对社会运转造成严重破坏这一点是为了确立较高的门槛，将其他一些类型的危机排除在条款草案适用范围之外，例如严重的政治或经济危机。 |
| Such
differences in application is further borne out by the purpose of the
draft articles, as established in draft article 2 [2], and by the fact
that the type of protection required, and rights involved, in those
other types of crises may be different, and are, to varying extents,
regulated by other rules of international law, as anticipated in draft
article 20. | 适用方面的这种差别也表现在条款草案的目的上，正如第2[2]条草案所确立的。 另外其他类型危机所涉及的保护以及权利都可能不同，在不同的程度上受其他国际法规则来调整，正如第20条草案所设想的。 |
| (9)
While the three possible outcomes envisaged provide some guidance on
what might amount to a serious disruption of the functioning of
society, the Commission refrained from providing further descriptive or
qualifying elements, so as to leave some discretion in practice. | (9) 虽然设想的这三种可能后果在一定程度上说明了什么可能构成严重扰乱社会的运转，但委员会没有提出进一步的描述性或限定性因素，以便给实践留出一定的酌定余地。 |
| Article 4 Use of terms | 第4条 用语 |
| For the purposes of the present draft articles: | 为本条款草案的目的： |
| (a)
“affected State” means the State in the territory or otherwise under
the jurisdiction or control of which persons, property or the
environment are affected by a disaster; | (a) “受灾国”是指在其领土内或在其管辖或控制下人员、财产或环境受到灾害影响的国家； |
| (b) “assisting State” means a State providing assistance to an affected State at its request or with its consent; | (b) “援助国”是指应受灾国请求或在得到其同意的情况下向受灾国提供援助的国家； |
| (c)
“other assisting actor” means a competent intergovernmental
organization, or a relevant non-governmental organization or any other
entity or individual external to the affected State, providing
assistance to that State at its request or with its consent; | (c) “其他援助方”是指应受灾国请求或在得到其同意的情况下向受灾国提供援助的主管政府间组织、有关非政府组织或受灾国以外的任何其他实体或个人； |
| (d)
“external assistance” means relief personnel, equipment and goods, and
services provided to an affected State by assisting States or other
assisting actors for disaster relief assistance or disaster risk
reduction; | (d) “外部援助”是指援助国或其他援助方为救灾援助或减少灾害风险而向受灾国提供的救灾人员、设备和物资及服务； |
| (e)
“relief personnel” means civilian or military personnel sent by an
assisting State or other assisting actor for the purpose of providing
disaster relief assistance or disaster risk reduction; | (e) “救灾人员”是指援助国或其他援助方为提供救灾援助或减少灾害风险而派遣的民事或军事人员； |
| (f)
“equipment and goods” means supplies, tools, machines, specially
trained animals, foodstuffs, drinking water, medical supplies, means of
shelter, clothing, bedding, vehicles and other objects for disaster
relief assistance or disaster risk reduction. | (f) “设备和物资”是指为救灾援助或减少灾害风险提供的用品、工具、机器、经过专门训练的动物、食品、饮用水、医疗用品、栖身手段、衣物、铺盖用品、车辆和其他物品。 |
| Commentary | 评注 |
| (1)
The Commission’s practice, as reflected in most of the draft articles
adopted on diverse topics of international law, has been to include a
provision on the “use of terms”. | (1) 正如围绕各种国际法专题已经通过的大多数条款草案所反映的那样，委员会的做法是在条款草案里加上“用语”规定。 |
| Some
of the terms selected for inclusion in draft article 4 were
specifically singled out in the commentaries to various draft articles
as requiring definition. | 列入第4条草案里的某些术语会在各项条文草案的评注里单独提出来，说明为何需要界定。 |
| Other terms were included because of their overall frequency of occurrence in the draft articles. | 另一些术语之所以列入第4条是由于其在条款草案里的总体出现频率。 |
| Subparagraph (a) | (a)项 |
| (2)
Subparagraph (a), which defines the term “affected State” for purposes
of the draft articles is inspired by the definition of the same term
provided in the IFRC Guidelines. | (2) (a)项为本条款草案的目的界定了术语“受灾国”，受到红十字与红新月联会《导则》所提供的同一术语定义的启发。 |
| It reflects the basic orientation that the draft articles are primarily addressed to States. | (a)项反映了条款草案主要是针对国家的基本取向。 |
| It
also anticipates the centrality of the role to be played by the State
affected by the disaster, as established in draft article 12 [9]. | 它也预计到了受灾国所发挥的作用的中心地位，正如第12[9]条草案所确立的那样。 |
| (3) The key feature in disaster response or disaster risk reduction is State control. | (3) 救灾或减少灾害风险的主要特点是国家控制。 |
| In most cases that would accord with control exercised by the State upon whose territory the disaster occurs. | 在大多数情况下，这与其领土内发生灾害的国家所行使的控制是一致的。 |
| Accordingly,
the scenario in draft article 12 [9], paragraph 1, in which an affected
State “by virtue of its sovereignty” has the duty to ensure protection,
is covered by the reference to “territory” in subparagraph (a). | 因此，第12[9]条草案第1款所设想的受灾国“由于其主权”有义务确保提供保护的情景是(a)项里提及“领土”的词语所涵盖的。 |
| However,
this does not necessarily exclude other scenarios, where a State may
exercise de jure jurisdiction, or de facto control, over another
territory on which a disaster occurs. | 然而，这并不一定排除在其他情况下，一国可以针对发生灾害的另一个领土行使法律上的管辖或实际控制。 |
| The
Commission considered that a State exercising jurisdiction or control
over a territory (other than its own) or area on which a disaster
occurs, would also be considered an “affected State” for purposes of
the draft articles. | 委员会认为，对发生灾害的另一个领土(非自己领土)或另一个地区行使管辖或控制的一国，为本条款草案的目的，也将被视为“受灾国”。 |
| Such
possibility is also implicit in the recognition, in draft article 21
[4], that the draft articles would apply in the context of so-called
“complex disasters”, which occur on the same territory where an armed
conflict is taking place. | 此种可能性也在第21[4]条草案中得到默认，该条承认，本条款草案也在所谓“复杂灾害”情况下适用，这里指灾害与武装冲突发生在同一个领土内的情形。 |
| The
phrase “in the territory or otherwise under the jurisdiction or control
of which” was drawn from the definition of “State of origin” in article
2, subparagraph (d), of the 2001 articles on prevention of
transboundary harm from hazardous activities. | “指在其领土内或在其管辖或控制下”这一短语取自2001年预防危险活动的越境损害的条款草案中的第2条(d)项“起源国”的定义。 |
| (4)
The Commission recognized that the implication of including States
exercising jurisdiction or control was that, in exceptional cases,
there may be two affected States: the State upon whose territory the
disaster occurs, and the State exercising jurisdiction or control over
that territory regarding the same territory. | (4) 委员会认识到，将行使管辖或控制的国家包括在定义里，这样做的含义是，在特殊情况下，可能有两个受灾国：在其领土内发生灾害的国家和针对同一领土而对领土行使管辖或控制的国家。 |
| At
the present stage, the Commission was of the view that draft article 14
[11] (requirement of the consent of the affected State), did not, in
the absence of any special agreement between the two States, provide a
definitive solution as to which affected State’s consent would be
required. | 在目前阶段，委员会认为，在这两个国家之间没有特殊协议的情况下，第14[11]条草案(须征得受灾国的同意)没有提供一个明确的解决方案，没有说明须征求哪个受灾国的同意。 |
| (5)
The definition further seeks to reflect the focus of the draft
articles, namely the effect on persons as opposed to, for example,
simply asserting that it is the State upon whose territory a disaster
takes place. | (5) 定义进一步试图反映本条款草案的重点，即对人的影响，而不是譬如简单地断言，指在其领土内发生灾害的国家。 |
| The
reference to property has been retained as a further element common to
many disasters, and implied in the reference to “large-scale material …
damage” in the definition of disaster in draft article 3 [3]; | 提及财产的词语被保留下来，这是许多灾害共同具有的另一个要素，第3[3]条草案的灾害定义中“大规模的物质…损害”即暗含了这一意思； |
| it being understood that the draft articles apply only to the impact of economic loss on persons. | 不言而喻，条款草案只适用于经济损失对人的影响。 |
| The
provision was also aligned with draft article 3 [3], so as not only to
cover persons and property affected by a disaster but also damage to
the environment. | 这项规定也与第3[3]条草案保持了一致，从而不仅涵盖受灾害影响的人员和财产，而且涵盖对环境的破坏。 |
| (6)
The formulation of the phrase “affected by a disaster” reflects the
contemporary view that the focus of attention is on the effects of a
disaster on persons and property, as opposed to the disaster itself. | (6) “受到灾害影响”这一短语的措词反映了当代的观点，即人们关注的重点是灾害对人身和财产的影响，而不是灾害本身。 |
| It
also accords with the Commission’s approach of considering the
consequence of the event as a key element for purposes of establishing
the threshold for the application of the draft articles. | 这也符合委员会在确立适用本条款草案的门槛时将事件的后果视为一个关键因素的做法。 |
| Subparagraph (b) | (b)项 |
| (7)
The definition of “assisting State” in subparagraph (b) is drawn from
the definition of “supporting State” in the Framework Convention on
Civil Defence Assistance of 2000, with the term “Beneficiary State”
changed to “affected State”, which is the term utilized in the draft
articles and defined in subparagraph (a). | (7) (b)项中的“援助国”定义参照了2000年《民防援助框架公约》中“支援国”的定义， 将“受惠国”改为“受灾国”，条款草案采用了这一用语，(a)项也作了界定。 |
| The
phrase “a State providing assistance” is a reference to the concept of
“external assistance”, which is defined in subparagraph (d), and which
is undertaken on the basis of the duty to cooperate in draft article 8
[5], read together with draft articles 9 [5 bis] and 10 [5 ter]. | 短语“提供援助的国家”是对“外部援助”概念的提及，(d)项对此作了界定，提供“外部援助”是在第8[5]条草案中的合作义务基础上进行的，应与第9[5之二]和第10[5之三]条草案一起来理解。 |
| (8) A State is only categorized as an “assisting State” once the assistance is being or has been provided. | (8) 一国只有正在提供或已经提供援助之后才可归类为“援助国”。 |
| In
other words, a State offering assistance is not an “assisting State”,
with the various legal consequences that flow from such categorization,
as provided for in the draft articles, until such assistance has been
consented to by the affected State, in accordance with draft article 14
[11]. | 换句话说，一个提议提供援助的国家不是“援助国”，由这种分类自然产生各种各样法律后果，正如本条款草案所规定的，直到这种援助已被受灾国按照第14[11]条草案同意。 |
| (9) The phrase “at its request or with its consent” reflects the interplay between draft articles 13 [10], 14 [11] and 16 [12]. | (9) “应受灾国请求或在得到其同意”这一短语反映了第13[10]、第14[11]和第16[12]条草案之间的相互作用。 |
| In
particular, it reflects the basic stance taken in the draft articles
that it is the duty of the affected State to seek external assistance
when its national response capacity has been overwhelmed by a disaster
(draft article 13 [10]). | 具体地说，它反映了本条款草案中采取的基本立场，即如所遭受的灾害超过了国家的应对能力，受灾国有责任寻求援助 (第13[10]条草案)。 |
| At
the same time, it envisages the possibility of the affected State
receiving unsolicited offers of external assistance, as provided for
under draft article 16 [12], the provision of which is subject to its
consent under draft article 14 [11]. | 与此同时，它设想了受灾国收到提供外部援助的主动提议的可能性，正如第16[12]条草案规定的那样，而外部援助的提供须经过受灾国按照第14[11]条草案作出的同意。 |
| Subparagraph (c) | (c)项 |
| (10)
In addition to affected and assisting States, the draft articles also
seek to regulate the position of other assisting actors. | (10) 除了受灾国和援助国，本条款草案也试图对其他援助方的地位作出规定。 |
| A
significant proportion of contemporary disaster risk reduction and
disaster relief activities are undertaken by, or under the auspices of,
international organizations, including but not limited to the United
Nations, as well as non-governmental organizations and other entities
and even individuals. | 当代减灾和救灾活动有相当大的比例是由国际组织实施或在国际组织主持下进行的，国际组织包括但不限于联合国，实施或主持这种活动的还可以是非政府组织和其他实体，甚至是个人。 |
| This group of actors is collectively referred to in the draft articles as “other assisting actors”. | 本条款草案将这一组行为者统称为“其他援助方”。 |
| This
is without prejudice to their differing legal status under
international law, which is acknowledged in the draft articles, for
example, in draft article 16 [12]. | 这不妨碍他们根据国际法所具有的各不相同的法律地位，这在条款草案里已经得到承认，例如在第16[12]条草案里。 |
| (11)
The provision reflects, in part, the commentary to draft article 19
[15], which confirms the understanding that the term “assisting actors”
refers primarily to, in the formulation employed in draft article 8
[5], “competent intergovernmental organizations” and “relevant
non-governmental organizations”. | (11) 这项规定部分反映了第19[15]条草案的评注，第19[15]条草案确认了这样的理解，即“援助方”主要指第8[5]条草案所说的“主管政府间组织”和“有关非政府组织”。 |
| The
phrase “or any other entity or individual”, which is drawn from the
ASEAN Agreement, was added in recognition of the fact that not all
actors which are involved in disaster relief efforts can be categorized
in one or the other category mentioned. | 短语“或任何其他实体或个人”是从《东盟协定》中吸取的用法， 加在定义里是为了确认，并非所有参与救灾工作的行为者都可以归到前边提到的这个或那个类别。 |
| In
particular, that phrase is to be understood as a term of art referring
to the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and the
International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
(IFRC). | 具体地说，这一短语应该理解为是专指红十字国际委员会(红十字会)和红十字会与红新月会国际联合会的术语。 |
| (12)
The phrase “external to the affected State” reflects the position, also
mentioned in the commentary to draft article 15 [13], that the draft
articles regulate the activities of actors which are external to the
affected State. | (12) 短语“受灾国以外的”反映了也在第15[13]条草案评注里提到的立场，即本条款草案规范受灾国以外的行为者的活动。 |
| Accordingly, the activities of domestic non-governmental organizations, for example, are not covered. | 因此，例如，国内非政府组织的活动不包括在内。 |
| Nor
would a domestic actor incidentally fall within the scope of
application of the draft articles through the act of securing, or
attempting to secure, assistance from abroad. | 一个国内行为者通过谋求或试图谋求国外的援助而意外落入本条款草案的适用范围，这种情况也不包括在内。 |
| (13)
As with the definition of “assisting State”, in subparagraph (b), the
concluding phrase “providing assistance to that State at its request or
with its consent” is a reference to the interplay between draft
articles 13 [10], 14 [11] and 16 [12]. It is also included in
recognition of the broad range of activities typically undertaken by
the entities in question, in the context of both disaster risk
reduction and the provision of disaster relief assistance, and which
are regulated by the draft articles. | (13)
与(b)项中“援助国”定义一样，“应受灾国请求或在得到其同意的情况下向受灾国提供援助的”这一短语提示了第13[10]、第14[11]和第16
[12]条草案之间的相互作用，加上这个短语也是为了确认有关实体在减少灾害风险和提供救灾援助方面通常所开展的活动的广阔范围，而这两个方面都是本条款
草案所要规范的。 |
| Subparagraph (d) | (d)项 |
| (14)
Subparagraph (d) seeks to define the type of assistance which the draft
articles envisage assisting States or other assisting actors providing
to the affected State, as a form of cooperation anticipated in draft
articles 9 [5 bis] and 10 [5 ter]. | (14) (d)项的目的是力求界定本条款草案所设想的援助国或其他援助方向受灾国提供的援助的类型，作为第9[5之二]和第10[5之三]条草案所预想的合作的形式。 |
| (15)
The formulation, which draws inspiration from the commentary to draft
article 15 [13], is based on both the Oslo Guidelines and the Framework
Convention on Civil Defence Assistance of 2000. | (15) 所用措词吸取了第15[13]条草案的评注的灵感， 并以《奥斯陆准则》和2000年《民防援助框架公约》为基础。 |
| The
reference to “material” in the Oslo Guidelines was replaced with
“equipment and goods”, which is the term used in the draft articles,
and which is defined in subparagraph (f). | 《奥斯陆准则》中所提到的“物资”改成了“设备和物资”，这是本条款草案里所用的措词，(f)项对之作出了界定。 |
| (16)
The phrase “provided to an affected State by assisting States or other
assisting actors” reiterates the nature of the legal relationship
between the assisting State or actor and the affected State, as
envisaged in the draft articles. | (16) 短语“援助国或其他援助方…而向受灾国提供的”重申了援助国或援助方与受灾国的法律关系的性质，正如本条款草案所设想的那样。 |
| (17)
The concluding clause seeks to clarify the purpose for which external
assistance ought to be provided, namely “for disaster relief assistance
or disaster risk reduction”. | (17) “为提供救灾援助或减少灾害风险”这一短语旨在澄清提供外部援助应遵循的目的，即“为救灾援助或减轻灾害风险”。 |
| While
the formulation is cast in the technical terminology of disaster
response and disaster risk reduction, it is understood to accord with
the overall purpose of the draft articles, set out in draft article 2
[2], namely to “facilitate an adequate and effective response to
disasters that meets the essential needs of the persons concerned, with
full respect for their rights”. | 虽然措词用的是救灾和减少灾害风险方面的技术术语，但人们能够理解这符合载于第2[2]条草案的总体目标，即“便利充分和有效地应对灾害以满足有关人员的基本需求，充分尊重其权利”。 |
| Subparagraph (e) | (e)项 |
| (18)
The subparagraph seeks to define the personnel component of external
assistance provided by assisting States or by other assisting actors. | (18) 这里所用的措词参照了委员会通过的第9[5之二]条草案评注里的措词。 |
| The
formulation employed is inspired by that adopted by the Commission in
the commentary to draft article 9 [5 bis]. The definition indicates the
two types of personnel who are typically sent for the purpose of
providing disaster relief assistance or disaster risk reduction, as
alluded to in draft article 17 [14], subparagraph 1(a), namely
“civilian” or “military” personnel. | 该定义表明，为提供救灾援助或减少灾害风险的目的，通常派遣两类人员，正如第17[14]条草案第1款(a)项所暗指的，即“民事”或“军事”人员。 |
| The
reference to the latter category was also inspired by the bilateral
treaty between Greece and the Russian Federation of 2000, and is
intended as a recognition of the important role played by military
personnel, as a category of relief personnel, in the provision of
disaster relief assistance. | 提及军事人员，这是受2000年希腊和俄罗斯联邦之间的双边条约的启发， 旨在承认军事人员作为一个类别的救灾人员在提供救灾援助方面所发挥的重要作用。 |
| While
the reference to military personnel is more pertinent to the case of
assisting States, the term “civilian” personnel is meant to be broad
enough to cover such personnel sent by assisting States and other
assisting actors. | 提及军事人员对于援助国来说更为相关，但“民事”人员一词意在让定义宽泛，能包括援助国和其他援助方所派遣的这类人员。 |
| That
these are options open to some, but not all, assisting entities
(including States) is confirmed by the use of the phrase in the
alternative (“or”). | 对某些但并非所有的援助实体(包括国家在内)来说，这些是开放性的选择，短语里所用的选择性词语(“或”)确认了这一点。 |
| (19)
While the phrase “civilian or military personnel” was selected to
accord with the formulation used in draft article 17 [14], it is
understood that such personnel are typically “specialized” personnel,
as referred to in the annex to General Assembly resolution 46/182, in
that what is expected are personnel which enjoy the necessary skill set
and are provided with the necessary equipment and goods, as defined in
subparagraph (f), to perform the functions in question. | (19) 选择短语“民事或军事人员”是为了与第17[14]条草案所用的措词一致，但根据理解，这些人员通常是“专业”人员，正如大会第46/182号决议附件中所提及的，即所期待的人员应具有必要的技能，并具有(f)项所界定的必要的设备和物资，以便履行所说的职能。 |
| (20)
The phrase “sent by” establishes a nexus between the assisting entity,
whether a State or other actor, and the personnel in question. | (20) “而派遣的”这个短语在援助实体(无论是国家还是其他行为者)与有关人员之间建立起了联系。 |
| The
Commission decided against making a reference to “acting on behalf of”
so as to avoid the applicability of the rules of international law on
the attribution of conduct to States or international organizations,
since the personnel sent by an assisting State or actor would be
subject to the overall direction and control of the affected State, in
accordance with draft article 12 [9]. | 委员会决定不提及“代表…而行事”这样的说法，以避免引起将行为归属于国家或国际组织的国际法规则的适用性问题， 因为按照第12[9]条草案，援助国或行为者派出的人员会受到受灾国的总体指挥和控制。 |
| (21)
The traditional application of the concept of “relief personnel” has
been in the context of the response to the onset of a disaster. | (21) “救灾人员”概念历来是在对灾害刚发生时作出反应的背景下适用。 |
| This
continues to be reflected in the formulation “for the purpose of
providing disaster relief assistance”, which mirrors the type of
external assistance envisaged in draft article 17 [14], for which the
facilitation of “prompt and effective” provision is called for. | 这一点继续反映在“为提供救灾援助”这一短语上，这也反映出第17[14]条草案所设想的外部援助的类型，故该条要求便利“迅速及有效地”提供。 |
| Nonetheless,
as in the case of the definition of “external assistance”, in
subparagraph (d), the concluding clause has been aligned with the
overall purpose of the draft articles, as established in draft article
2 [2], so as also to anticipate relief personnel being involved in
disaster risk reduction, as envisaged in draft article 10 [5 ter]. | 尽管如此，与(d)项里“外部援助”定义一样，这一目的短语与第2[2]条草案所确立的条款草案的总体目标保持了一致，从而也预期救灾人员参与减少灾害风险的工作，正如第10[5之三]条草案所设想的。 |
| Subparagraph (f) | (f)项 |
| (22)
As indicated under subparagraph (d), “equipment” and “goods” are a key
component of the kind of external assistance being envisaged in the
draft articles. | (22) 正如(d)项所表明的，“设备”和“物资”是本条款草案所设想的外部援助的重要组成部分。 |
| The
formulation is drawn from the commentary to draft article 17 [14], as
well as the resolution on Humanitarian Assistance of the Institute of
International Law. | 这一措词是从第17[14]条草案的评注 及国际法学会人道主义援助决议里吸取的。 |
| The list covers the types of material generally accepted to be necessary for the provision of disaster relief assistance. | 该清单涵盖了普遍认为有必要提供的救灾援助物质的类型。 |
| That the list is not exhaustive is confirmed by the reference to “other objects”. | 提及“其他物品”是为了确认该列表并不是详尽无遗。 |
| (23)
Generally speaking, two types of material are envisaged: the technical
“equipment” required by the disaster relief personnel to perform their
functions, both in terms of their own sustenance and in terms of what
they require to provide relief, such as supplies, tools and machines; | (23) 一般来说，两种材料被设想到：救灾人员履行职责所需要的技术“设备”，这里既指他们自己维持生存所需要的设备，也指他们救灾所需要的东西，例如消耗品、工具和机器； |
| and
“goods” which are necessary for the survival and the fulfilment of the
essential needs of the victims of disasters, such as foodstuffs,
drinking water, medical supplies, means of shelter, clothing and
bedding. | 以及灾害受害者满足生存和基本需要所需的“物资”，如食品、饮用水、医疗用品、栖身手段、衣物和铺盖用品等。 |
| Search
dogs are specifically anticipated in the phrase “specially trained
animals”, which is drawn from Specific Annex J of the Kyoto Convention. | 对于“经过专门训练的动物”一语，人们会具体想到搜救犬，这一短语来自《京都公约》的专项附件J。 |
| The
Commission considered the definition to be sufficiently flexible also
to include services which might be provided by relief personnel. | 委员会认为定义具有足够的灵活性，还可包括救灾人员可能提供的服务。 |
| Article 5 [7] Human dignity | 第5[7]条 人的尊严 |
| In
responding to disasters, States, competent intergovernmental
organizations and relevant non-governmental organizations shall respect
and protect the inherent dignity of the human person. | 应对灾害时，各国、主管政府间组织和有关非政府组织应尊重和保护人的固有尊严。 |
| Commentary | 评注 |
| (1) Draft article 5 [7] addresses the principle of human dignity in the context of disaster response. | (1) 第5[7]条草案论述的是应对灾害背景下人的尊严原则。 |
| The Commission recognizes human dignity as the core principle that informs and underpins international human rights law. | 委员会认为，人的尊严是指导并支持国际人权法律的核心原则。 |
| In
the context of the protection of persons in the event of disasters,
human dignity is situated as a guiding principle both for any action to
be taken in the context of the provision of relief, and in the ongoing
evolution of laws addressing disaster response. | 在发生灾害时保护人员的问题上，人的尊严是一个指导原则，对任何提供救助的行动及应对灾害方面的法律的不断发展都是如此。 |
| (2)
The principle of human dignity undergirds international human rights
instruments and has been interpreted as providing the ultimate
foundation of human rights law. | (2) 人的尊严这一原则维系着国际人权文书，一直以来都将其解读为人权法律最根本的基础。 |
| Reaffirmation
of “the dignity and worth of the human person” is found in the preamble
to the Charter of the United Nations, while the preamble to the 1948
Universal Declaration of Human Rights declares “recognition of the
inherent dignity […] of all members of the human family is the
foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world”. | 《联合国宪章》的序言中再次肯定了“人格尊严和价值”，同时1948年《世界人权宣言》序言称，“对人类家庭所有成员的固有尊严[…]的承认，乃是世界自由、正义与和平的基础”。 |
| Affirmation
of the principle of human dignity can be found in the International
Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the International Covenant on
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the International Convention on
the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination, the Convention
on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, the
Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading
Treatment or Punishment, and the Convention on the Rights of the Child. | 下列文书中都肯定了人的尊严这一原则：《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》、《经济、社会和文化权利国际公约》、《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》、《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约任择议定书》、《禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚公约》、《儿童权利公约》。 |
| The principle is also central to the field of international humanitarian law. | 该原则在国际人权法领域处于中心地位。 |
| The
concept of personal dignity is recognized in common article 3,
paragraph 1 (c) of the 1949 Geneva Conventions, articles 75 and 85 of
Protocol I, and article 4 of Protocol II. | 1949年日内瓦四公约共同第三条第一(丙)款、 第一议定书第七十五和第八十五条 以及第二议定书第四条中承认了人的尊严。 |
| (3)
The concept of human dignity also lies at the core of numerous
instruments at the international level directed towards the provision
of humanitarian relief in the event of disasters. | (3) 众多关于发生灾害时提供人道主义援助的国际文书也以人的尊严这一概念为核心。 |
| The
IFRC Guidelines state that “[a]ssisting actors and their personnel
should […] respect the human dignity of disaster-affected persons at
all times”. | 红十字与红新月联会《导则》称，“援助方及其人员应[…]时刻尊重受灾人员的尊严”。 |
| General
Assembly resolution 45/100 holds that “the abandonment of the victims
of natural disasters and similar emergency situations without
humanitarian assistance constitutes a threat to human life and an
offence to human dignity”. | 大会第45/100号决议称，“对自然灾害及类似紧急情况的受害者置之不理且未向其提供人道主义援助，构成威胁人的生命及侵犯人的尊严”。 |
| The
Institute of International Law likewise reflects that a failure to
provide humanitarian assistance to those affected by disasters
constitutes “an offence to human dignity”. | 国际法学会也表示，未向受灾人员提供人道主义援助构成“侵犯人的尊严”。 |
| (4)
The opening phrase of draft article 5 [7], “[i]n responding to
disasters”, reflects the substantive context in which the provision
applies. | (4) 第5[7]条草案开头的“应对灾害时”表明了该条适用的实际情况。 |
| While
it is anticipated that the phrase is primarily directed towards the
response and recovery phase, the reference should be read in light of
paragraph (5) of the commentary to draft article 2 [2]. | 一般认为该表述主要指应对和恢复阶段，但理解这一表述时应参照第2[2]条草案评注第(5)段。 |
| The
Commission chose the term “responding to” over the more generic “in
their response”, so as to give a sense of the continuing nature of the
obligation to respect and protect the human dignity of affected persons
throughout the duration of the response period. | 委员会选择“应对时”这一表述而非更通用的“在它们的应对中”，目的在于传达一层含义，即尊重和保护受灾人员的尊严在整个应对期间是一项持续的义务。 |
| The
precise formulation of the principle adopted by the Commission, namely
the “inherent dignity of the human person”, is drawn from the preamble
of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights,
and article 10, paragraph 1, of the International Covenant on Civil and
Political Rights. | 委员会采用的该原则的确切表述为“人的固有尊严”，该表述来自《经济、社会和文化权利国际公约》序言及《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第十条第1款。 |
| This
formulation has also been adopted in instruments such as the Convention
on the Rights of the Child, and the American Convention on Human Rights. | 《儿童权利公约》、 《美洲人权公约》 等文书也采用了这一表述。 |
| (5)
The phrase “States, competent intergovernmental organizations and
relevant non-governmental organizations” provides an indication of the
actors to which the provision is addressed. | (5) “各国、主管政府间组织和有关非政府组织”这一短语指出了该条事关哪些行为方。 |
| In
its reference to “States”, the Commission recognizes the role played
both by affected States and assisting States in disaster response
activities (see draft articles 12 [9] to 18). | 委员会提及“各国”，从而肯定了受灾国和援助国双方在应对灾害的活动中的作用(见第12[9]至第18条草案)。 |
| As
a whole, the phrase recognizes that much of the activity in the field
of disaster response occurs through organs of intergovernmental
organizations, non-governmental organizations, and other non-State
entities such as the IFRC. | 整个短语承认应对灾害领域的许多活动是由政府间组织、非政府组织及红十字与红新月联会这样的其他非国家机构执行的。 |
| The
Commission determined that the current formulation maintained
consistency with draft article 8 [5], as opposed to a more general
reference to “other relevant actors”. | 委员会决定，现有表述保持了与第8[5]条草案的一致，而“其他相关行为方”这一更通用的表述则不行。 |
| (6)
The Commission adopted the phrase “respect and protect” as a formula
that accords with contemporary doctrine and jurisprudence in
international human rights law. | (6) 委员会使用“尊重和保护”这一表述，与现代理论和国际人权法的判例相一致。 |
| The
formula is used in a number of instruments that relate to disaster
relief, including the Oslo Guidelines, the Mohonk Criteria, the Guiding
Principles on Internal Displacement, and the Guiding Principles on the
Right to Humanitarian Assistance. | 若干与抗灾救济有关的文书采用了这一表述，如《奥斯陆准则》、 《莫洪克标准》、《关于境内流离失所问题的指导原则》、《人道主义援助权利指导原则》。 |
| In
conjunction, the terms “respect and protect” connote a negative
obligation to refrain from injuring the inherent dignity of the human
person and a positive obligation to take action to protect human
dignity. | “尊重和保护”并用，意含避免损害人的固有尊严的消极义务，也含采取行动保护人的尊严的积极义务。 |
| By
way of example, the duty to protect requires States to adopt
legislation proscribing activities of third parties in circumstances
that threaten a violation of the principle of respect for human dignity. | 例如，保护的义务要求各国通过法律，禁止第三方实施可能违反尊重人的尊严原则的活动。 |
| The
Commission considered that an obligation to “protect” should be
commensurate with the legal obligations borne by the respective actors
addressed in the provision. | 委员会认为，“保护”的义务应与条款中提及的各行为方所承担的法律义务相符。 |
| An
affected State therefore holds the primary role in the protection of
human dignity, by virtue of its primary role in the direction, control,
coordination and supervision of disaster relief and assistance, as
reflected in draft article 12 [9], paragraph 2. | 受灾国担负着指导、控制、协调和监督救灾及援助的主要任务，如第12[9]条草案第2段中所述，因此保护人的尊严的义务主要应由受灾国承担。 |
| Article 6 [8] Human rights | 第6[8]条 人权 |
| Persons affected by disasters are entitled to respect for their human rights. | 灾民有权得到对其人权的尊重。 |
| Commentary | 评注 |
| (1)
Draft article 6 [8] seeks to reflect the broad entitlement to human
rights protection held by those persons affected by disasters. | (1) 第6[8]条草案想要体现的是，受灾人员广泛享有人权保护的权利。 |
| The
Commission recognizes an intimate connection between human rights and
the principle of human dignity reflected in draft article 5 [7],
reinforced by the close proximity of the two draft articles. | 委员会承认，人权与第5[7]条草案所体现的人的尊严的原则密切相关，两条草案紧挨着，强化了这种关联。 |
| (2)
The general reference to “human rights” encompasses human rights
obligations expressed in relevant international agreements and
reflected in customary international law, as well as assertions of best
practices for the protection of human rights included in non-binding
texts on the international level. | (2) 笼统提及“人权”时，包括了有关国际协定所表述及习惯国际法所反映的人权义务以及不具约束力的文本中载录的人权保护最佳做法。 |
| The Commission decided not to limit the provision to obligations “set out in the relevant international agreements”. | 委员会决定不将本条局限于“有关国际协定中规定的”义务。 |
| The
formulation adopted by the Commission indicates the broad field of
human rights obligations, without seeking to specify, add to, or
qualify those obligations. | 委员会采用的措词指的是人权义务这一广泛领域，并非要指定、增加或限定这些义务。 |
| (3)
The Commission considered that the reference to “human rights”
incorporates both the substantive rights and limitations that exist in
the sphere of international human rights law. | (3) 委员会认为，提及“人权”之处，国际人权法律规定的实质权利和限制两者都包括在内。 |
| In
particular, the provision contemplates an affected State’s right of
derogation where recognized under existing international human rights
law. | 本条尤其考虑到了受灾国享有的现有国际人权法律承认的克减权。 |
| (4)
As clarified in the commentary to draft article 1 [1], at paragraph
(3), the scope ratione personae of the draft articles includes the
activities of States and international organizations and other entities
enjoying specific international legal competence in the provision of
disaster relief and assistance. | (4) 第1[1]条草案评注第(3)段中已澄清，本条款草案的属人范围包括各国、国际组织以及在抗灾救济和援助方面具有特定国际法律能力的其他机构。 |
| The
Commission recognizes that the scope and content of an obligation to
protect the human rights of those persons affected by disasters will
vary considerably between these actors. | 委员会承认，对于不同的行为方，保护受灾人员的人权这一义务的范围和内容差别很大。 |
| The
neutral phrasing adopted by the Commission should be read in light of
an understanding that distinct obligations will be held by affected
States, assisting States, and various other assisting actors,
respectively. | 对委员会采用的中性措词，应本着以下认识加以解读：受灾国、援助国及其他各援助行为方各自有不同的义务。 |
| (5)
The reference at the beginning of draft article 6 [8] to “persons
affected by disasters” reaffirms the context in which the draft
articles apply, and is not to be understood as implying that persons
not affected by a disaster do not similarly enjoy such rights. | (5) 第6[8]条草案开头提及“灾民”，再度确认了该条草案适用的情况，理解时应注意，这并不意味着未受灾害影响的人员就不享有这些权利。 |
| Article 7 [6] Humanitarian principles | 第7[6]条 人道主义原则 |
| Response
to disasters shall take place in accordance with the principles of
humanity, neutrality and impartiality, and on the basis of
non-discrimination, while taking into account the needs of the
particularly vulnerable. | 应对灾害应按照人道、中立和公正的原则，在不歧视的基础上进行，同时考虑到特别弱势者的需要。 |
| Commentary | 评注 |
| (1) Draft article 7 [6] establishes the key humanitarian principles relevant to disaster response. | (1) 第7[6]条草案规定了与应对灾害相关的主要人道主义原则。 |
| The
title of the draft article serves to indicate that the principles
indicated therein are considered by the Commission to constitute
humanitarian principles that underlie disaster relief and assistance. | 本条草案的标题已说明委员会认为这些原则是抗灾救济和援助工作背后的人道主义原则。 |
| On
this basis the Commission did not find it necessary to determine
whether these principles are also general principles of international
law, and noted that the principles do not apply to the exclusion of
other relevant principles of international law. | 因此委员会认为，不必确定这些原则是否也是国际法的一般原则，同时指出，这些原则不能用于排除国际法的其他相关原则。 |
| The
Commission opted to enshrine the principles in the form of a draft
article in recognition of their significance to the provision of
disaster relief and assistance. | 委员会选择将这些原则以一项条文草案的形式写入条款，是为了体现它们对于抗灾救济和援助的重要意义。 |
| (2)
The principles of humanity, neutrality and impartiality are core
principles recognized as foundational to humanitarian assistance. | (2) 人道、中立和公正这几个核心原则通常被视为人道主义援助的根本原则。 |
| The principles are likewise fundamental to applicable laws in disaster relief efforts. | 这些原则也是抗灾救济工作中适用的法律的根本原则。 |
| By
way of example, General Assembly resolution 46/182 notes that
“[h]umanitarian assistance must be provided in accordance with the
principles of humanity, neutrality, and impartiality”. | 例如，大会第46/182号决议指出，“必须按照人道、中立和公正的原则提供人道主义援助”。 |
| (3) The principle of humanity stands as the cornerstone of the protection of persons in international law. | (3) 人道主义原则是国际法保护人员的基石。 |
| Situated
as an element both of international humanitarian law and international
human rights law, it informs the development of laws regarding the
protection of persons in the event of disasters. | 它是国际人道主义法和国际人权法的共同内容，对制定发生灾害时的人员保护方面的法律有所启示。 |
| Within
the field of international humanitarian law, the principle is most
clearly expressed in the requirement of humane treatment in common
article 3 of the 1949 Geneva Conventions. | 国际人权法领域中，对该原则最明确的表达是1949年日内瓦四公约共同第三条中给予人道待遇的要求。 |
| However,
as the International Court of Justice affirmed in the Corfu Channel
case (merits), elementary considerations of humanity are also general
and well-recognized principles of the international legal order, “even
more exacting in peace than in war”. | 国际法院在科孚海峡案(案情)中确认，人道主义的基本考虑也是国际法律秩序中普遍认可的一般原则，“和平时期比战时更艰巨”。 |
| Pictet’s
commentary on the principles of the Red Cross attributes three elements
to the principle of humanity: to prevent and alleviate suffering, to
protect life and health, and to assure respect for the individual”. | 皮克泰在对红十字会原则的评注中指出，人道主义原则有三个要素：“防止和减轻痛苦、保护生命与健康以及确保对个人的尊重”。 |
| In
the specific context of disaster relief, the Oslo Guidelines and the
Mohonk Criteria affirm that the principle of humanity requires that
“human suffering must be addressed wherever it is found”. | 具体到救灾问题，《奥斯陆准则》及《莫洪克标准》确认，根据人道主义原则的要求，“哪里有人类痛苦，哪里就要有应对”。 |
| (4)
While the principle of neutrality is rooted in the context of an armed
conflict, the Commission determined that the principle is nonetheless
applicable in other branches of the law. | (4) 中立原则源于武装冲突的背景，但委员会决定，该原则对其他领域的法律同样适用。 |
| In
the context of humanitarian assistance, the principle of neutrality has
acquired a more specific meaning that is reflected in draft article 7
[6]. | 在人道主义援助问题上，中立原则有了更具体的含义，这在第7[6]条草案中有所体现。 |
| In
this setting, the principle requires that the provision of assistance
be independent of any given political, religious, ethnic, or
ideological context. | 根据该原则的要求，在人道主义援助问题上，提供援助应与任何特定政治、宗教、族裔或意识形态背景无关。 |
| The
Oslo Guidelines and the Mohonk Criteria both affirm that the assistance
should be provided “without engaging in hostilities or taking sides in
controversies of a political, religious or ideological nature”. | 《奥斯陆准则》及《莫洪克标准》都确认，“提供人道主义援助时不得加入敌对行动，或在政治、宗教或意识形态的争议中表示立场”。 |
| As
such, the principle of neutrality indicates the apolitical nature of
disaster response, and affirms that humanitarian activities may not be
used for purposes other than responding to the disaster at hand. | 这种中立原则表明了灾害应对的非政治性质，并确认，人道主义活动除应对当前灾害之外不应用于其他目的。 |
| The
principle ensures that the interest of those persons affected by
disasters are the primary concern of the affected State and any other
relevant actors in disaster response. | 该原则确保救灾工作中受灾人员的利益是受灾国及其他相关行为方的首要关切。 |
| Respect
for the principle of neutrality is central to facilitating the
achievement of an adequate and effective response to disasters, as
outlined in draft article 2 [2]. | 要促进开展第2[2]条草案所述的适当且有效的救灾行动，遵守中立原则至关重要。 |
| Neutrality therefore can be considered an operational mechanism to implement the ideal of humanity. | 因此，可将中立原则视作实现人道主义理想的运行机制。 |
| (5) The principle of impartiality encompasses three principles: non-discrimination, proportionality, and impartiality proper. | (5) 公正原则包含三项原则：不歧视、相称性和公正性本身。 |
| For
reasons discussed below, the principle of non-discrimination is
articulated by the Commission not merely as an element of draft article
7 [6], but also as an autonomous principle of disaster response. | 鉴于下述原因，委员会阐述不歧视原则时，不仅将其作为第7[6]条草案的内容，也作为应对灾害工作中的一个独立原则。 |
| Non-discrimination
is directed towards the removal of objective grounds for discrimination
between individuals, such that the provision of assistance to affected
persons is guided solely by their needs. | 不歧视的目标是令人与人之间的歧视失去客观理由，这样受灾人员的需求就成了提供援助所遵循的唯一标准。 |
| The
principle of proportionality stipulates that the response to a disaster
be proportionate to the scope of that disaster and the needs of
affected persons. | 相称性原则规定，应对灾害的行动应与受灾范围及受灾人员的需求相称。 |
| The
principle also acts as a distributive mechanism, enabling the provision
of assistance to be delivered with attention given to the most urgent
needs. | 该原则也是一个分配机制，使得最迫切的需求能够在实际提供援助时得到关注。 |
| Impartiality
proper reflects the principle that no subjective distinctions be drawn
between individuals in the response to disasters. | 公正性本身体现的原则是，应对灾害时不应在人与人之间进行主观区分。 |
| The
Commentary to the First Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions
thus conceptualizes impartiality as “a moral quality which must be
present in the individual or institution called upon to act for the
benefit of those who are suffering”. | 《日内瓦四公约第一附加议定书》评注将公正性描述为“响应号召为遭受苦难者的利益而行动的个人或机构必须具备的道德素质”。 |
| By
way of example, the Draft International Guidelines for Humanitarian
Assistance Operations provide that “[h]umanitarian assistance should be
provided on an impartial basis without any adverse distinction to all
persons in urgent need”. | 例如，《国际人道主义援助行动导则草案》规定，“必须在公正的基础上提供人道主义援助，不应对任何迫切需要援助的人员加以不利区别”。 |
| As
a whole, the principle of impartiality requires that responses to
disasters be directed towards full respect and fulfilment of the needs
of those affected by disasters in a manner that gives priority to the
needs of the particularly vulnerable. | 总的来说，按照公正性原则的要求，救灾应以充分尊重并满足受灾人员的需求为目标，并且将特别弱势群体的需求作为优先事项。 |
| (6)
The principle of non-discrimination reflects the inherent equality of
all persons and the determination that no adverse distinction may be
drawn between them. | (6) 不歧视原则反映了人人生而平等以及不可对人加以不利的区别。 |
| Prohibited
grounds for discrimination are non-exhaustive, and include ethnic
origin, sex, nationality, political opinions, race, and religion. | 受禁止的歧视理由难以穷尽，族裔出身、性别、国籍、政见、种族和宗教都包括在其中。 |
| The
Commission determined that non-discrimination should be referred to as
an autonomous principle in light of its importance to the topic at hand. | 委员会决定，鉴于不歧视对本专题的重要性，应将其作为一个独立的原则。 |
| Such
an approach has also been taken by the Institute of International Law
in its 2003 resolution on humanitarian assistance, which stipulates
that the offer and distribution of humanitarian assistance shall occur
“without any discrimination on prohibited grounds”. | 国际法研究所关于人道主义援助的2003年决议也采取了这一做法，该决议规定，人道主义援助的提供和分配应“不带有任何出于受禁止的理由的歧视”。 |
| The
IFRC Guidelines likewise specify that assistance be provided to
disaster-affected persons without “any adverse distinction (such as in
regards to nationality, race, ethnicity, religious beliefs, class,
gender, disability, age, and political opinions)”. | 红十字与红新月联会《导则》也规定，为受灾人员提供援助时不应带有“任何不利区别(例如在国籍、种族、族裔、宗教信仰、阶层、残疾与否、年龄、政见等方面)”。 |
| (7)
The Commission noted that the principle of non-discrimination is not to
be taken as excluding the prospect of “positive discrimination” as
appropriate. | (7) 委员会指出，不应认为不歧视原则排斥酌情“积极歧视”的做法。 |
| The phrase “while taking into account the needs of the particularly vulnerable” in draft article 7 [6] reflects this position. | 第7[6]条草案中的“同时考虑到特别弱势者的需要”即体现了这一立场。 |
| The Commission considered the term “vulnerable” to encompass both groups and individuals. | 委员会认为“弱势者”一词涵盖了群体和个人。 |
| For this reason, the neutral expression “vulnerable” was preferred to either to “vulnerable groups” or to “vulnerable persons”. | 因此，委员会选择“弱势者”这一中性表达，既可指“弱势群体”也可指“弱势个人”。 |
| The
qualifier “particularly” was adopted by the Commission in recognition
of the fact that those affected by disaster are by definition
vulnerable. | 委员会使用限定词“特别”是因为考虑到受灾人员本身就是弱势者这一事实。 |
| The
specific phrasing of “particularly vulnerable” is drawn from article 4,
paragraph 3 (a) of the IFRC Guidelines, which refer to the special
needs of “women and particularly vulnerable groups, which may include
children, displaced persons, the elderly, persons with disabilities,
and persons living with HIV and other debilitating illnesses”. | “特别弱势者”这一说法来自红十字与红新月联会《导则》第4条第3(a)款，其中提到“妇女和特别弱势者，包括儿童、流离失所者、老人、残疾人、艾滋病毒感染者及其他重病患者” 的特殊需求。 |
| The
qualifier is also mirrored in the Resolution on humanitarian assistance
adopted by the Institute of International Law, which refers to the
requirement to take into account the needs of the “most vulnerable”. | 国际法学会通过的关于人道主义援助的决议也使用了该限定词，其中提及了考虑“最弱势者”的需求这一要求。 |
| Article 8 [5] Duty to cooperate | 第8[5]条 合作的义务 |
| In
accordance with the present draft articles, States shall, as
appropriate, cooperate among themselves, and with the United Nations
and other competent intergovernmental organizations, the International
Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies and the
International Committee of the Red Cross, and with relevant
non-governmental organizations. | 按照本条款草案，各国应酌情相互合作，并与联合国和其他主管政府间组织、红十字会与红新月会国际联合会和红十字国际委员会，以及与有关非政府组织合作。 |
| Commentary | 评注 |
| (1) Effective international cooperation is indispensable for the protection of persons in the event of disasters. | (1) 有效的国际合作对于在发生灾害给予保护是必不可少的。 |
| The
duty to cooperate is well established as a principle of international
law and can be found in numerous international instruments. | 合作的义务是一项公认的国际法原则，在众多国际文书中均有表述。 |
| The
Charter of the United Nations enshrines it, not least with reference to
the humanitarian context in which the protection of persons in the
event of disasters places itself. | 《联合国宪章》一再申明这一原则，特别提及发生灾害时保护人员这一人道主义情势。 |
| Article 1 (3) of the Charter clearly spells out as one of the purposes of the Organization: | 《宪章》第一条第三款明确规定联合国的宗旨之一是： |
| “To
achieve international cooperation in solving international problems of
an economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian character, and in
promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental
freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or
religion.” | “促成国际合作，以解决国际间属于经济、社会、文化、及人类福利性质之国际问题，且不分种族、性别、语言、或宗教，增进并激励对于全体人类之人权及基本自由之尊重。 ” |
| Articles 55 and 56 of the Charter elaborate on Article 1 (3) with respect to international cooperation. | 《宪章》第五十五和第五十六条在有关国际合作方面对第一条第三款进行了详细阐述。 |
| Article 55 of the Charter reads: | 第五十五条规定： |
| “With
a view to the creation of conditions of stability and well-being which
are necessary for peaceful and friendly relations among nations based
on respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of
peoples, the United Nations shall promote: | “为造成国际间以尊重人民平等权利及自决原则为根据之和平友好关系所必要之安定及福利条件起见，联合国应促进： |
| “a. higher standards of living, full employment, and conditions of economic and social progress and development; | “(子) 较高之生活程度，全民就业，及经济与社会进展； |
| “b. solutions of international economic, social, health, and related problems; | “(丑) 国际间经济、社会、卫生及有关问题之解决； |
| and international cultural and educational cooperation; | 国际间文化及教育合作； |
| and
“c. universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and
fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex,
language, or religion.” | “(寅) 全体人类之人权及基本自由之普遍尊重与遵守，不分种族、性别、语言或宗教。 ” |
| Article 56 of the Charter reads: | 《宪章》第五十六条规定： |
| “All
Members pledge themselves to take joint and separate action in
cooperation with the Organization for the achievement of the purposes
set forth in Article 55.” | “各会员国担允采取共同及个别行动与本组织合作，以达成第五十五条所载之宗旨。 |
| The
general duty to cooperate was reiterated as one of the principles of
international law in the Declaration on Principles of International Law
concerning Friendly Relations and Cooperation among States in
accordance with the Charter of the United Nations in the following
terms: | ” 《关于各国依联合国宪章建立友好关系和合作的国际法原则宣言》以下列措词重申一般合作责任是国际法的原则之一： |
| “States
have the duty to cooperate with one another, irrespective of the
differences in their political, economic and social systems, in the
various spheres of international relations, in order to maintain
international peace and security and to promote international economic
stability and progress, the general welfare of nations and
international cooperation free from discrimination based on such
differences.” | “各国不问在政治、经济及社会制度上有何差异均有义务在国际关系之各方面彼此合作，以期维持国际和平与安全，并增进国际经济安定与进步、各国之一般福利及不受此种差异所产生歧视之国际合作。 |
| (2) Cooperation takes on special significance with regard to international human rights law. | ” (2) 对于国际人权法来说，合作具有特别意义。 |
| The
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights refers
explicitly to international cooperation as a means of realizing the
rights contained therein. | 《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》明确地将国际合作称为实现该《公约》所载权利的一种手段。 |
| This
has been reiterated by the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural
Rights in its general comments relating to the implementation of
specific rights guaranteed by the Covenant. | 经济、社会、文化权利委员会在其关于执行该《公约》所保障的具体权利的一般性评论中对此给予了重申。 |
| International
cooperation gained particular prominence in the 2006 Convention on the
Rights of Persons with Disabilities which is, inter alia, applicable
“in situations of risk, including situations of armed conflict,
humanitarian emergencies and the occurrence of natural disasters”. | 国际合作在2006年《残疾人权利公约》中尤显突出，该《公约》除其他外也适用于“在危难情况下，包括在发生武装冲突、人道主义紧急情况和自然灾害时”。 |
| (3)
With regard to cooperation in the context of disaster relief and
assistance, the General Assembly recognized, in resolution 46/182, that: | (3) 关于在灾害救济和援助时的合作，大会在第46/182号决议中确认： |
| “[t]he magnitude and duration of many emergencies may be beyond the response capacity of many affected countries. | “许多紧急情况的规模和持续的时间可能不是许多受灾国的能力可以应付的。 |
| International
cooperation to address emergency situations and to strengthen the
response capacity of affected countries is thus of great importance. | 因此进行国际合作以处理紧急情况和加强受灾国的应付能力是非常重要的。 |
| Such cooperation should be provided in accordance with international law and national laws …” | 应根据国际法和各国法律提供这种合作…” |
| In
addition, there exist a vast number of instruments of specific
relevance to the protection of persons in the event of disasters which
demonstrate the importance of international cooperation in combating
the effects of disasters. | 此外，关于发生灾害时的人员保护问题，已有大量与之具体相关的文书，显示出国际合作对抗击灾害影响的重要性。 |
| Not
only are these instruments in themselves expressions of cooperation,
they generally reflect the principle of cooperation relating to
specific aspects of disaster governance in the text of the instrument. | 这些文书不仅本身便是合作的表述，而且普遍反映出在文书所载灾害治理具体方面的合作原则。 |
| Typically
in bilateral agreements, this has been reflected in the title given to
the instrument, denoting either cooperation or (mutual) assistance. | 就双边协议而言，这通常反映在为文书确定的表示合作或(相互)援助的标题中。 |
| Moreover,
the duty to cooperate, in the vast majority of cases, is framed as one
of the objectives of the instrument or is attributed positive effects
towards their attainment. | 此外，合作义务在大多数情况下被列为文书的目标之一或被视为对这些目标产生积极作用。 |
| Again,
the Tampere Convention is of relevance in this respect as it indicates
in paragraph 21 of its preamble that the parties wish “to facilitate
international cooperation to mitigate the impact of disaster”. | 同样，《坦佩雷公约》在这方面也有重要意义，该《公约》序言第21段指出，各缔约方期望“促进国际合作以减轻灾害所造成的影响”。 |
| Another example can be found in an agreement between France and Malaysia: | 而法国与马来西亚之间的一项协定则是非常切合本专题范围的另一实例： |
| “Convinced
of the need to develop cooperation between the competent organs of both
Parties in the field of the prevention of grave risks and the
protection of populations, property and the environment …” | “确信有必要在预防严重危害以及保护人口、财产和环境领域发展双方主管机构之间的合作…” |
| (4)
Cooperation, however, should not be interpreted as diminishing the
primary role of a sovereign State within the limits of international
law, as provided for in draft article 12 [9], paragraph 2. | (4) 但是，合作不应解释为削弱主权国家在国际法范围内的基本作用，正如第12[9]条草案第2款所规定的。 |
| Furthermore,
the principle of cooperation is to be understood also as being
complementary to the duty of the authorities of the affected State to
take care of the persons affected by natural disasters and similar
emergencies occurring on its territory (draft article 12 [9], paragraph
1). | 此外，合作原则应理解为是对下述义务的补充，即受灾国当局有义务照顾受其境内发生的自然灾害和类似紧急情况影响的人(第12[9]条草案第1款)。 |
| (5)
A key feature of activity in the field of disaster relief assistance is
international cooperation not only among States, but also with
international and non-governmental organizations. | (5) 灾害救济和援助活动的一个重要特点是国际合作，不仅是各国之间的合作，而且是与国际组织和非政府组织的合作。 |
| The importance of their role has been recognized for some time. | 这些组织的作用得到承认已经有一段时间了。 |
| In resolution 46/182 of 19 December 1991, the General Assembly confirmed that: | 在1991年12月19日第46/182号决议里，大会确认： |
| “…
[i]ntergovernmental and non-governmental organizations working
impartially and with strictly humanitarian motives should continue to
make a significant contribution in supplementing national efforts.” | “…不偏不倚地工作和具有纯粹人道主义动机的政府间和非政府间组织应继续在补充国家努力方面作出重要贡献。 |
| In a resolution adopted in 2008, the Economic and Social Council recognized: | ” 经社理事会在2008年通过的决议中确认： |
| “…
the benefits of engagement of and coordination with relevant
humanitarian actors to the effectiveness of humanitarian response, and
encourage[d] the United Nations to continue to pursue efforts to
strengthen partnerships at the global level with the International Red
Cross and Red Crescent Movement, relevant humanitarian non-governmental
organizations and other participants of the Inter-Agency Standing
Committee.” | “…承认有关人道主义行为者的参与以及与其协调可提高人道主义应急行动的效力，并鼓励联合国继续努力，加强与国际红十字和红新月运动、有关人道主义非政府组织和机构间常设委员会其他参与机构建立的全球伙伴关系。 |
| (6)
Draft article 8 [5] recognizes the central importance of international
cooperation to international disaster relief and assistance activities. | ” (6) 第8[5]条草案确认，国际合作对于灾害救济和援助活动是具有核心意义的。 |
| It establishes a legal obligation for the various parties concerned. | 第8[5]条草案确立了各有关当事方的法律义务。 |
| It
was understood, however, that the nature of the obligation of
cooperation may vary, depending on the actor and the context in which
assistance is being sought and offered. | 然而需要理解的是，合作义务的性质可能有所区别，取决于行为者和寻求并提供援助的具体情况。 |
| By
its nature, cooperation is reciprocal, so that a duty for a State to
cooperate with an international organization, for example, implies the
same duty on the part of the organization. | 根据其性质，合作应是相互的，因此要求一国有义务与国际组织合作，意味着该组织同样也负有这样的义务。 |
| It
was found that attempting to distinguish cooperation between States,
and between States and international organizations (particularly the
United Nations), the International Federation of the Red Cross and Red
Crescent Societies, and with “relevant non-governmental organizations”,
did not adequately capture the range of possible legal relationships
between States and the various entities mentioned in the provision. | 委员会发现，试图区分各国之间的合作，以及国家与各国际组织(尤其是联合国)、红十字会与红新月会国际联合会、以及与 “有关非政府组织”的合作，并不能充分地反映各国与该条规定所提到的各实体的可能关系。 |
| The
nature of the legal obligation to cooperate is dealt with in specific
provisions (hence the opening phrase “[i]n accordance with the present
draft articles”), particularly draft articles 9 [5 bis] and 10 [5 ter]. | 合作的法律义务的性质在具体条款里作了处理(因此有“按照本条款草案”的开头语)，尤其是在第9[5之二]和第10[5之三]条草案里。 |
| The
Commission inserted the phrase “as appropriate”, which qualifies the
entire draft article, both as a reference to existing specific rules on
cooperation between the various entities mentioned in the draft article
which establish the nature of the obligation to cooperate, and as an
indication of a degree of latitude in determining, on the ground, when
cooperation is or is not “appropriate”. | 委员会加上了“酌情”短语，该短语修饰着整项条文，这样既提到本条草案各个实体之间合作的具体规则，这些规则确立了合作义务的性质； 另一方面还表明在确立合作是否“适当”方面，实地当中有一定灵活余地。 |
| (7)
The qualifier “competent” before “intergovernmental organizations” was
included as an indication that, for purposes of the draft articles,
cooperation would only be necessary with those entities that are
involved in the provision of disaster relief and assistance. | (7) 在“政府间组织”之前加上了限定语“主管”，是为表明，为了本条款草案的目的，仅需要与那些实际参与提供救灾救济和援助的实体进行合作。 |
| A
reference to the International Committee of the Red Cross is included
as a consequence of the fact that the draft articles may also apply in
complex emergencies involving armed conflict. | 另外之所以提到红十字国际委员会，是因为在涉及到武装冲突的复杂紧急形势情况下，条款草案也可能适用。 |
| Article 9 [5 bis] Forms of cooperation | 第9[5之二]条 合作的形式 |
| For
the purposes of the present draft articles, cooperation includes
humanitarian assistance, coordination of international relief actions
and communications, and making available relief personnel, equipment
and goods, and scientific, medical and technical resources. | 为本条款草案的目的，合作包括提供人道主义援助，协调国际救灾行动和通信，提供救灾人员、救灾设备和物资以及科学、医学、技术资源。 |
| Commentary | 评注 |
| (1)
Draft article 9 [5 bis] seeks to clarify the various forms which
cooperation between affected States, assisting States, and other
assisting actors may take in the context of the protection of persons
in the event of disasters. | (1) 第9[5之二]条草案力求说明受灾国、援助国及其他援助方在发生灾害时可为保护人员开展的各种合作。 |
| Cooperation
is enshrined in general terms in draft article 8 [5] as a guiding
principle and fundamental duty with regard to the present topic, as it
plays a central role in disaster relief efforts. | 第8[5]条草案将一般意义上的合作作为本专题的指导原则和基本义务，因为合作在救灾行动中发挥核心作用。 |
| The
essential role of cooperation lends itself to a more detailed
enunciation of the kinds of cooperation relevant in this context. | 鉴于合作的重要作用，需要在本条中更加详细地阐述相关合作的形式。 |
| The
present draft article is therefore designed to elaborate further on the
meaning of draft article 8 [5], without creating any additional legal
obligations. | 因此，本条草案旨在进一步阐述第8[5]条草案的含义，但是不增加任何法律义务。 |
| (2)
The list of forms of cooperation in draft article 9 [5 bis] —
humanitarian assistance, coordination of international relief actions
and communications, and making available relief personnel, relief
equipment and goods, and scientific, medical and technical resources —
is loosely based on the second sentence of paragraph 4 of article 17 of
the articles on the law of transboundary aquifers, which explains the
general obligation to cooperate in article 7 of those draft articles by
describing the cooperation necessary in emergency situations. | (2)
第9[5之二]条草案列出的合作形式――人道主义援助、协调国际救灾行动和通信、提供救灾人员、救灾设备和物资以及科学、医学、技术资源――大致基于《跨
界含水层法》条款草案第17条第4款第二句，该条描述了紧急情况下需开展的合作，是对那些条款草案第7条中一般合作义务的解释。 |
| The second sentence of paragraph 4 of article 17 reads: | 第17条第4款第二句读作： |
| “Cooperation
may include coordination of international emergency actions and
communications, making available emergency response personnel,
emergency response equipment and supplies, scientific and technical
expertise and humanitarian assistance.” | “合作可包括协调处理紧急情况的国际行动和通信，提供应急人员、应急设备和物资、科技专业知识和人道主义援助。 ” |
| As
this provision had been specifically drafted with reference to a
related context — namely, the need for cooperation in the event of an
emergency affecting a transboundary aquifer — the Commission felt that
its language was a useful starting point for the drafting of draft
article 9 [5 bis]. | 鉴于上述规定是针对有关背景――发生影响跨界含水层的紧急情况时需要合作――专门起草的，委员会认为其文字是起草第9[5之二]条草案的有益出发点。 |
| However,
the text of article 9 [5 bis] was tailored to appropriately reflect the
context and purpose of the present draft articles, and to ensure that
it took into account the major areas of cooperation dealt with in
international instruments addressing disaster response. | 不过，第9[5之二]条草案的案文作了修改，以便适当反映本专题条款草案的背景和目的，并确保考虑关于救灾的国际文书中提到的主要合作领域。 |
| Similar
language is contained in the ASEAN Declaration on Mutual Assistance on
Natural Disasters, of 26 June 1976, which states that “Member Countries
shall, within their respective capabilities, cooperate in the
improvement of communication channels among themselves as regards
disaster warnings, exchange of experts and trainees, exchange of
information and documents, and dissemination of medical supplies,
services and relief assistance. | 《东盟自然灾害互助宣言》(1976年6月26日)载有类似文字，宣言称“成员国应在各自的能力范围内，合作改进以下方面的沟通渠道：灾害预警、专家和学员交换、信息和文件交流，以及医疗物资、服务和救灾援助的分发。 |
| ”
In a similar vein, in explaining the areas in which it would be useful
for the United Nations to adopt a coordinating role and encourage
cooperation, General Assembly resolution 46/182 calls for coordination
with regards to “specialized personnel and teams of technical
specialists, as well as relief supplies, equipment, and services … | ” 同样，在解释联合国应发挥协调作用和鼓励合作的领域时，大会第46/182号决议呼吁协调“专门人员和技术专家小组，以及救灾物资、设备和服务…”。 |
| ”.
(3) The beginning of draft article 9 [5 bis] states that the forms of
cooperation are outlined “[f]or the purposes of the present draft
articles. | (3) 第9[5之二]条草案开首称，“为本条款草案的目的”而列出了合作形式。 |
| ”
Therefore, draft article 9 [5 bis], which is to be read in light of the
other draft articles, is oriented towards the purpose of the topic as a
whole as stated in draft article 2 [2], namely, “to facilitate an
adequate and effective response to disasters that meets the essential
needs of the persons concerned, with full respect for their rights. | 因此，将参照其他条款草案一并阅读的第9[5之二]条草案致力于实现第2[2]条草案所述整个专题的宗旨，即“促进充分而有效地应对灾害以满足有关人员的基本需求，充分尊重其权利。 |
| ”
In the context of the present topic, the ultimate goal of the duty to
cooperate, and therefore of any of the forms of cooperation referred to
in draft article 9 [5 bis], is the protection of persons affected by
disasters. | ”在本专题范围内，合作义务，因此也是第9[5之二]条草案提到的任何形式的合作的最终目的是保护受灾人员。 |
| (4)
While the draft article highlights specific forms of cooperation, the
list is not meant to be exhaustive, but is instead illustrative of the
principal areas in which cooperation may be appropriate according to
the circumstances. | (4) 本条草案着重指出了具体的合作形式，不是要列举所有情况，而是为了说明可能适合具体情况的主要合作领域。 |
| The
non-exhaustive nature of the list is emphasized by the use of the word
“includes”, and its equivalent in the other official languages. | 使用“包括”一词，以及其他正式语文中对应的词，强调了列举并非详尽无疑。 |
| The
Commission determined that the highlighted forms are the main areas in
which cooperation may be warranted, and that the forms are broad enough
to encapsulate a wide variety of cooperative activities. | 委员会确定，条款中提到的形式只是可能需要合作的主要领域，这些形式范围广泛，足以囊括众多不同的合作活动。 |
| Cooperation may, therefore, include the activities mentioned, but is not limited to them; | 因此，合作可包括、但不仅限于条款中提到的活动； |
| other
forms of cooperation not specified in the present draft article are not
excluded, such as financial support; technological transfer covering,
among others, satellite imagery; training; | 不排除本条草案没有明确提到的其他形式的合作，例如资金支持、技术转让(包括卫星成像等)、培训、共享信息以及联合模拟演习和规划。 |
| information-sharing;
and joint simulation exercises and planning. (5) As draft article 9 [5
bis] is illustrative of possible forms of cooperation, it is not
intended to create additional legal obligations for either affected
States or other assisting actors to engage in certain activities. | (5) 第9[5之二]条草案只是为了说明可采取的合作形式，并不是为受灾国或援助方规定参加某些活动的额外法律义务。 |
| The
forms which cooperation may take will necessarily depend upon a range
of factors, including, inter alia, the nature of the disaster, the
needs of the affected persons, and the capacities of the affected State
and other assisting actors involved. | 可采取的合作形式将取决于一系列因素，除其他外包括：灾害性质、受灾人员的需要、受灾国和援助方的能力。 |
| As
with the principle of cooperation itself, the forms of cooperation in
draft article 9 [5 bis] are meant to be reciprocal in nature, as
cooperation is not a unilateral act, but rather one that involves the
collaborative behaviour of multiple parties. | 与合作原则本身一样，第9[5之二]条草案所列的合作形式意在显示一种相互性，因为合作并非单方面行为，而是涉及多方的合作行为。 |
| The
draft article is therefore not intended to be a list of activities in
which an assisting State may engage, but rather areas in which
harmonization of efforts through consultation on the part of both the
affected State and other assisting actors may be appropriate. | 因此，本条草案不是为了列举援助国可开展的活动清单，而是为了说明可通过受灾国和其他援助方双方的磋商协调努力的领域。 |
| (6) Moreover, cooperation in the areas mentioned must be in conformity with the other draft articles. | (6) 此外，提到的合作领域必须与其他条文草案保持一致。 |
| For
example, as with draft article 8 [5], the forms of cooperation touched
upon in draft article 9 [5 bis] must be consistent with draft article
12 [9], which grants the affected State, “by virtue of its
sovereignty”, the primary role in disaster relief assistance. | 例如，与第8[5]条草案一样，第9[5之二]条草案提到的合作形式必须与第12[9]条草案一致，该条承认受灾国“由于其主权”在救灾和援助中的主要作用。 |
| Cooperation
must also be in accordance with the requirement of consent of the
affected State to external assistance (draft article 14 [11]), as well
as the recognition that the affected State may place appropriate
conditions on the provision of external assistance, particularly with
respect to the identified needs of persons affected by a disaster and
the quality of the assistance (draft article 15 [13]). | 合作还必须满足受灾国对外部援助的同意(第14[11]条草案)要求，并承认受灾国可对提供外部援助，特别是就查明的受灾人员的需要和援助的质量规定适当的条件(第15[13]条草案)。 |
| Cooperation
is also related to draft article 17 [14], which recognizes the role of
the affected State in facilitation of prompt and effective assistance
to persons affected by a disaster. | 合作还与第17[14]条草案有关，该条承认受灾国对迅速及有效地向受灾人员提供援助的作用。 |
| As
such, and since draft article 9 [5 bis] does not create any additional
legal obligations, the relationship between the affected State,
assisting State, and other assisting actors with regards to the
abovementioned forms of cooperation will be regulated in accordance
with the other provisions of the present draft articles. | 这样看来，并且鉴于第9[5之二]条草案没有规定任何额外的法律义务，在开展上述形式的合作时，受灾国、援助国及其他援助方之间的关系将遵守本专题条款草案的其他规定。 |
| (7)
Humanitarian assistance is intentionally placed first among the forms
of cooperation mentioned in draft article 9 [5 bis], as the Commission
considers this type of cooperation of paramount importance in the
context of disaster relief. | (7) 第9[5之二]条草案提到的合作形式中，特意将人道主义援助放在第一位，这是因为委员会认为这种合作在救灾工作中最重要。 |
| The
second category — coordination of international relief actions and
communications — is intended to be broad enough to cover most
cooperative efforts in the disaster relief phase, and may include the
logistical coordination, supervision, and facilitation of the
activities and movement of disaster response personnel and equipment
and the sharing and exchange of information pertaining to the disaster. | 第二类合作――协调国际救灾行动和通信――希望尽可能涵盖救灾阶段的大多数合作努力，可包括后勤协调、监督、为救灾人员和设备的活动及通行提供便利，以及分享和交流与灾害有关的信息。 |
| Though
information exchange is often referred to in instruments that emphasize
cooperation in the pre-disaster phase as a preventive mode to reduce
the risk of disasters, communication and information is also relevant
in the disaster response phase to monitor the developing situation and
to facilitate the coordination of relief actions amongst the various
actors involved. | 虽然强调灾前合作的文书经常提到信息交流是减少灾害风险的预防手段， 但是通信和信息对于在救灾过程中监督灾情发展、推动协调各参与方的救援行动也十分重要。 |
| A number of instruments deal with communication and information sharing in the disaster relief context. | 许多文书都提到了救灾过程中的通信和信息分享问题。 |
| The
mention of “making available relief personnel, relief equipment and
goods, and scientific, medical and technical resources” refers to the
provision of any and all resources necessary for disaster response
operations. | 提到“提供救灾人员、救灾设备和物资以及科学、医学、技术资源”是指提供救灾行动所需的任何及一切资源。 |
| The
reference to “personnel” may entail the provision of and cooperation
between medical teams, search and rescue teams, engineers and technical
specialists, translators and interpreters, or other persons engaged in
relief activities on behalf of one of the relevant actors – affected
State, assisting State, or other assisting actors. | 提到“人员”是指可能需要提供医疗小组、搜寻和救援小组、工程师和技术专家、笔译和口译员，或代表某参与方――受灾国、援助国或其他援助方――参加救援行动的其他人员，并需要他们之间的合作。 |
| The
term “resources” covers scientific, technical, and medical expertise
and knowledge as well as equipment, tools, medicines, or other objects
that would be useful for relief efforts. | “资源”一词涵盖科学、技术和医学专长和知识，以及设备、工具、药物，或对救援有用的其他物品。 |
| (8)
Draft article 9 [5 bis] presents a list of the possible forms of
cooperation in the disaster response, or post-disaster, phase. | (8) 第9[5之二]条草案列出了救灾过程中或灾后阶段可采取的合作形式。 |
| Cooperation
in the pre-disaster phase, including disaster prevention, preparedness,
and mitigation is dealt with in draft article 10 [5 ter]. | 灾前阶段的合作，包括防灾、备灾和缓解等方面的合作，在第10[5之三]条草案里加以处理。 |
| Article 10 [5 ter] Cooperation for disaster risk reduction | 第10[5之三]条 减少灾害风险的合作 |
| Cooperation shall extend to the taking of measures intended to reduce the risk of disasters. | 合作应扩展至采取旨在减少灾害风险的措施。 |
| Commentary | 评注 |
| (1)
While draft article 9 [5 bis] concerns the various forms which
cooperation may take in the disaster relief or post-disaster phase of
the disaster cycle, draft article 10 [5 ter] indicates that the scope
of application ratione temporis of the duty to cooperate, enshrined in
general terms in draft article 8 [5], also covers the pre-disaster
phase. | (1) 第9[5之二]条草案涉及在灾害周期的救灾或灾后阶段可采取的各种合作形式，而第10[5之三]条草案指出，第8[5]条草案以一般措词体现的合作义务适用范围在时间上也涵盖灾前阶段。 |
| Thus,
while draft article 9 [5 bis] deals with the response to a disaster,
draft article 10 [5 ter] addresses the reduction of disaster risk. | 因此，第9[5之二]条草案阐述灾害应对问题，而第10[5之三]条草案阐述减少灾害风险问题。 |
| (2)
This provision qualifies the cooperation referred to as being related
to the “taking of measures intended to reduce the risk of disasters”. | (2) 这一条款将所指的合作界定为与“采取旨在减少灾害风险的措施”相关的合作。 |
| This
phrase is to be understood in the light of both paragraphs of draft
article 11 [16], in particular its paragraph 2 which envisages a series
of measures that are specifically aimed at the reduction of disaster
risk. | 理解这一短语应参照第11[16]条草案的两款，特别是设想了一系列专门用于减少灾害风险的措施的第2款。 |
| (3)
Draft article 10 [5 ter] has been adopted without prejudice to its
final location in the set of draft articles, including, in particular,
its being incorporated at the same time as draft article 9 [5 bis] into
a newly revised draft article 8 [5]. | (3) 通过了第10[5之三]条草案，但不妨碍这一条在这套条款草案的最终位置，特别是包括将它与第9[5之二]条草案同时纳入一个新修订的第8[5]条草案。 |
| These are matters that have been left to the second reading of the draft articles. | 有些问题留给条款草案二读阶段来解决。 |
| Article 11 [16] Duty to reduce the risk of disasters | 第11[16]条 减少灾害风险的义务 |
| 1.
Each State shall reduce the risk of disasters by taking the necessary
and appropriate measures, including through legislation and
regulations, to prevent, mitigate, and prepare for disasters. | 1. 每一国应通过采取必要和适当的防灾、减灾和备灾措施，包括通过制订法律和规章，减少灾害风险。 |
| 2.
Disaster risk reduction measures include the conduct of risk
assessments, the collection and dissemination of risk and past loss
information, and the installation and operation of early warning
systems. | 2. 减少灾害风险的措施包括开展风险评估、收集和传播风险和以往损失信息、安装和操作预警系统。 |
| Commentary | 评注 |
| (1) Draft article 11 [16] deals with the duty to reduce the risk of disasters. | (1) 第11[16]条草案阐述关于减少灾害风险的责任。 |
| The draft article is composed of two paragraphs. | 这条草案由两款组成。 |
| Paragraph
1 establishes the basic obligation to reduce the risk of disasters by
taking certain measures, and paragraph 2 provides an indicative list of
such measures. | 第1款规定了采取一定措施减少灾害风险的基本义务，第2款指示性地列举了这类措施。 |
| (2)
Draft article 11 [16] represents the acknowledgement of the need to
cover in the draft articles on Protection of Persons in the Event of
Disasters, not only the response phase of a disaster, but also the
pre-disaster duties of States. | (2) 第11[16]条草案体现的是，承认在发生灾害时的人员保护条款草案中不仅需要涵盖灾害应对阶段，而且也需要涵盖国家的灾前职责。 |
| The
concept of disaster risk reduction has its origins in a number of
General Assembly resolutions and has been further developed through the
1994 World Conference on Natural Disaster Reduction in Yokohama, the
2005 Hyogo Framework for Action 2005–2015, and several sessions of the
Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction. | 减少灾害风险的概念来源于大会的一些决议，并且通过1994年横滨减少自然灾害世界会议、 2005年《2005-2015年兵库行动框架》 以及全球减少灾害风险平台的几届会议而得到进一步发展。 |
| (3)
As stated in the 2005 Hyogo Declaration: “a culture of disaster
prevention and resilience, and associated pre-disaster strategies,
which are sound investments, must be fostered at all levels, ranging
from the individual to the international levels … Disaster risks,
hazards and their impacts pose a threat, but appropriate response to
this can and should lead to actions to reduce risks and vulnerabilities
in the future”. | (3)
如2005年《兵库宣言》指出的：“必须在一切层面，从个人到国际一级，培养防灾抗灾的氛围，并推动制定与之相关的、属于必要投资性质的灾前战略…灾害风
险、危害及其影响确实构成威胁，但是，通过适当的应对就可以也必定能够采取行动，减少未来的风险和降低脆弱度”。 |
| At
the fourth session of the Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction
in 2013, the concluding summary by the Chair drew attention to the
“growing recognition that the prevention and reduction of disaster risk
is a legal obligation, encompassing risks assessments, the
establishment of early warning systems, and the right to access risk
information”. | 在2013年全球减少灾害风险平台的第四届会议上，主席在总结概要中提请注意：“越来越多的人认识到：预防和减少灾害风险是一项法律义务，涵盖风险评估、安装预警系统、以及获得风险信息权”。 |
| (4)
The rule embodied in draft article 11 [16] draws inspiration from among
the sources of law identified by Article 38, paragraph 1, of the
Statute of the International Court of Justice. | (4) 第11[16]条草案体现的规则受到《国际法院规约》第三十八条第一款确认的法律渊源的启发。 |
| The
Commission bases itself on the fundamental principles of State
sovereignty and non-intervention and, at the same time, draws on
principles emanating from international human rights law, including the
States’ obligation to respect, protect, and fulfil human rights, in
particular the right to life. | 委员会立足于国家主权和不干涉的基本原则，并且同时吸取了由国际人权法产生的原则，包括各国有义务尊重、保护和实现人权，特别是生命权。 |
| Protection
not only relates to actual violations of human rights but also entails
an affirmative obligation on States to take the necessary and
appropriate measures which are designed to prevent the occurrence of
such violations, no matter the source of the threat. | 保护不仅事关实际侵犯人权的行为，而且也对各国施加了采取必要适当措施，防止这类侵犯行为出现的积极义务，不管威胁来自何处。 |
| This
is confirmed by the decisions of international tribunals, notably the
European Court of Human Rights judgments in the Öneryildiz v. Turkey
and Budayeva and Others v. Russia cases, which affirmed the duty to
take preventive measures. | 这一点得到国际法庭裁决的确认，特别是欧洲人权法院关于厄内尔伊尔迪兹诉土耳其案 和在布达耶娃等人诉俄罗斯案 的裁决。 这些裁决确认了采取预防措施的责任。 |
| In
addition, draft article 11 [16] draws from a number of international
environmental law principles, including the “due diligence” principle. | 此外，第11[16]条草案吸取了若干国际环境法原则的内容，包括“尽职”原则的内容。 |
| (5)
An important legal foundation for draft article 11 [16] is the
widespread practice of States reflecting their commitment to reduce the
risk of disasters. | (5) 第11[16]条草案的重要法律基础是，存在着反映各国承诺减少灾害风险的广泛实践。 |
| Many
States have entered into multilateral, regional and bilateral
agreements concerned with reducing the risk of disasters, including:
the ASEAN Agreement; | 许多国家签订了有关减少灾害风险的具有约束力的多边、区域和双边协议，其中包括：《东盟协定》； |
| the Beijing Action for Disaster Risk Reduction in Asia (2005); | 《亚洲减少灾害风险北京行动计划》(2005年)； |
| the Delhi Declaration on Disaster Risk Reduction in Asia (2007); | 《亚洲减少灾害风险德里宣言》(2007年)； |
| the Kuala Lumpur Declaration on Disaster Risk Reduction in Asia (2008); | 《亚洲减少灾害风险吉隆坡宣言》(2008年)； |
| the
2010 Fourth Asian Ministerial Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction,
leading to the Incheon Declaration on Disaster Risk Reduction in Asia
and the Pacific 2010, the Incheon Regional Roadmap and Action Plan on
Disaster Risk Reduction through Climate Change Adaptation in Asia and
the Pacific, reaffirming the Framework for Action and proposing Asian
initiatives for climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction
considering vulnerabilities in the region; | 2010年第四届亚洲部长级减灾大会，该次会议产生了《亚太2010年减轻灾害风险仁川宣言》和《亚太适应气候变化减轻灾害风险仁川区域路线图》，重申了《行动纲领》，提出了考虑到该区域脆弱性的适应气候变化和减少灾害风险的亚洲倡议； |
| the
African Union Africa Regional Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction of
2004, which was followed by a programme of action for its
implementation (originally for the period 2005–2010, but later extended
to 2015); | 2004年《非洲联盟区域减少灾害风险战略》，随后又有实施该战略的行动方案(原订2005-2010年时间，后来延长至2015年)； |
| four sessions of the African Regional Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction, the most recent in 2013; | 四届非洲区域减少灾害风险平台会议，最近的一届是在2013年； |
| the
Arab Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction 2020, adopted by the Council
of Arab Ministers Responsible for the Environment at its twenty-second
session, in December 2010; | 《阿拉伯2020减少灾害风险战略》，由2010年12月举行的阿拉伯环境部长理事会通过； |
| and, lastly, the Nayarit Communiqué on Lines of Action to Strengthen Disaster Risk Reduction in the Americas (2011). | 最后，《关于加强美洲减少灾害风险行动的纳亚里特公报》(2011年)。 |
| (6)
Recognition of this commitment is further shown by the incorporation by
States of disaster risk reduction measures into their national policies
and legal frameworks. | (6) 各国对这一承诺的承认也体现在各国将减少灾害风险措施纳入其国家政策和法律框架这一点上。 |
| A
compilation of national progress reports on the implementation of the
Hyogo Framework indicates that 64 States or areas reported having
established specific policies on disaster risk reduction, evenly spread
throughout all continents and regions, including the major hazard-prone
locations. | 通过对各国实施《兵库框架》 进展报告汇编之后可以发现，提交报告的64个国家或地区已经确立了关于减少灾害风险的专门政策，这些国家或地区均匀地分布于各大洲和各个地区，包括了主要的易受灾地点。 |
| They
are: Algeria, Anguilla, Argentina, Armenia, Bangladesh, Bolivia
(Plurinational State of), Brazil, British Virgin Islands, Canada, Cape
Verde, Chile, Colombia, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Côte d’Ivoire, Cuba,
Dominican Republic, Fiji, Finland, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Guatemala,
Honduras, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Kenya, Lao People’s
Democratic Republic, Lebanon, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives,
Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique,
Nepal, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Peru,
Poland, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Samoa, Senegal, Sri Lanka,
Sweden, Switzerland, Syrian Arab Republic, Thailand, the former
Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, United Republic of Tanzania, United
States, Vanuatu and Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of). | 这
些国家或地区是：阿尔及利亚、安吉拉、阿根廷、亚美尼亚、孟加拉国、多民族玻利维亚国、巴西、英属维尔京群岛、加拿大、佛得角、智利、哥伦比亚、库克群
岛、哥斯达黎加、科特迪瓦、古巴、多米尼加共和国、斐济、芬兰、格鲁吉亚、德国、加纳、危地马拉、洪都拉斯、印度、印度尼西亚、意大利、日本、肯尼亚、老
挝人民民主共和国、黎巴嫩、马达加斯加、马拉维、马来西亚、马尔代夫、马绍尔群岛、毛里求斯、墨西哥、蒙古、摩洛哥、莫桑比克、尼泊尔、新西兰、尼加拉
瓜、尼日利亚、挪威、巴拿马、巴拉圭、秘鲁、波兰、圣基茨和尼维斯、圣卢西亚、萨摩亚、塞内加尔、斯里兰卡、瑞典、瑞士、阿拉伯叙利亚共和国、泰国、前南
斯拉夫的马其顿共和国、坦桑尼亚联合共和国、美利坚合众国、瓦努阿图、委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国。 |
| More
recently, the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster
Reduction (UNISDR) has identified 76 States that have adopted national
platforms, defined as a “coordinating mechanism for mainstreaming
disaster risk reduction into development policies, planning and
programmes”, to implement disaster risk reduction strategies. | 更近些时候，联合国国际减灾战略署(联合国减灾署)查明已经有76个国家建立了国家减灾平台，其定义是“一种协调机制，用于把减少灾害风险纳入发展政策、规划和方案的主流”，以实施减少灾害风险战略。 |
| Several
countries have adopted legislation specifically addressing disaster
risk reduction either as stand-alone legislation or as part of a
broader legal framework concerning both disaster risk management and
disaster response, including: Algeria, Cameroon, China, the Dominican
Republic, El Salvador, Estonia, France, Guatemala, Haiti, Hungary,
India, Indonesia, Italy, Madagascar, Namibia, New Zealand, Pakistan,
Peru, the Philippines, the Republic of Korea, Slovenia, South Africa,
Thailand and the United States. | 好几个国家制订了法律，要么单独、专门处
理减少灾害风险问题，要么在更广泛的法律框架内结合灾害应对一并处理灾害风险管理问题。 这些国家包括：阿尔及利亚、 喀麦隆、 中国、
多米尼加共和国、 萨尔瓦多、 爱沙尼亚、 法国、 危地马拉、 海地、 匈牙利、 印度、 印度尼西亚、 意大利、 马达加斯加、 纳米比亚、
新西兰、 巴基斯坦、 秘鲁、 菲律宾、 大韩民国、 斯洛文尼亚、 南非、 泰国、 美国。 |
| (7)
Draft article 11 [16] is to be read together with the rules of general
applicability in the present draft articles, including those
principally concerned with the response to a disaster. | (7) 第11[16]条草案应与本条款草案中的普遍适用性规则、包括那些主要关系到灾害应对的规则一起解读。 |
| Paragraph 1 | 第1款 |
| (8) Paragraph 1 starts with the words “Each State”. | (8) 第1款以“每一国”开始。 |
| The
Commission opted for this formula over “States” for the sake of
consistency with the draft articles previously adopted, where care had
been taken to identify the State or States which bore the legal duty to
act. | 该委员会选择这一措词，而不是英文复数的“国”，是为了与先前通过的、已经注意界定负有法律责任的一国或多国的条款草案保持一致。 |
| In
contrast to those draft articles dealing directly with disaster
response where a distinction exists between an affected State or States
and other States, in the pre-disaster phase the obligation in question
applies to every State. | 相比那些直接涉及灾后恢复阶段(受灾国有别于其他国家的阶段)灾害应对的条文草案，灾前阶段的有关义务问题适用于每一国。 |
| Furthermore,
as is evident from paragraph 2, the obligation to reduce risk implies
measures primarily taken at the domestic level. | 此外，从第2款显而易见的是，减少风险的义务意味着主要在国内一级采取措施。 |
| Any
such measures requiring interaction between States or with other
assisting actors are meant to be covered by article 10 [5 ter]. | 第10[5之三]条草案旨在涵盖任何需要国与国或与其他援助方之间互动的这类措施。 |
| In other words, the obligation applies to each State individually. | 换言之，这一义务分别适用于每一个国家。 |
| Hence the Commission decided against using the word “States” also to avoid any implication of a collective obligation. | 因此，委员会决定不使用英文复数的“国”，也是避免暗示任何集体义务。 |
| (9)
The word “shall” signifies the existence of the international legal
obligation to act in the manner described in the paragraph and is the
most succinct way to convey the sense of that legal obligation. | (9) “应”一词表示存在着以这一款所述方式行事的国际法律义务，并且是传达这一法律义务的含义的最简洁方式。 |
| This is confirmed by the title of the draft article, which refers to the “duty” to reduce the risk of disasters. | 这条草案的标题确认了这一点，说的是减少灾害风险的“义务”。 |
| While
each State bears the same obligation, the question of different levels
of capacity among States to implement the obligation is dealt with
under the phrase “by taking the necessary and appropriate measures”. | 虽然每一国都承担同样的义务，但是以“采取必要和适当的措施”这一短语处理了各国之间履行义务能力的水平不同问题。 |
| (10) The obligation is to “reduce the risk of disasters”. | (10) 义务是“减少灾害风险”。 |
| The
Commission adopted the present formula in recognition of the fact that
the contemporary view of the international community, as reflected in
several major pronouncements, notably in the Hyogo Declaration issued
at the 2005 World Conference on Disaster Reduction, is that the focus
should be placed on the reduction of the risk of harm caused by a
hazard, as distinguished from the prevention of disasters themselves. | 委员会采纳了本用语，以承认数个主要宣言，尤其是在2005年世界减灾会议上发表的《兵库宣言》体现的当代国际社会观点，即重点应是减少一个危险因素造成损害的风险，这有别于防止灾害本身。 |
| Accordingly, the emphasis in paragraph 1 is placed on the reduction of the risk of disasters. | 因此，第1款的重点是减少灾害风险。 |
| This is achieved by taking certain measures so as to prevent, mitigate and prepare for such disasters. | 实现这一点就要采取一定的防灾、减灾和备灾措施。 |
| (11) The phrase “by taking the necessary and appropriate measures” indicates the specific conduct being required. | (11) “采取必要和适当的…措施”一语指出所要求的具体行为。 |
| In
addition to the further specification about legislation and regulations
explained in paragraph (13) below, the “measures” to be taken are
qualified by the words “necessary” and “appropriate” which accord with
common practice. | 除下文第(13)段对法律和规章的进一步解释外，根据普遍的做法，以“必要”和“适当”这两个词来界定应采取的“措施”。 |
| What
might be “necessary and appropriate” in any particular case is to be
understood in terms of the stated goal of the measures to be taken,
namely “to prevent, mitigate, and prepare for disasters” so as to
reduce risk. | 在任何特定情况下，什么可能是“必要和适当”的，将按照应采取措施的既定目标来理解，即“防灾、减灾和备灾”以减少风险。 |
| This
is to be evaluated within the broader context of the existing capacity
and availability of resources of the State in question, as has been
noted in paragraph (9) above. | 如上文第(9)段指出的，这应在有关国家现有能力和可用资源的更广泛背景下进行评估。 |
| The fundamental requirement of due diligence is inherent to the concept of “necessary and appropriate”. | 尽职的基本要求是“必要和适当”概念所固有的。 |
| It is further understood that the question of the effectiveness of the measures is implied in that formula. | 因此，依据的进一步理解是，这一措词暗含着措施的成效问题。 |
| (12)
The paragraph indicates by means of the phrase “including through
legislation and regulations”, the specific context in which the
corresponding measures are to be taken. | (12) 借助于“包括通过制订法律和规章”这一短语，这一款指出了应采取的相应措施的具体背景。 |
| The
envisaged outcome consists of a number of concrete measures which
typically are taken within the context of a legislative or regulatory
framework. | 预期的成果包括根据法律或规章框架而专门采取的一些具体措施。 |
| Accordingly,
for those States which do not already have such a framework in place,
the general obligation to reduce the risk of disasters would also
include an obligation to put such a legal framework into place so as to
allow for the taking of the “necessary and appropriate” measures. | 因此，对于仍然没有制订这类框架的国家，减少灾害风险的一般义务也包括了制订这一法律框架的义务，从而能够采取“必要和适当的”措施。 |
| The
phrase “legislation and regulations” is meant to be understood in broad
terms to cover as many manifestations of law as possible, it being
generally recognized that such law-based measures are the most common
and effective way to facilitate (hence the word “through”) the taking
of disaster risk reduction measures at the domestic level. | 应在广义上理解“法律和规章”几字，以涵盖尽可能多的法律表现形式； 普遍承认的一点是：这些基于法律的措施是促进(因此有“通过”一词)在国内一级采取减少灾害风险措施的最常见、最有效的方式。 |
| (13)
The qualifier “including” indicates that while “legislation and
regulations” may be the primary methods, there may be other
arrangements under which such measures could be taken. | (13) 限定词“包括”表明，尽管“法律和规章”可能是主要的方法，但还可能有其他可以据之采取这些措施的安排。 |
| The
word “including” was chosen in order to avoid the interpretation that
the adoption and implementation of specific legislation and regulations
would always be required. | 选择“包括”一词，以避免解释为始终要求通过和执行具体的法律和规章。 |
| This
allows a margin of discretion for each State to decide on the
applicable legal framework, it being understood that having in place a
legal framework which anticipates the taking of “the necessary and
appropriate measures” is a sine qua non for disaster risk reduction. | 这将允许每一国有一定的自由裁量权来决定适用的法律框架； 同时有一项理解是：具有一个预期采取“必要和适当的措施”的法律框架，是减少灾害风险的一个必要条件。 |
| The
use of the definite article “the” before “necessary”, therefore, serves
the function of specifying that it is not just any general measures
which are being referred to, but rather, specific, and concrete,
measures aimed at prevention, mitigation and preparation for disasters. | 因此，在“必要”之前使用英文定冠词“the”，以具体指出：所说的不是任何一般措施，而是专门和具体的防灾、减灾、备灾措施。 |
| (14)
The phrase “through legislation and regulations” imports a reference to
ensuring that mechanisms for implementation and accountability for
non-performance be defined within domestic legal systems. | (14) “通过制定法律和规章”这一短语意味着需确保在国内法律制度中界定执行机制和针对不执行的问责制。 |
| Since
such issues, though important, are not the only ones which could be the
subject of legislation and regulations in the area of disaster risk
reduction, singling them out in the text of paragraph 1 could have led
to a lack of clarity. | 这类问题虽然重要，但不是减少灾害风险领域的法律和规章可处理的唯一内容，因此在第1款案文中予以强调也许会导致意思不清楚。 |
| (15)
The last clause, namely “to prevent, mitigate, and prepare for
disasters” serves to describe the purpose of the “necessary and
appropriate” measures which States are to take during the pre-disaster
phase, with the ultimate goal of reducing their exposure to the risk of
disasters. | (15) “防灾、减灾和备灾”这一短语用于说明国家在灾前阶段应采取的、终极目标是减少其面临灾害风险的“必要和适当”措施的目的。 |
| The phrase tracks the now well-accepted formula used in major disaster risk reduction instruments. | 这句话沿循了减少灾害风险主要文书使用的、现在广为接受的措词。 |
| The
Commission was cognizant of the fact that adopting a different
formulation could result in unintended a contrario interpretations as
to the kinds of activities being anticipated in the draft article. | 委员会认识到的一个事实是：采用不同措词可能会导致对本条草案所设想的活动类别出现意想不到的相反解释。 |
| (16)
To illustrate the meaning of each of the three terms used, prevention,
mitigation and preparedness, the Commission deems it appropriate to
have recourse to the Terminology on Disaster Risk Reduction prepared by
UNISDR in 2009, according to which: | (16) 为说明防灾、减灾和备灾这三个用语各自的含义，委员会认为应当参照联合国减灾署在2009年编写的《减少灾害风险词汇》， 根据这一词汇： |
| (i) “Prevention is ‘the outright avoidance of adverse impacts of hazards and related disasters’… | (一) “防灾是‘全面防止致灾因子和相关灾害的不利影响’… |
| Prevention
(i.e. disaster prevention) expresses the concept and intention to
completely avoid potential adverse impacts through action taken in
advance … Very often the complete avoidance of losses is not feasible
and the tasks transform to that of mitigation. | 预防或防灾表达的是通过事先采取行动，完全避免潜在不利影响的概念和意愿…很多情况下，完全避免损失是不可能的，所以防灾任务转变成了减灾任务。 |
| Partly for this reason, the terms prevention and mitigation are sometimes used interchangeably in casual use;” | 部分是这个原因，有时防灾和减灾术语被不经意地交替使用； |
| (ii) “Mitigation is ‘the lessening or limitation of the adverse impacts of hazards and related disasters’ … | (二) “减灾是‘减轻或限制致灾因子和相关灾害的不利影响’… |
| The
adverse impacts of hazards often cannot be prevented fully, but their
scale or severity can be substantially lessened by various strategies
and actions … | 致灾因子的不利影响通常无法完全避免，但可以通过各种战略和行动切实地减轻它们的规模或危害程度。 |
| It
should be noted that in climate change policy ‘mitigation’ is defined
differently, being the term used for the reduction of greenhouse gas
emissions that are the source of climate change;” | …应该注意在气候变化政策里“减轻”的表述不一样，为：减少作为气候变化根源的温室气体排放； |
| (iii)
“Preparedness is ‘the knowledge and capacities developed by
governments, professional response and recovery organizations,
communities and individuals to effectively anticipate, respond to and
recover from the impacts of likely, imminent or current hazard events
or conditions’ … | (三) “备灾是‘由政府、专业灾害响应和恢复机构、社区和个人建立的知识和能力，对可能发生的、即将发生的、或已经发生的危险事件或条件，以及它们的影响进行有效的预见、应对和恢复’… |
| Preparedness
action is carried out within the context of disaster risk management
and aims to build the capacities needed to efficiently manage all types
of emergencies and achieve orderly transitions from response through
sustained recovery. | 备灾行动是在整个灾害风险管理的范围内进行的，目的是建立有效管理所有突发事件的能力，实现有序地从灾害响应到稳固恢复的过渡。 |
| Preparedness
is based on a sound analysis of disaster risks and good linkages with
early warning systems … [The measures to be taken] must be supported by
formal institutional, legal and budgetary capacities.” | 好的备灾基于对灾害风险的良好分析，与预警系统的良好衔接…[应采取的措施]必须要有一个正规机构、相关法律和预算的支持。 ” |
| Paragraph 2 | 第2款 |
| (17)
Paragraph 2 lists three categories of disaster risk reduction measures,
namely: the conduct of risk assessments, the collection and
dissemination of risk and past loss information, and the installation
and operation of early warning systems. | (17) 第2款列出三类减少灾害风险的措施，即：开展风险评估、收集和传播风险和以往损失信息、以及安装和操作预警系统。 |
| As
noted in paragraph (3), these three measures were singled out in the
Chair’s summary at the conclusion of the fourth session of the Global
Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction held in May 2013. | 正如在本评注第(3)段指出的，2013年5月举行的减少灾害风险全球平台第四届会议结束时，主席在总结中强调了这三个措施。 |
| The
Commission decided to refer expressly to the listed three examples as
reflecting the most prominent types of contemporary disaster risk
reduction efforts. | 委员会决定明确提及列出的三个实例，以反映最突出类型的当代减少灾害风险努力。 |
| The word “include” serves to indicate that the list is non-exhaustive. | “包括”一词表示所列举的并非详尽无遗。 |
| The
listing of the three measures is without prejudice to other activities
aimed at the reduction of the risk of disasters which are being
undertaken at present, or which may be undertaken in the future. | 列举这三项措施不影响目前正在或未来可能开展的旨在减少灾害风险的其他活动。 |
| (18)
The practical measures that can be adopted are innumerable and depend
on the social, environmental, financial, cultural, and other relevant
circumstances. | (18) 可采取的切实可行措施是无数的，并依赖于社会、环境、金融、文化和其他相关情况。 |
| Practice in the public and private sectors provides a wealth of examples. | 公共和私营部门的实践提供了丰富的实例。 |
| Among
them may be cited: community-level preparedness and education; the
establishment of institutional frameworks; contingency planning; | 其中可援引的是：社区一级的备灾和教育、建立体制框架、应急计划、设立监督机制、土地用途控制、建筑标准、生态系统管理、排水系统、资金、以及保险。 |
| setting up of monitoring mechanisms; land-use controls; construction standards; ecosystems management; drainage systems; |
|
| funding; and insurance. (19) The
three consecutive measures listed in paragraph 2 share a particular
characteristic: they are instrumental to the development and
applicability of many if not all other measures, for instance in
decision-making, concerning definitions of priorities or investment
planning, both in the public and the private sector. | (19) 第2款所列的三个连续措施具有一个共同特征：都有助于制订和适用许多、即使并非全部其他措施，例如在公共和私营部门涉及重点确定或投资规划的决策中。 |
| (20) The first measure — risk assessments — is about generating knowledge concerning both hazards and vulnerabilities. | (20) 第一项措施――风险评估――涉及到培养有关危险和脆弱性的知识。 |
| As such, it is the first step towards any sensible measure to reduce the risk of disasters. | 因此，这是任何减少灾害风险的第一步明智措施。 |
| Without
a sufficiently solid understanding of the circumstances surrounding
disasters and their characteristics, no effective measure can be
enacted. | 如果没有足够确定地了解环绕灾害的情况及其特点，就不能颁布有效的措施。 |
| Risk assessments also compel a closer look at local realities and the engagement of local communities. | 风险评估也迫使各方更仔细了解当地实际情况和当地社区参与。 |
| (21) The second measure — the collection and dissemination of risk and past loss information — is the next step. | (21) 第二项措施――收集和传播风险和以往损失信息――是下一个步骤。 |
| Reducing disaster risk requires action by all actors in the public and private sectors and civil society. | 减少灾害风险，需要公私部门和民间社会中所有参与者的行动。 |
| Collection
and dissemination should result in the free availability of risk and
past loss information, which is an enabler of effective action. | 收集和传播的结果应是免费提供风险和以往损失信息，能够推动有效的行动。 |
| It
allows all stakeholders to assume responsibility for their actions and
to make a better determination of priorities for planning purposes; | 它使所有利益攸关方能够为自己的行动承担责任，并更好地确定规划重点； |
| it also enhances transparency in transactions and public scrutiny and control. | 它也增强了交易透明度以及公众监督和控制。 |
| The
Commission wishes to emphasize the desirability of the dissemination
and free availability of risk and past loss information, as it is the
reflection of the prevailing trend focusing on the importance of public
access to such information. | 委员会希望强调：需要传播和免费提供风险和以往损失信息，因为这反映了关注公众获取此类信息的重要性这一流行趋势。 |
| The
Commission, while recognizing the importance of that trend, felt that
it was best dealt with in the commentary and not in the body of
paragraph 2, since making it a uniform legal requirement could prove
burdensome for States. | 委员会尽管认识到这一趋势重要，但认为最好在评注中，而不是在第2款本文中阐述； 因为将它作为统一的法律规定，可能实际上让各国负担过重。 |
| (22)
The third measure concerns early warning systems, which are
instrumental both in initiating and implementing contingency plans,
thus limiting the exposure to a hazard; | (22) 第三项措施是预警系统； 它同时有助于启动和实施应急计划，从而限制危险的出现； |
| as such, they are a pre-requisite for effective preparedness and response. | 正因为如此，这是有效备灾和应对的一个先决条件。 |
| (23)
As it has been explained in paragraph (11), draft article 11 [16]
concerns the taking of the envisaged measures within the State. | (23) 如上文第(11)段所解释的，第11[16] 条草案事关在国内采取预想的措施。 |
| Any
inter-State component would be covered by the duty to cooperate in
draft article 9 [5], read together with draft article 10 [5 ter]. | 与第10[5之三]条草案共同阅读，第9[5]条草案的合作义务将涵盖任何属于国家间的措施。 |
| Accordingly,
the extent of any international legal duty relating to any of the
listed and not listed measures that may be taken in order to reduce the
risk of disasters is to be determined by way of the relevant specific
agreements or arrangements each State has entered into with other
actors with which it has the duty to cooperate. | 因此，有关任何列举和未列举的、为减少灾害风险可能采取的措施的国际法律义务的程度，应以每一国与其他的、该国有义务与之合作的行为者订立的相关具体协议或安排来确定。 |
| Article 12 [9] Role of the affected State | 第12[9]条 受灾国的作用 |
| 1.
The affected State, by virtue of its sovereignty, has the duty to
ensure the protection of persons and provision of disaster relief and
assistance on its territory. | 1. 受灾国由于其主权，有责任在其领土上确保保护人员和提供抗灾救济和援助。 |
| 2.
The affected State has the primary role in the direction, control,
coordination and supervision of such relief and assistance. | 2. 受灾国在指挥、控制、协调和监督抗灾救济和援助方面应发挥主要作用。 |
| Commentary | 评注 |
| (1)
Draft article 12 [9] is addressed towards an affected State in the
context of the protection of persons in the event of a disaster upon
its territory. | (1) 第12[9]条草案针对的是受灾国在其领土上发生灾害时保护人员的情况。 |
| Paragraph
1 reflects the obligation of an affected State to protect persons and
to provide disaster relief and assistance in accordance with
international law. | 第1款体现了受灾国遵照国际法保护人员及提供抗灾救济和援助的义务。 |
| Paragraph
2 affirms the primary role held by an affected State in the response to
a disaster upon its territory, or a territory or area under its
jurisdiction or control. | 第2款确认了受灾国在应对其境内或其管辖或控制的领土或地区内的灾害时的主要作用。 |
| Draft
article 12 [9] is premised on the core principles of sovereignty and
non-intervention, respectively, as enshrined in the Charter of the
United Nations, and recognized in numerous international instruments. | 第12[9]条草案的前提是主权及不干涉原则，这两个原则写入了《联合国宪章》， 并得到了众多国际文书的承认。 |
| In
the context of disaster relief, General Assembly resolution 46/182
affirms that “[t]he sovereignty, territorial integrity and national
unity of States must be fully respected in accordance with the Charter
of the United Nations”. | 在抗灾救济问题上，大会第46/182号决议确认，“必须按照《联合国宪章》尊重各国的主权、领土完整和国家统一”。 |
| (2)
Paragraph 1 affirms that the duty held by an affected State to ensure
the protection of persons and the provision of disaster relief and
assistance on its territory stems from its sovereignty. | (2) 第1款确认，受灾国有责任在其境内确保保护人员并提供抗灾救济和援助，这一责任源自其主权。 |
| This
conception of a bond between sovereign rights and concomitant duties
upon a State was expressed by Judge Álvarez in a separate opinion in
the Corfu Channel case: | 关于一国的主权与相应的责任之间的联系这一理念，阿尔瓦雷斯法官在“科孚海峡案”的独立意见中有所表述： |
| “By
sovereignty, we understand the whole body of rights and attributes
which a State possesses in its territory, to the exclusion of all other
States, and also in its relations with other States. | “一国在其境内排除所有其他国家或在与他国关系中所具有的一整套权利和属性。 |
| Sovereignty confers rights upon States and imposes obligations on them.” | 主权赋予国家权利，也使其承担义务。 ” |
| The
Commission considered several formulations for this concept, including
the phrases “in the exercise of its sovereignty” and “in the exercise
of its sovereign rights and duties”, before settling on the present
text. | 对于这一概念，委员会考虑了几种措词，如“在行使其主权时”及“在行使其主权和责任时”，最后采用了当前的文本。 |
| The
modifying phrase “by virtue of its sovereignty” emphasizes that the
affected State, which benefits from the principle of non-intervention,
is the party that holds the duty to protect persons located within its
territory or within a territory or area under its jurisdiction or
control. | 限定语“由于其主权”强调的是，受灾国受益于不干涉原则，是负有责任保护身处其境内或受其管辖或控制的领土或地区内的人员的一方。 |
| The Commission determined that the term “duty” was more appropriate than that of “responsibility”. | 委员会决定，“责任”一词比“职责”更为妥当。 |
| It
considered that use of the term “responsibility” could give rise to
confusion given its use as a term of art elsewhere in the Commission’s
work. | 委员会认为，用“职责”一词可能导致混淆，因为“职责”是委员会其他工作领域中的专门术语。 |
| (3) Paragraph 2 further reflects the primary role held by a State in disaster response. | (3) 第2款进一步体现了国家在灾害应对中起着主要作用。 |
| This position is rooted in the core principles of State sovereignty and non-intervention at international law. | 这种地位源于国际法中主权和不干涉核心原则。 |
| For
the reasons expressed above, the Commission decided to adopt the word
“role” rather than “responsibility” in articulating the position of an
affected State. | 由于上述原因，委员会决定采用“作用”一词而不用“职责”来表述受灾国的地位。 |
| The
adoption of the term “role” was informed by General Assembly resolution
46/182, which affirms inter alia that an affected State “has the
primary role in the initiation, organization, coordination, and
implementation of humanitarian assistance within its territory”. | 采用“作用”一词受到了大会第46/182号决议的启发，该决议中称，受灾国“在其境内发起、组织、协调和执行人道主义援助方面起主要作用”。 |
| Use
of the word “role” rather than “responsibility” was also considered to
allow a margin of appreciation to States in the coordination of
disaster response activities. | 采用“作用”一词而不用“职责”的另一考虑是在协调灾害应对活动方面给受灾国留出斟酌余地。 |
| Language
implying an obligation upon States to direct or control disaster
response activities may conversely be restrictive on States that
preferred to take a more limited role in disaster response coordination
or faced a situation of limited resources. | 含有国家有义务指挥或控制灾害应对活动之意的措词可能反而会限制一些倾向于在灾害应对的协调中发挥较为有限的作用或资源有限的国家。 |
| (4)
The primacy of an affected State is also informed by the long-standing
recognition in international law that the government of a State is best
placed to determine the gravity of an emergency situation and to frame
appropriate response policies. | (4) 受灾国的主要作用还受到另一启发：国际法早已承认一国政府最能判断紧急情况的严重性并制定适当的应对政策。 |
| The
affirmation in paragraph 2 that an affected State holds the primary
role in the direction, control, coordination and supervision of
disaster relief and assistance should be read in concert with the duty
of cooperation outlined in draft article 8 [5]. | 第2款中称，受灾国起着指挥、控制、协调和监督抗灾救济和援助的主要作用，这一点应与草案第8[5]条草案所述的合作的责任一并解读。 |
| In
this context, draft article 12 [9], paragraph 2, affirms that an
affected State holds the primary position in cooperative relationships
with other relevant actors that are contemplated in draft article 8 [5]. | 这样看来，第12[9]条草案第2款肯定了受灾国在与第8[5]条草案中提到的其他相关行为方的合作关系中起着主要作用。 |
| (5)
Reference to the “direction, control, coordination and supervision” of
disaster relief and assistance is drawn from article 4, paragraph 8 of
the Tampere Convention on the Provision of Telecommunications Resources
for Disaster Mitigation and Relief Operations. | (5) “指挥、控制、协调和监督”抗灾救济和援助的提法来自《为减灾救灾行动提供电信资源的坦佩雷公约》第4条第8款。 |
| The
Commission considered that the Tampere Convention formula was gaining
general currency in the field of disaster relief and assistance and
represented a more contemporary construction. | 委员会认为，《坦佩雷公约》在抗灾救济和援助领域日益广被接受，其措词较为现代。 |
| The
formula reflects the position that a State exercises final control over
the manner in which relief operations are carried out in accordance
with international law. | 这种表述体现了国家在以何种方式遵照国际法开展救灾行动方面拥有最终控制权的立场。 |
| (6)
The Commission departed from the Tampere Convention in deciding not to
include a reference to “national law” in its articulation of the
primary role of an affected State. | (6) 委员会采用了与《坦佩雷公约》有所不同的措词，决定本条中在表述受灾国的主要作用时不提及“本国法律”。 |
| In
the context of the Tampere Convention, the reference to national law
indicates that appropriate coordination requires consistency with an
affected State’s domestic law. | 《坦佩雷公约》中，提及本国法律之处表明，妥善的合作应与受灾国的国内法保持一致。 |
| The
Commission decided not to include this reference in light of the fact
that the internal law of an affected State may not in all cases
regulate or provide for the primary position of a State in disaster
response situations. | 委员会决定在本条中不作提及，因为可能并非所有受灾国的国内法都规范或规定了国家在灾害应对情况下的主要作用。 |
| Article 13 [10] Duty of the affected State to seek external assistance | 第13[10]条 受灾国寻求外部援助的责任 |
| To
the extent that a disaster exceeds its national response capacity, the
affected State has the duty to seek assistance from among other States,
the United Nations, other competent intergovernmental organizations and
relevant non-governmental organizations, as appropriate. | 如所遭受的灾害超过了国家的应对能力，受灾国有责任酌情从其他国家、联合国、其他主管政府间组织和有关非政府组织寻求援助。 |
| Commentary | 评注 |
| (1) Draft article 13 [10] addresses the particular situation in which a disaster exceeds a State’s national response capacity. | (1) 第13[10]条草案处理了灾害超过国家应对能力的特殊情况。 |
| In
these circumstances, an affected State has the duty to seek assistance
from among other States, the United Nations, other competent
intergovernmental organizations and relevant non-governmental
organizations. | 在这种情况下，受影响的国家有责任从其他国家、联合国、其他主管政府间组织和有关非政府组织寻求援助。 |
| The duty expounded in draft article 13 [10] is a specification of draft article 12 [9] and draft article 8 [5]. | 第13[10]条草案中所阐述的义务是第12[9]和第8[5]条草案的详细说明。 |
| Paragraph
1 of draft article 12 [9] stipulates that an affected State, by virtue
of its sovereignty, has the duty to ensure the protection of persons
and provision of disaster relief and assistance on its territory. | 第12[9]条草案第1款规定，受灾国由于其主权，有责任在其领土上确实保护人员和提供抗灾救济及援助。 |
| The draft article affirms the central position of obligations owed by States towards persons within its borders. | 该条款草案申明国家对在其境内的人员负有义务的首要立场。 |
| The
duty to cooperate also underlies an affected State’s duty to the extent
that a disaster exceeds its national response capacity. | 合作的责任也构成受灾国在一场灾害超过其国家应对能力时之责任的基础。 |
| Draft
article 8 [5] affirms that the duty to cooperate is incumbent upon not
only potential assisting States, but also affected States where such
cooperation is appropriate. | 第8[5]条草案申明，在适宜进行此种合作的情形下，潜在的协助国和受灾国都有责任承担合作的义务。 |
| The
Commission considers that such cooperation is both appropriate and
required to the extent that an affected State’s national capacity is
exceeded. | 委员会认为，在并且只在灾害超过受灾国应对能力之程度的情形下，这种合作才是适当和需要的。 |
| In
these circumstances, seeking assistance is additionally an element of
the fulfilment of an affected State’s primary responsibilities under
international human rights instruments and customary international law. | 在这种情况下，寻求援助是受灾国根据国际人权文书和习惯国际法履行主要职责的另外一个因素。 |
| The
existence of the duty to seek assistance as set out in draft article 13
[10] was supported by a majority of the members of the Commission, but
opposed by others, since in the view of those members, international
law as it currently stands does not recognize such a duty. | 委员会大多数委员赞同存在着第13[10]条草案所载述的寻求援助的义务，但另一些委员表示反对，因为在这些委员看来，目前的国际法并没有承认这样的义务。 |
| (2)
The draft article stresses that a duty to seek assistance arises only
to the extent that the national response capacity of an affected State
is exceeded. | (2) 本条草案强调，寻求援助的责任来源于超过受灾国国家应对能力之程度的情况。 |
| Not all disasters are considered to overwhelm a nation’s response capacity. | 并非所有的灾害都被视为达到压倒一个国家应对能力的程度。 |
| The
Commission therefore considers the present draft article only to be
applicable to a subset of disasters as defined in draft article 3 [3]. | 因此，委员会认为，本条草案只适用于第3[3]条草案中所定义的特定灾害情况。 |
| (3)
The Commission adopted the phrase “to the extent that” in order to
clarify that the national response capacity of an affected State is
rarely conceptualized as sufficient or insufficient in absolute terms. | (3) 委员会通过了“如所遭受的灾害…”这一条件语，以澄清这么一点：受灾国的应对能力很少从概念上说是绝对地够或绝对地不够。 |
| An
affected State’s national capacity may be exceeded in relation to one
aspect of disaster relief operations, although the State remains
capable of undertaking other operations. | 受灾国的国家能力可能会在救灾行动的一个方面被超过，虽然该国仍然能够进行其他行动。 |
| As
a whole, the phrase “[t]o the extent that a disaster exceeds its
national response capacity” encompasses the situation in which a
disaster appears likely to exceed an affected State’s national response
capacity. | 作为一个整体，“在并且只在一场灾害超过国家应对能力的情况下”的短语涵盖了灾害可能超过受灾国应对能力的情况。 |
| This
flexible and proactive approach is in line with the fundamental purpose
of the draft articles as expressed in draft article 2 [2]. | 这种灵活和积极的态度符合第2[2]条草案中所表达的根本目的。 |
| The
approach facilitates an adequate and effective response to disasters
that meets the essential needs of the persons concerned, with full
respect for their rights. | 这种着手方式有利于充分和有效地应对灾害，以满足有关人员的基本需求，充分尊重他们的权利。 |
| Recognition
of the duty upon States in these circumstances reflects the
Commission’s concern to enable the provision of timely and effective
disaster relief assistance. | 确认各国在这些情况下的责任反映了委员会对及时和有效提供救灾援助的关注。 |
| (4)
The Commission considers that the duty to seek assistance in draft
article 13 [10] also derives from an affected State’s obligations under
international human rights instruments and customary international law. | (4) 委员会认为，在第13[10]条草案中寻求协助的责任也来源于受灾国根据国际人权文书和习惯国际法承担的义务。 |
| Recourse
to international support may be a necessary element in the fulfilment
of a State’s international obligations towards individuals where an
affected State considers its own resources are inadequate to meet
protection needs. | 诉诸国际社会的支持可能是受灾国在认为自身的资源不足以满足保护需要时对个人履行一个国家的国际义务的必要元素。 |
| While
this may occur also in the absence of any disaster, a number of human
rights are directly implicated in the context of a disaster, including
the right to life, the right to food, the right to health and medical
services, the right to the supply of water, the right to adequate
housing, clothing and sanitation, and the right to be free from
discrimination. | 虽然这种情况在没有灾害时也可能发生，但灾害直接涉及若干人权，其中包括生命权、获得粮食的权利、保健和医疗服务的权利、供水的权利、获得适当的住房、服装和卫生的权利，以及不受歧视的权利。 |
| The
Commission notes that the Human Rights Committee has held that a
State’s duty in the fulfilment of the right to life extends beyond mere
respect to encompass a duty to protect and fulfil the substantive right. | 委员会注意到，人权事务委员会认为，一个国家履行生命权的职责超越了仅仅予以尊重的范围、而延伸到包括保护和履行实质性权利之责任的程度。 |
| The
right to life is non-derogable under the International Covenant on
Civil and Political Rights, even in the event of a “public emergency
threatening the life of a nation” – which has been recognized to
include a “natural catastrophe” by the Human Rights Committee in
General Comment No. 29. | 根据“公民权利和政治权利国际公约”，生命权是不可克减的，即使是在“威胁到一个民族的生命的公共紧急状态”――人权事务委员会在其第29号一般性意见中已确认这种状态包括“自然灾害”。 |
| The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights states that in pursuance of the right to food: | 经济、社会及文化权利国际公约指出，依据获得粮食的权利： |
| “[t]he
States Parties will take appropriate steps to ensure the realization of
this right, recognizing to this effect the essential importance of
international co-operation based on free consent.” | “缔约国将采取适当的步骤以保证实现这一权利，承认为此基于自愿同意而实行国际合作的基本重要性。 ” |
| The
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights noted, in General
Comment No. 12 on the Right to Adequate Food, that if a State party
maintains that resource constraints make it impossible to provide
access to food to those in need: | 经济、社会及文化权利委员会在第12号一般性意见中指出，如果一个缔约国认为，资源的限制使它不可能对需要的人提供食物： |
| “the
State has to demonstrate that every effort has been made to use all the
resources at its disposal in an effort to satisfy, as a matter of
priority, those minimum obligations. [… | “国家必须证明已尽力作出努力，作为一个优先事项，使用可供其处置的所有资源，去满足这些最低限度的义务。 |
| ]
A State claiming that it is unable to carry out its obligation for
reasons beyond its control therefore has the burden of proving that
this is the case and that it has unsuccessfully sought to obtain
international support to ensure the availability and accessibility of
the necessary food”. | […]因此，声称由于无法控制的原因无法履行其义务的国家必须承担举证责任，证明情况的确如此，并且它没有成功地寻求获得国际支持，以确保所需食物的供应和获得”。 |
| The
Commission therefore notes that “appropriate steps” to be taken by a
State include seeking international assistance where domestic
conditions are such that the right to food cannot be realized. | 因此，委员会指出，一国采取的“适当措施”，包括在国内条件到了无法实现获得粮食的权利的情况下寻求国际援助。 |
| It is relevant that this step is engaged where a State itself asserts that it is unable to carry out its obligations. | 如果一国本身断言无法履行其义务，则应当采取这一步骤。 |
| (5)
Specific references to the protection of rights in the event of
disasters are made in the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of
the Child, and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with
Disabilities. | (5) 《非洲儿童权利和福利宪章》 和《残疾人权利公约》具体提到在发生灾害时对权利的保护。 |
| Under
article 23 of the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the
Child, States shall take “all appropriate measures” to ensure that
children seeking or holding refugee status, as well as those who are
internally displaced due to events including “natural disaster”, are
able to “receive appropriate protection and humanitarian assistance in
the enjoyment of the rights set out in this Charter and other
international human rights and humanitarian instruments to which the
States are Parties”. | 根据《非洲儿童权利和福利宪章》第23条，各国应采取“一切适当
措施”，以确保寻求或持有难民地位的儿童以及那些由于包括“自然灾害”在内的事件而在国内流离失所的人在享受本“宪章”和各国参与缔结的其他国际人权和人
道主义文书所载述的权利方面能够“得到适当的保护和人道主义援助”。 |
| The
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities refers to the
obligation of States towards disabled persons in the event of disasters: | 《残疾人权利公约》提到国家在发生灾害时对残疾人的义务： |
| “States
Parties shall take, in accordance with their obligations under
international law, including international humanitarian law and
international human rights law, all necessary measures to ensure the
protection and safety of persons with disabilities in situations of
risk, including situations of armed conflict, humanitarian emergencies
and the occurrence of natural disasters.” | “按照国际法，包括国际人道主义法和国际人权法规定的义务，缔约国应采取一切必要措施，在风险情况，包括发生武装冲突、人道主义突发事件和自然灾害的情况下，落实对残疾人的保护及其安全。 ” |
| The
Commission considers that the phrase “all necessary measures” may
encompass recourse to possible assistance from members of the
international community in the event that an affected State’s national
capacity is exceeded. | 委员会认为，“一切必要措施”短语可包括当灾害超过受灾国应对能力的程度时使用可能来自国际社会成员的援助。 |
| Such an approach would cohere with the guiding principle of humanity as applied in the international legal system. | 这种做法符合国际法律体系中所适用的人性化的指导原则。 |
| The
International Court of Justice affirmed in the Corfu Channel case
(merits) that elementary considerations of humanity are considered to
be general and well-recognized principles of the international legal
order, “even more exacting in peace than in war”. | 国际法院在科孚海峡案(案情实质)中申明，基本的人道考虑被认为是国际法律秩序中一般的和公认的原则，“它在和平时期的要求甚至比战争时期还要严格”。 |
| Draft article 7 [6] affirms the core position of the principle of humanity in disaster response. | 第7[6]条草案确认人道原则在应对灾害中的核心地位。 |
| (6)
The Commission considers that a duty to “seek” assistance is more
appropriate than a duty to “request” assistance in the context of draft
article 13 [10]. | (6) 委员会认为，在第13[10]条草案的范围内，有责任“寻求”援助比有责任“请求”援助的措词方式适当。 |
| The
Commission derives this formulation from the duty outlined in the
resolution on humanitarian assistance adopted by the Institute of
International Law, which notes: | 委员会这一提法源自于国际法学会通过的关于人道主义援助的决议中所列出的责任，其中指出： |
| “[w]henever
the affected State is unable to provide sufficient humanitarian
assistance to the victims placed under its jurisdiction or de facto
control, it shall seek assistance from competent international
organizations and/or from third States.” | “当受灾国无法向在其管辖或实际控制下的受害者提供足够的人道主义援助时，应当向主管的国际组织和/或第三国寻求援助。 ” |
| Similarly, the IFRC Guidelines hold that: | 同样，红十字与红新月联会《导则》认为： |
| “[i]f
an affected State determines that a disaster situation exceeds national
coping capacities, it should seek international and/or regional
assistance to address the needs of affected persons.” | “如果受灾国决定，灾情超过国家的应对能力，应寻求国际和/或地区的援助，以解决受影响人员的需要。 ” |
| In
addition, the guiding principles annexed to General Assembly resolution
46/182 also appear to support an implicit duty on affected States to
engage in international cooperation where an emergency exceeds its
response capacity: | 此外，大会第46/182号决议所附的指导原则似乎也意味着受灾国在紧急情况下超过其应对能力的情形下有责任参与国际合作： |
| “The magnitude and duration of many emergencies may be beyond the response capacity of many affected countries. | “许多紧急情况的严重性和持续时间可能超出了许多受灾国的应对能力。 |
| International
cooperation to address emergency situations and to strengthen the
response capacity of affected countries is thus of great importance. | 因此，进行国际合作以处理紧急情况和加强受灾国的应对能力是非常重要的。 |
| Such cooperation should be provided in accordance with international law and national laws.” | 这种合作应按照国际法和国内法提供。 ” |
| (7)
The alternate formulation of “request” is incorporated in the Oslo
Guidelines, which note that “[i]f international assistance is
necessary, it should be requested or consented to by the Affected State
as soon as possible upon the onset of the disaster to maximise its
effectiveness”. | (7) “请求”的另一种提法载于《奥斯陆准则》，其中指出，“如果国际援助是必要的，应由受灾国在灾害开始发生为了最大限度地发挥救灾的效益而尽快提出要求或予以同意”。 |
| The
Commission considers that a “request” of assistance carries an
implication that an affected State’s consent is granted upon acceptance
of that request by a third State. | 委员会认为，“请求”给予援助意味着在第三国接受该项请求时受灾国同意予以接受。 |
| In
contrast, the Commission is of the view that a duty to “seek”
assistance implies a broader, negotiated approach to the provision of
international aid. | 与此相反，委员会认为，有责任“寻求”援助意味着对国际援助的提供展开更广泛的协商。 |
| The term “seek” entails the proactive initiation by an affected State of a process through which agreement may be reached. | “寻求”一词涉及受灾国采取可能达成协议的主动行动的过程。 |
| Draft
article 13 [10] therefore places a duty upon affected States to take
positive steps actively to seek out assistance to the extent that a
disaster exceeds its national response capacity. | 因此，第13[10]条草案责成受灾国在灾害超过其国家应对能力时积极寻求援助。 |
| (8)
The Commission considers that the Government of an affected State will
be in the best position to determine the severity of a disaster
situation and the limits of its national response capacity. | (8) 委员会认为，受灾国政府最能够判断灾情的严重性和国家应对能力的限制。 |
| The
Commission considers that the assessment of the severity of a disaster
by an affected State must be carried out in good faith. | 委员会认为，受灾国必须真诚评估灾害的严重程度。 |
| The
principle of good faith is expounded in the Declaration on Principles
of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Cooperation
among States in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations,
which stipulates that “[e]very State has the duty to fulfil in good
faith” obligations assumed by it “in accordance with the Charter of the
United Nations”, “obligations under the generally recognized principles
and rules of international law”, and “obligations under international
agreements valid under the generally recognized principles and rules of
international law”. | 《各国依联合国宪章建立友好关系及合作之国际法原则之宣言》阐述了诚意原则， 其中规定，“每一国均有责任一秉诚意履行其按照联合国宪章”担负的义务、“依公认之国际法原则与规则”所担负的的义务 以及“在依公认国际法原则与规则系属有效之国际协定下”所担负的义务。 |
| A
good faith assessment of the severity of a disaster is an element of an
affected State’s duty, by virtue of its sovereignty, to ensure the
protection of persons and provision of disaster relief and assistance
on its territory pursuant to draft article 12 [9], paragraph 1. | 对一个灾害的严重程度的真诚评估是受灾国由于其主权负责根据第12[9]条草案第1款在其领土上确实保护人员和提供抗灾救济和援助的一个要素。 |
| (9)
The phrase “as appropriate” was adopted by the Commission to emphasize
the discretionary power of an affected State to choose from among
various States, the United Nations, competent intergovernmental
organizations, and relevant non-governmental organizations the
assistance that is most appropriate to its specific needs. | (9) 委员会通过的“酌情”这个短语强调受灾国从各国、联合国、主管政府间组织和有关非政府组织中选择最适合其特定需要之援助的自由裁量权。 |
| The
term further reflects that the duty to seek assistance does not imply
that a State is obliged to seek assistance from every source listed in
draft article 13 [10]. | 这个词进一步反映，寻求协助的责任并不意味着，国家一方有责任从第13[10]条草案中所列出的每一个来源寻求援助。 |
| The
phrase “as appropriate” therefore reinforces the fact that an affected
State has the primary role in the direction, control, coordination and
supervision of the provision of disaster relief and assistance, as
outlined in draft article 12 [9], paragraph 2. | 因此，“酌情”这个短语强调了其实受灾国在指挥、控制、协调和监督救灾援助方面具有第12[9]条草案第2款中所概述的主要作用。 |
| (10)
The existence of a duty to seek assistance to the extent that national
capacity is exceeded should not be taken to imply that the Commission
does not encourage affected States to seek assistance in disaster
situations of a lesser magnitude. | (10) 不应该认为，在灾害超出国家应对能力之程度的情形下，寻求援助之责任的存在意味着，委员会并不鼓励受灾国在灾情较小的情况下寻求协助。 |
| The
Commission considers cooperation in the provision of assistance at all
stages of disaster relief to be central to the facilitation of an
adequate and effective response to disasters, and a practical
manifestation of the principle of solidarity. | 委员会认为，在提供抗灾援助的各个阶段进行合作，对充分和有效应对灾害具有主要作用，并且是团结原则的实际体现。 |
| Even
if an affected State is capable and willing to provide the required
assistance, cooperation and assistance by international actors will in
many cases ensure a more adequate, rapid and extensive response to
disasters and an enhanced protection of affected persons. | 即使受灾国有能力、并且愿意提供必要的援助，国际行动者在许多情况下的合作与协助，将确保较为充分、迅速和广泛地应对灾害和加强保护受影响的人。 |
| Article 14 [11] Consent of the affected State to external assistance | 第14[11]条 受灾国对外部援助的同意 |
| 1. The provision of external assistance requires the consent of the affected State. | 1. 提供外部援助需要征得受灾国的同意。 |
| 2. Consent to external assistance shall not be withheld arbitrarily. | 2. 受灾国不得任意拒绝外部援助。 |
| 3.
When an offer of assistance is extended in accordance with the present
draft articles, the affected State shall, whenever possible, make known
its decision regarding the offer. | 3. 对按照本条款草案提出的援助提议，受灾国只要有可能，应告知就该援助提议作出的决定。 |
| Commentary | 评注 |
| (1) Draft article 14 [11] addresses consent of an affected State to the provision of external assistance. | (1) 第14[11]条草案涉及受灾国对提供外部援助的同意。 |
| As a whole, it creates for affected States a qualified consent regime in the field of disaster relief operations. | 作为一个整体，这条草案为受灾国在救灾行动领域创建一个合格的同意制度。 |
| Paragraph
1 reflects the core principle that implementation of international
relief assistance is contingent upon the consent of the affected State. | 第1款反映了国际救灾援助的实施需要受灾国同意的核心原则。 |
| Paragraph
2 stipulates that consent to external assistance shall not be withheld
arbitrarily, while paragraph 3 places a duty upon an affected State to
make known its decision regarding an offer of assistance whenever
possible. | 第2款规定，对外部援助的同意不得被任意拒绝，而第3款正式责成受灾国在可能时告知其就已知的援助提议作出的决定。 |
| (2)
The principle that the provision of external assistance requires the
consent of the affected State is fundamental to international law. | (2) 提供外部援助需要受灾国同意的原则是国际法的基础。 |
| Accordingly,
paragraph 3 of the guiding principles annexed to General Assembly
resolution 46/182 notes that “humanitarian assistance should be
provided with the consent of the affected country and in principle on
the basis of an appeal by the affected country”. | 因此，大会第46/ 182号决议所附载的指导原则第3段指出，“人道主义援助应获得受灾国的同意，并原则上根据受灾国的呼吁予以提供”。 |
| The
Tampere Convention stipulates that “[n]o telecommunication assistance
shall be provided pursuant to this Convention without the consent of
the requesting State Party”, while the ASEAN Agreement on Disaster
Management notes that “external assistance or offers of assistance
shall only be provided upon the request or with the consent of the
affected Party”. | 《坦佩雷公约》规定，没有提出请求的缔约国同意，不应该根据本公约提供电信援助”， 而东盟的灾害管理协定则指出，“外部援助或援助的提议应只在受灾国提出请求或同意后予以提供”。 |
| Recognition
of the requirement of State consent to the provision of external
assistance comports with the recognition in draft article 12 [9],
paragraph 2, that an affected State has the primary role in the
direction, control, coordination and supervision of disaster relief and
assistance on its territory. | 承认国家对外部援助的同意符合第12[9]条草案第2款的规定所确认的：受灾国对在其领土上指挥、控制、协调和监督抗灾救济和援助具有主要作用。 |
| (3)
The recognition, in paragraph 2, that an affected State’s right to
refuse an offer is not unlimited reflects the dual nature of
sovereignty as entailing both rights and obligations. | (3) 第2款中承认受灾国拒绝提议的权利并非是无限的，这一点反映了主权同时引起权利和义务的双重性质。 |
| This
approach is reflected in paragraph 1 of draft article 12 [9], which
affirms that an affected State, “by virtue of its sovereignty, has the
duty to ensure the protection of persons and provision of disaster
relief and assistance on its territory”. | 这种做法体现在第12[9]条草案第1款，其中申明受灾国“由于其主权，有责任在其领土上确实包含人员并提供抗灾救济和援助”。 |
| On
the other hand, some members of the Commission were of the view that
the duty not to arbitrarily withhold consent was not recognized by
international law. | 另一方面，委员会一些委员认为，不得任意拒绝外部援助的义务未得到国际法的承认。 |
| (4)
The Commission considers that the duty of an affected State to ensure
protection and assistance to those within its territory in the event of
a disaster is aimed at preserving the life and dignity of the persons
affected by the disaster and guaranteeing the access of persons in need
to humanitarian assistance. | (4) 委员会认为，受灾国在灾害发生时有责任在其领土上确实保护和协助那些人旨在维护受灾害影响的人的生命和尊严，并保证这些人获得所需要的人道主义援助。 |
| This duty is central to securing the right to life of those within an affected State’s territory. | 这个责任是在受灾国领土内确保生命权的核心。 |
| The
Human Rights Committee has interpreted the right to life as embodied in
article 6 of the International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights
to contain the obligation for States to adopt positive measures to
ensure the enjoyment of this right. | 人权事务委员会解释《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第6条所载述的生命权，认为它包含国家采取积极措施以确保对这一权利之享受的义务。 |
| An offer of assistance that is met with refusal might thus under certain conditions constitute a violation of the right to life. | 因此，拒绝提供援助的提议在一定条件下有可能构成对生命权的侵犯。 |
| The
General Assembly reaffirmed in resolutions 43/131 and 45/100 that “the
abandonment of the victims of natural disasters and similar emergency
situations without humanitarian assistance constitutes a threat to
human life and an offence to human dignity”. | 大会重申第43/131和第45/100号决议，“遗弃自然灾害和类似紧急情况的受害者而不给予人道主义援助构成了威胁人类生命和侵犯人类尊严的罪行。 ” |
| (5)
Recognition that an affected State’s discretion regarding consent is
not unlimited is reflected in the Guiding Principles on Internal
Displacement. | (5) 承认受灾国对同意的自由裁量权并非是无限的，这一点载于对国内流离失所问题的指导原则。 |
| The
Guiding Principles, which have been welcomed by the former Commission
on Human Rights and the General Assembly in unanimously adopted
resolutions and described by the Secretary-General as “the basic
international norm for protection” of internally displaced persons,
note: | 前人权委员会和大会以一致意见通过的决议欢迎这些指导原则，秘书长形容它们是使在国内流离失所者获得“保护的基本国际规范”，指出： |
| “[c]onsent
[to offers of humanitarian assistance] shall not be arbitrarily
withheld, particularly when authorities concerned are unable or
unwilling to provide the required humanitarian assistance”. | “[对提供人道主义援助的同意]不得被任意拒绝，特别是当有关当局不能或不愿提供必要的人道主义援助的时候。 |
| The Institute of International Law dealt twice with the question of consent in the context of humanitarian assistance. | ” 国际法学会处理过两次在人道主义援助方面的同意问题。 |
| Its
1989 resolution entitled “The Protection of Human Rights and the
Principle of Non-intervention in the Internal Affairs of States”,
article 5, paragraph 2, states in the authoritative French text: “Les
États sur le territoire desquels de telles situations de détresse [où
la population est gravement menacée dans sa vie ou sa santé] existent
ne refuseront pas arbitrairement de pareilles offres de secours
humanitaires.” | 其题为“保护人权和不干涉各国内部事务的原则”的1989年决议第8[5]条
草案第2款，在可靠的法文本中指出： “Les États sur le territoire desquels de telles
situations de détresse [où la population est gravement menacée dans sa
vie ou sa santé] existent ne refuseront pas arbitrairement de pareilles
offres de secours humanitaires
(在其领土上出现这些紧急情况[人民的生命或健康受到严重威胁]的国家不得被任意拒绝此种人道主义救援)。 ” |
| In
2003, the Institute of International Law revisited this issue,
stipulating in its Resolution on Humanitarian Assistance under the
heading “Duty of affected States not arbitrarily to reject a bona fide
offer of humanitarian assistance”: | 国际法学会在2003年重新审视这个问题，在关于人道主义援助的决议中，在标题“受灾国不能任意拒绝善意的人道主义援助提议”之下规定： |
| “Affected
States are under the obligation not arbitrarily and unjustifiably to
reject a bona fide offer exclusively intended to provide humanitarian
assistance or to refuse access to the victims. | “受灾国有义务不能任意和无理拒绝纯粹为了提供人道主义援助的善意提议或拒绝救援受害者。 |
| In
particular, they may not reject an offer nor refuse access if such
refusal is likely to endanger the fundamental human rights of the
victims or would amount to a violation of the ban on starvation of
civilians as a method of warfare.” | 特别是，他们不得拒绝援助的提议，也不能拒绝救援，如果这种拒绝可能危及受害者的基本人权，或将违反不得作为一种作战方法使平民陷于饥饿的禁令。 |
| (6) The term “withheld” implies a temporal element to the determination of arbitrariness. | ” (6) “拒绝”一词意味着确定随意性的一个时间因素。 |
| Both
the refusal of assistance, and the failure of an affected State to make
known a decision in accordance with draft article 14 [11], paragraph 3
within a reasonable time frame, may be deemed arbitrary. | 受灾国拒绝援助和没有按照第14[11]条草案第3款草案在一个合理的时间框架内作出决定可能被视为任意的。 |
| This
view is reflected in General Assembly resolutions 43/131 and 45/100,
which each include the following preambular paragraphs: | 这种观点反映在大会第43/131号决议 和第45/100号决议，其中包括以下序言段： |
| “Concerned
about the difficulties that victims of natural disasters and similar
emergency situations may experience in receiving humanitarian
assistance, | “关注自然灾害和类似紧急情况的受害者在接受人道主义援助方面可能会遇到的困难， |
| Convinced
that, in providing humanitarian assistance, in particular the supply of
food, medicines or health care, for which access to victims is
essential, rapid relief will avoid a tragic increase in their number.” | 深信，在提供人道主义援助，特别是食品、药品或保健方面，访问受害者是必不可少的，迅速救援可避免灾民人数增加的不幸景象。 |
| The
2000 Framework Convention on Civil Defence Assistance likewise reflects
among the principles that States parties, in terms of providing
assistance in the event of a disaster, undertake to respect that
“[o]ffers of, or requests for, assistance shall be examined and
responded to by recipient States within the shortest possible time”. | ” 同样，2000年《民防援助框架公约》除了其他原则以外反映：各缔约国承诺在发生灾害时提供援助方面，“受援国务必审查援助的提议或请求并在最短期间内提出答复”。 |
| (7) The term “arbitrary” directs attention to the basis of an affected State’s decision to withhold consent. | (7) “任意”一词针对受灾国决定不予同意的基础。 |
| The
determination of whether the withholding of consent is arbitrary must
be determined on a case-by-case basis, although as a general rule
several principles can be adduced. | 确定对同意的置之不理是否“任意”，必须在逐案的基础上予以确定，虽然作为一般规则，可以举出几个原则。 |
| First,
the Commission considers that withholding consent to external
assistance is not arbitrary where a State is capable of providing, and
willing to provide, an adequate and effective response to a disaster on
the basis of its own resources. | 首先，委员会认为，对外部援助不予同意不是任意，倘若一个国家在自身资源的基础上，能够提供、并且愿意提供充分和有效应对灾害的措施。 |
| Second,
withholding consent to assistance from one external source is not
arbitrary if an affected State has accepted appropriate and sufficient
assistance from elsewhere. | 其次，对一个外部来源的援助不予同意不是任意的，倘若受灾国已经接受了来自其他地方的适当和足够的援助。 |
| Third,
the withholding of consent is not arbitrary if the relevant offer is
not extended in accordance with the present draft articles. | 再次，不予以同意不是任意的，倘若有关提议不按照本条款草案提供。 |
| In
particular, draft article 7 [6] establishes that humanitarian
assistance must take place in accordance with principles of humanity,
neutrality and impartiality, and on the basis of non-discrimination. | 尤其是，第7[6]条草案规定，人道主义援助必须根据人道、中立和公正的原则在不歧视的基础上进行。 |
| Conversely,
where an offer of assistance is made in accordance with the draft
articles and no alternate sources of assistance are available, there
would be a strong inference that a decision to withhold consent is
arbitrary. | 相反，援助的提议是按照条款草案提出的，并且没有任何其他的援助来源，将有很强的推理空间，认为不予同意的决定是任意作出的。 |
| (8)
An affected State’s discretion to determine the most appropriate form
of assistance is an aspect of its primary role in the direction,
control, coordination and supervision of disaster relief and assistance
under draft article 12 [9], paragraph 2. | (8) 受灾国确定援助的最适当的形式的自由裁量权，是它根据第12[9]条草案第2款指挥、控制、协调和监督抗灾和援助的主要作用的一个方面。 |
| This discretion must be exercised in good faith in accordance with an affected State’s international obligations. | 这种自由裁量权必须根据受灾国的国际义务真诚地行使。 |
| The Commission nonetheless encourages affected States to give reasons where consent to assistance is withheld. | 尽管如此，委员会鼓励受灾国说明拒绝同意援助的原因。 |
| The provision of reasons is fundamental to establishing the good faith of an affected State’s decision to withhold consent. | 原因的提供对确定受灾国拒绝同意援助的决定之善意最为重要。 |
| The absence of reasons may act to support an inference that the withholding of consent is arbitrary. | 原因的缺乏可能形成一个推论空间，而被认为不同意援助是任意作出的决定。 |
| (9)
In paragraph 3, the Commission opted for the phrase “make known its
decision regarding the offer” to give the maximum flexibility to
affected States in determining how best to respond to offers of
assistance. | (9) 在第3款中，委员会选择“告知其就已知的提议作出的决定”的短语，使受灾国在确定如何以最好的方式应对提供援助的提议方面有最大的灵活性。 |
| It
was recognized that a rigid duty formally to respond to every offer of
assistance may place too high a burden on affected States in disaster
situations. | 人们认识到，对提供援助的每一个提议做出正式反应的刚性责任可能对处于在灾害情况下的受灾国造成太大的负担。 |
| The
Commission considers the current phrase to encompass a wide range of
possible means of response, including a general publication of the
affected State’s decision regarding all offers of assistance. | 委员会认为当前的短语，涵盖广泛的响应方式，包括由受灾国公布对所有援助提议作出决定的一般手段。 |
| The
paragraph applies to both situations where an affected State accepts
assistance and situations in which an affected State withholds its
consent. | 此段同样适用于受灾国同意接受援助和不同意援助的情况。 |
| (10) The Commission considers the phrase “whenever possible” to have a very restricted scope. | (10) 委员会认为“只要有可能”的含义范围非常有限。 |
| The
phrase directs attention to extreme situations where a State is
incapable of forming a view regarding consent due to the lack of a
functioning government or circumstances of equal incapacity. | 这个短语提醒注意一国由于缺乏有效的政府或同等的丧失工作能力情况而无法就同意形成意见的极端情况。 |
| The
Commission is further of the view that an affected State is capable of
making its decision known in the manner it feels most appropriate
absent the exceptional circumstances outlined in this paragraph. | 委员会还认为，受灾国倘若没有本段所述特殊情况，就能使用它认为最合适的方式告知其所作的决定。 |
| Article 15 [13] Conditions on the provision of external assistance | 第15[13]条 对提供外部援助规定条件 |
| The affected State may place conditions on the provision of external assistance. | 受灾国可对提供外部援助规定条件。 |
| Such
conditions shall be in accordance with the present draft articles,
applicable rules of international law, and the national law of the
affected State. | 此种条件应与本条款草案、适用的国际法规则以及受灾国国内法相符。 |
| Conditions shall take into account the identified needs of the persons affected by disasters and the quality of the assistance. | 条件应考虑到查明的受灾人员的需要和援助的质量。 |
| When formulating conditions, the affected State shall indicate the scope and type of assistance sought. | 在拟订条件时，受灾国应指明所寻求的援助的范围和种类。 |
| Commentary | 评注 |
| (1)
Draft article 15 [13] addresses the establishment of conditions by
affected States on the provision of external assistance on their
territory. | (1) 第15[13]条草案涉及受灾国对在其领土上提供外部援助规定条件。 |
| It
affirms the right of affected States to place conditions on such
assistance, in accordance with the present draft articles and
applicable rules of international and national law. | 本条草案肯定了受灾国有权根据现有条款草案以及国际和国内法的适用规定，对提供外部援助规定条件。 |
| The draft article indicates how such conditions are to be determined. | 本条草案说明了如何规定这些条件。 |
| The identified needs of the persons affected by disasters and the quality of the assistance guide the nature of the conditions. | 查明的受灾人员的需要和援助的质量决定了条件的性质。 |
| It also requires the affected State, when formulating conditions, to indicate the scope and type of assistance sought. | 本条还要求受灾国在拟定条件时指明所需求的援助的范围和种类。 |
| (2)
The draft article furthers the principle enshrined in draft article 12
[9], which recognizes the primary role of the affected State in the
direction, control, coordination and supervision of disaster relief and
assistance on its territory. | (2) 本条草案进一步体现了第12[9]条草案规定的原则，第12[9]条草案确认受灾国在指挥、控制、协调和监督抗灾救济和援助方面应发挥主要作用。 |
| By
using the phrasing “may place conditions”, which accords with the
voluntary nature of the provision of assistance, draft article 15 [13]
acknowledges the right of the affected State to establish conditions
for such assistance, preferably in advance of a disaster’s occurrence
but also in relation to specific forms of assistance by particular
actors during the response phase. | 通过采用“可…规定条件”的说法――这符合提供援助的自愿性质，第15[13]条草案承认受灾国有权对这类援助规定条件，最好在灾害发生前规定条件，不过也可以在救灾过程中就已知援助方的具体援助形式规定条件。 |
| The
Commission makes reference to “external” assistance because the scope
of the provision covers the assistance provided by third States or
other assisting actors, such as competent international organizations,
but not assistance provided from internal sources, such as domestic
non-governmental organizations. | 委员会提到“外部”援助是因为本条的范围是第三国或其他援助方，例如主管的国际组织提供的援助，但不包括来自国内的援助，例如国内非政府组织提供的援助。 |
| (3)
The draft article places limits on an affected State’s right to
condition assistance, which must be exercised in accordance with
applicable rules of law. | (3) 本条草案对受灾国规定援助条件的权利施加了限制，即必须依据适用的法律规则施加条件。 |
| The
second sentence outlines the legal framework within which conditions
may be imposed, which comprises “the present draft articles, applicable
rules of international law, and the national law of the affected State. | 第二句列出了可施加条件的法律框架，包括“本条款草案、适用的国际法规则以及受灾国国内法。 |
| ”
The Commission included the phrase “the present draft articles” to
stress that all conditions must be in accordance with the principles
reflected in the draft articles, there being no need to repeat an
enumeration of the humanitarian and legal principles already addressed
elsewhere, notably, good faith, sovereignty and the humanitarian
principles dealt with in draft article 7 [6], that is, humanity,
neutrality, impartiality and non-discrimination. | ”委员会提到“本条款草案”，以强调所有条件都必须符合条款草案所体现的原则，因此无需再次列举其他条款阐述过的人道主义和法律原则，特别是诚信、主权，以及第7[6]条草案中提到的人道主义原则，即人道、中立、公正和不歧视。 |
| (4) The reference to national law emphasizes the authority of domestic laws in the particular affected area. | (4) 提到国内法，这强调了国内法在具体受灾地区的权威。 |
| It
does not, however, imply the prior existence of national law (internal
law) addressing the specific conditions imposed by an affected State in
the event of a disaster. | 但这并不意味着事先就存在专门规范发生灾害时受灾国提出的具体条件的国内法(内部法)。 |
| Although
there is no requirement of specific national legislation before
conditions can be fixed, they must be in accordance with whatever
relevant domestic legislation is in existence in the affected State, as
envisaged in draft article 17 [14]. | 虽然不要求在规定条件之前必须存在专门的国内法，但是规定的条件必须符合受灾国现有的相关国内法律，正如第17[14]条草案所设想的。 |
| (5) The affected State and the assisting actor must both comply with the applicable rules of national law of the affected State. | (5) 受灾国和援助方都必须遵守受灾国国内法的适用规则。 |
| The
affected State may only impose conditions that are in accordance with
such laws, and the assisting actor must comply with such laws at all
times throughout the duration of assistance. | 受灾国只可依据这类法律施加条件，援助方在整个援助期间都必须遵守这类法律。 |
| This
reciprocity is not made explicit in the draft article, since it is
inherent in the broader principle of respect for national law. | 本条草案没有明确说明这种相互性，因为遵守国内法这一普遍原则本身就体现了这种相互性。 |
| Existing international agreements support the affirmation that assisting actors must comply with national law. | 当前国际协定支持援助方必须遵守国内法律的观点。 |
| The
ASEAN Agreement, for example, provides in article 13 (2) that
“[m]embers of the assistance operation shall respect and abide by all
national laws and regulations”. | 例如，东盟协定第13条第(2)款规定“援助行动的成员必须尊重并遵守所有国内法律和规章”。 |
| Several
other international agreements also require assisting actors to respect
national law or to act in accordance with the law of the affected State. | 其他一些国际协定也要求援助方遵守国内法 或依据受灾国的法律开展活动。 |
| (6)
The duty of assisting actors to respect national law implies the
obligation to require that: members of the relief operation observe the
national laws and regulations of the affected State, the head of the
relief operation takes all appropriate measures to ensure the
observance of the national laws and regulations of the affected State,
and assisting personnel cooperate with national authorities. | (6) 援助方遵守国内法的义务意味着有义务要求救援行动成员遵守受灾国的国内法律和规章， 救援行动负责人采取一切适当措施确保遵守受灾国的国内法律和规章， 援助人员与受灾国当局合作。 |
| The
obligation to respect the national law and to cooperate with the
authorities of the affected State accords with the overarching
principle of the sovereignty of the affected State and the principle of
cooperation. | 遵守受灾国国内法并与受灾国当局合作的义务与受灾国主权至上的原则和合作原则是一致的。 |
| (7)
The right to condition assistance is the recognition of a right of the
affected State to deny unwanted or unneeded assistance, and to
determine what and when assistance is appropriate. | (7) 规定援助条件的权利承认受灾国有权拒绝不想要或不需要的援助，以及决定援助内容和时间。 |
| The
third sentence of the draft article gives an explanation of what is
required of conditions set by affected States, namely, that they must
“take into account” not only the identified needs of the persons
affected by disasters but also the quality of the assistance. | 本条草案第三句解释了受灾国规定的条件需满足的要求，即条件不仅必须“考虑”查明的受灾人员的需要，还必须考虑援助的质量。 |
| Nevertheless,
the phrase “take into account” does not denote that conditions relating
to the identified needs and the quality of assistance are the only ones
which States can place on the provision of external assistance. | 不过，“考虑”一词并不表示国家对外部援助只能施加与查明的需要和援助质量有关的条件。 |
| (8)
The Commission included the word “identified” to signal that the needs
must be apparent at the time conditions are set and that needs can
change as the situation on the ground changes and more information
becomes available. | (8) 委员会使用“查明的”一词，以显示规定条件时必须有明显的需要，而且随着实地情况的变化以及更多信息的出现，需要也可能随之变化。 |
| It implies that conditions should not be arbitrary, but be formulated with the goal of protecting those affected by a disaster. | 这意味着不应任意施加条件，而应当以保护受灾人员为目标拟定条件。 |
| “Identified”
indicates there must be some process by which needs are made known,
which can take the form of a needs assessment, preferably also in
consultation with assisting actors. | “查明的”表示必须存在某些了解需要的程序，可采取需求评估的形式，而且最好与援助方磋商进行。 |
| However,
the procedure to identify needs is not predetermined, and it is left to
the affected State to follow the most suitable one. | 不过，查明需要的程序不是事先设定的，而是由受灾国选择其认为最合适的程序。 |
| This
is a flexible requirement that may be satisfied according to the
circumstances of a disaster and the capacities of the affected State. | 没有硬性规定，视灾害的具体情况和受灾国的能力而定。 |
| In no instance should identifying needs hamper or delay prompt and effective assistance. | 无论如何，都不应当因查明需要而妨碍或耽误迅速和有效的援助。 |
| The
provision of the third sentence is meant to “meet the essential needs
of the persons concerned” in the event of a disaster, as expressed in
draft article 2 [2], and should be viewed as further protection of the
rights and needs of persons affected by disasters. | 第三句的规定旨在如第2[2]条草案所述，在发生灾害时“满足有关人员的基本需要”，应视为对受灾人员权利和需要的进一步保护。 |
| The
reference to “needs” in both draft articles is broad enough to
encompass the special needs of women, children, the elderly, persons
with disabilities, and vulnerable or disadvantaged persons and groups. | 这两条草案中提到的“需要”范围广泛，足以涵盖妇女、儿童、老人和残疾人以及脆弱或弱势人员和群体的特殊需要。 |
| (9)
The inclusion of the word “quality” is meant to ensure that affected
States have the right to reject assistance that is not necessary or
that may be harmful. | (9) 使用“质量”一词是为了确保受灾国有权拒绝不必要或可能有害的援助。 |
| Conditions may include restrictions based on, inter alia, safety, security, nutrition and cultural appropriateness. | 条件可包括，除其他外，基于安全、安保、营养和文化适当性施加的限制。 |
| (10) Draft article 15 [13] contains a reference to the “scope and type of assistance sought. | (10) 第15[13]条草案提及“寻求的援助的范围和种类”。 |
| ” This is in line with previous international agreements that contain a similar provision. | 之前的一些国际协定也载有类似规定。 |
| By
the use of the words “shall indicate” the draft article puts the onus
on the affected State to specify the type and scope of assistance
sought when placing conditions on assistance. | 通过使用“应指明”一词，本条草案规定受灾国在施加援助条件时有责任明确说明寻求的援助种类和范围。 |
| At
the same time, it implies that once fixed, the scope and type of such
assistance will be made known to the assisting actors that may provide
it, which would facilitate consultations. | 同时，这意味着援助的范围和种类一旦确定，将告知可能提供援助的援助方，为磋商提供便利。 |
| This
will increase the efficiency of the assistance process, and will ensure
that appropriate assistance reaches those in need in a timely manner. | 这将提高援助进程的效率，并确保及时向需要的人提供适当的援助。 |
| (11) The Commission considered several possibilities for the proper verb to modify the word “conditions”. | (11) 关于使用什么动词修饰“条件”一词，委员会考虑了多种可能。 |
| The
Commission’s decision to use two different words, “place” and
“formulate”, is a stylistic choice that does not imply differentiation
of meaning between the two uses. | 委员会决定使用两个不同的词――“规定”和“拟定”是为了避免用词重复，并不表示不同的含义。 |
| Article 16 [12] Offers of external assistance | 第16[12]条 提议外部援助 |
| In
responding to disasters, States, the United Nations, and other
competent intergovernmental organizations have the right to offer
assistance to the affected State. | 在应对灾害时，各国、联合国、其他主管政府间组织有权向受灾国提议援助。 |
| Relevant non-governmental organizations may also offer assistance to the affected State. | 有关非政府组织也可向受灾国提议援助。 |
| Commentary | 评注 |
| (1)
Draft article 16 [12] acknowledges the interest of the international
community in the protection of persons in the event of disasters, which
is to be viewed as complementary to the primary role of the affected
State enshrined in draft article 12 [9]. | (1) 第16[12]条草案承认国际社会愿意在发生灾害时保护人员，这被视为对第12[9]条草案所载受灾国主要作用的补充。 |
| It
is an expression of the principle of solidarity underlying the whole
set of draft articles on the topic and, in particular, of the principle
of cooperation embodied in draft articles 8 [5], 9 [5 bis] and 10 [5
ter]. | 本条草案表达了属于本专题整套条款草案的基础的团结一致原则，特别是表达了第8[5]、第9[5之二]条和第10[5之三]条草案所载的合作原则。 |
| (2) Draft article 16 [12] is only concerned with “offers” of assistance, not with the actual “provision” thereof. | (2) 第16[12]条草案只涉及“提议”援助，不涉及实际“提供”援助。 |
| Such
offers, whether made unilaterally or in response to a request, are
essentially voluntary and should not be construed as recognition of the
existence of a legal duty to assist. | 这类提议，不论是单方面提出还是应要求提出，本质上是自愿性质，不应视为承认存在援助的法律义务。 |
| Nor does an offer of assistance create for the affected State a corresponding obligation to accept it. | 援助提议并不导致受灾国有义务接受该提议。 |
| In
line with the fundamental principle of sovereignty informing the whole
set of draft articles, an affected State may accept in whole or in
part, or not accept, offers of assistance from States or non-State
actors in accordance with draft article 14 [11]. | 根据贯穿于整套条款草案的基本的主权原则，受灾国可按照第14[11]条草案选择全部或部分接受，或是不接受来自国家或非国家行为方的援助提议。 |
| The
requirement that offers of assistance be made “in accordance with the
present draft articles” implies, among other consequences, that such
offers should be made consistent with the principles set forth in these
draft articles, in particular in draft article 7 [6]. | 要求“按照本条款草案”提出援助提议意味着这类提议除其他外，应符合这些条款草案所载的原则，尤其是第7[6]条草案中的原则。 |
| (3)
Offers of assistance which are consistent with the present draft
articles cannot be regarded as interference in the affected State’s
internal affairs. | (3) 根据现有条款草案提出的援助提议本身不得视为干涉受灾国内部事务。 |
| This
conclusion accords with the statement of the Institute of International
Law in its 1989 resolution on the protection of human rights and the
principle of non-intervention in internal affairs of States: | 这一论断符合国际法学会在1989年关于“保护人权和不干涉他国内部事务原则”的决议中的声明： |
| “An
offer by a State, a group of States, an international organization or
an impartial humanitarian body such as the International Committee of
the Red Cross, of food or medical supplies to another State in whose
territory the life or health of the population is seriously threatened,
cannot be considered an unlawful intervention in the internal affairs
of that State. […]” | “一国、国家集团、国际组织或红十字国际委员会等公正的人道主义机构向领土内人民生命或健康遭到严重威胁的国家提出提供粮食或医疗物资，不得视为对该国内部事务的非法干涉。 […]” |
| (4)
Draft article 16 [12] addresses the question of offers of assistance to
affected States made by third actors by mentioning in two separate
sentences those most likely to be involved in such offers after the
occurrence of a disaster. | (4) 第16[12]条草案涉及第三方向受灾国提议援助的问题，分别在两句中提到了最有可能在发生灾害后提出这类提议的行为方。 |
| States,
the United Nations and other competent intergovernmental organizations
are listed in the first sentence while the second concerns
non-governmental organizations. | 第一句提到了国家、联合国及其他主管政府间组织，第二句提到了非政府组织。 |
| The Commission decided to use a different wording in each of the two sentences. | 委员会决定在两句中使用不同的措词。 |
| In the first sentence it opted for the phrasing “have the right to offer assistance” for reasons of emphasis. | 第一句选择使用“有权向受灾国提议援助”以示强调。 |
| States,
the United Nations and intergovernmental organizations not only are
entitled but are also encouraged to make offers of assistance to the
affected State. | 国家、联合国及政府间组织不仅有权，而且鼓励它们向受灾国提出援助提议。 |
| When
referring to non-governmental organizations in the second sentence, the
Commission adopted instead the wording “may also offer assistance” to
stress the distinction, in terms of nature and legal status, that
exists between the position of those organizations and that of States
and intergovernmental organizations. | 第二句提到非政府组织时，委员会采用了“也可向受灾国提议援助”的说法，以强调非政府组织与国家及政府间组织在性质和地位上的区别。 |
| (5)
The second sentence of draft article 16 [12] recognizes the important
role played by those non-governmental organizations which, because of
their nature, location and expertise, are well placed to provide
assistance in response to a particular disaster. | (5) 第16[12]条草案第二句承认非政府组织发挥的重要作用，它们凭借其性质、位置和专长，能够针对特定灾害提供援助。 |
| The position of non-governmental, and other, actors in carrying out relief operations is not a novelty in international law. | 国际法中也曾经提到非政府组织及其他行为方在开展救援行动方面的地位。 |
| The Geneva Conventions of 1949 already provided that, in situations of armed conflict: | 1949年日内瓦四公约已经规定，在武装冲突情况下： |
| “[…
] An impartial humanitarian body, such as the International Committee
of the Red Cross, may offer its services to the Parties to the
conflict.” | “[…]公正的人道主义团体，如红十字国际委员会，得向冲突之各方提供服务。 ” |
| Similarly, the Protocol II Additional to the Geneva Conventions provides that: | 同样，日内瓦四公约第二附加议定书规定： |
| “Relief
societies located in the territory of the High Contracting Party, such
as Red Cross (Red Crescent, Red Lion and Sun) organizations, may offer
their services for the performance of their traditional functions in
relation to the victims of the armed conflict. | 在缔约一方领土内的救济团体，如红十字会(红新月会、红狮与太阳会)组织，得提供服务，对武装冲突受难者执行其传统的职务。 |
| The civilian population may, even on its own initiative, offer to collect and care for the wounded, sick and shipwrecked.” | 平民居民即使在其自己主动下，也得提供收集和照顾伤者、病者和遇船难者的服务。 |
| The
important contribution of non-governmental organizations, working with
strictly humanitarian motives, in disaster response was stressed by the
General Assembly in its resolution 43/131 of 8 December 1988, entitled
“Humanitarian assistance to victims of natural disasters and similar
emergency situations”, in which the Assembly, inter alia, invited all
affected States to “facilitate the work of [such] organizations in
implementing humanitarian assistance, in particular the supply of food,
medicines and health care, for which access to victims is essential”
and appealed “to all States to give their support to [those]
organizations working to provide humanitarian assistance, where needed,
to the victims of natural disasters and similar emergency situations”. | 大
会1988年12月8日题为“向自然灾害和类似紧急情况的受害者提供人道主义援助”的第43/131号决议强调了纯粹出于人道主义动机工作的非政府组织在
救灾工作中的重要贡献，除其他外，大会在决议中请所有受灾国“便利[这类]组织提供人道主义援助的工作，特别是提供粮食、药品和医疗保健，而这些援助切需
到达灾民手中”，并呼吁“所有国家支持向自然灾害和类似紧急情况的灾民提供人道主义援助的[那些]组织”。 |
| Article 17 [14] Facilitation of external assistance | 第17[14]条 便利外部援助 |
| 1.
The affected State shall take the necessary measures, within its
national law, to facilitate the prompt and effective provision of
external assistance regarding, in particular: | 1. 受灾国应在其国内法范围内采取必要措施，便利迅速及有效地提供外部援助，尤其是： |
| (a)
civilian and military relief personnel, in fields such as privileges
and immunities, visa and entry requirements, work permits, and freedom
of movement; | (a) 对于民事救灾人员和军队救灾人员，在诸如特权和豁免、签证和入境要求、工作许可证、通行自由等方面提供便利； |
| and | 以及 |
| (b) equipment and goods, in fields such as customs requirements and tariffs, taxation, transport, and disposal thereof. | (b) 对于设备和物资，在诸如海关要求和关税、征税、运输以及处置等方面提供便利。 |
| 2.
The affected State shall ensure that its relevant legislation and
regulations are readily accessible, to facilitate compliance with
national law. | 2. 受灾国应确保其有关法律和规章容易查阅，从而便利遵守国内法。 |
| Commentary | 评注 |
| (1) Draft article 17 [14] addresses the facilitation of external assistance. | (1) 第17[14]条草案涉及便利外部援助。 |
| Its purpose is to ensure that national law accommodates the provision of prompt and effective assistance. | 本条的目的是确保国内法有利于提供迅速和有效的援助。 |
| To
that effect, it further requires the affected State to ensure that its
relevant legislation and regulations are readily accessible to
assisting actors. | 为此，该条进一步要求受灾国确保援助方能够容易查阅到其有关法律和规章。 |
| (2)
The draft article provides that affected States “shall take the
necessary measures” to facilitate the prompt and effective provision of
assistance. | (2) 本条草案规定受灾国“应…采取必要措施”，方便迅速及有效地提供援助。 |
| The
phrase “take necessary measures, within its national law” may include,
inter alia, legislative, executive or administrative measures. | “在其国内法范围内采取必要措施”可包括立法、管理或行政等措施。 |
| Measures
may also include actions taken under emergency legislation, as well as
permissible temporary adjustment or waiver of the applicability of
particular national legislation or regulations, where appropriate. | 措施还可以包括根据紧急状态法采取的行动，以及在允许的范围内酌情临时调整或放弃某些国内法律或规章的适用。 |
| In
formulating the draft article in such a manner, the Commission
encourages States to allow for temporary non-applicability of their
national laws in the event of disasters, and for appropriate provisions
to be included within their national law so as to not create any legal
uncertainty in the critical period following a disaster when such
emergency provisions become necessary. | 委员会如此拟订本条草案，是为了鼓励各国允许在发生灾害时暂不适用某些国内法律，并在国内法律中添加适当条款，以免在灾后需要这类紧急条款的关键时期造成任何法律上的不确定。 |
| (3)
The draft article outlines examples of areas of assistance in which
national law should enable the taking of appropriate measures. | (3) 本条草案列出了国内法应允许采取临时措施的援助领域。 |
| The
words “in particular” before the examples indicate that this is not an
exhaustive list, but rather an illustration of the various areas that
may need to be addressed by national law to facilitate prompt and
effective assistance. | 列举前使用的“尤其是”一词表明没有列出所有情况，只是显示了国内法可能需要为迅速及有效的援助提供便利的不同领域。 |
| (4) Subparagraph (a) envisages relief personnel. | (4) 本条(a)项涉及救灾人员。 |
| Specific
mention of both civilian and military relief personnel indicates the
Commission’s recognition that the military often plays a key role in
disaster response actions. | 本条专门提到民事救灾人员和军队救灾人员，表明委员会承认军队救灾人员在救灾行动中通常发挥重要作用。 |
| Military relief personnel are those involved in the provision of humanitarian assistance. | 军队救灾人员指参与提供人道主义援助的人员。 |
| The areas addressed in the subparagraph provide guidance as to how personnel can be better accommodated. | (a)项提到的领域就如何更好地为救灾人员提供便利作出了指导。 |
| Granting
of privileges and immunities to assisting actors is an important
measure included in many international agreements to encourage the help
of foreign aid workers. | 授予援助方特权和豁免是许多国际协定所载鼓励外国救援人员提供帮助的重要措施。 |
| Waiver or expedition of visa and entry requirements and work permits is necessary to ensure prompt assistance. | 免签证或快速办理签证，以及在入境要求和工作许可证方面提供便利是确保迅速提供援助的关键。 |
| Without
a special regime in place, workers may be held up at borders or unable
to work legally during the critical days after a disaster, or forced to
exit and re-enter continually so as not to overstay their visas. | 如果没有特殊机制，救援人员可能被拦在边境，或无法在灾害发生后的关键几天合法地开展工作，或为避免逗留时间超过签证期限而不得不反复出入境。 |
| Freedom
of movement means the ability of workers to move freely within a
disaster area in order to properly perform their specifically agreed
upon functions. | 通行自由意味着救援人员能够在灾区自由通行，以充分履行专门商定的职责。 |
| Affected States can restrict access to certain sensitive areas while still allowing for freedom within the area concerned. | 受灾国允许在相关区域内通行自由的同时，可限制进入某些敏感地区。 |
| Unnecessary restriction of movement of relief personnel inhibits workers’ ability to provide flexible assistance. | 对救援人员的通行自由施加不必要的限制将遏制救援人员灵活提供援助的能力。 |
| (5)
Subparagraph (b) addresses equipment and goods, which encompasses any
and all supplies, tools, machines, foodstuffs, medicines, and other
objects necessary for relief operations. | (5) 本条(b)项涉及物资和设备，包括任何以及一切物资、工具、机器、食物、药物，以及救援行动所需的其他物品。 |
| The
Commission intends that this category also include search dogs, which
are normally regarded as goods and equipment, rather than creating a
separate category for animals. | 委员会希望将该类别也包括搜救犬――一般视为设备和物资，而不是为动物单独设一类。 |
| Goods
and equipment are essential to the facilitation of effective
assistance, and national laws must be flexible to address the needs of
persons affected by disasters and to ensure prompt delivery. | 设备和物资是为有效援助提供便利的关键，国内法必须灵活应对受灾人员的需要，确保迅速提供设备和物资。 |
| Custom
requirements and tariffs, as well as taxation, should be waived or
lessened in order to reduce costs and prevent delay of goods. | 应取消或放松海关规定，减免关税和税收，以降低成本，避免耽误物资运输。 |
| Equipment
and goods that are delayed can quickly lose their usefulness, and
normal procedures in place aiming at protecting the economic interests
of a State can become an obstacle in connection with aid equipment that
can save lives or provide needed relief. | 设备和物资如果不能及时送到，可能很快就派不上用场了，通常的程序旨在保护一国经济利益，但是可能阻碍拯救生命或提供所需援助的救援设备的送达。 |
| (6)
The second paragraph of the draft article requires that all relevant
legislation and regulations are readily accessible to assisting actors. | (6) 本条草案第2款要求所有有关法律和规章对援助方而言，容易查阅。 |
| By
using the words “readily accessible”, what is required is ease of
access to such laws without creating the burden on the affected State
to physically provide this information separately to all assisting
actors. | 使用“容易查阅”一词是说这类法律必须容易查阅，无需受灾国专门向每个援助方分别提供这些信息。 |
| Article 18 Protection of relief personnel, equipment and goods | 第18条 保护救灾人员、设备和物资 |
| The
affected State shall take the appropriate measures to ensure the
protection of relief personnel, equipment and goods present in its
territory for the purpose of providing external assistance. | 受灾国应采取适当措施，确保为提供外部援助目的而在该国领土内的救灾人员、设备和物资得到保护。 |
| Commentary | 评注 |
| (1)
Draft article 18 establishes the obligation for the affected State to
take the measures which would be appropriate in the circumstances to
ensure the protection of relief personnel, equipment and goods involved
in the provision of external assistance. | (1) 第18条草案为受灾国规定了义务，它应采取在当时情况下适当的措施，保证参与提供外部援助的救灾人员、设备和物资得到保护。 |
| Taking
into account the often chaotic situations arising from disasters, the
security concerns for these individuals and objects might create
obstacles for the carrying out of activities aimed at giving support to
the victims, thus reducing the likelihood that their essential needs
would be properly satisfied. | 考虑到灾害往往带来的混乱情况，对这些个人和物品安全的担心可能造成一些障碍，妨碍开展旨在向受害者提供支持的活动，从而降低了使受灾者基本需求得到恰当满足的可能性。 |
| (2)
This draft article, therefore, complements draft article 17 [14] in
establishing a coherent set of obligations whereby the affected State
is expected to perform a series of activities which are necessary in
order to guarantee to assisting States and other assisting actors the
possibility to deliver efficient and prompt assistance. | (2) 本条草案因此补充了第17[14]条草案，两者一起为受灾国确立了一套一致的义务，根据这些义务，受灾国应开展一系列必要活动，以保证援助国和其他援助方有可能提供有效和及时的援助。 |
| Nevertheless, the two provisions have a somewhat different focus and approach. | 然而，这两项规定在侧重点和做法上有所不同。 |
| Draft
article 17 [14] highlights the need for the affected State to establish
a domestic legal order capable of facilitating the external assistance,
mainly through the adoption of a series of legislative and regulatory
actions. | 第17[14]条草案强调受灾国需要建立能够便利外部援助的国内法律秩序，主要是通过采取一系列立法和监管行动。 |
| On
the other hand, the question of the protection of relief personnel and
their equipment and goods has traditionally — and for compelling policy
reasons owing to its nature and the kind of measures to be adopted —
been dealt with as a distinct matter, deserving of its own separate
treatment, as the present draft article does. | 另一方面，救灾人员和他们的设备和物资的保护问题由于其性质和可采取的措施的种类，出于令人信服的政策原因历来是作为单独事项来处理的。 正如本条草案所显示的那样，它值得作为单独事项来处理。 |
| (3)
The measures to be adopted by the affected State may vary in content
and can imply different forms of State conduct due to the
context-driven nature of the obligation concerned. | (3) 因有关义务特别易受背景影响这一性质，受灾国采取的措施可能在内容上有所变化，并可能意味着采取不同形式的国家行为。 |
| In
particular, the flexibility inherent in the concept of “appropriate
measures” suggests that the affected State may assume different
obligations depending on the actors involved in potential threats to
relief personnel, equipment and goods. | 具体地说，“适当措施”的概念本来就具有灵活性含义，这就表明，受灾国可能承担不同的义务，取决于可能给救灾人员、设备和物资构成潜在威胁的行为者的情况。 |
| (4) A preliminary requirement for the affected State is to prevent its organs from adversely affecting relief activities. | (4) 对受灾国的初步要求是，必须防止本国机关给救援活动造成不利影响。 |
| In
this case, the obligation is one of result, with a clear content that
imposes the duty on the affected State not to cause harm to the
personnel, equipment and goods involved in external assistance through
acts carried out by its organs. | 在这种情况下，该义务是一种结果义务，即有明确内容要求受灾国不通过其机关开展的行动给参与外部援助的人员、设备和物资造成损害。 |
| (5)
Secondly, draft article 18 contemplates a series of measures to be
adopted to prevent detrimental activities caused by non-State actors
aimed, for instance, at profiting from the volatile security conditions
that may ensue from disasters in order to obtain illicit gains from
criminal activities directed against disaster relief personnel,
equipment and goods. | (5) 其次，第18条草案设想了一系列可采纳的措施，用以防止非国家行为者进行有害的活动，例如这种活动的目的是利用灾害之后可能会出现的不稳定的安全情况，从针对救灾人员、设备和物资的犯罪活动中获得收益。 |
| In this respect, the draft article envisages an obligation of conduct instead of one of result. | 在这方面，本条草案设想了一项行为义务，而非结果义务。 |
| The
affected State is not expected to succeed, whatever the circumstances,
in preventing the commission of harmful acts but rather to endeavor to
attain the objective sought by the relevant obligation. | 不是期望受灾国不管情况如何都要成功防止出现有害行为，而是期望它去努力实现有关义务的目的。 |
| In
particular, the wording “appropriate measures” allows a margin of
discretion to the affected State in deciding what actions to take in
this regard. | 具体地说，“适当措施”这一措词给了受灾国一定程度的自由裁量权，让受灾国决定在这方面采取什么行动。 |
| It
requires the State to act in a reasonably cautious and diligent manner
by attempting to avoid the harmful events that may be caused by
non-State actors. | 它要求国家以合理的谨慎和勤勉态度来行事，力求避免可能由非国家行为者造成的伤害事件。 |
| Measures to be taken by States in the realization of their best efforts to achieve the expected objective are context-dependent. | 国家在为达到预期的目标而作出最好的努力方面采取何种措施是与当时背景相关的。 |
| Consequently,
draft article 18 does not list the means to achieve the result aimed
at, as this obligation can assume a dynamic character according to the
evolving situation. | 因此，第18条草案没有列出实现这一结果可用的手段，因为这一义务依据变化中的情况，可具有动态特性。 |
| (6)
Diverse circumstances might be relevant to evaluate the appropriateness
of the measures to be taken in a disaster situation in implementation
of this obligation. | (6) 可以参考多种情况来评价在发生灾害的情况下为履行这项义务采取的措施的适当性。 |
| These
include the difficulties that a State might encounter when attempting
to perform its regular activities, due to the unruly situation created
by the disaster and the extent of the resources at the disposal of the
concerned State which might have been seriously affected by the
disaster. | 这些情况包括一个国家在试图开展其正常活动时，由于这场灾害产生的难以控制的情况和可能受到灾害严重影响的有关国家缺少可支配的资源而可能会遇到的困难。 |
| Likewise,
the security conditions prevailing in the relevant area of operations
and the attitude and behavior of the humanitarian actors involved in
relief operations, who might disregard the directive role attributed to
the local authorities, thus increasing the possibility of their being
faced with security risks. | 同样，这些情况也包括有关行动区域的安全形势和参与救援行动的人道主义行动者的态度和行为，他们可能无视属于地方当局的指挥作用，从而增加他们面临安全风险的可能性。 |
| Furthermore,
if harmful acts are directed against relief personnel, equipment and
goods, the affected State shall address them by exercising its inherent
competence to repress crimes committed within the area on which a
disaster occurs. | 此外，如果有害的行为针对了救灾人员、设备和物资，受灾国应处理这些行为，行使其固有的管辖能力来惩治发生灾害的地区内发生的犯罪行为。 |
| (7)
International humanitarian actors can themselves contribute to the
realization of the goal sought by adopting, in their own planning and
undertaking of operations, a series of mitigation measures geared to
reducing their vulnerability to security threats. | (7) 国际人道主义行动者自己也可以促进实现所追求的目标，应在其作业规划和实施过程中采取一系列的措施，专门用于降低遭受安全方面威胁的可能。 |
| This
may be achieved, for instance, through the elaboration of proper codes
of conduct in this field, training activities and furnishing
appropriate information about the conditions under which their staffs
are called upon to operate and the standards of conduct they are
required to meet. | 可通过各种措施来做到这一点，例如，通过制定这方面恰当的行为守则，开展培训活动，提供适当的信息，介绍在什么样的条件下人员开展行动，他们须遵守的行为标准。 |
| In
any event, the adoption of such mitigating measures should not
interfere with the taking of autonomous measures by the affected State. | 在任何情况下，采取这样的降低风险的措施不应干扰受灾国自主采取的措施。 |
| (8)
At the same time, it must be emphasized that security risks should be
evaluated having in mind the character of relief missions and the need
to guarantee to victims an adequate and effective response to a
disaster. | (8) 与此同时，必须强调的是，在对安全风险进行评价时应该铭记救灾任务的特点和保证向灾民提供充分和有效的救灾反应的需要。 |
| Draft
article 18 should not be misinterpreted as entailing the creation of
unreasonable and disproportionate hurdles for relief activities. | 第18条草案不应被误解为将会导致给救灾活动设置不合理和不相称的障碍。 |
| As
already emphasized with regard to draft article 17 [14], the measures
that, based on security concerns, may be adopted to restrict the
movement of relief personnel should not result in unnecessarily
inhibiting the capacity of these actors to provide assistance to the
victims of disasters. | 正如前面围绕第17[14]条草案已经强调过的，基于安全考虑可能采取的限制救灾人员行动的措施不应导致不必要地限制这些行为者向受灾者提供援助的能力。 |
| (9)
Similarly, the possibility of resorting to armed escorts in disaster
relief operations to dispel safety concerns should be strictly assessed
according to the best practices developed in this area by the main
humanitarian actors. | (9) 同样，在救灾行动中是否可以使用武装护送人员以消除安全顾虑，这应严格按照由主要人道主义行动者在这方面发展起来的最佳做法进行评估。 |
| Particular
attention is drawn to the 2013 Inter-Agency Standing Committee
Non-Binding Guidelines on the Use of Armed Escorts for Humanitarian
Convoys, which are designed to assist relevant actors in evaluating in
an appropriate manner the taking of such a sensitive course of action. | 特别提醒注意2013年机构间常设委员会制订的“武装护送人道主义车队非约束性指南”， 其目的是协助有关行为者恰当地评估是否采取这种敏感的行动办法。 |
| As
explained in that document, humanitarian convoys will not, as a general
rule, use armed escorts unless exceptional circumstances are present
which make the use of armed escorts necessary. | 正如该文件中已经解释的，人道主义车队通常不会使用武装护送，除非有特殊情况存在，必须使用武装护送。 |
| In
order for the exception to be adopted, the consequences of and the
possible alternatives to the use of armed escorts should be considered
by the relevant actors, especially taking into account that the
security concerns that may prevail in disaster situations are generally
far less serious than those present in other scenarios. | 为了确认特殊情况，相关行为者应考虑武装护送的后果和可能的替代办法，尤其应考虑到灾害情况下出现的主要安全问题一般都远不如其他情况下的安全问题严重。 |
| (10)
Draft article 18 provides protection for “relief personnel, equipment
and goods”, i.e. the pertinent persons and objects qualified as such in
draft article 4, subparagraphs (e) and (f), and involved in providing
external assistance. | (10) 第18条草案规定保护“救灾人员、设备和物资”，即为第4条草案(e)项和(f)项所界定的参与提供外部援助的这类人员和物品提供保护。 |
| As
emphasized in other provisions of the current draft articles, mainly
draft articles 12 [9] and 14 [11], external assistance is contingent
upon the consent of the affected State which has the primary role in
the direction, control, coordination and supervision of such activities. | 正如本条款草案中其他一些规定、主要是第12[9]和第14[11]条草案所强调的，外部援助应以受灾国的同意为前提，受灾国在指挥、控制、协调和监督这类活动方面发挥主要作用。 |
| Therefore,
once the affected State has requested assistance or has accepted offers
submitted by assisting States, it shall endeavor to guarantee the
protection prescribed in draft article 18. | 因此，一旦受灾国请求援助，或已接受援助国的援助提议，受灾国应努力保障第18条草案所规定的保护。 |
| (11) Such a comprehensive approach is relevant for the proper fulfilment of the obligation enshrined in draft article 18. | (11) 这种全面的处理办法对于恰当地履行第18条草案规定的义务是有用的。 |
| Domestic authorities are best placed to assure a proper safety framework for the performance of relief activities. | 国内当局最能够确保为救灾活动的实施确立一个适当的安全框架。 |
| In
particular, they are requested to evaluate the security risks that
might be incurred by international relief personnel, to cooperate with
them in dealing with safety issues and to coordinate the activities of
external actors, taking into account those concerns. | 具体来说，国内当局应该考虑到安全方面的关切，评估国际救灾人员可能面对的安全风险，与他们合作处理安全问题，并协调外部行为者的活动。 |
| (12)
In accordance with draft article 4, subparagraph (e), the relief
personnel that would potentially benefit from draft article 18 may
belong to either the civilian or military personnel sent, as the case
may be, by an assisting State, competent intergovernmental
organization, relevant non-governmental organization or any other
entity external to the affected State, providing assistance to that
State at its request or with its consent. | (12) 根据第4条草案(e)项，可能从第18条草案中受益的救灾人员，可能属于援助国、主管政府间组织、有关非政府组织或受灾国以外的任何其他实体应受灾国请求或经其同意而向受灾国派遣的提供援助的民事或军事人员(视情况而定)。 |
| All these categories are, thus, pertinent regarding the application of draft article 18. | 因此，所有这些类别对于适用第18条草案而言都是相关的。 |
| The
reference to the term “external assistance” reflects the position, also
affirmed in the commentary to draft article 15 [13], that the draft
articles only regulate the activities of actors which are external to
the affected State. | 提及“外部援助”这一词语反映了第15[13]条草案的评注 里已经确认的立场，即本条款草案只规范受灾国以外的行为者的活动。 |
| (13)
Equipment and goods, as defined in draft article 4, subparagraph (f),
relating to the activities of relief personnel, likewise benefit from
the application of draft article 18. | (13) 与救灾人员的活动有关的如第4条草案(f)项所界定的设备和物资，同样受益于第18条草案的适用。 |
| Being
at the disposal of assisting States or other assisting actors,
equipment and goods will be covered by the application of draft article
18 independently from their origin. | 受援助国或其他援助方支配的设备和物资将在第18条的适用范围内，而不论设备和物资来自于哪里。 |
| These objects could also be directly acquired in the domestic market of the affected State. | 这些物品也可以在受灾国的国内市场上直接购买。 |
| The wording “present in its territory” is intended to clarify this aspect. | 另外，“在该国领土内”这一措词正是为了澄清这个方面。 |
| Article 19 [15] Termination of external assistance | 第19[15]条 终止外部援助 |
| The
affected State and the assisting State, and as appropriate other
assisting actors, shall consult with respect to the termination of
external assistance and the modalities of termination. | 受灾国和援助国以及适当时其他援助方，应就终止外部援助和终止的方式进行磋商。 |
| The affected State, the assisting State, or other assisting actor wishing to terminate shall provide appropriate notification. | 希望终止援助的受灾国、援助国或其他援助方应发出适当的通知。 |
| Commentary | 评注 |
| (1) Draft article 19 [15] deals with the question of termination of external assistance. | (1) 第19[15]条草案涉及终止外部援助的问题。 |
| The provision is comprised of two sentences. | 这条草案包含两句话。 |
| The
first sentence concerns the requirement that the affected State, the
assisting State and, as appropriate, other assisting actors consult
each other as regards the termination of the external assistance,
including the modalities of such termination. | 第一句要求受灾国和援助国以及适当时其他援助方就终止外部援助，包括终止的方式进行磋商。 |
| The second sentence sets out the requirement that parties wishing to terminate assistance provide appropriate notification. | 第二句要求希望终止援助的一方发出适当的通知。 |
| (2)
When an affected State accepts an offer of assistance, it retains
control over the duration for which that assistance will be provided. | (2) 受灾国接受援助提议后，保留对援助期限的控制权。 |
| Draft
article 12 [9], paragraph 2, explicitly recognizes that the affected
State has the primary role in the direction, control, coordination and
supervision of disaster relief and assistance on its territory. | 第12[9]条草案第2款明确肯定了受灾国在指挥、控制、协调和监督抗灾救济和援助方面应发挥主要作用。 |
| For
its part, draft article 14 [11] requires the consent of the affected
State to external assistance, with the caveat that consent shall not be
withheld arbitrarily. | 第14[11]条草案规定提供外部援助需要征得受灾国的同意，但前提是受灾国不得任意拒绝外来援助。 |
| The
combined import of the foregoing provisions is that the affected State
can withdraw consent, thereby terminating external assistance and
bringing to an end the legal regime under which the assistance was
being provided. | 上述规定相结合即意味着受灾国可以撤销同意，从而终止外部援助，并结束提供援助所依据的法律机制。 |
| (3)
Draft article 19 [15] seeks to strike a balance between the right of
the affected State to terminate external assistance and the position of
assisting actors, with a view to providing adequate protection to
persons affected by disasters. | (3) 第19[15]条草案力求平衡受灾国终止外部援助的权利以及援助方的地位，以期为受灾人员提供充分保护。 |
| Accordingly, the provision does not recognize the right of only the affected State to unilaterally terminate assistance. | 因此，本条草案不承认唯受灾国拥有单方面终止援助的权利。 |
| Instead,
the Commission acknowledges that assisting States and other assisting
actors may themselves need to terminate their assistance activities. | 相反，委员会承认援助国及其他援助方本身也可能需要终止它们的援助活动。 |
| Draft
article 19 [15] thus preserves the right of any party to terminate the
assistance being provided, on the understanding that this is done in
consultation with the other assisting States or assisting actors, as
appropriate. | 因此，第19[15]条草案保留了任何一方终止正在提供的援助的权利，当然需要酌情与其他援助国或援助方磋商后才能终止。 |
| (4)
The words “other assisting actors” are drawn from existing instruments
to describe international organizations and non-governmental
organizations which provide disaster relief and assistance, and are
defined in draft article 4 on the use of terms. | (4) “其他援助方”一词出自现有的文书， 用以指提供救灾和援助的国际组织及非政府组织，在关于“用语”的第4条草案中作了界定。 |
| Draft
article 19 [15] is drafted in bilateral terms, but it does not exclude
the scenario of multiple assisting actors providing external assistance. | 第19[15]条草案是从双边角度起草的，但不排除多个援助方提供外部援助的情况。 |
| (5)
The requirement to consult reflects the spirit of solidarity and
cooperation implicit throughout the draft articles, and the principle
of cooperation enshrined in draft articles 8 [5], 9 [5 bis] and 10 [5
ter]. | (5) 磋商要求反映了贯穿于本套条款草案的团结和合作精神，以及第8[5]、第9[5之二]、第10[5之三]条草案所载的合作精神。 |
| The
Commission anticipates that termination may become necessary for a
variety of reasons and at different stages during the provision of
assistance. | 委员会预计在提供援助的不同阶段，可能会出于各种原因需要终止援助。 |
| The
relief operations may reach a stage where it would be only logical
either for the affected State or one or more of the assisting parties
to cease operations. | 救援行动可能会达到受灾国或一个或多个援助方停止救援行动才合理的阶段。 |
| Circumstances
leading to termination may include instances in which the resources of
an assisting State or other assisting actor are depleted, or where the
occurrence of another disaster makes the diversion of resources
necessary. | 导致终止援助的情况可能包括：援助国或其他援助方资源耗尽，或发生其他灾害，必须转移资源。 |
| Draft
article 19 [15] is flexible, allowing for the adjustment of the
duration of assistance according to the circumstances, while implying
that parties should consult in good faith. | 第19[15]条草案没有作硬性规定，允许根据情况调整援助期限，同时暗示各方应真诚磋商。 |
| In
any event, draft article 19 [15] should be read in light of the purpose
of the draft articles, as indicated in draft article 2 [2]; | 无论如何，都应当结合第2[2]条草案所述条款草案的宗旨解读第19[15]条草案； |
| thus,
decisions regarding the termination of assistance are to be made taking
into consideration the needs of the persons affected by disaster,
namely, whether and how far such needs have been met. | 因此，做出终止援助的决定时，应考虑受灾人员的需要，即考虑他们的需要是否及在多大程度上得到了满足。 |
| (6) The word “modalities” refers to the procedures to be followed in terminating assistance. | (6) “方式”指终止援助需遵循的程序。 |
| Even
though termination on a mutual basis may not always be feasible,
consultation in relation to the modalities would enable the relevant
parties to facilitate an amicable and efficient termination. | 虽然双方同时想终止援助的情况并不总会发生，但是就终止方式进行磋商将有助于有关各方友好、有效地终止援助。 |
| (7) The second sentence establishes a requirement of notification by the party wishing to terminate external assistance. | (7) 第二句规定希望终止外部援助的一方应发出通知。 |
| Appropriate
notification is necessary to ensure a degree of stability in the
situation, so that no party is adversely affected by an abrupt
termination of assistance. | 要想确保形势保持一定程度的稳定，必需发出适当的通知，以避免任何一方因援助突然中断而蒙受损失。 |
| The provision is drafted flexibly so as to anticipate notification before, during or after the consultation process. | 本条款未作硬性规定，在磋商进程之前、期间或之后都可以发出通知。 |
| No procedural constraints have been placed on the notification process. | 没有对通知程序施加程序上的限制。 |
| However,
notification should be “appropriate” according to the circumstances,
including the form and timing, preferably early, of the notification. | 不过，应根据具体情况发出“适当的”通知，包括以适当的形式、在适当的时间发出通知，最好尽早通知。 |
| Article 20 Relationship to special or other rules of international law | 第20条 与国际法特别规则或其他规则的关系 |
| The
present draft articles are without prejudice to special or other rules
of international law applicable in the event of disasters. | 本条款草案不影响发生灾害时适用的国际法特别规则或其他规则。 |
| Commentary | 评注 |
| (1) Draft article 20 deals with the relationship between the draft articles and special or other rules of international law. | (1) 第20条草案处理本条款草案与国际法特别规则或其他规则之间的关系。 |
| It
seeks to clarify the way in which the draft articles interact with
certain rules of international law which either deal with the same
subject matter of the draft articles or are not directly concerned with
disasters but would nonetheless apply in situations covered by the
draft articles. | 它旨在澄清本条款草案与某些国际法规则发生互动的方式，这些国际法规则处理的事项与本条款草案处理的事项相同，或者虽不直接涉及灾害，但仍然会适用于本条款草案所涵盖的情况。 |
| (2)
The rationale behind the reference to “special rules” is to clarify
that treaties or other rules of international law that set out
obligations having a higher degree of specificity than the present
draft articles are not displaced by them. | (2) 提及“特别规则”这样做背后的理念是要澄清，与本条款草案相比载有更高专属性义务的条约或其他国际法规则不受本条款草案影响。 |
| This
approach reflects the lex specialis principle and aims at safeguarding
the continued application of the dense web of existing obligations
regarding matters covered by the present draft articles. | 这种做法体现了特别法原则，旨在确保关于本条款草案所涉事宜的大量存在的现有义务得以继续适用。 |
| (3) The draft article is meant to cover different forms of special rules. | (3) 本条草案意在涵盖各种不同形式的特别规则。 |
| The
latter include more detailed rules enshrined in treaties whose scope
ratione materiae falls within that of the present draft articles (for
example regional or bilateral treaties on mutual assistance in case of
disasters), as well as those included in treaties devoted to other
matters but which contain specific rules addressing disaster situations
(for example Article F, Section 5 of the Annex to the 1965 Convention
on Facilitation of International Maritime Traffic). | 特别规则包括其属事范围也在本条款草案范围内的条约(例如关于在发生灾害时相互援助的区域或双边条约)所载的规则，以及那些专注于其他事项但含有处理灾害情况的某些具体规则的条约所载的规则(例如1965年《便利国际海上运输公约》附件第5节F小节)。 |
| (4)
This approach also accords with the position taken by the Commission in
draft article 21 [4] which concerns the applicability of the draft
articles in situations of armed conflict. | (4) 这种做法也符合委员会在第21[4]条草案中围绕本条款草案在武装冲突情况下的适用性问题所采取的立场。 |
| While
it is accepted that in such situations the rules of international
humanitarian law should be given precedence over those contained in the
present draft articles, these would continue to apply “to the extent”
that some legal issues raised by a disaster which occurred in the same
area as an armed conflict would not be covered by the rules of
international humanitarian law. | 虽然被接受的是，在这种情况下，国际人道主义法规则应优先于本条款草案所载的规则，但本条款草案将继续“在下述情况下”适用：与武装冲突同时发生在一个地区的灾害引起的一些法律问题不在国际人道主义法规则的范围内。 |
| In
this manner the present draft articles will contribute to filling
possible legal gaps in the protection of persons affected by disasters
occurring during an armed conflict. | 通过这样做，本条款草案将有助于填补在保护受武装冲突期间发生的灾害影响的人方面可能存在的法律空白。 |
| (5)
The reference to “other rules” deals with the interaction between the
present draft articles and rules of international law which are not
directly concerned with disasters, but which nonetheless may be applied
in the event of disasters. | (5) 提到“其他规则”意在处理本条款草案与不直接涉及灾害但在灾害发生时仍可以适用的国际法规则之间的互动。 |
| Examples
would be provisions concerning the law of treaties — in particular,
those related to supervening impossibility of performance and
fundamental change of circumstances — as well as the rules on the
responsibility of States and international organizations, and the
responsibility of individuals. | 例子有关于条约法的规定，特别是那些涉及因意外不可能履行和情况的根本改变的规定，以及关于国家和国际组织的责任以及个人的责任的规则。 |
| The
provision confirms that also this category of rules is not displaced by
the present draft articles, thus complementing the lex specialis
principle stated in the first part of the draft article. | 这项规定确认，这一类规则也不受本条款的影响，从而补充了本条草案第一部分所述的特别法原则。 |
| (6) The without prejudice clause in draft article 20 also applies to the rules of customary international law. | (6) 第20条草案中的不影响条款也适用于习惯国际法规则。 |
| In fact, the draft articles do not cover all the issues which may be relevant in the event of disasters. | 事实上，本条款草案没有涵盖在发生灾害时可能相关的所有问题。 |
| Moreover,
the draft articles do not intend to preclude the further development of
rules of customary international law in this field. | 此外，条款草案无意排除习惯国际法规则在这一领域的进一步发展。 |
| The
draft article is inspired by the preambular paragraph of the Vienna
Convention on the Law of Treaties of 1969, which states that: “the
rules of customary international law will continue to govern questions
not regulated by the provisions of the present Convention”. | 本条草案受到1969年《维也纳条约法公约》序言段的启发，该序言段说：“凡未经本公约各条规定之问题，将仍以国际习惯法规则为准”。 |
| (7)
In addition, it should be borne in mind that rules of general
application not directly concerned with disasters might also be
contained in treaty law. | (7) 此外，应该铭记的是，不直接涉及灾害的普遍适用的规则也可能载于条约法中。 |
| The
Commission therefore considered that the wording “other rules of
international law” was the most appropriate to indicate all rules of
international law that might interact with the draft articles, for it
expresses the idea that the without prejudice clause in draft article
20 applies to all categories of international law rules. | 因此，委员会认为，“其他国际法规则” 是指明可能与本条款草案发生互动的所有国际法规则的最合适措词，它表达了这样的思想，即第20条草案中的不影响条款适用于所有类别的国际法规则。 |
| Article 21 [4] Relationship to international humanitarian law | 第21[4]条 与国际人道主义法的关系 |
| The present draft articles do not apply to situations to which the rules of international humanitarian law are applicable. | 本条款草案不适用于可适用国际人道主义法规则的情况。 |
| Commentary | 评注 |
| (1)
Draft article 21 [4] deals with the relationship of the draft articles
with international humanitarian law, and, accordingly, the extent to
which the draft articles cover situations of armed conflict, which can
have an equally calamitous impact on the functioning of societies. | (1) 第21[4]条草案处理条款草案与国际人道主义法的关系，因此与处理在多大程度上条款草案设想的长期武装冲突情况，因为武装冲突也会对社会的运转产生灾难性影响。 |
| The
provision is formulated in a manner intended to clarify the
relationship by giving precedence to the rules of international
humanitarian law in situations where they are applicable. | 这一条规定之所以这样措词，是为了澄清这种关系，突出地表明国际人道主义法规则在相关的情况下优先适用。 |
| (2)
The Commission considered including an express exclusion of the
applicability of the draft articles in situations of armed conflict as
a further element in the definition of “disaster” (draft article 3
[3]), so as to avoid any interpretation that, for purposes of the draft
articles, armed conflict would be covered to the extent that the
threshold criteria in draft article 3 [3] were satisfied. | (2) 委员会曾考虑过，加进明确的措词排除这些条款草案适用于武装冲突情况，以此作为“灾害”(第3[3]条草案)定义的另一要素，以避免任何这样的解释，即为了条款草案的目的，将武装冲突包括在内，只要如第3[3]条草案所述的门槛标准得到满足。 |
| Such
approach was not followed since a categorical exclusion could be
counterproductive, particularly in situations of “complex emergencies”
where a disaster occurs in an area where there is an armed conflict. | 委员会没有采用这样的做法，因为明确地排除在外，可能具有不利的后果，特别是在“复杂紧急情况”下，即灾害发生于存在着武装冲突的地区。 |
| A
blank exclusion of the applicability of the draft articles because of
the coexistence of an armed conflict would be detrimental to the
protection of the persons affected by the disaster, especially when the
onset of the disaster pre-dated the armed conflict. | 由于同时存在武装冲突而明确排除条款草案适用，将不利于保护受灾害影响的人，特别是当灾害发生于武装冲突之前时。 |
| (3)
The Commission also initially considered rendering the provision as a
more straightforward “without prejudice” clause, as is done in draft
article 20, merely preserving the applicability of both sets of rules,
and thereby suggesting that the draft articles applied in the context
of armed conflict to the same extent as existing rules of international
law. | (3) 委员会最初考虑过将这一条规定写得更为直接，像第20条草案那样，变成一项“不影响”条款，使两套规则同时适用，因而暗示条款草案在武装冲突情况下适用，与现有的国际法规则相同。 |
| Instead,
the Commission settled for addressing the matter in terms of the
relationship between the draft articles and international humanitarian
law. | 但委员会最终采用了这样的做法，探讨本条款草案与国际人道主义法的关系。 |
| While
the draft articles do not seek to regulate the consequences of armed
conflict, they can nonetheless apply in situations of armed conflict to
the extent that existing rules of international law, particularly the
rules of international humanitarian law, do not apply. | 虽然条款草案并不力图对武装冲突后果加以规定，但仍然可以适用于武装冲突的情况，特别是当现有的国际法规则，尤其是那些国际人道主义法不适用时。 |
| Chapter VI The obligation to extradite or prosecute (aut dedere aut judicare) | 第六章 引渡或起诉的义务(aut dedere aut judicare) |
| A. Introduction | A. 导言 |
| 57.
The Commission, at its fifty-seventh session (2005), decided to include
the topic “The obligation to extradite or prosecute (aut dedere aut
judicare)” in its programme of work and appointed Mr. Zdzislaw Galicki
as Special Rapporteur. | 57. 委员会第五十七届会议(2005年)决定将“引渡或起诉的义务(aut dedere aut judicare)”专题列入其工作方案，并任命兹齐斯拉夫·加利茨基先生为特别报告员。 |
| 58. The Special Rapporteur submitted four reports. | 58. 特别报告员提交了四次报告。 |
| The
Commission received and considered the preliminary report at its
fifty-eighth session (2006), the second report at its fifty-ninth
session (2007), the third report at its sixtieth session (2008) and the
fourth report at its sixty-third session (2011). | 委员会分别在第五十八届(2006年)、五十九届(2007年)、六十届(2008年)和六十三届(2011年)会议上收到并审议了其初次、第二次、第三次和第四次报告。 |
| 59.
At the sixty-first session (2009), an open-ended Working Group was
established under the chairmanship of Mr. Alain Pellet, and from its
discussions, a proposed general framework for consideration of the
topic, specifying the issues to be addressed by the Special Rapporteur,
was prepared. | 59. 委员会第六十一届(2009年)会议设立了由阿兰·佩莱先生担任主席的不限成员名额工作组， 经过讨论，产生了关于对本专题进行审议的拟议总框架，具体说明了特别报告员需处理的问题。 |
| At
the sixty-second session (2010), the Working Group was reconstituted
and, in the absence of its Chairman, was chaired by Mr. Enrique
Candioti. | 在第六十二届(2010年)会议上，重新组建了工作组。 工作组因其主席缺席，由恩里克·坎迪奥蒂先生代理主席。 |
| The
Working Group had before it the Survey of multilateral conventions
which might be of relevance for the topic prepared by the Secretariat
(A/CN.4/630). | 工作组收到了秘书处编写的与本专题可能有关的多边公约的调查(A/CN.4/630)。 |
| 60.
At the sixty-fourth (2012) and sixty-fifth (2013) sessions, the
Commission established an open-ended Working Group on the obligation to
extradite or prosecute (aut dedere aut judicare), under the
chairmanship of Mr. Kriangsak Kittichaisaree, to undertake an
evaluation of the progress of work on the topic in the Commission,
particularly in the light of the judgment of the International Court of
Justice in the Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or
Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal) case, of 20 July 2012, and to explore
possible future options to be taken by the Commission. | 60.
在第六十四届(2012)和第六十五届(2013)会议上，委员会设立了由江萨·吉滴猜萨里先生担任主席的引渡或起诉的义务(aut dedere
aut
judicare)问题不限成员名额工作组，评估委员会关于本专题工作的进展情况，特别是根据国际法院2012年7月20日就与起诉或引渡义务有关的问题
案(比利时诉塞内加尔)所作的判决评估进展情况， 并探讨委员会今后可能采用的备选方案。 |
| B. Consideration of the topic at the present session | B. 本届会议审议此专题的情况 |
| 61.
At the present session, the Commission constituted a Working Group on
the obligation to extradite or prosecute (aut dedere aut judicare)
under the chairmanship of Mr. Kriangsak Kittichaisaree. | 61. 在本届会议上，委员会组建了引渡或起诉的义务(aut dedere aut judicare)问题不限成员名额工作组，由江萨·吉滴猜萨里先生担任主席。 |
| The
Working Group continued to evaluate work on this topic, particularly in
the light of comments made in the Sixth Committee at the sixty-eighth
session of the General Assembly on the 2013 report of the Working Group. | 工作组继续评估了关于本专题的工作，特别是根据第六委员会在大会第六十八届会议上对工作组2013年报告的评论评估了有关工作。 |
| The Working Group held 2 meetings, on 6 May and 4 June 2014. | 工作组于2014年5月6日至6月4日举行了两次会议 |
| 62.
The Working Group considered several options for the Commission in
deciding how to proceed with its remaining work on the topic. | 62. 在决定如何处理本专题剩余的工作方面，工作组考虑了委员会的若干备选办法。 |
| After
careful consideration, the Working Group deemed it appropriate that the
Commission expedite its work on the topic and produce an outcome that
was of practical value to the international community. | 经过仔细考虑，工作组认为，委员会应加快本专题的工作，并取得对国际社会有实用价值的成果。 |
| The 2013 report constituted the basis of the final report of the Working Group. | 2013年报告构成工作组最后报告的基础。 |
| The
Working Group also discussed the issues that were partially or not
covered by its 2013 report but were subsequently raised in the Sixth
Committee during the sixty-eighth session of the General Assembly,
namely: gaps in the existing conventional regime; | 工作组还讨论了2013年报告部分涵盖或没有涵盖、但第六委员会随后在大会第六十八届会议期间提出的问题，即目前公约制度的缺陷； |
| the
transfer of a suspect to an international or special court or tribunal
as a potential third alternative to extradition or prosecution; | 将嫌疑人移送国际法院或特别法院，作为引渡或起诉的一种可能的第三种选择； |
| the relationship between the obligation to extradite or prosecute and erga omnes obligations or jus cogens norms; | 引渡或起诉的义务与普遍义务或强制法规范的关系； |
| the customary international law status of the obligation to extradite or prosecute; | 引渡或起诉的义务的习惯国际法地位； |
| and other matters of continued relevance in the 2009 General Framework. | 和2009年总框架中具有持续相关性的其他事项。 |
| The
Working Group’s consideration of the above issues exhausted all the
issues remaining to be analysed in relation to the topic. | 工作组对上述问题的审议详尽研究了本专题有待分析的所有剩余问题。 |
| 63.
At its 3217th meeting, on 7 July 2014, the Commission took note of
report of the Working Group (A/CN. 4/L.844), which, inter alia,
contained the recommendation that the Commission: (a) adopt the 2013
and 2014 reports, which provide useful guidance for States; | 63. 在2014年7月7日第3217次会议上，委员会注意到工作组的报告(A/CN.4/L.844)，报告除其他外载有委员会的建议：(a) 通过2013和2014年报告，报告为各国提供了有益的指导； |
| and (b) conclude its consideration of the topic “Obligation to extradite or prosecute (aut dedere aut judicare)”. | 和(b) 结束对“引渡或起诉的义务(aut dedere aut judicare)”专题的审议。 |
| 64.
At its 3242nd meeting, on 7 August 2014, the Commission adopted the
final report on the topic, “Obligation to extradite or prosecute (aut
dedere aut judicare)” (see sect. C, below) and decided to conclude its
consideration of the topic. | 64. 在2014年8月7日第3242次会议上，委员会通过了关于本专题“引渡或起诉的义务(aut dedere aut judicare)”的最后报告(见下文C节)，并决定结束对本专题的审议。 |
| It
also expressed its deep appreciation to the Chairman of the Working
Group, Mr. Kriangsak Kittichaisaree, for his very valuable contribution
and the work done in an efficient and expeditious manner. | 委员会还向工作组主席江萨·吉滴猜萨里先生表示深切感谢，感谢他十分宝贵的贡献和以高效和迅速方式完成的工作。 |
| The Commission also recalled, with gratitude, the work of the former Special Rapporteur on the topic, Mr. Zdzislaw Galicki. | 委员会还怀着谢意回顾了负责此专题的前特别报告员兹齐斯拉夫·加利茨基先生所做的工作。 |
| C. Final report on the topic | C. 本专题最后报告 |
| 65.
This report is intended to summarize and to highlight particular
aspects of the work of the Commission on the topic “The obligation to
extradite or prosecute (aut dedere aut judicare)”, in order to assist
States in this matter. | 65. 本报告意在概述并强调委员会就“引渡或起诉的义务(aut dedere aut judicare)”专题所做工作的各个具体方面，以协助各国处理这一问题。 |
| 1. Obligation to fight impunity in accordance with the rule of law | 1. 按照法治原则同有罪不罚现象做斗争的义务 |
| (1)
The Commission notes that States have expressed their desire to
cooperate among themselves, and with competent international tribunals,
in the fight against impunity for crimes, in particular offences of
international concern, and in accordance with the rule of law. | (1) 委员会注意到，各国表示愿意相互之间合作并与有关国际法庭进行合作，与犯罪者有罪不罚现象，特别是引起国际关切的犯罪者有罪不罚现象做斗争， 并在此过程中遵守法治原则。 |
| In
the Declaration of the High-level Meeting of the General Assembly on
the Rule of Law at the National and International Levels, the Heads of
State and Government and heads of delegation attending the meeting on
24 September 2012 committed themselves to “ensuring that impunity is
not tolerated for genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity and for
violations of international humanitarian law and gross violations of
human rights law, and that such violations are properly investigated
and appropriately sanctioned, including by bringing the perpetrators of
any crimes to justice, through national mechanisms or, where
appropriate, regional or international mechanisms, in accordance with
international law … | 在《国内和国际的法治问题大会高级别会议宣言》中，参加2012年
9月24日会议的各国元首和政府首脑作出承诺，“对于灭绝种族罪和危害人类罪，对于违反国际人道主义法行为和严重违反人权法行为，确保绝不容忍有罪不罚，
并确保对于此类违法行为要进行适当调查，给予适当制裁，包括通过国家机制，或根据国际法酌情通过区域或国际机制，将任何罪行的实施者绳之以法。 |
| ”.
The obligation to cooperate in combating such impunity is given effect
in numerous conventions, inter alia, through the obligation to
extradite or prosecute. | …” 在同有罪不罚现象做斗争方面开展合作的义务在众多公约中通过引渡或起诉的义务而得到体现。 |
| The
view that the obligation to extradite or prosecute plays a crucial role
in the fight against impunity is widely shared by States; | 各国广泛地赞同关于引渡或起诉的义务在同有罪不罚现象做斗争方面起着至关重要的作用的观点。 |
| the
obligation applies in respect of a wide range of crimes of serious
concern to the international community and has been included in all
sectoral conventions against international terrorism concluded since
1970. | 这一义务对引起国际社会严重关切的一系列犯罪行为都适用并且已经写入1970年以来签订的反对国际恐怖主义的所有部门公约。 |
| (2)
The role the obligation to extradite or prosecute plays in supporting
international cooperation to fight impunity has been recognized at
least since the time of Hugo Grotius, who postulated the principle of
aut dedere aut punire (either extradite or punish): “When appealed to,
a State should either punish the guilty person as he deserves, or it
should entrust him to the discretion of the party making the appeal. | (2)
引渡或起诉的义务在同有罪不罚做斗争的国际合作方面所起的作用已经至少从雨果·格老秀斯时代起就得到承认，他提出了aut dedere aut
punire 原则(即或引渡或处罚原则)：在接到请求之后，一国要么应给予有罪者以应得的惩罚，要么将他交由请求国处置。 |
| ”
The modern terminology replaces “punishment” with “prosecution” as the
alternative to extradition in order to reflect better the possibility
that an alleged offender may be found not guilty. | 现代的说法是将“惩罚”改为“起诉”，以此作为引渡的替代做法，以便考虑到被指称犯罪者有可能被发现是无罪的这种可能性。 |
| 2. The importance of the obligation to extradite or prosecute in the work of the International Law Commission | 2. 引渡或起诉的义务在国际法委员会工作中的重要性 |
| (3)
The topic “The obligation to extradite or prosecute (aut dedere aut
judicare)” may be viewed as having been encompassed by the topic
“Jurisdiction with regard to crimes committed outside national
territory” which was on the provisional list of fourteen topics at the
first session of the Commission in 1949. | (3) 可以认为，“引渡或起诉的义务(aut dedere aut judicare)”这一专题已经包括在1949年委员会第一届会议十四项专题临时清单上的“对于在国家领土以外犯罪的管辖权”专题范围内。 |
| It
is also addressed in articles 8 (Establishment of jurisdiction) and 9
(Obligation to extradite or prosecute) of the 1996 Draft code of crimes
against the peace and security of mankind. | 这一义务也在1996年《危害人类和平及安全治罪法草案》第8条(管辖权的确定)和第9条(引渡或起诉的义务)中得到处理。 |
| Article
9 of the Draft code stipulates an obligation to extradite or prosecute
for genocide, crimes against humanity, crimes against United Nations
and associated personnel, and war crimes. | 治罪法草案第9条针对下列罪行规定了引渡或起诉的义务：灭绝种族罪行、危害人类罪行、危害联合国人员和有关人员罪行以及战争罪行。 |
| The
principle aut dedere aut judicare is said to have derived from “a
number of multilateral conventions” that contain the obligation. | aut dedere aut judicare原则据说源于包含了这项义务的“若干多边公约”。 |
| An
analysis of the draft code’s history suggests that draft article 9 is
driven by the need for an effective system of criminalization and
prosecution of the said core crimes, rather than actual State practice
and opinio juris. | 对治罪法草案历史进行分析后发现，第9条产生的原因是有必要针对所说的核心罪行拥有一有效的刑罪化和起诉制度，而不是仅仅依靠实际国家惯例和法律确念。 |
| The
article is justified on the basis of the grave nature of the crimes
involved and the desire to combat impunity for individuals who commit
these crimes. | 之所以制订该条，一是考虑到有关罪行的严重性质，二是希望解决犯下这些罪行者的有罪不罚问题。 |
| While
the draft code’s focus is on core crimes, the material scope of the
obligation to extradite or prosecute covers most crimes of
international concern, as mentioned in (1) above. | 虽然治罪法草案的侧重点是核心罪行， 但正如上文第(1)段提到的，引渡或起诉义务的实质范围涵盖了引起国际关切的绝大多数罪行。 |
| 3. Summary of work | 3. 工作概述 |
| (4) The following summarizes several key aspects of the Commission’s work on this topic. | (4) 下文概述了委员会此专题工作的好几个重要方面。 |
| In
the past, some members of the Commission, including Special Rapporteur
Zdzislaw Galicki, doubted the use of the Latin formula “aut dedere aut
judicare”, especially in relation to the term “judicare”, which they
considered as not reflecting precisely the scope of the term
“prosecute”. | 过去，委员会一些委员，包括特别报告员兹齐斯拉夫·加利茨基在内，曾怀疑使用拉丁词语“aut dedere aut judicare”的做法，特别是对“judicare”一词的用法有疑问，他们认为这个词不足以精确地反映“起诉”一词的范围。 |
| However,
the Special Rapporteur considered it premature at that time to focus on
the precise definition of terms, leaving them to be defined in a future
draft article on “Use of terms”. | 然而特别报告员认为当时专注于处理术语的准确定义问题为时太早，宜将这些术语留在未来关于“用语”的条文草案里处理。 |
| The
report of the Commission decided to proceed on the understanding that
whether the mandatory nature of “extradition” or that of “prosecution”
has priority over the other depends on the context and applicable legal
regime in particular situations. | 委员会决定依据如下一项谅解来进行，即“引渡”的强制性或“起诉”的强制性孰先孰后，取决于特定情况下的背景和适用的法律制度。 |
| (5)
The Commission considered useful to its work a wide range of materials,
particularly: the Survey of multilateral conventions which may be of
relevance for the Commission’s work on the topic “The obligation to
extradite or prosecute (aut dedere aut judicare)” conducted by
Secretariat (hereinafter “Secretariat’s Survey (2010)”), which
identified multilateral instruments at the universal and regional
levels that contain provisions combining extradition and prosecution as
alternatives for the punishment of offenders; and the Judgment of 20
July 2012 of the International Court of Justice in the case concerning
Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium
v. Senegal). | (5)
委员会认为范围广泛的材料对其工作有用，尤其是：秘书处就对委员会“引渡或起诉的义务(aut dedere aut
judicare)”专题工作可能有关的多边公约进行的调查
(下称“秘书处的调查(2010年)”)，其中查明将引渡和起诉作为惩治犯罪者的相互替代办法加以规定的普遍性和区域性多边文书和国际法院2012年7月
20日对与引渡或起诉义务有关的问题案(比利时诉塞内加尔)的判决对其工作有用。 |
| (a) Typology of provisions in multilateral instruments | (a) 多边文书中的条款类型 |
| (6)
The Secretariat’s Survey (2010) proposed a description and a typology
of the relevant instruments in light of these provisions, and examined
the preparatory work of certain key conventions that had served as
models in the field. | (6) 秘书处的调查(2010年)以这些条款为依据描述了有关文书的情况并进行了分类，审查了在相关领域起到范本作用的某些重要公约的准备工作。 |
| For
some provisions, it also reviewed any reservations made. It pointed out
the differences and similarities between the reviewed provisions in
different conventions and their evolution, and offered overall
conclusions as to: (a) the relationship between extradition and
prosecution in the relevant provisions; | 对于某些条款，该研究报告还审查了所作出的任何保留，指出了不同公约中受审查条款之间的差异及其演变情况，提出了一些全面性结论，涉及：(a) 相关条款中引渡与起诉之间的关系； |
| (b) the conditions applicable to extradition under the various conventions; | (b) 不同公约中适用于引渡的条件； |
| and (c) the conditions applicable to prosecution under the various conventions. | 以及(c) 不同公约中适用于起诉的条件。 |
| The
Survey classified conventions that included such provisions into four
categories: (a) the 1929 Convention for the Suppression of
Counterfeiting Currency and other conventions that have followed the
same model; | 调查将含有此类规定的公约划分为以下四类：(a) 1929年《取缔伪造货币国际公约》以及沿用相同模式的其他公约； |
| (b) regional conventions on extradition; | (b) 关于引渡的区域性公约； |
| (c) the 1949 Geneva Conventions and the 1977 Additional Protocol I; | (c) 1949年《日内瓦四公约》及1977年《第一附加议定书》； |
| and
(d) the 1970 Hague Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure
of Aircraft and other conventions that have followed the same model. | 和(d) 1970年《关于制止非法劫持航空器的海牙公约》以及沿用相同模式的其他公约。 |
| (7)
The 1929 Convention for the Suppression of Counterfeiting Currency and
other conventions that have followed the same model typically: (a)
criminalize the relevant offence, which the States parties undertake to
make punishable under their domestic laws; | (7) 1929年《取缔伪造货币国际公约》以及沿用相同模式的其他公约 通常：(a) 将相关罪行定为刑事罪，缔约国承诺依据国内法给予惩处； |
| (b)
make provision for prosecution and extradition which take into account
the divergent views of States with regard to the extradition of
nationals and the exercise of extraterritorial jurisdiction, the latter
being permissive rather than compulsory; | (b) 关于起诉和引渡的条款，这些条款顾及各国对引渡国民和行使域外管辖权的不同意见，行使域外管辖权允许选择而非强制； |
| (c)
contain provisions which impose an obligation to extradite, with
prosecution coming into play once there is a refusal of extradition; | (c) 含有规定了引渡义务的条款，一旦拒绝引渡则应起诉； |
| (d)
establish an extradition regime by which States undertake, under
certain conditions, to consider the offence as extraditable; | (d) 确立一项引渡制度，各国据此承诺在某些条件下认定该罪行为可予引渡的罪行； |
| (e)
contain a provision providing that a State’s attitude on the general
issue of criminal jurisdiction as a question of international law was
not affected by its participation in the Convention; | (e) 含有限制条款，使公约不影响各国按国际法问题处理刑事管辖权问题的方法； |
| and (f) contain a non-prejudice clause with regard to each State’s criminal legislation and administration. | 以及(f) 含有一项不妨碍各国刑事立法和司法的条款。 |
| While
some of the instruments under this model contain terminological
differences of an editorial nature, others modify the substance of the
obligations undertaken by States Parties. | 虽然沿用此模式的一部分公约在用词上有编辑性质的差异，但有些则从实质上修改了缔约国承担的义务。 |
| (8)
Numerous regional conventions and arrangements on extradition also
contain provisions that combine options of extradition and prosecution,
although those instruments typically emphasize the obligation to
extradite (which is regulated in detail) and only contemplate
submission to prosecution as an alternative to avoid impunity in the
context of that cooperation. | (8) 有众多区域引渡公约和安排载有将引渡与起诉选项相结合的条款， 虽然这些文书通常强调引渡的义务(被详加规定)，只将起诉设想为在开展这一合作时为避免有罪不罚而可采用的备用办法。 |
| Under that model, extradition is a means to ensure the effectiveness of criminal jurisdiction. | 按照这一模式，引渡是确保刑事管辖权得到有效执行的手段。 |
| States
parties have a general duty to extradite unless the request fits within
a condition or exception, including mandatory and discretionary grounds
for refusal. | 缔约国负有引渡的一般义务，除非引渡请求恰遇一种条件或例外情形，包括拒绝引渡的强制性理由或自由裁量理由。 |
| For instance, extradition of nationals could be prohibited or subject to specific safeguards. | 例如引渡国民可能受到禁止，或须受具体的保障约束。 |
| Provisions
in subsequent agreements and arrangements have been subject to
modification and adjustment over time, particularly in respect of
conditions and exceptions. | 此种协议和安排中的规定随着时间的推移经过修订和调整，特别是在条件和例外方面。 |
| (9)
The four Geneva Conventions of 1949 contain the same provision whereby
each High Contracting Party is obligated to search for persons alleged
to have committed, or to have ordered to be committed, grave breaches,
and to bring such persons, regardless of their nationality, before its
own courts. | (9) 1949年日内瓦四公约载有相同的规定，据此，各缔约国有义务搜捕被控为曾犯或曾令人犯此种严重破坏本公约行为之人，并应将此种人，不分国籍，送交各该国法庭。 |
| However,
it may also, if it prefers, and in accordance with its domestic
legislation, hand such persons over for trial to another High
Contracting Party concerned, provided that the latter has established a
prima facie case. | 然而该国亦可于自愿时，并依其国内立法的规定，将此种人送交另一有关的缔约国审判，但后一缔约国须已确定案件初步成立。 |
| Therefore,
under that model, the obligation to search for and submit to
prosecution an alleged offender is not conditional on any
jurisdictional consideration and that obligation exists irrespective of
any request for extradition by another party. | 因此，按照这一模式，搜捕并起诉被指称犯罪者的义务不以管辖权考虑为条件，不论另一国是否提出任何引渡请求，这一义务都存在。 |
| Nonetheless,
extradition is an available option subject to a condition that the
prosecuting State has established a prima facie case. | 尽管如此，引渡是一项备选的做法，受制于起诉国确定案件初步成立这一条件。 |
| That mechanism is made applicable to Additional Protocol I of 1977 by renvoi. | 这一机制以参照方式适用于1977年《第一附加议定书》。 |
| (10)
The 1970 Hague Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of
Aircraft, stipulates in article 7 that “[t]he Contracting State in the
territory of which the alleged offender is found shall, if it does not
extradite him, be obliged without exception whatsoever and whether or
not the offence was committed in its territory, to submit the case to
its competent authorities for the purpose of prosecution”. | (10) 1970年《关于制止非法劫持航空器的海牙公约》第7条规定：“在其境内发现被指称的罪犯的缔约国，如不将此人引渡，则不论罪行是否在其境内发生，应…将此案件提交其主管当局以便起诉”。 |
| This
“Hague formula” is a variation of the Geneva Conventions formula and
has served as a model for several subsequent conventions aimed at the
suppression of specific offences, principally in the fight against
terrorism, but also in many other areas (including torture,
mercenarism, crimes against United Nations and associated personnel,
transnational crime, corruption, and enforced disappearance). | 这一“海牙套语”是《日内瓦四公约》套语的变体，后来成为好几起惩治具体罪行的公约的范本，主要是在反恐斗争中，也涉及许多其他领域(包括酷刑、雇佣军、危害联合国人员和有关人员罪行、跨国罪行、腐败、强迫失踪等)。 |
| However,
many of those subsequent instruments have modified the original
terminology which sometimes affect the substance of the obligations
contained in the Hague formula. | 然而，后来这些文书有许多修改了原来的用语，这有时影响到海牙套语所载的义务的实质内容。 |
| (11)
In his Separate Opinion in the Judgment of 20 July 2012 of the
International Court of Justice in the case concerning Questions
relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v.
Senegal), Judge Yusuf also addressed the typology of “treaties
containing the formula aut dedere aut judicare” and divided them into
two broad categories. | (11) 在2012年7月20日国际法院针对与引渡或起诉义务有关的问题案(比利时诉塞内加尔)所作的判决所附的个别意见里，优素福法官还论及“含有aut dedere aut judicare套语的条约”的类型，并将这些条约大致分为两类。 |
| The
first category of international conventions contained clauses which
impose an obligation to extradite, and in which submission to
prosecution becomes an obligation only after the refusal of extradition. | 第一类国际公约含有规定了引渡义务的条款，而且只有在拒绝引渡之后起诉才成为义务。 |
| Those
conventions are structured in such a way that gives priority to
extradition to the State in whose territory the crime is committed. | 这些公约结构有其特点，优先重视引渡到罪行发生地国。 |
| The
majority of those conventions do not impose any general obligation on
States parties to submit to prosecution the alleged offender, and such
submission by the State on whose territory the alleged offender is
present becomes an obligation only if a request for extradition has
been refused, or some factors such as nationality of the alleged
offender exist. | 这些公约的大多数并不为缔约国规定起诉被指称犯罪者的一般义务，只有在拒绝引渡请求之后，或存在着诸如被指称犯罪者被指称犯罪者的国籍等因素之后，被指称犯罪者犯罪时所在的国家才有义务进行起诉。 |
| Examples
of the first category are article 9, paragraph 22 of the 1929
International Convention for the Suppression of Counterfeiting
Currency, article 15 of the African Union Convention on Preventing and
Combating Corruption, and article 5 of the Optional Protocol to the
Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child
prostitution and child pornography. | 这第一类公约的例子有1929年《取缔伪造货币国际公约》第9条第22款、《非洲联盟预防和打击腐败公约》第15条、以及《儿童权利公约关于买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品问题的任择议定书》第5条。 |
| The
second category of international conventions contains clauses which
impose an obligation to submit to prosecution, with extradition being
an available option, as well as clauses which impose an obligation to
submit to prosecution, with extradition becoming an obligation if the
State fails to do so. | 第二类国际公约含有规定了起诉义务的条款，但引渡只是可用的备选做法，或含有规定了起诉义务的条款，但只有在该国未能将案件提交起诉时引渡才变为义务。 |
| Such
clauses in that category can be found in, for example, the relevant
provisions of the four Geneva Conventions of 1949, article 7, paragraph
1 of the 1970 Hague Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure
of Aircraft, and article 7, paragraph 1 of the Convention against
Torture. | 这第二类公约中的这种条款例如可在1949年日内瓦四公约有关条款、1970年《关于制止非法劫持航空器的海牙公约》第7条第1款以及《禁止酷刑公约》第7条第1款中看到。 |
| (12)
In light of the above, the Commission considers that when drafting
treaties, States can decide for themselves which conventional formula
on the obligation to extradite or prosecute best suits their objective
in a particular circumstance. | (12) 鉴于以上所述，委员会认为各国可自行决定哪一种关于引渡或起诉义务的公约套语在特定情况下最适合它们的目的。 |
| Owing
to the great diversity in the formulation, content, and scope of the
obligation to extradite or prosecute in conventional practice, it would
be futile for the Commission to engage in harmonizing the various
treaty clauses on the obligation to extradite or prosecute. | 鉴于公约实践中引渡或起诉义务的说法、内容和范围多种多样，委员会将关于引渡或起诉的义务的各种条约条款加以协调，将是有用的。 |
| (13)
Although the Commission finds that the scope of the obligation to
extradite or prosecute under the relevant conventions should be
analysed on a case-by-case basis, it acknowledges that there may be
some general trends and common features in the more recent conventions
containing the obligation to extradite or prosecute. | (13) 虽然委员会认为应该逐案审查有关公约中的引渡或起诉义务的范围，但工作组也承认，在更近些的含有引渡或起诉义务的条款的公约中，可能存在着一些一般趋势和共同特征。 |
| One
of the most relevant trends appears to be the use of “Hague formula”
that serves “as a model for most of the contemporary conventions for
the suppression of specific offences”. | 最相关的一种趋势似乎是将“海牙套语”用作“当代打击特定罪行的大多数公约的范本”。 |
| Of the conventions drafted on or after 1970, approximately three-quarters follow the “Hague formula”. | 在1970年或之后起草的公约中，约有四分之三沿用了“海牙套语”。 |
| In
those post-1970 conventions, there is a common trend that the custodial
State shall, without exception, submit the case of the alleged offender
to a competent authority if it does not extradite. | 在这些1970年之后的公约中，有一个共同的趋势是，即羁押国如果不引渡，则无一例外地将被控犯罪者的案件交给主管当局处理。 |
| Such
obligation is supplemented by additional provisions that require States
parties: (a) to criminalize the relevant offence under its domestic
laws; | 对此义务还以附加规定加以补充，要求缔约国：(a) 在国内法中规定相关罪行为刑事犯罪； |
| (b)
to establish jurisdiction over the offence when there is a link to the
crime or when the alleged offender is present on their territory and is
not extradited; | (b) 当与罪行存在着某种联系或被指称犯罪者在本国领土内并且未被引渡时，则确立对罪行的管辖权； |
| (c) to make provisions to ensure that the alleged offender is under custody and there is a preliminary enquiry; | (c) 规定采取措施羁押罪犯并对事实进行初步调查； |
| and (d) to treat the offence as extraditable. | (d) 将罪行视为可予引渡。 |
| In
particular, under the prosecution limb of the obligation, the
conventions only emphasize that the case be submitted to a competent
authority for the purpose of prosecution. | 尤其是，按照该项义务的起诉方面，这些公约只是强调案件须提交主管当局以便进行起诉。 |
| To
a lesser extent, there is also a trend of stipulating that, absent
prosecution by the custodial State, the alleged offender must be
extradited without exception whatsoever. | 在较小的程度上，另一种趋势是规定在羁押国不予起诉的情况下，必须无一例外地将被指称犯罪者予以引渡。 |
| (14)
The Commission observes that there are important gaps in the present
conventional regime governing the obligation to extradite or prosecute
which may need to be closed. | (14) 委员会注意到，在关于引渡或起诉义务的目前公约制度中存在着一些重要缺陷，可能需要加以弥补。 |
| Notably,
there is a lack of international conventions with this obligation in
relation to most crimes against humanity, war crimes other than grave
breaches, and war crimes in non-international armed conflict. | 尤其是相对于大多数危害人类罪、 严重违反公约以外的战争罪以及在非国际武装冲突中的战争罪而言，缺乏含有这一义务的国际公约。 |
| In
relation to genocide, the international cooperation regime could be
strengthened beyond the rudimentary regime under the Convention for the
Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide of 1948. | 就灭绝种族罪而论，应加强国际合作制度，而不是仅仅停留在1948年《防止及惩治灭绝种族罪公约》所规定的那种基本制度水平上。 |
| As
explained by the International Court of Justice in the case concerning
Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the
Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro),
article VI of the Genocide Convention only obligates Contracting
Parties to institute and exercise territorial criminal jurisdiction as
well as to cooperate with an “international penal tribunal” under
certain circumstances. | 正如国际法院在《防止及惩治灭绝种族罪公约》的适用(波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那诉塞尔维亚和黑山)案中所解释的，根据《灭绝种族罪公约》第六条承担的义务是，该条只是规定缔约国有义务确立并行使属地刑事管辖权并在特定情况下与国际刑事法庭合作。 |
| (b) Implementation of the obligation to extradite or prosecute | (b) 履行引渡或起诉的义务 |
| (15) The Hague formula. | (15) 海牙套语。 |
| The
Commission views the Judgment of the International Court of Justice in
the case concerning Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute
or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal) to be helpful in elucidating some
aspects relevant to the implementation of the obligation to extradite
or prosecute. | 委员会认为国际法院对与引渡或起诉义务有关的问题案(比利时诉塞内加尔)的判决有助于澄清与履行引渡或起诉义务相关的一些问题。 |
| The Judgment confines itself to an analysis of the mechanism to combat impunity under the Convention against Torture. | 这一判决仅限于分析根据《禁止酷刑公约》消除有罪不罚现象的机制。 |
| In
particular, the Judgment focuses on the relationship between the
different articles on the establishment of jurisdiction (article 5),
the obligation to engage in a preliminary inquiry (article 6), and the
obligation to prosecute or extradite (article 7). | 具体地说，判决侧重于关于建立管辖权(第5条)、进行初步调查的义务(第6条)、起诉或引渡的义务(第7条)等各条之间的关系。 |
| While
the Court’s reasoning relates to the specific implementation and
application of issues surrounding that Convention, since the relevant
prosecute-or-extradite provisions of the Convention against Torture are
modelled upon those of the “Hague formula”, the Court’s ruling may also
help to elucidate the meaning of the prosecute-or-extradite regime
under the 1970 Hague Convention and other conventions which have
followed the same formula. | 虽然法院的理由说明涉及与该公约有关的具体履行和适用问题，但由于《禁止酷刑公约》的有关起诉或引渡规定是以“海牙套语”为范本的，故法院的裁决也有助于阐明1970年《海牙公约》和沿用相同套语的其他公约中的起诉或引渡制度的含义。 |
| As
the Court also holds that the prohibition of torture is a peremptory
norm (jus cogens), the prosecute-or-extradite formula under the
Convention against Torture could serve as a model for new
prosecute-or-extradite regimes governing prohibitions covered by
peremptory norms (jus cogens), such as genocide, crimes against
humanity, and serious war crimes. | 由于法院还认为酷刑是强制法禁止的罪行，《禁止酷刑公约》所用的起诉或引渡套语可用作强制法禁止的其他核心罪行例如灭绝种族罪、危害人类罪以及严重战争罪的起诉或引渡制度的范本。 |
| (16)
The Court determines that States parties to the Convention against
Torture have obligations to criminalize torture, establish their
jurisdiction over the crime of torture so as to equip themselves with
the necessary legal tool to prosecute that offence, and make an inquiry
into the facts immediately from the time the suspect is present in
their respective territories. | (16) 法院认定，《禁止酷刑公约》缔约国有义务将酷刑定为刑事罪，对酷刑罪确立管辖权以拥有对这一犯罪进行起诉的必要法律工具，在犯罪嫌疑人在各自领土时即对事实展开调查。 |
| The
Court declares: “These obligations, taken as a whole, might be regarded
as elements of a single conventional mechanism aimed at preventing
suspects from escaping the consequences of their criminal
responsibility, if proven”. | 法院宣称：“这些义务作为一个整体可视为一个单一的公约机制的要素，这一公约机制的目的是防止经证实的嫌疑人逃脱其刑事责任的后果”。 |
| The
obligation under article 7, paragraph 1, “to submit the case to the
competent authorities for the purpose of prosecution”, which the Court
calls the “obligation to prosecute”, arises regardless of the existence
of a prior request for the extradition of the suspect. | 由第7条第1款规定的“将该案提交主管当局以便起诉”的义务，法院称之为“起诉的义务”，认为无论是否先前提出了针对嫌疑人的引渡请求，此项义务都存在。 |
| However,
national authorities are left to decide whether to initiate proceedings
in light of the evidence before them and the relevant rules of criminal
procedure. | 然而应由国家当局决定是否根据已经掌握的证据和有关的刑事诉讼规则提起诉讼。 |
| In
particular, the Court rules that “[e]xtradition is an option offered to
the State by the Convention, whereas prosecution is an international
obligation under the Convention, the violation of which is a wrongful
act engaging the responsibility of the State”. | 法院尤其裁定，“引渡是由公约提供给国家的一种选择，而起诉是根据公约承担的国际义务，违背此项义务则属于能够导致国家责任的不法行为”。 |
| The
Court also notes that both the 1970 Hague Convention and the Convention
against Torture emphasize “that the authorities shall take their
decision in the same manner as in the case of any ordinary offence of a
serious nature under the law of the State concerned”. | 法院还指出，1970年《海牙公约》和《禁止酷刑公约》都强调 “主管当局应根据该国法律，以对待情节严重的任何普通犯罪案件的同样方式作出决定”。 |
| (17) Basic elements of the obligation to extradite or prosecute to be included in national legislation. | (17) 须纳入国内法律的引渡或起诉义务基本要点。 |
| The
effective fulfilment of the obligation to extradite or prosecute
requires undertaking necessary national measures to criminalize the
relevant offences, establishing jurisdiction over the offences and the
person present in the territory of the State, investigating or
undertaking primary inquiry, apprehending the suspect, and submitting
the case to the prosecuting authorities (which may or may not result in
the institution of proceedings) or extrading, if an extradition request
is made by another State with the necessary jurisdiction and capability
to prosecute the suspect. | 有效履行引渡或起诉的义务，这就要求采取必要的国内措
施，将有关犯罪行为定为刑事罪行，对处在该国领土内的犯罪行为及犯罪者确立管辖权，进行调查或初步调查，逮捕嫌疑人，并将案件提交起诉当局(可能会，也可
能不会导致提起诉讼)或予以引渡，如果具有必要管辖权和起诉嫌疑人能力的另一国提出了引渡请求。 |
| (18) Establishment of the necessary jurisdiction. | (18) 确立必要管辖权。 |
| Establishing
jurisdiction is “a logical prior step” to the implementation of an
obligation to extradite or prosecute an alleged offender present in the
territory of a State. | 确立管辖权是履行引渡或起诉处在一国境内的被指称犯罪者的义务的“符合逻辑的先行步骤”。 |
| For
the purposes of the present topic, when the crime was allegedly
committed abroad with no nexus to the forum State, the obligation to
extradite or prosecute would necessarily reflect an exercise of
universal jurisdiction, which is “the jurisdiction to establish a
territorial jurisdiction over persons for extraterritorial events”
where neither the victims nor alleged offenders are nationals of the
forum State and no harm was allegedly caused to the forum State’s own
national interests. | 当罪行据称是在国外犯下并且与法院地国没有关连时，引渡或起诉的义务必然反映是行使普遍管辖权， 而普遍管辖权是“是针对域外事件而对人确立的属地管辖权”，在此，受害者和被指称犯罪者均不是法院地国的国民，据称也没有给法院地国的国家利益造成损害。 |
| However, the obligation to extradite or prosecute can also reflect an exercise of jurisdiction under other bases. | 然而，引渡或起诉的义务也能反映出是在其他基础上行使管辖权。 |
| Thus,
if a State can exercise jurisdiction on another basis, universal
jurisdiction may not necessarily be invoked in the fulfilment of the
obligation to extradite or prosecute. | 所以，如果一国能在其他基础上行使管辖权，则在履行引渡或起诉的义务时不一定援引普遍管辖权。 |
| Universal
jurisdiction is a crucial component for prosecuting alleged
perpetrators of crimes of international concern, particularly when the
alleged perpetrator is not prosecuted in the territory where the crime
was committed. | 就起诉引起国际关切罪行的被指称犯罪者而言，普遍管辖权是至为重要的因素，特别是当被指称犯罪者在犯罪发生地国没有受到起诉时。 |
| Several
international instruments, such as the very widely ratified four Geneva
Conventions of 1949 and the Convention against Torture, require the
exercise of universal jurisdiction over the offences covered by these
instruments, or, alternatively to extradite alleged offenders to
another State for the purpose of prosecution. | 好几项国际文书，例如得到广泛批准的1949年日内瓦四公约和《禁止酷刑公约》，都要求对这些文书所涵盖的罪行行使普遍管辖权，或者如不起诉，则将被指称犯罪者引渡到另一国以便进行起诉。 |
| (19) Delay in enacting legislation. | (19) 制订法律方面的拖延。 |
| According
to the Court in the case concerning Questions relating to the
Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal), delay in
enacting necessary legislation in order to prosecute suspects adversely
affects the State party’s implementation of the obligations to conduct
a preliminary inquiry and to submit the case to its competent
authorities for the purposes of prosecution. | 根据国际法院对与起诉或引渡义务有关的问题案(比利时诉塞内加尔)的判决，制订必要法律以起诉嫌疑人如果出现拖延，则会对缔约国履行进行初步调查并将案件提交主管当局进行起诉的义务产生不利影响。 |
| The State’s obligation extends beyond merely enacting national legislation. | 国家的义务远不止单纯地制订本国法律。 |
| The State must also actually exercise its jurisdiction over a suspect, starting by establishing the facts. | 国家还必须实际对嫌疑人行使管辖权，从确定事实开始。 |
| (20) Obligation to investigate. | (20) 调查的义务。 |
| According
to the Court in the case concerning Questions relating to the
Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal), the
obligation to investigate consists of several elements. | 根据法院对与起诉或引渡义务有关的问题案(比利时诉塞内加尔)的判决，调查的义务包含好几项要素： |
| As
a general rule, the obligation to investigate must be interpreted in
light of the object and purpose of the applicable treaty, which is to
make more effective the fight against impunity. | 一般来说，调查的义务必须依适用的条约的目标和宗旨来加以解释，而目标和宗旨便是使同有罪不罚的斗争更为有效。 |
| The obligation is intended to corroborate the suspicions regarding the person in question. | 这项义务意在证实对有关的人的怀疑。 |
| The
starting point is the establishment of the relevant facts, which is an
essential stage in the process of the fight against impunity. | 起点是确定有关事实，这是同有罪不罚现象做斗争的必不可少的阶段。 |
| As
soon as the authorities have reason to suspect that a person present in
their territory may be responsible for acts subject to the obligation
to extradite or prosecute, they must investigate. | 一旦当局有理由怀疑其境内的某人可能对某些行为负有责任，而这些行为在引渡或起诉义务的约束范围之内，则必须进行调查。 |
| The preliminary inquiry must immediately be initiated. | 初步调查须立即开始。 |
| This
point is reached, at the latest, when the first complaint is filed
against the person, at which stage the establishment of the facts
becomes imperative. | 这一点最晚必须在对该人提出首次控诉时做到， 在此阶段必须确定事实。 |
| However,
simply questioning the suspect in order to establish his/her identity
and inform him/her of the charges cannot be regarded as performance of
the obligation to conduct a preliminary inquiry. | 然而，简单地讯问嫌疑人，以查明其身份并告知他或她控诉的罪名，这不能视为履行了进行初步调查的义务。 |
| The
inquiry is to be conducted by the authorities who have the task of
drawing up a case file and collecting facts and evidence (for example,
documents and witness statements relating to the events at issue and to
the suspect’s possible involvement). | 初步调查由负责拟订案件文档和负责收集事实和证据(例如文件、证人关于事件经过及嫌疑人可能参与其中的证词)的当局实施。 |
| These
authorities are those of the State where the alleged crime was
committed or of any other State where complaints have been filed in
relation to the case. | 这些当局是指这样的国家的当局：指称的犯罪行为发生在该国境内，或记录了关于案件的申诉的任何其他国家。 |
| In
order to fulfil its obligation to conduct a preliminary inquiry, the
State in whose territory the suspect is present should seek cooperation
of the authorities of the aforementioned States. | 为了履行进行初步调查的义务，嫌疑人在其境内的国家应寻求前述国家的合作。 |
| An
inquiry taking place on the basis of universal jurisdiction must be
conducted according to the same standards in terms of evidence as when
the State has jurisdiction by virtue of a link with the case in
question. | 依据普遍管辖权进行的调查必须遵循相同的证据标准，就如该国因与案件具有联系而行使管辖权时一样。 |
| (21) Obligation to prosecute. | (21) 起诉的义务。 |
| According
to the Court in the case concerning Questions relating to the
Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal), the
obligation to prosecute consists of certain elements. | 根据法院对与起诉或引渡义务有关的问题案(比利时诉塞内加尔)的判决，起诉的义务包含好几项要素： |
| The
obligation to prosecute is actually an obligation to submit the case to
the prosecuting authorities; it does not involve an obligation to
initiate a prosecution. | 起诉的义务实际上是将案件提交起诉当局的义务，不涉及提起诉讼的义务。 |
| Indeed, in light of the evidence, fulfilment of the obligation may or may not result in the institution of proceedings. | 实际上，根据证据的情况，履行这一义务可能会、也可能不会导致提起诉讼。 |
| The
competent authorities decide whether to initiate proceedings, in the
same manner as they would for any alleged offence of a serious nature
under the law of the State concerned. | 主管当局决定是否提起诉讼，这与他们按照本国法律对待据称性质严重的犯罪案件一样。 |
| Proceedings
relating to the implementation of the obligation to prosecute should be
undertaken without delay, as soon as possible, in particular once the
first complaint has been filed against the suspect. | 与履行起诉的义务有关的程序应毫不拖延地尽快实施，尤其是针对嫌疑人一旦提出了首次申诉之后。 |
| The
timeliness of the prosecution must be such that it does not lead to
injustice; hence, necessary actions must be undertaken within a
reasonable time limit. | 必须确保起诉及时，以免发生不公正，因此必须在合理的时限内采取必要行动。 |
| (22) Obligation to extradite. | (22) 引渡的义务。 |
| With respect to the obligation to extradite: | 关于引渡的义务： |
| Extradition
may only be to a State that has jurisdiction in some capacity to
prosecute and try the alleged offender pursuant to an international
legal obligation binding on the State in whose territory the person is
present. | 引渡的目的地国只能是具有一定管辖权，能够依照对其具有约束力的国际法律义务起诉并审判被指称犯罪者、且被指称犯罪者所在的国家。 |
| Fulfilling
the obligation to extradite cannot be substituted by deportation,
extraordinary rendition or other informal forms of dispatching the
suspect to another State. | 履行引渡的义务不能用驱逐、非常规引渡或将嫌疑人发送到另一国的其他非正式形式来替代。 |
| Formal
extradition requests entail important human rights protections which
may be absent from informal forms of dispatching the suspect to another
State, such as extraordinary renditions. | 正式的引渡请求涉及重要的人权保护措施，这些措施 在诸如将嫌疑人发送到另一国的非正式形式例如非常规引渡中是没有的。 |
| Under
extradition law of most, if not all, States, the necessary requirements
to be satisfied include double criminality, ne bis in idem, nullem
crimen sine lege, speciality, and non-extradition of the suspect to
stand trial on the grounds of ethnic origin, religion, nationality or
political views. | 按照绝大多数国家的引渡法律，必要的要求包括双重犯罪，一罪不二审，法无明文规定不为罪，特定性，不得将嫌疑人引渡使之因民族出身、宗教、国籍或政治观点等理由而受审判。 |
| (23) Compliance with object and purpose. | (23) 符合目标和宗旨。 |
| The
steps to be taken by a State must be interpreted in light of the object
and purpose of the relevant international instrument or other sources
of international obligation binding on that State, rendering the fight
against impunity more effective. | 国家采取的措施必须依有关国际文书或对该国具有约束力的其他国际义务来源的目标和宗旨来加以解释，而目标和宗旨便是使同有罪不罚的斗争更为有效。 |
| It
is also worth recalling that, by virtue of article 27 of the Vienna
Convention on the Law of Treaties, which reflects customary
international law, a State party to a treaty may not invoke the
provisions of its internal law as justification for its failure to
perform a treaty. | 另外值得回顾的是，借助于反映了习惯国际法的《维也纳条约法公约》第二十七条，条约的一缔约国不得援引其国内法律为理由，为其未履行条约而辩护。 |
| Besides, the steps taken must be in accordance with the rule of law. | 此外，国家采取的措施必须符合法治原则。 |
| (24)
In cases of serious crimes of international concern, the purpose of the
obligation to extradite or prosecute is to prevent alleged perpetrators
from going unpunished by ensuring that they cannot find refuge in any
State. | (24) 如果涉及引起国际关切的严重罪行，引渡或起诉义务的宗旨是确保被指称犯罪者不能在任何国家得到庇护，从而逃避惩罚。 |
| (25) Temporal scope of the obligation. | (25) 义务的时间范围。 |
| The
obligation to extradite or prosecute under a treaty applies only to
facts having occurred after the entry into force of the said treaty for
the State concerned, “unless a different intention appears from the
treaty or is otherwise established”. | 依据条约承担的引渡或起诉义务仅适用于该条约对有关国家生效之后发生的事实，“条约表示不同意思，或另经确定”。 |
| After
a State becomes party to a treaty containing the obligation to
extradite or prosecute, it is entitled, with effect from the date of
its becoming party to the treaty, to request another State party’s
compliance with the obligation to extradite or prosecute. | 在一国成为载有引渡或起诉义务的条约的缔约国之后，该国自加入该条约生效之日起，有权请求另一缔约国遵守该条约的所有规定，包括引渡或起诉的义务在内。 |
| Thus,
the obligation to criminalize and establish necessary jurisdiction over
acts proscribed by a treaty containing the obligation to extradite or
prosecute is to be implemented as soon as the State is bound by that
treaty. | 因此，一国一旦受该条约约束，即应履行其义务，将载有引渡或起诉义务的条约所禁止的行为定为刑事罪，并确立必要的管辖权。 |
| However,
nothing prevents the State from investigating or prosecuting acts
committed before the entry into force of the treaty for that State. | 然而，该国完全可以调查或起诉在该条约对该国生效之前所发生的行为。 |
| (26) Consequences of non-compliance with the obligation to extradite or prosecute. | (26) 不遵守引渡或起诉义务的后果。 |
| In
Belgium v. Senegal, the Court found that the violation of an
international obligation under the Convention against Torture is a
wrongful act engaging the responsibility of the State. | 在对与起诉或引渡义务有关的问题案(比利时诉塞内加尔)的判决中，法院认定，违反根据《禁止酷刑公约》所承担的国际义务是引起国家责任的不法行为。 |
| As
long as all measures necessary for the implementation of the obligation
have not been taken, the State remains in breach of its obligation. | 只要尚未采取履行义务所必需的一切措施，该国就处在违反其义务的状态。 |
| The
Commission’s articles on responsibility of States for internationally
wrongful acts stipulate that the commission of an internationally
wrongful act attributable to a State involves legal consequences,
including cessation and non-repetition of the act (art. 30), reparation
(arts. 31, 34–39) and countermeasures (arts. 49–54). | 委员会关于国家对国际不法行为的责任条款规定，实施可归于一国的国际不法行为是有法律后果的，包括停止并不重犯该行为(第30条)，赔偿(第31、34-39条)以及反措施(第49-54条)。 |
| (27) Relationship between the obligation and the “third alternative”. | (27) 该义务与“第三种选择”的关系。 |
| With
the establishment of the International Criminal Court and various ad
hoc international criminal tribunals, there is now the possibility that
a State faced with an obligation to extradite or prosecute an accused
person might have recourse to a third alternative – that of
surrendering the suspect to a competent international criminal tribunal. | 随着国际刑事法院和各种特设国际刑事法庭的建立，现在有了这样的可能，即面对引渡或起诉被指控者义务的一国可求助于第三种选择，即将嫌疑人送交有关国际刑事法庭。 |
| This
third alternative is stipulated, for example, in article 11, paragraph
1 of the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons
from Enforced Disappearance, 2006. | 2006年《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》第11条第1款便载有这样的第三种选择。 |
| (28)
In her dissenting opinion in the case concerning Questions relating to
the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal), Judge
Xue opines that had Senegal surrendered the alleged offender to an
international tribunal constituted by the African Union to try him,
they would not have breached their obligation to prosecute under
article 7 of the Convention against Torture, because such a tribunal
would have been created to fulfil the purpose of the Convention, and
this is not prohibited by the Convention itself or by State practice. | (28)
在对于与起诉或引渡义务有关的问题案(比利时诉塞内加尔)发表的不同意见中，薛法官认为，假如塞内加尔已经将被指称犯罪者送交由非洲联盟组建的国际法庭进
行审判，他们就没有违反《禁止酷刑公约》第7条所规定的起诉的义务，因为这样的法庭就是为满足公约的目的而设立的，公约本身不禁止，国家惯例也不禁止。 |
| Of
course, if “a different intention appears from the treaty or is
otherwise established” so as not to permit the surrender of an alleged
offender to an international criminal tribunal, such surrender would
not discharge the obligation of the States parties to the treaty to
extradite or prosecute the person under their respective domestic legal
systems. | 当然，如果“条约表示不同意思，或另经确定”， 因而不许将受指控的犯罪者移交国际刑事法庭，则这样的移交并不免除条约缔约国根据其各自国内法律制度引渡或起诉该犯罪者的义务。 |
| (29)
It is suggested that in light of the increasing significance of
international criminal tribunals, new treaty provisions on the
obligation to extradite or prosecute should include this third
alternative, as should national legislation. | (29) 有人提议，鉴于国际刑事法庭日益重要，关于引渡或起诉义务的新条约规定与国内法一样，应包含这第三种选择。 |
| (30) Additional observation. | (30) 补充意见。 |
| A
State might also wish to fulfil both parts of the obligation to
extradite or prosecute, for example, by prosecuting, trying and
sentencing an offender and then extraditing or surrendering the
offender to another State for the purpose of enforcing the judgment. | 一国也许愿意同时履行引渡或起诉义务的两个方面，例如起诉、审判犯罪者并予判刑，然后将该犯罪者引渡或移交给另一国，以便使判决得到执行。 |
| (c) Gaps in the existing conventional regime and the “third alternative” | (c) 目前公约制度的缺陷和“第三种选择” |
| (31)
As noted in paragraph (14) above, the Commission reiterates that there
are important gaps in the present conventional regime governing the
obligation to extradite or prosecute, notably in relation to most
crimes against humanity, war crimes other than grave breaches, and war
crimes in non-international armed conflict. | (31) 如上文第(14)段所指出，委员会重申，在目前关于引渡或起诉义务的公约制度中存在着一些重大缺陷，尤其是相对于大多数危害人类罪、严重违反公约以外的战争罪以及在非国际武装冲突中的战争罪而言。 |
| It
also notes that it had placed on its programme of work in 2014 the
topic “Crimes against humanity”, which would include as one element of
a new treaty an obligation to extradite or prosecute for those crimes. | 委员会还指出，委员会已将“危害人类罪”专题纳入2014年的工作方案，其中包括使就这些罪行引渡或起诉的义务成为新条约的一项内容。 |
| It
further suggested that, in relation to genocide, the international
cooperation regime could be strengthened beyond the one that exists
under the 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime
of Genocide. | 工作组进一步建议，就灭绝种族罪而论，应加强国际合作制度，而不是仅仅停留在1948年《防止及惩治灭绝种族罪公约》所规定的水平上。 |
| (32)
Instead of drafting a set of model provisions to close the gaps in the
existing conventional regime regarding the obligation to extradite or
prosecute, the Commission recalls that an obligation to extradite or
prosecute for, inter alia, genocide, crimes against humanity and war
crimes is already stipulated in article 9 of the 1996 Draft Code, which
reads: | (32) 委员会未起草一套示范条款，以弥补目前关于引渡或起诉义务的公约制度中的缺陷，而是回顾指出，1996年《治罪法草案》第9条已经规定了就灭绝种族罪、危害人类罪和战争罪等罪行引渡或起诉的义务。 原文如下： |
| “Without
prejudice to the jurisdiction of an international criminal court, the
State Party in the territory of which an individual alleged to have
committed a crime set out in article 17 [genocide], 18 [crimes against
humanity], 19 [crimes against United Nations and associated personnel]
or 20 [war crimes] is found shall extradite or prosecute that
individual.” | “在不妨碍国际刑事法院的管辖权的情形下，在其境内发现据指控有第17[灭绝种族罪行]、第18[危害人类罪行]、第19[危害联合国人员和有关人员罪行]或第20条[战争罪行]所述罪行之个人的缔约国应引渡或起诉该个人。 |
| (33)
The Commission also refers to the “Hague formula”, quoted in paragraph
(10) above. As noted in that paragraph, the “Hague formula”, has served
as a model for most contemporary conventions containing the obligation
to extradite or prosecute, including the United Nations Convention
against Transnational Organized Crime and the United Nations Convention
against Corruption which have been mentioned by several delegations in
the Sixth Committee in 2013 as a possible model to close the gaps in
the conventional regime. | ” (33) 委员会还提到上文第(10)段引用的
“海牙套语”，“海牙套语”已成为大多数载有引渡或起诉的义务的当代公约的范本， 其中包括《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》和《联合国反腐败公约》；
2013年出席第六委员会的几个代表团曾提出，这两项公约有可能成为弥补目前公约制度中的缺陷的范本。 |
| In
addition, the Judgment of the International Court of Justice in the
case concerning Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or
Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal) is helpful in construing the Hague
formula. | 此外，国际法院对与起诉或引渡义务有关的问题案(比利时诉塞内加尔)的判决也有助于解释海牙套语。 |
| The
Commission recommends that States consider the Hague formula in
undertaking to close any gaps in the existing conventional regime. | 工作组建议各国在着手弥补目前公约制度中的缺陷时考虑海牙套语。 |
| (34)
The Commission further acknowledges that some States have inquired
about the link between the obligation to extradite or prosecute and the
transfer of a suspect to an international or special court or tribunal,
whereas other States treat such a transfer differently from extradition. | (34) 工作组进一步确认，有些国家 已经询问引渡或起诉的义务与将嫌疑人移交国际法院或特别法院或法庭之间有何联系，而其他国家 将这种移交做法与引渡区别对待。 |
| As
pointed out in paragraph (27) above, the obligation to extradite or
prosecute may be satisfied by surrendering the alleged offender to a
competent international criminal tribunal. | 如上文第(27)段所指出，可以通过将被指称犯罪者移交主管国际刑事法庭履行引渡或起诉的义务。 |
| A
provision to this effect appears in article 11, paragraph 1, of the
2006 International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from
Enforced Disappearance, which reads: | 2006年《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》第十一条第1款中出现了这种意义上的规定，原文如下： |
| “The
State party in the territory under whose jurisdiction a person alleged
to have committed [an act of genocide/a crime against humanity/a war
crime] is found shall, if it does not extradite that person or
surrender him or her to another State in accordance with its
international obligations or surrender him or her to a competent
international criminal tribunal or any other competent court whose
jurisdiction it has recognized, submit the case to its competent
authorities for the purpose of prosecution.” | “缔约国在其管辖的领土上发现据称犯有[灭绝种族罪行/危害人类罪行/战争罪行]的人，如果不按其国际义务将该人引渡或移交给另一国家，或移交该缔约国承认其司法权的某一国际刑事法庭或其他任何法庭，则该国应将案件提交本国的主管机关起诉。 ” |
| (35)
Under such a provision, the obligation to extradite or prosecute may be
satisfied by a “third alternative”, which would consist of the State
surrendering the alleged offender to a competent international criminal
tribunal or a competent court whose jurisdiction the State concerned
has recognized. | (35) 按照这样的规定，引渡或起诉的义务可以通过“第三种选择”加以履行，即该国将被指称犯罪者移交所涉国家承认其司法权的主管国际刑事法庭或主管法庭。 |
| The
competent tribunal or court may take a form similar in nature to the
Extraordinary African Chambers, set up within the Senegalese court
system by an agreement dated 22 August 2012 between Senegal and the
African Union, to try Mr. Habré in the wake of the Judgment in the case
concerning Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or
Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal) This kind of “internationalization”
within a national court system is not unique. | 主管法庭或
法院可以采取与非洲特别法庭性质类似的形式，该法庭是在与起诉或引渡义务有关的问题案(比利时诉塞内加尔)判决后，为审判哈布雷先生，依据塞内加尔和非洲
联盟2012年8月22日签署的协议在塞内加尔法院系统内设立的。 在一国法院系统内的这种“国际化”做法并非独此一例。 |
| As
a court established by the agreement between Senegal and the African
Union, with the participation of national and foreign judges in these
Chambers, the Extraordinary African Chambers follow the examples of the
Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia, the Special Court for
Sierra Leone and the Special Tribunal for Lebanon. | 作为一所依据塞内加尔和非洲联盟之间的协议设立，由本国和外国法官组成各庭的法院，非洲特别法庭效仿了柬埔寨法院特别法庭、塞拉利昂问题特别法庭和黎巴嫩问题特别法庭的先例。 |
| (36)
The above examples highlight the essential elements of a provision
containing the obligation to extradite or prosecute, and may assist
States in choosing the formula that they consider to be most
appropriate for a particular context. | (36) 上述例子重点说明了载有引渡或起诉的义务条款的基本要素，也可以帮助各国选择其认为最适合某种具体情况的套语。 |
| (d)
The priority between the obligation to prosecute and the obligation to
extradite, and the scope of the obligation to prosecute | (d) 起诉义务和引渡义务之间的优先顺序，及起诉义务的范围 |
| (37)
The Commission takes note of the suggestion made by one delegation to
the Sixth Committee in 2013 to analyze these two aspects of the topic. | (37) 委员会注意到出席2013年第六委员的一个代表团 提出的分析该专题上述两方面的建议。 |
| It
also notes the suggestions of other delegations that the Commission
establish a general framework of extraditable offences or guiding
principles on the implementation of the obligation to extradite or
prosecute. | 它还注意到其他代表团 建议国际法委员会制定一项有关可引渡罪行的总体框架或者关于履行引渡或起诉的义务的指导原则。 |
| It wishes to draw attention to the Secretariat Survey (2010) and paragraphs (6)–(13) above, which have addressed these issues. | 委员会希望提请注意秘书处的调查报告(2010年)和述及以上问题的第(6)至(13)段。 |
| (38)
To recapitulate, beyond the basic common features, provisions
containing the obligation to extradite or prosecute in multilateral
conventions vary considerably in their formulation, content and scope. | (38) 简言之，除了基本的共同点，多边公约中载有引渡或起诉的义务的条款在表述、内容和范围方面大相径庭。 |
| This
is particularly so in terms of the conditions imposed on States with
respect to extradition and prosecution and the relationship between
these two courses of action. | 在为各国规定的引渡和起诉条件及两种行动方针之间的关系方面尤为不同。 |
| Although
the relationship between the obligation to extradite and the obligation
to prosecute is not identical, the relevant provisions seem to fall
into two main categories; namely, (a) those clauses pursuant to which
the obligation to prosecute is only triggered by a refusal to surrender
the alleged offender following a request for extradition; | 尽管引渡义务和起诉义务之间的关系不尽相同，但是相关条款似可分为两大类，即：(a) 规定只有在引渡请求提出后拒绝移交被指称犯罪者时才触发起诉义务的条款； |
| and
(b) those imposing an obligation to prosecute ipso facto when the
alleged offender is present in the territory of the State, which the
latter may be liberated from by granting extradition. | (b) 规定一国依照被指称犯罪者在该国领土上这一事实本身负有起诉义务，且可通过准予引渡免除起诉义务的条款。 |
| (39)
Instruments containing clauses in the first category impose on States
Parties (at least those that do not have a special link with the
offence) an obligation to prosecute only when extradition has been
requested and not granted, as opposed to an obligation ipso facto to
prosecute the alleged offender present in their territory. | (39) 载有第一类条款的文书规定，缔约国(至少是与违法行为没有特别关联的缔约国)只有在引渡请求已经提出，且未获准许后才负有起诉义务，而不是依照被指称犯罪者在该国领土上这一事实本身负有起诉义务。 |
| They
recognize the possibility that a State may refuse to grant a request
for extradition of an individual on grounds stipulated either in the
instrument or in national legislation. | 这些条款承认存在这样的可能性：一国可以依据该文书或国内法律规定的理由，拒绝批准引渡某人的请求。 |
| However, in the event of refusal of extradition, the State is obliged to prosecute the individual. | 然而，一旦拒绝引渡，该国有义务起诉该个人。 |
| In
other words, these instruments primarily focus on the option of
extradition and provide the alternative of prosecution as a safeguard
against impunity. | 换言之，这些文书主要侧重于引渡这个选项，并且提供了起诉这个替代办法，作为防止有罪不罚的保障措施。 |
| In
addition, instruments in this category may adopt very different
mechanisms for the punishment of offenders, which may affect the
interaction between extradition and prosecution. | 此外，这类文书可能采用极为不同的罪犯惩罚机制，这可能影响到引渡和起诉之间的相互作用。 |
| In
some instances, there are detailed provisions concerning the
prosecution of offences that are the subject of the instrument, while
in other cases, the process of extradition is regulated in greater
detail. | 有些文书详细规定了如何起诉该文书处理的违法行为； 其他文书对引渡程序做了更为详细的规定。 |
| The
1929 International Convention for the Suppression of Counterfeiting
Currency and subsequent conventions inspired by it belong to this first
category. | 1929年《取缔伪造货币国际公约》及后来受之启发的各项公约 属于第一类。 |
| Multilateral conventions on extradition also fall into this category. | 关于引渡的各项多边公约也属于这一类。 |
| (40)
Clauses in the second category impose upon States an obligation to
prosecute ipso facto in that it arises as soon as the presence of the
alleged offender in the territory of the State concerned is
ascertained, regardless of any request for extradition. | (40) 第二类条款规定各国有依照事实起诉的义务，一旦确定被指称犯罪者处于有关国家的领土上，便产生了这项义务，不论是否存在引渡请求。 |
| Only
in the event that a request for extradition is made does the State
concerned have the discretion to choose between extradition and
prosecution. | 只有在提出引渡请求的情况下，该国才可酌情选择引渡或起诉。 |
| The
clearest example of such clauses is the relevant common article of the
1949 Geneva Conventions, which provides that each State party “shall
bring” persons alleged to have committed, or to have ordered to be
committed, grave breaches to those Conventions, regardless of their
nationality, before its own courts, but “may also, if it prefers”, hand
such persons over for trial to another State party concerned. | 此类条款的最显著例子是1949年《日内瓦四公约》相关共同条款，其中规定，各缔约国“应将”被控为曾犯或曾令人犯此种严重破坏这些公约行为之人，不分国籍，送交各该国法庭，但该缔约国“亦得于自愿时”，将此种人送交另一有关缔约国审判。 |
| As
for the Hague formula, its text does not unequivocally resolve the
question of whether the obligation to prosecute arises ipso facto or
only once a request for extradition is submitted and not granted. | 至于海牙套语，其案文没有明确解决起诉义务是依照事实产生，还是仅在提出引渡请求但未获准许时产生的问题。 |
| In
this regard, the findings of the Committee against Torture and the
International Court of Justice in the case concerning Questions
relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v.
Senegal), in relation to a similar provision contained in article 7 of
the 1984 Convention against Torture, are instructive. | 在这方面，关于1984年《禁止酷刑公约》第7条所载一项类似条款， 禁止酷刑委员会和国际法院对与起诉或引渡义务有关的问题案(比利时诉塞内加尔)的裁定具有启发意义。 |
| The Committee against Torture has explained that: | 禁止酷刑委员会曾解释说： |
| “…
the obligation to prosecute the alleged perpetrator of acts of torture
does not depend on the prior existence of a request for his extradition. | “…对被指称犯有酷刑行为的罪犯提出起诉的义务并不取决于事先存在对罪犯引渡的请求。 |
| The
alternative available to the State party under article 7 of the
Convention exists only when a request for extradition has been made and
puts the State party in the position of having to choose between (a)
proceeding with extradition or (b) submitting the case to its own
judicial authorities for the institution of criminal proceedings, the
objective of the provision being to prevent any act of torture from
going unpunished.” | 只有在引渡请求已提出并促使缔约国不得不选择(a) 进行引渡； 或(b) 将案件提交本国司法当局进行刑事诉讼时，才存在《公约》第7条提供给缔约国选择的做法，该条款的目的在于防止任何酷刑行为逃避惩罚。 ” |
| (41)
Likewise, in the case concerning Questions relating to the Obligation
to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal), the International Court
of Justice considered article 7 (1) of the Convention against Torture
as requiring: | (41) 同样，在与起诉或引渡义务有关的问题案(比利时诉塞内加尔)中，国际法院认为《禁止酷刑公约》第7条第1款要求： |
| “the
State concerned to submit the case to its competent authorities for the
purpose of prosecution, irrespective of the existence of a prior
request for the extradition of the suspect. | “有关国家将案件提交其主管当局以便起诉，无论此前有无引渡嫌疑人的请求。 |
| That
is why Article 6, paragraph 2, obliges the State to make a preliminary
inquiry immediately from the time that the suspect is present in its
territory. | 这就是为何第6条第2款规定，自嫌疑人入境之时起，该国必须立即进行初步调查。 |
| The
obligation to submit the case to the competent authorities, under
Article 7, paragraph 1, may or may not result in the institution of
proceedings, in the light of the evidence before them, relating to the
charges against the suspect. | 第7条第1款规定的将案件提交主管当局的义务，可能会，也可能不会导致提起诉讼，这要看当局关于嫌疑人所受指控得到的证据。 |
| However,
if the State in whose territory the suspect is present has received a
request for extradition in any of the cases envisaged in the provisions
of the Convention, it can relieve itself of its obligation to prosecute
by acceding to that request. …” | 然而，如果嫌疑人所在国已经在《公约》条款中设想的任一情况下收到了引渡请求，该国可以通过接受此请求免除起诉的义务…” |
| (42)
Accordingly, it follows that the choice between extradition and
submission for prosecution under the Convention did not mean that the
two alternatives enjoyed the same weight. | (42) 由此可见，《公约》规定可以选择引渡或选择交付起诉，不意味着两种选择分量相当。 |
| Extradition
was an option offered to the State by the Convention while prosecution
was an obligation under the Convention, the violation of which was a
wrongful act resulting in State responsibility. | 引渡是《公约》提供给国家的一个备选办法，而起诉是《公约》规定的一项义务，违反这项义务属于不法行为，国家为此要承担责任。 |
| (43)
With respect to the Commission’s 1996 Draft Code, article 9 provides
that the State Party in whose territory an individual alleged to have
committed these crimes is found “shall extradite or prosecute that
individual”. | (43) 委员会1996年《治罪法草案》第9条规定，在其领土上发现据称犯有这些罪行之个人的缔约国“应引渡或起诉该个人”。 |
| The commentary to article 9 clarifies that the obligation to prosecute arises independently from any request for extradition. | 第9条评注阐明，起诉的义务自行产生，无关任何引渡请求。 |
| (44) The scope of the obligation to prosecute has already been elaborated in paragraphs (21) to (26) above. | (44) 上文第(21)至(26)段已经详细阐述了起诉义务的范围。 |
| (e) The relationship of the obligation to extradite or prosecute with erga omnes obligations or jus cogens norms | (e) 引渡或起诉的义务与普遍适用的义务或强制法规范之间的关系 |
| (45)
The Commission notes that one delegation to the Sixth Committee in 2013
raised the issue of the impact of the aut dedere aut judicare principle
on international responsibility when it relates to erga omnes
obligations or jus cogens norms, such as the prohibition of torture. | (45) 工作组指出，出席第六委员会的一个代表团 提出了在关系到禁止酷刑等普遍适用的义务或强制法规范时，引渡或起诉原则对国际责任的影响这一事项。 |
| The delegation suggested an analysis of the following questions: (a) in respect of whom the obligation exists; | 该代表团建议分析以下问题：(a) 这项义务对谁存在； |
| (b) who can request extradition; | (b) 谁能够请求引渡； |
| and
(c) who has a legal interest in invoking the international
responsibility of a State for being in breach of its “obligation to
prosecute or extradite”. | (c) 谁具有合法利益，可就一国不履行其“起诉或引渡的义务”援引国际责任。 |
| (46)
Several members of the Commission pointed out that this area was likely
to concern the interpretation of conventional norms. | (46) 工作组的几名成员指出，该领域似乎关系到对公约规范的解释。 |
| The
statements of the International Court of Justice in this regard in the
case concerning Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or
Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal) must be read within the specific context
of that particular case. | 国际法院在与起诉或引渡义务有关的问题案(比利时诉塞内加尔)中就此做出的声明，必须在该案件的具体背景下解读。 |
| There,
the Court interpreted the object and purpose of the Convention against
Torture as giving rise to “obligations erga omnes partes”, whereby each
State Party had a “common interest” in compliance with such obligations
and, consequently, each State Party was entitled to make a claim
concerning the cessation of an alleged breach by another State Party. | 该案中，法院将《禁止酷刑公约》的目标和宗旨阐释为引起“对所有缔约国普遍适用的义务”，各缔约国从而在遵守此类义务方面享有“共同利益”，而且各缔约国因此有权要求另一缔约国停止被指控的违约行为。 |
| The issue of jus cogens was not central to this point. | 强制法的问题对于这一点并不重要。 |
| In
the understanding of the Commission, the Court was saying that insofar
as States were parties to the Convention against Torture, they had a
common interest to prevent acts of torture and to ensure that, if they
occurred, those responsible did not enjoy impunity. | 按照工作组的理解，法院的意思是，凡是缔结了《禁止酷刑公约》的国家，都拥有共同利益，要防止酷刑行为并确保一旦发生这种行为，责任人不能逃脱惩罚。 |
| (47) Other treaties, even if they may not involve jus cogens norms, may lead to erga omnes obligations as well. | (47) 其他条约，即便也许不涉及强制法规范，也有可能引起普遍适用的义务。 |
| In
other words, all States Parties may have a legal interest in invoking
the international responsibility of a State Party for being in breach
of its obligation to extradite or prosecute. | 换言之，所有缔约国都可以具有合法利益，就某缔约国不履行“起诉或引渡的义务”援引该国的国际责任。 |
| (48)
The State that can request extradition normally will be a State Party
to the relevant convention or have a reciprocal extradition
undertaking/arrangement with the requested State, having jurisdiction
over the offence, being willing and able to prosecute the alleged
offender, and respecting applicable international norms protecting the
human rights of the accused. | (48) 能够请求引渡的国家通常是相关公约的缔约国或与被请求国之间具有相互引渡承诺/安排，拥有对该罪行的管辖权，愿意并且能够起诉被指控的罪犯，并尊重适用的保护被告人权的国际准则。 |
| (f) The customary international law status of the obligation to extradite or prosecute | (f) 引渡或起诉的义务的习惯国际法地位 |
| (49)
The Commission notes that some delegations to the Sixth Committee
opined that there was no obligation to extradite or prosecute under
customary international law, whereas others were of the view that the
customary international law status of the obligation merited further
consideration by the Commission. | (49) 委员会注意到，出席第六委员会的一些代表团认为，习惯国际法中没有引渡或起诉的义务，而另一些代表团认为，此项义务的习惯国际法地位应得到委员会的进一步审议。 |
| (50)
It may be recalled that in 2011 the then Special Rapporteur Galicki, in
his Fourth Report, proposed a draft article on international custom as
a source of the obligation aut dedere aut judicare. | (50) 不妨回顾，2011年，时任特别报告员加利茨基在第四次报告中提议了一个关于国际习惯作为引渡或起诉义务来源的条款草案。 |
| (51) However, the draft article was not well received either in the Commission or the Sixth Committee. | (51) 然而，该条款草案在委员会 和第六委员会 均未得到好评。 |
| There
was general disagreement with the conclusion that the customary nature
of the obligation to extradite or prosecute could be inferred from the
existence of customary rules proscribing specific international crimes. | 各方普遍不赞同这项结论：可以根据存在禁止特定国际罪行的习惯规则，推断出引渡或起诉的义务的习惯性质。 |
| (52)
Determining whether the obligation to extradite or prosecute has become
or is becoming a rule of customary international law, or at least a
regional customary law, may help indicate whether a draft article
proposed by the Commission codifies or is progressive development of
international law. | (52) 确定引渡或起诉的义务是否已经成为或正在成为一项习惯国际法规则，或者至少是一项区域习惯法规则，也许有助于表明委员会建议的条款草案是否是对国际法的逐渐发展和编纂。 |
| However,
since the Commission has decided not to have the outcome of the
Commission’s work on this topic take the form of draft articles, it has
found it unnecessary to come up with alternative formulas to the one
proposed by Mr. Galicki. | 然而，由于委员会已经决定，委员会关于本专题的工作成果不采用条款草案的形式，因此它认为不必为加利茨基先生建议的条款草案提出其他的形式。 |
| (53)
The Commission wishes to make clear that the foregoing should not be
construed as implying that it has found that the obligation to
extradite or prosecute has not become or is not yet crystallising into
a rule of customary international law, be it a general or regional one. | (53) 委员会谨此说明，上述内容不应被理解为意指委员会已经认定，引渡或起诉的义务尚未成为或仍未形成一项习惯国际法规则，无论是一般性的还是区域性的。 |
| (54)
When the Commission adopted the Draft Code in 1996, the provision on
the obligation to extradite or prosecute thereunder represented
progressive development of international law, as explained in paragraph
(3) above. | (54) 1996年委员会通过《危害人类和平治罪法草案》(治罪法草案)时，其中关于引渡或起诉的义务的规定体现了国际法的逐渐发展，上文第(3)段对此作出了解释。 |
| Since
the completion of the Draft Code, there may have been further
developments in international law that reflect State practice and
opinio juris in this respect. | 自1996年治罪法草案完成以来，国际法也许得到了反映这方面的国家实践和法律确信的进一步发展。 |
| (55)
The Commission notes that in 2012 the International Court of Justice in
the case concerning Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute
or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal) ruled that it had no jurisdiction to
entertain Belgium’s claims relating to Senegal’s alleged breaches of
obligations under customary international law because at the date of
Belgium’s filing of the Application the dispute between Belgium and
Senegal did not relate to breaches of obligations under customary
international law. | (55) 委员会指出，2012年国际法院在与起诉或引渡义务有关的问题案(比利时诉塞内加尔)中裁定，法院不具管辖权，不能受理比利时就塞内加尔据称违反习惯国际法义务提起的申诉，因为比利时提交申请之日，比利时与塞内加尔之间的争议不涉及违反习惯国际法义务的行为。 |
| Thus,
an opportunity has yet to arise for the Court to determine the
customary international law status or otherwise of the obligation to
extradite or prosecute. | 因此，该法院仍然没有机会决定引渡或起诉的义务是否具有习惯国际法地位。 |
| (g) Other matters of continued relevance in the 2009 General Framework | (g) 2009年总框架中具有持续相关性的其他事项 |
| (56)
The Commission observes that the 2009 General Framework continued to be
mentioned in the Sixth Committee as relevant to the Commission’s work
on the topic. | (56) 委员会注意到，2009年总框架 继续在第六委员会 被称为与国际法委员会该专题的工作相关。 |
| (57)
The 2009 General Framework raised several issues in relation to the
obligation to extradite or prosecute that are covered in the preceding
paragraphs, but some issues have not, namely: the obligation’s
relationship with the principles of nullum crimen sine lege and nulla
poena sine lege and the principle non bis in idem (double jeopardy); | (57) 2009年总框架提出了一些与引渡或起诉的义务相关的问题，先前的段落述及其中几个问题，但未述及以下问题：该义务与法无明文不为罪和法无明文不罚原则及一罪不二审(一罪不再次追诉)原则之间的关系； |
| the
implications of a conflict between various principles (e.g.
non-extradition of nationals versus no indictment in national law; | 各项原则之间出现冲突的影响(如不引渡本国国民相对于不在国内法中起诉； |
| obstacles
to prosecution versus risks for the accused to be tortured or lack of
due process in the State to which extradition is envisaged); | 起诉的障碍相对于被告人受到酷刑的危险或设想引渡的目的地国缺乏正当程序)； |
| constitutional limitations; | 宪法上的限制； |
| circumstances
excluding the operation of the obligation (e.g. political offences or
political nature of a request for extradition; | 排除义务的履行的情况(如政治犯罪或引渡要求的政治性质； |
| emergency situations; | 紧急情况； |
| immunities); | 豁免)； |
| the problem of multiple requests for extradition; | 多重引渡请求的问题； |
| guarantees in case of extradition; | 引渡情况下的保证； |
| and other issues related to extradition in general. | 及与引渡各方面相关的其他问题。 |
| (58)
The Commission notes that the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
has prepared the 2004 Model Law on Extradition, which addresses most of
these issues. | (58) 各国应注意到，联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室已经拟定了2004年《引渡示范法》，这项法律处理了以上大部分问题。 |
| The
Secretariat Survey (2010) has also explained that multilateral
conventions on extradition usually stipulate the conditions applicable
to the extradition process. | 秘书处的调查报告(2010年)也解释说，多边引渡公约通常规定引渡程序的适用条件。 |
| Nearly all such conventions subject extradition to the conditions provided by the law of the requested State. | 此类公约几乎全都规定引渡要符合被请求国法律规定的条件。 |
| There
may be grounds of refusal that are connected to the offence (e.g. the
expiry of the statute of limitations, the failure to satisfy
requirements of double criminality, specialty, nullum crimen sine lege
and nulla poena sine lege or non bis in idem, or the fact that the
crime is subject to death penalty in the requesting State) or not so
connected (e.g. the granting of political asylum to the individual or
the existence of humanitarian reasons to deny extradition). | 拒绝引渡的理由可以与犯罪有关(例如，诉讼时效到期、不符合双重犯罪要求、特定性、法无明文不为罪和法无明文者不罚或一罪不二审的要求，或者该罪行在请求国可能被判处死刑)，也可以与犯罪无关(例如，当事人的政治庇护申请已获批准或存在拒绝引渡的人道主义原因)。 |
| The
degree of specificity of the conditions applicable to extradition
varies depending on factors such as the specific concerns expressed
during the course of negotiations (e.g. non-extradition of nationals,
application or non-application of the political exception or fiscal
exception clauses), the particular nature of the offence (e.g. the risk
of refusal of extradition based on the political character of the
offence appears to be more acute with respect to certain crimes), and
drafting changes to take into account problems that may have been
overlooked in the past (e.g. the possible triviality of the request for
extradition or the protection of the rights of the alleged offender) or
to take into account new developments or a changed environment. | 引
渡适用条件的特殊程度因各种因素有所不同，如谈判过程中表达的具体关切(例如，不引渡本国国民，适用或不适用政治或经济例外条款)、罪行的特殊性(例如，
就某些罪行而言，以罪行的政治性质为由拒绝引渡的风险似乎更为突出)、以及在起草相关条款时为考虑过去或被忽略的问题而作出的某种变化(例如，请求引渡的
理由可能微不足道，或者需要保护被指称犯罪者的权利)，或考虑到新的发展变化或已经改变的环境。 |
| (59)
The relationship between the obligation to extradite or prosecute and
other principles as enumerated in the 2009 General Framework belongs
not only to international law, but also to the constitutional law and
domestic law of the States concerned. | (59) 引渡或起诉的义务与2009年总框架所列其他原则之间的关系不仅属于国际法，而且属于有关国家的宪法和国内法。 |
| Whatever
the conditions under domestic law or a treaty pertaining to
extradition, they must not be applied in bad faith, with the effect of
shielding an alleged offender from prosecution in or extradition to an
appropriate criminal jurisdiction. | 无论国内法或有关引渡的条约规定的条件如何，均不得加以恶意适用，对被指控的罪犯产生庇护效果，使之免于在适当刑事管辖区内受起诉或被引渡至适当刑事管辖区。 |
| In
the case of core crimes, the object and purpose of the relevant
domestic law and/or applicable treaty is to ensure that perpetrators of
such crimes do not enjoy impunity, implying that such crimes can never
be considered political offences and be exempted from extradition. | 在核心罪行方面，相关国内法和/适用条约的目标和宗旨是确保此类罪行的实施者不会逃脱惩罚，这意味着此类罪行永远不能被视为政治罪行并免于引渡。 |
| Chapter VII Subsequent agreements and subsequent practice in relation to the interpretation of treaties | 第七章 与条约解释相关的嗣后协定和嗣后惯例 |
| A. Introduction | A. 导言 |
| 66.
The Commission, at its sixtieth session (2008), decided to include the
topic “Treaties over time” in its programme of work and to establish a
Study Group on the topic at its sixty-first session. | 66. 委员会第六十届会议(2008年)决定将“条约随时间演变”专题列入其工作方案，并决定在第六十一届会议上设立一个专题研究组。 |
| At its sixty-first session (2009), the Commission established the Study Group on Treaties over time, chaired by Mr. Georg Nolte. | 委员会第六十一届会议(2009年)设立了条约随时间演变专题研究组，由格奥尔格·诺尔特先生担任主席。 |
| At
that session, the Study Group focused its discussions on the
identification of the issues to be covered, the working methods of the
Study Group and the possible outcome of the Commission’s work on the
topic. | 在该届会议上，研究组的讨论侧重于确定要涵盖的问题、工作组的工作方法和委员会关于该专题的工作可能产生的成果。 |
| 67.
From the sixty-second to the sixty-fourth session (2010–2012), the
Study Group was reconstituted under the chairmanship of Mr. Georg Nolte. | 67. 从第六十二届至第六十四届会议(2010-2012年)，委员会都重新设立了研究组，由格奥尔格·诺尔特先生任主席。 |
| The
Study Group examined three reports presented informally by the
Chairman, which addressed, respectively, the relevant jurisprudence of
the International Court of Justice and arbitral tribunals of ad hoc
jurisdiction; | 研究组审查了主席非正式提交的三份报告，这些报告分别讨论了国际法院和具有特别管辖权的仲裁法庭的相关判例； |
| the jurisprudence under special regimes relating to subsequent agreements and subsequent practice; | 在特殊制度下与嗣后协定和嗣后惯例有关的判例； |
| and subsequent agreements and subsequent practice of States outside judicial and quasi-judicial proceedings. | 以及在司法和准司法程序外的国家嗣后协定和嗣后惯例。 |
| 68.
At the sixty-fourth session (2012), the Commission, on the basis of a
recommendation of the Study Group, also decided (a) to change, with
effect from its sixty-fifth session (2013), the format of the work on
this topic as suggested by the Study Group; | 68. 在第六十四届会议上(2012年)，委员会根据研究组的建议 还决定：(a) 按照研究组的建议自第六十五届会议(2013年)起改变本专题的工作方式； |
| and
(b) to appoint Mr. Georg Nolte as Special Rapporteur for the topic
“Subsequent agreements and subsequent practice in relation to the
interpretation of treaties”. | (b) 任命格奥尔格·诺尔特先生为“与条约解释相关的嗣后协定和嗣后惯例”专题特别报告员。 |
| 69.
At the sixty-fifth session (2013), the Commission considered the first
report of the Special Rapporteur (A/CN.4/660) and provisionally adopted
five draft conclusions. | 69. 在第六十五届会议上(2013年)，委员会审议了特别报告员的第一份报告(A/CN.4/660)并暂时通过了五条结论草案。 |
| B. Consideration of the topic at the present session | B. 本届会议审议此专题的情况 |
| 70.
At the present session, the Commission had before it the second report
of the Special Rapporteur (A/CN.4/671), which it considered at its
3205th to 3209th meetings, from 15 to 22 May 2014. | 70. 委员会在本届会议上收到了特别报告员的第二份报告(A/CN.4/671)，并在2014年5月15日至22日举行的第3205至3209次会议上进行了审议。 |
| 71.
In his second report, the Special Rapporteur considered the following
aspects of the topic: the identification of subsequent agreements and
subsequent practice (section II); | 71. 特别报告员在第二份报告中考查了本专题的以下四个方面内容：确定嗣后协定和嗣后惯例(第二章)； |
| possible effects of subsequent agreements and subsequent practice in the interpretation of treaties (section III); | 嗣后协定和嗣后惯例可能对解释产生的影响(第三章)； |
| the form and value of subsequent practice under article 31, paragraph 3 (b) (section IV); | 第三十一条第三款(乙)项所述嗣后惯例的形式和价值(第四章)； |
| the
conditions for an “agreement” of the parties regarding the
interpretation of a treaty under article 31, paragraph 3 (section V); | 当事国就条约解释达成第三十一条第三款所述“协定”的条件(第五章)； |
| decisions adopted within the framework of Conferences of States Parties (section VI); | 缔约国大会框架内通过的决定(第六章)； |
| and the possible scope for interpretation by subsequent agreements and subsequent practice (section VII). | 嗣后协定和嗣后惯例的解释范围(第七章)。 |
| The report also included some information on the future programme of work (section VIII). | 报告还介绍了今后工作方案的一些情况(第八章)。 |
| The Special Rapporteur proposed a draft conclusion corresponding with each of the issues addressed in sections II to VII. | 特别报告员就第二章至第七章中讨论的每个问题分别提出了一条结论草案。 |
| 72.
At its 3209th meeting, on 22 May 2014, the Commission referred draft
conclusions 6 to 11, as contained in the second report of the Special
Rapporteur, to the Drafting Committee. | 72. 委员会在2014年5月22日第3209次会议上将特别报告员第二份报告中所载的结论草案6至11移交起草委员会。 |
| 73.
At its 3215th meeting, on 5 June 2014, the Commission considered the
report of the Drafting Committee and provisionally adopted five draft
conclusions (see section C.1 below). | 73. 委员会在2014年6月5日第3215次会议上审议了起草委员会的报告，并暂时通过了五条结论草案(见下文C.1)。 |
| 74.
At its 3239th to 3240th meetings, on 6 August 2014, the Commission
adopted the commentaries to the draft conclusions provisionally adopted
at the current session (see section C.2 below). | 74. 委员会在2014年8月6日第3239至第3240次会议上通过了本届会议暂时通过的结论草案的评注(见下文C.2)。 |
| C.
Text of the draft conclusions on subsequent agreements and subsequent
practice in relation to the interpretation of treaties, as
provisionally adopted by the Commission at its sixty-sixth session | C. 委员会第六十六届会议暂时通过的关于与条约解释相关的嗣后协定和嗣后惯例的结论草案案文 |
| 1. Text of the draft conclusions | 1. 结论草案案文 |
| 75. The text of the draft conclusions provisionally adopted by the Commission at its sixty-sixth session is reproduced below. | 75. 委员会第六十六届会议暂时通过的结论草案案文载录如下。 |
| Conclusion 6 Identification of subsequent agreements and subsequent practice | 结论6 嗣后协定和嗣后惯例的识别 |
| 1.
The identification of subsequent agreements and subsequent practice
under article 31, paragraph 3, requires, in particular, a determination
whether the parties, by an agreement or a practice, have taken a
position regarding the interpretation of the treaty. | 1. 为识别第三十一条第三款所称的嗣后协定和嗣后惯例，尤其须确定缔约方是否通过协定或惯例就条约的解释采取了立场。 |
| This
is not normally the case if the parties have merely agreed not to apply
the treaty temporarily or agreed to establish a practical arrangement
(modus vivendi). | 通常，如果缔约方只是商定暂不适用条约，或商定确立一种实际安排(临时协议)，便不属于这种情况。 |
| 2. Subsequent agreements and subsequent practice under article 31, paragraph 3, can take a variety of forms. | 2. 第三十一条第三款所称的嗣后协定和嗣后惯例可能具有各种形式。 |
| 3.
The identification of subsequent practice under article 32 requires, in
particular, a determination whether conduct by one or more parties is
in the application of the treaty. | 3. 在根据第三十二条识别嗣后惯例时，尤其须确定一个或多个缔约方的行为是否处在适用条约过程之中。 |
| Conclusion 7 Possible effects of subsequent agreements and subsequent practice in interpretation | 结论7 嗣后协定和嗣后惯例可能对解释产生的影响 |
| 1.
Subsequent agreements and subsequent practice under article 31,
paragraph 3, contribute, in their interaction with other means of
interpretation, to the clarification of the meaning of a treaty. | 1. 第三十一条第三款所称的嗣后协定和嗣后惯例经与其他解释资料互动，有助于澄清条约的含义。 |
| This
may result in narrowing, widening, or otherwise determining the range
of possible interpretations, including any scope for the exercise of
discretion which the treaty accords to the parties. | 这可能导致可能的解释范围、包括条约给予缔约方行使自由裁量权的任何范围变窄、变宽或受到另外的影响。 |
| 2. Subsequent practice under article 32 can also contribute to the clarification of the meaning of a treaty. | 2. 根据第三十二条确定的嗣后惯例也能有助于澄清条约的含义。 |
| 3.
It is presumed that the parties to a treaty, by an agreement
subsequently arrived at or a practice in the application of the treaty,
intend to interpret the treaty, not to amend or to modify it. | 3. 可以推定，条约缔约方嗣后达成协定或在适用条约方面采用一种惯例，其用意是为了解释条约，而不是修正或修改条约。 |
| The possibility of amending or modifying a treaty by subsequent practice of the parties has not been generally recognized. | 缔约方通过嗣后惯例修正或修改条约的可能性尚未得到普遍认可。 |
| The
present draft conclusion is without prejudice to the rules on the
amendment or modification of treaties under the Vienna Convention on
the Law of Treaties and under customary international law. | 本结论草案不影响《维也纳条约法公约》和习惯国际法关于修正或修改条约的规则。 |
| Conclusion 8 Weight of subsequent agreements and subsequent practice as a means of interpretation | 结论8 嗣后协定和嗣后惯例作为解释资料的权重 |
| 1.
The weight of a subsequent agreement or subsequent practice as a means
of interpretation under article 31, paragraph 3, depends, inter alia,
on its clarity and specificity. | 1. 嗣后协定或嗣后惯例作为第三十一条第三款所称的解释资料的权重，除其他外，取决于其清晰性和特定性。 |
| 2. The weight of subsequent practice under article 31, paragraph 3 (b), depends, in addition, on whether and how it is repeated. | 2. 第三十一条第三款(乙)项所称的嗣后惯例的权重还取决于该惯例是否以及如何重复出现。 |
| 3.
The weight of subsequent practice as a supplementary means of
interpretation under article 32 may depend on the criteria referred to
in paragraphs 1 and 2. | 3. 嗣后惯例作为第三十二条所称的补充的解释资料的权重可取决于第1和第2段所述标准。 |
| Conclusion 9 Agreement of the parties regarding the interpretation of a treaty | 结论9 与条约解释有关的缔约方协定 |
| 1.
An agreement under article 31, paragraph 3 (a) and (b), requires a
common understanding regarding the interpretation of a treaty which the
parties are aware of and accept. | 1. 第三十一条第三款(甲)项和(乙)项所称的协定必须是各缔约方知悉并接受的关于条约解释的共同理解。 |
| Though it shall be taken into account, such an agreement need not be legally binding. | 这种协定虽然应予以考虑，但不必具有法律约束力。 |
| 2.
The number of parties that must actively engage in subsequent practice
in order to establish an agreement under article 31, paragraph 3 (b),
may vary. | 2. 为确立第三十一条第三款(乙)项所称的协定而必须积极适用嗣后惯例的缔约方数目可能会有所变化。 |
| Silence
on the part of one or more parties can constitute acceptance of the
subsequent practice when the circumstances call for some reaction. | 在有关情况要求作出某种反应时，一个或多个缔约方的沉默可构成对嗣后惯例的接受。 |
| Conclusion 10 Decisions adopted within the framework of a Conference of States Parties | 结论10 在缔约国大会框架内通过的决定 |
| 1.
A Conference of States Parties, under these draft conclusions, is a
meeting of States parties pursuant to a treaty for the purpose of
reviewing or implementing the treaty, except if they act as members of
an organ of an international organization. | 1. 根据这些结论草案，缔约国大会是缔约国根据条约为审查或执行条约举行的会议，但缔约国作为国际组织机构成员而行事的情况不在此列。 |
| 2.
The legal effect of a decision adopted within the framework of a
Conference of States Parties depends primarily on the treaty and any
applicable rules of procedure. | 2. 在缔约国大会框架内通过的决定所具有的法律效力主要取决于条约和可适用的议事规则。 |
| Depending
on the circumstances, such a decision may embody, explicitly or
implicitly, a subsequent agreement under article 31, paragraph 3 (a),
or give rise to subsequent practice under article 31, paragraph 3 (b),
or to subsequent practice under article 32. | 根据情况，这种决定可明确或间接地体现第三十一条第三款(甲)项所称的嗣后协定，或产生第三十一条第三款(乙)项或第三十二条所称的嗣后惯例。 |
| Decisions
adopted within the framework of a Conference of States Parties often
provide a non-exclusive range of practical options for implementing the
treaty. | 在缔约国大会框架内通过的决定通常为执行条约提供了非排他性的一系列可行选择。 |
| 3.
A decision adopted within the framework of a Conference of States
Parties embodies a subsequent agreement or subsequent practice under
article 31, paragraph 3, in so far as it expresses agreement in
substance between the parties regarding the interpretation of a treaty,
regardless of the form and the procedure by which the decision was
adopted, including by consensus. | 3. 在缔约国大会框架内通过的决定只要表达了缔约国之间就条约解释达成的实质性协议，则不论决定以何种形式和程序通过，包括经协商一致通过，均体现第三十一条第三款所称的嗣后协定或嗣后惯例。 |
| 2. Text of the draft conclusions with commentaries thereto provisionally adopted by the Commission at its sixty-sixth session | 2. 委员会第六十六届会议暂时通过的结论草案案文及其评注 |
| 76.
The text of the draft conclusions, together with commentaries,
provisionally adopted by the Commission at the sixty-sixth session, is
reproduced below. | 76. 委员会第六十六届会议暂时通过的结论草案案文及其评注载录如下。 |
| Conclusion 6 Identification of subsequent agreements and subsequent practice | 结论6 嗣后协定和嗣后惯例的识别 |
| 1.
The identification of subsequent agreements and subsequent practice
under article 31, paragraph 3, requires, in particular, a determination
whether the parties, by an agreement or a practice, have taken a
position regarding the interpretation of the treaty. | 1. 为识别第三十一条第三款所称的嗣后协定和嗣后惯例，尤其须确定缔约方是否通过协定或惯例就条约的解释采取了立场。 |
| This
is not normally the case if the parties have merely agreed not to apply
the treaty temporarily or agreed to establish a practical arrangement
(modus vivendi). | 通常，如果缔约方只是商定暂不适用条约，或商定确立一种实际安排(临时协议)，便不属于这种情况。 |
| 2. Subsequent agreements and subsequent practice under article 31, paragraph 3, can take a variety of forms. | 2. 第三十一条第三款所称的嗣后协定和嗣后惯例可能具有各种形式。 |
| 3.
The identification of subsequent practice under article 32 requires, in
particular, a determination whether conduct by one or more parties is
in the application of the treaty. | 3. 在根据第三十二条识别嗣后惯例时，尤其须确定一个或多个缔约方的行为是否处在适用条约过程之中。 |
| Commentary | 评注 |
| (1)
The purpose of draft conclusion 6 is to indicate that subsequent
agreements and subsequent practice, as means of interpretation, must be
identified. | (1) 结论草案6的目的是要表明，嗣后协定和嗣后惯例作为解释手段必须加以识别。 |
| (2)
The first sentence of paragraph 1 recalls that the identification of
subsequent agreements and subsequent practice for the purposes of
article 31, paragraph 3, (a) and (b), requires particular consideration
of the question whether the parties, by an agreement or a practice have
taken a position regarding the interpretation of a treaty, or whether
they were motivated by other considerations. | (2) 第1段第一句提到，为了第三十一条第三款(a)项和(b)项的目的而识别嗣后协定和嗣后惯例，就要求特别考虑这样的问题：有关各方是否通过协议或惯例已就条约的解释采取了立场，或者他们是否受其他考虑的驱动。 |
| (3)
Subsequent agreements under article 31, paragraph 3 (a), must be
“regarding the interpretation of the treaty or the application of its
provisions”, and subsequent practice under article 31, paragraph 3 (b),
must be “in the application of the treaty” and thereby establish an
agreement “regarding its interpretation”. | (3) 第三十一条第三款(a)项所称的嗣后协定必须是“关于条约之解释或其规定之适用”的，第三十一条第三款(b)项所称的嗣后惯例必须是“在条约适用方面”的，因而“对条约的解释”确立了协定。 |
| The relationship between the terms “interpretation” and “application” in article 31, paragraph 3, is not clear-cut. | 在第三十一条第三款中，“解释”和“适用”两个术语之间的关系并非一目了然。 |
| “Interpretation” is the process by which the meaning of a treaty, including of one or more of its provisions, is clarified. | “解释”是澄清条约含义包括其中一项或多项条款的含义的过程。 |
| “Application”
encompasses conduct by which the rights under a treaty are exercised or
its obligations are complied with, in full or in part. | “适用”包括全部或部分地行使条约规定的权利或履行其义务的行为。 |
| “Interpretation” refers to a mental process, whereas “application” focuses on actual conduct (acts and omissions). | “解释”是指心理过程，而“适用”侧重于实际的行为(作为或不作为)。 |
| In
this sense, the two concepts are distinguishable, and may serve
different purposes under article 31, paragraph 3 (see below paragraphs
(4)–(6)), but they are also closely interrelated and build upon each
other. | 从这个意义上说，这两个概念是有区别的，并且可以用于第三十一条第三款之下的不同用途(见下文第(4)-(6)段)，但他们也密切相关，互以对方为基础。 |
| (4)
Whereas there may be aspects of “interpretation” which remain unrelated
to the “application” of a treaty, application of a treaty almost
inevitably involves some element of interpretation – even in cases in
which the rule in question appears to be clear on its face. | (4) 虽然可能有一些“解释”方面会一直与条约的适用无关， 但条约的适用几乎必然涉及某种解释因素――即使在有关规则从表面看来是一目了然的情况下。 |
| Therefore,
an agreement or conduct “regarding the interpretation” of the treaty
and an agreement or conduct “in the application” of the treaty both
imply that the parties assume, or are attributed, a position regarding
the interpretation of the treaty. | 因此，“关于条约之解释”的协定或行为以及关于“条约适用方面”的协定或行为都意味着各方就条约的解释采取了立场，或者可将这种立场归于他们。 |
| Whereas
in the case of a “subsequent agreement between the parties regarding
the interpretation of the treaty” under article 31, paragraph 3 (a)
(first alternative), the position regarding the interpretation of a
treaty is specifically and purposefully assumed by the parties, this
may be less clearly identifiable in the case of a “subsequent agreement
… regarding … the application of its provisions” under article 31,
paragraph 3 (a) (second alternative). | 在第三十一条第三款(a)项(第一项选择)“关于条约之解释的嗣后协定”的情况下，对条约解释的立场是各方具体并有目的地采取的，而在第三十一条第三款(a)项(第二项选择)“关于条约之适用的嗣后协定”的情况下，这一点不那么容易辨认出来。 |
| Assuming
a position regarding interpretation “by application” is also implied in
simple acts of application of the treaty under articles 31, paragraph 3
(b), that is, in “every measure taken on the basis of the interpreted
treaty”. The word “or” in article 31, paragraph 3 (a), thus does not
describe a mutually exclusive relationship between “interpretation” and
“application”. | 假设根据第三十一条第三款(b)项进行的一些简单的适用行为即“根据所解释的条约而采取的每一项措施”隐含着“通过适用”进行解释的立场， 那么第三十一条第三款(a)项中的“或”字并不是描述“解释”和“适用”之间的互相排斥关系。 |
| (5)
The significance of an “application” of a treaty, for the purpose of
its interpretation, is, however, not limited to the identification of
the position which the State party concerned thereby assumes regarding
its interpretation. | (5) 然而，条约的“适用”的意义，就其解释的目的而言，不限于识别有关缔约国围绕条约的解释而采取的立场。 |
| Indeed,
the way in which a treaty is applied not only contributes to
determining the meaning of the treaty, but also to the identification
of the degree to which the interpretation which the States parties have
assumed is “grounded” and thus more or less firmly established. | 事实上，适用条约的方式不仅有助于确定条约的意义，而且有助于识别该缔约国所采取的解释在多大程度上是“有根基的”，从而或多或少是稳固确立的。 |
| (6)
It should be noted that an “application” of the treaty does not
necessarily reflect the position of a State party that such application
is the only legally possible one under the treaty and under the
circumstances. | (6) 应该指出的是，条约的“适用”并不一定反映缔约国有这样的立场，即这种适用是根据条约在当时情况下在法律上唯一可能的适用。 |
| Further,
the concept of “application” does not exclude certain conduct by
non-State actors which the treaty recognizes as forms of its
application which is attributable to its parties, and hence can
constitute practice establishing the agreement of the parties. | 而且，“适用”的概念并不排除某些非国家行为者的行为，如果条约承认这些行为是适用的形式而且可归于缔约方的话。 这些行为因而可构成确立缔约方之间协定的惯例。 |
| Finally,
the legal significance of a particular conduct in the application of a
treaty is not necessarily limited to its possible contribution to
interpretation under article 31, but may also contribute to meeting the
burden of proof or to fulfilling the conditions of other rules. | 最后，在适用条约时的某一特定行为的法律意义不局限于其可能根据第三十一条对解释作出的贡献，而且可能对履行举证责任 或满足其他规则的条件 作出贡献。 |
| (7)
Subsequent conduct which is not motivated by a treaty obligation is not
“in the application of the treaty” or “regarding” its interpretation,
within the meaning of article 31, paragraph 3. | (7) 在未受一项条约义务驱动的情况下而在嗣后发生的行为，不是“在适用条约之中”的行为，也不是第三十一条第三款意义上的“关于”条约解释的行为。 |
| In
the Certain Expenses case, for example, some judges doubted whether the
continued payment by the Member States of the United Nations of their
membership contributions signified acceptance of a certain practice of
the organization. | 例如，在关于联合国某些费用的咨询意见中，一些法官怀疑联合国会员国继续支付它们的会费是否等于接受该组织的某些做法。 |
| Judge
Fitzmaurice formulated a well-known warning in this context, according
to which “the argument drawn from practice, if taken too far, can be
question-begging”. | 菲茨莫里斯法官在这方面拟订了著名的警告，他说，“从实践中得出的论点，如果走得太远，则会招来问题”。 |
| According
to Fitzmaurice, it would be “hardly possible to infer from the mere
fact that Member States pay, that they necessarily admit in all cases a
positive legal obligation to do so”. | 菲茨莫里斯认为，“从会员国付费这个单纯的事实推断出它们必然在所有情况下都承认存在着付费的实在法义务，这几乎是不可能的”。 |
| (8)
Similarly, in the Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions
between Qatar and Bahrain case, the International Court of Justice held
that an effort by the parties to the Agreement of 1987 (on the
submission of a dispute to the jurisdiction of the Court) to conclude
an additional Special Agreement (which would have specified the
subject-matter of the dispute) did not mean that the conclusion of such
an additional agreement was actually considered by the parties to be
required for the establishment of the jurisdiction of the Court. | (8)
同样，国际法院在审理卡塔尔和巴林之间海洋划界和领土问题案时认为，国际法院认为，1987年协议(关于将争端提交法院管辖的协议)的当事方努力缔结一项
附加的特别协定(该协定将说明争端所涉的事项)并不意味着这样的附加协定的缔结实际上被当事方认为是确立法院管辖权的必要条件。 |
| (9)
Another example of a voluntary practice which is not meant to be “in
application of” or “regarding the interpretation” of a treaty concerns
“complementary protection” in the refugee law context. | (9) 另有一个自愿性惯例的例子，其本意不是“在适用条约”或“关于解释条约”，它涉及难民法方面的“补充保护”问题。 |
| Persons
who are denied refugee status under the Convention relating to the
Status of Refugees are nonetheless often granted “complementary
protection”, which is equivalent to that under the Convention. | 依据《关于难民地位的公约》而被剥夺难民地位的人仍然常常获得“补充保护”，这相当于该公约之下的那种保护。 |
| States
which grant complementary protection, however, do not consider
themselves as acting “in the application of” the Convention or
“regarding its interpretation”. | 然而给予补充保护的国家不认为自己是在“适用”该公约或就公约“解释”而行事。 |
| (10)
It is sometimes difficult to distinguish relevant subsequent agreements
or practice regarding the interpretation or in the application of a
treaty under article 31, paragraph 3 (a) and (b), from other conduct or
developments in the wider context of the treaty, including from
“contemporaneous developments” in the subject area of the treaty. | (10) 有时很难将第三十一条第三款(a)项和(b)项涉及条约的解释或适用的有关嗣后协定或惯例与条约更大背景下的其他行为或发展，其中包括在条约主题事项领域的“同时代发展”加以区分。 |
| Such
a distinction is, however, important since only conduct regarding
interpretation by the parties introduces their specific authority into
the process of interpretation. | 然而这样的区分是重要的，因为唯有缔约方就解释作出的行为才能将其特定的权威引入到解释的过程中。 |
| The
general rule would seem to be that the more specifically an agreement
or a practice is related to a treaty the more interpretative weight it
can acquire under article 31, paragraph 3 (a) and (b). | 一般的规则似乎是，协定或惯例越是具体关系到一个条约的解释，它就能根据第三十一条第三款(a)项和(b)项获得越多的解释性权重。 |
| (11)
The characterization of a subsequent agreement or subsequent practice
under article 31, paragraph 3 (a) and (b); as assuming a position
regarding the interpretation of a treaty often requires a careful
factual and legal analysis. | (11) 根据第三十一条第三款(a)项和(b)项将嗣后协定或嗣后惯例加以定性，视其就条约的解释采取了立场，往往需要仔细的事实分析和法律分析。 |
| This point can be illustrated by examples from judicial and State practice. | 从司法实践和国家实践中摘取的例子可以说明这一点。 |
| (12) The jurisprudence of the International Court of Justice provides a number of examples. | (12) 国际法院的审判实践提供了若干例子。 |
| On
the one hand, the Court did not consider a “Joint Ministerial
Communiqué” of two States to “be included in the conventional basis of
the right of free navigation” since the “modalities for cooperation
which they put in place are likely to be revised in order to suit the
parties. | 一方面，法院不认为两国“部长级联合公报”包括在“自由航行权传统的基础”之内，因为“他们设立的合作模式很可能得到修改以适合双方。 |
| ”
The Court has also held, however, that the lack of certain assertions
regarding the interpretation of a treaty, or the absence of certain
forms of its application, constituted a practice which indicated the
legal position of the parties according to which nuclear weapons were
not prohibited under various treaties regarding poisonous weapons. | ” 但是法院还认为，由于就条约的解释缺乏某些主张，或者在适用方面缺乏某些形式，这就构成一种惯例，表明了缔约方的一种法律立场，根据这种立场，根据关于有毒武器的各项条约，核武器是不受禁止的。 |
| In
any case, the exact significance of a collective expression of views of
the parties can only be identified by a careful consideration as to
whether and to what extent such expression is meant to be “regarding
the interpretation” of the treaty. | 在任何情况下，缔约方意见的集体表达的确切意义，只能通过仔细考虑才能查明以下问题：这种表达是否以及在何种程度上是有意“关于条约的解释”的。 |
| Accordingly,
the Court held in the Whaling in the Antarctic case that “relevant
resolutions and Guidelines [of the International Whaling Commission]
that have been approved by consensus call upon States parties to take
into account whether research objectives can practically and
scientifically be achieved by using non-lethal research methods, but
they do not establish a requirement that lethal methods be used only
when other methods are not available”. | 因此，法院在南极捕鲸案中认为，缔约国以协商一致方式认可的[国际捕鲸委员会]的有关决议和准则要求缔约国考虑到是否能实际上利用非致命性的研究方法科学地实现研究目标，但它们并不是确立一项要求，即只有当其他方法不可用时才能使用致命的方法。 |
| (13)
When the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal was confronted with the
question whether the Claims Settlement Declaration obliged the United
States to return military property to Iran, the Tribunal found,
referring to the subsequent practice of the parties, that this treaty
contained an implicit obligation of compensation in case of non-return: | (13) 伊朗－美国索赔法庭曾面对过这样的问题：《索赔解决声明》是否迫使美国将军事财产归还伊朗。 法庭提及缔约方的惯例，认定这一条约隐含着在不归还时存在着赔偿义务： |
| “66.
[… ] Although Paragraph 9 of the General Declaration does not expressly
state any obligation to compensate Iran in the event that certain
articles are not returned because of the provisions of U.S. law
applicable prior to 14 November 1979, the Tribunal holds that such an
obligation is implicit in that Paragraph. (…) | “66. […]虽然总声明的第9段并没有明确说一旦因1979年11月14日之前适用的美国法律规定而某些物品不能归还时则有补偿伊朗的任何义务，但法庭认为，这样的义务隐含在该段里。 (…) |
| 68.
Moreover, the Tribunal notes that the interpretation set forth in
paragraph 66 above is consistent with the subsequent practice of the
Parties in the application of the Algiers Accords and, particularly,
with the conduct of the United States. | 68. 此外，法庭指出，载于上文第66段的解释是与缔约方适用阿尔及尔协定的嗣后惯例，特别是与美国的行为是一致的。 |
| Such
a practice, according to article 31 (3) (b) of the Vienna Convention,
is also to be taken into account in the interpretation of a treaty. | 这样的惯例，根据《维也纳公约》第三十一条第三款(b)项，在解释条约时也应考虑到。 |
| In
its communication informing Iran, on 26 March 1981, that the export of
defence articles would not be approved, the United States expressly
stated that “Iran will be reimbursed for the cost of equipment in so
far as possible.” | 美国在1981年3月26日致函伊朗，告知它国防物品的出口将不能获批准时，明确表示，“伊朗在设备方面的成本将尽可能报销。 ” |
| This position was criticized by Judge Holtzmann in his dissenting opinion: | 霍尔茨曼法官然在反对意见中批评了这一立场： |
| “Subsequent
conduct by a State party is a proper basis for interpreting a treaty
only if it appears that the conduct was motivated by the treaty. | “一缔约国的嗣后行为，只有当它似乎是由条约引发时，才是解释条约的一个适当基础。 |
| Here
there is no evidence, or even any argument, that the United States’
willingness to pay Iran for its properties was in response to a
perceived obligation imposed by Paragraph 9. | 在这里，没有任何证据说明，甚至没有可能主张，美国为伊朗的财产予以赔偿的意愿是对人们感知到的第9段规定的义务的回应。 |
| Such conduct would be equally consistent with a recognition of a contractual obligation to make payment. | 这种行为同样与承认关于付款的合同义务一致。 |
| In
the absence of any indication that conduct was motivated by the treaty,
it is incorrect to use that conduct in interpreting the treaty.” | 在没有任何迹象表明行为是由条约引发的情况下，使用该行为解释条约是不正确的。” |
| Together,
the majority opinion and the dissent clearly identify the need to
analyse carefully whether the parties, by an agreement, or a practice
assume a position “regarding the interpretation” of a treaty. | 多数人意见和反对意见一起表明，必须认真分析缔约方是否通过协定或行为就“关于条约的解释”采取了立场。 |
| (14)
The fact that States parties assume a position regarding the
interpretation of a treaty sometimes also may be inferred from the
character of the treaty or of a specific provision. | (14) 有时也可从条约的具体规定的特性推断出缔约国就条约的解释采取了立场这一事实。 |
| Whereas
subsequent practice in the application of a treaty often consists of
conduct by different organs of the State (executive, legislative,
judicial or other) in the conscious application of a treaty at
different levels (domestic and international), the European Court of
Human Rights, for example, mostly does not explicitly address the
question whether a particular practice was undertaken “regarding the
interpretation” of the Convention. | 适用条约方面的嗣后惯例往往包括国家不同机关(行政、立法、司法或其他机关)在不同级别(国内和国际)有意识地适用条约的行为，而欧洲人权法院，举例来说，在大多数情况下不明确处理特定惯例的实施是否涉及“解释”公约这一问题。 |
| Thus,
when describing the domestic legal situation in the Member States, the
Court rarely asks whether a particular legal situation results from a
legislative process during which the possible requirements of the
Convention were discussed. | 因此，描述在成员国国内法律的情况时，法院很少问某一种特定的法律形势是否是对公约的可能要求进行了讨论的立法程序的结果。 |
| The
Court rather presumes that the Member States, when legislating or
otherwise acting in a particular way, are conscious of their
obligations under the Convention, and that they act in a way which
reflects their understanding of their obligations. | 法院实际上假定，成员国在进行立法或以其他特定方式行事时意识到其在公约下的义务，而且它们的行事方式反映出它们对自己义务的理解。 |
| The Inter-American Court of Human Rights has also on occasion used legislative practice as a means of interpretation. | 美洲人权法院有时也使用立法实践作为一种解释手段。 |
| Like
the International Court of Justice, the European Court of Human Rights
has occasionally even considered that the “lack of any apprehension” of
the parties regarding a certain interpretation of the Convention may be
indicative of their assuming a position regarding the interpretation of
the treaty. | 与国际法院一样，欧洲人权法院甚至偶尔认为，缔约方对公约的某一特定解释“缺乏任何理解”可能表示它们就条约的解释采取了一种立场。 |
| (15)
Article 118 of Geneva Convention III of 1949 provides that “prisoners
of war shall be released and repatriated without delay after the
cessation of active hostilities. | (15) 1949年《日内瓦第三公约》第118条规定：“战事停止后，应立即释放或遣返战俘，不得迟延。 |
| ”
The will of a prisoner of war not to be repatriated was intentionally
not declared to be relevant by the States parties in order to prevent
States from abusively invoking the will of prisoners of war in order to
delay repatriation. | ”缔约国故意没有宣布战俘不愿被遣返的意愿是相关的，以防止各国胡乱援引战俘的意愿以延缓遣返战俘。 |
| The
International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) has, however, always
insisted as a condition for its participation that the will of a
prisoner of war not to be repatriated be respected. | 然而红十字国际委员会(红十字会)始终坚持将战俘不被遣返的意愿得到尊重作为其参与的条件。 |
| This
approach, as far as it has been reflected in the practice of States
parties, does not necessarily mean, however, that article 118 should be
interpreted as demanding that the repatriation of a prisoner of war
must not happen against his or her will. | 这种做法已经反映在缔约国的惯例之中，然而这并不一定意味着第118条应解释为是要求在进行遣返时不得违反战俘的意愿。 |
| The ICRC Study on customary international humanitarian law carefully notes in its commentary on rule 128 A: | 红十字会在对习惯国际人道主义法所作的研究中在对第128 A条规则的评注里仔细地指出： |
| “According
to the Fourth Geneva Convention, no protected person may be transferred
to a country ‘where he or she may have reason to fear persecution for
his or her political opinions or religious beliefs’ (Art. 45 para. 4
Geneva Convention IV). | 根据《日内瓦第四公约》，不得将任何被保护人移送至“因其政治意见或宗教信仰有恐惧迫害之理由”的国家(《日内瓦第四公约》第四十五条第四款)。 |
| While
the Third Geneva Convention does not contain a similar clause, practice
since 1949 has developed to the effect that in every repatriation in
which ICRC has played the role of neutral intermediary, the parties to
the conflict, whether international or non-international, have accepted
the ICRC conditions for participation, including ICRC being able to
check prior to repatriation (or release in case of a non-international
armed conflict), through an interview in private with the persons
involved, whether they wish to be repatriated (or released).” | 《日
内瓦第三公约》不包含类似的条款，但自1949年以来的惯例已发展到这样的程度，即在红十字会发挥中立调解者角色的每一次遣返行动中，无论是国际还是非国
际冲突，冲突各方接受了红十字会的参与条件，这包括红十字会能够在遣返(或非国际性武装冲突时则为释放)之前，通过私下与有关人员面谈，检查他们是否希望
被遣返(或释放)。 |
| (16) This formulation
suggests that the State practice of respecting the will of the prisoner
of war is limited to cases in which ICRC is involved and in which the
organization has formulated such a condition. | ” (16) 这一措辞表明，尊重战俘意愿这一国家惯例仅存在于红十字会参与且提出了尊重战俘意愿这一条件的案件中。 |
| States have drawn different conclusions from this practice. | 各国从这一惯例中得出了不同结论。 |
| The 2004 United Kingdom Manual provides that: | 2004年《联合王国手册》规定： |
| “A more contentious issue is whether prisoners of war must be repatriated even against their will. | “较有争议的问题是，是否即便违背战俘本人的意愿，也必须将其遣送回国。 |
| Recent practice of States indicates that they should not. | 最近的国家惯例表明，不应这么做。 |
| It is United Kingdom policy that prisoners of war should not be repatriated against their will.” | 联合王国的政策是，不应违背战俘意愿将其遣送回国。” |
| (17)
This particular combination of the words “must” and “should” indicates
that the United Kingdom, like other States, is not viewing the
subsequent practice as demonstrating an interpretation of the treaty
according to which the declared will of the prisoner of war must always
be respected. | (17) 专门将“必须”和“应”二词同时使用，说明联合王国同其他国家一样，并不认为嗣后惯例反映了必须始终尊重战俘公开宣称的意愿这种条约解释。 |
| (18)
The preceding examples from the case-law and State practice
substantiate the need to identify and interpret carefully subsequent
agreements and subsequent practice, in particular to ask whether the
parties, by an agreement or a practice, assume a position regarding the
interpretation of a treaty, or whether they are motivated by other
considerations. | (18) 源自判例法和国家惯例的上述例子证明，有必要仔细识别和解释嗣后协定与嗣后惯例，特别是要问清，缔约方是否通过协定或惯例就条约的解释采取了立场，或者是否有其他考虑。 |
| (19) The second sentence of paragraph 1 is merely illustrative. | (19) 第1段第二句只起说明作用。 |
| It refers to two types of cases which need to be distinguished from practice regarding the interpretation of a treaty. | 该句是指两类需要与关于条约解释的惯例作出区分的情况。 |
| (20)
A common subsequent practice does not necessarily indicate an agreement
between the parties regarding the interpretation of a treaty, but may
instead signify their agreement temporarily not to apply the treaty, or
an agreement on a practical arrangement (modus vivendi). | (20) 缔约方拥有共同嗣后惯例不一定表明缔约方就条约的解释达成了协议，也可能意味着缔约方商定暂不适用条约， 或商定确立一种实际安排(临时协 |
| The following examples are illustrative. | 议)。 以下例子起说明作用： |
| (21)
Article 7 of the 1864 Geneva Convention provides that “[a] distinctive
and uniform flag shall be adopted for hospitals, ambulances and
evacuation parties. … | (21) 1864年《日内瓦公约》第七条规定，“医院、救护车和疏散队应采用特殊的统一旗帜。 |
| [The] … flag … shall bear a red cross on a white ground”. | …[这一]…旗帜应绘以白底红十字”。 |
| During
the Russo-Turkish War of 1876–1878 the Ottoman Empire declared that it
would in the future use the red crescent on a white ground to mark its
own ambulances, while respecting the red cross sign protecting enemy
ambulances and stated that the distinctive sign of the Convention “has
so far prevented [Turkey] from exercising its rights under the
Convention because it gave offence to the Muslim soldiers”. | 1876-78年俄土战争期间，奥斯曼帝国宣布，未来将以白底红新月作为救护车标志，同时尊重保护敌方救护车的红十字标志，并表示《公约》的特殊标志“迄今一直让[土耳其]无法行使《公约》规定的权利，因为这一标志冒犯了穆斯林士兵”。 |
| This
declaration led to a correspondence between the Ottoman Empire,
Switzerland (as depositary) and the other parties which resulted in the
acceptance of the red crescent only for the duration of the conflict. | 因为这一声明，奥斯曼帝国、瑞士(作为保存国)和其他缔约方经通信商定，接受红新月标志，但仅限冲突期间。 |
| At
The Hague Peace Conferences of 1899 and 1907 and during the Geneva
Revision Conference 1906, the Ottoman Empire, Persia and Siam
unsuccessfully requested the inclusion of the red crescent, the red
lion and sun, and the red flame in the Convention. | 在1899年和1907年海牙和平会议上以及1906年日内瓦修约会议期间，奥斯曼帝国、波斯和暹罗要求将红新月、红狮与日以及红焰标志加入《公约》未果。 |
| The
Ottoman Empire and Persia, however, at least gained the acceptance of
“reservations” which they formulated to that effect in 1906. | 不过在1906年，奥斯曼帝国和波斯至少让两国为此提出的“保留”得到了接受。 |
| This
acceptance of the reservations of the Ottoman Empire and Persia in 1906
did not mean, however, that the Parties had accepted that the 1864
Geneva Convention had been interpreted in a particular way prior to
1906 by subsequent unopposed practice. | 但是，1906年奥斯曼帝国和波斯的保留获得接受，并不意味着各缔约方认可，在1906年之前未受异议的嗣后惯例就已经以特定方式解释了1864年《日内瓦公约》。 |
| The
practice by the Ottoman Empire and Persia was rather seen, at least
until 1906, as not being covered by the 1864 Convention, but it was
accepted as a temporary and exceptional measure which left the general
treaty obligation unchanged. | 至少到1906年，奥斯曼帝国和波斯的惯例都不被视为1864年《公约》的内容，只是将其作为不改变一般条约义务的暂行特例措施予以接受。 |
| (22)
The purpose of paragraph 2 of draft conclusion 6 is to acknowledge the
variety of forms that subsequent agreements and subsequent practice can
take under article 31, paragraph 3 (a) and (b). | (22) 结论草案6第2段的目的在于，承认第三十一条第三款(a)项和(b)项所称的嗣后协定和嗣后惯例可能具有各种形式。 |
| The
Commission has recognized that subsequent practice under article 31,
paragraph 3 (b) consists of any “conduct” in the application of a
treaty, including under certain circumstances, inaction, which may
contribute to establishing an agreement regarding the interpretation of
the treaty. | 委员会已承认第三十一条第三款(b)项所称的嗣后惯例包括适用条约过程中任何可能有助于商定对该条约的解释的“行为”，包括某些情况下的不行为。 |
| Depending
on the treaty concerned, this includes not only externally oriented
conduct, such as official acts, statements and voting at the
international level, but also internal legislative, executive and
judicial acts, and may even include conduct by non-state actors which
is attributable to one or more States parties and which fall within the
scope of what the treaty conceives as forms of its application. | 根据所涉条约的情况，这不仅包括对外行为，例如国际一级的正式行动、声明和投票，还包括国内的立法、行政和司法行为，甚至可能包括可归属于一个或多个缔约方并在该条约认为属于其适用形式范围内的非国家行为者的行为。 |
| Thus,
the individual conduct which may contribute to a subsequent practice
under article 31, paragraph 3 (b), need not meet any particular formal
criteria. | 因此，可能催生第三十一条第三款(b)项所称的嗣后惯例的个人行为无需满足任何特定正式标准。 |
| (23) Subsequent practice at the international level need not necessarily be joint conduct. | (23) 国际一级的嗣后惯例不一定是联合行为。 |
| A merely parallel conduct may suffice. | 只要行为并行发生即可。 |
| It
is a separate question whether parallel activity actually articulates a
sufficient common understanding (agreement) regarding the
interpretation of a treaty in a particular case (see below draft
conclusion 9 paragraph (1)). | 至于并行活动是否在实际上表达了某特定案件中对某项条约解释的共同理解(协定)，则是另一项单独的问题(见下文结论草案9第1段)。 |
| Subsequent
agreements can be found in legally binding treaties as well as in
non-binding instruments like memoranda of understanding. | 嗣后协定既见于有法律约束力的条约，亦见于谅解备忘录等没有约束力的文书。 |
| Subsequent
agreements can also be found in certain decisions of a Conference of
States Parties (see below draft conclusion 10, paragraphs 1, 2 and 3). | 嗣后协定还见于缔约国大会的某些决定(见下文结论草案10, 第1、第2和第3段)。 |
| (24)
Paragraph 3 of this draft conclusion provides that in identifying
subsequent practice under article 32, the interpreter is required to
determine, whether, in particular, conduct by one or more parties is in
the application of the treaty. | (24) 本结论草案第3段规定，根据第三十二条识别嗣后惯例时，解释者尤其须确定一个或多个缔约方的行为是否处在适用条约过程之中。 |
| The
Commission decided to treat such “other subsequent practice” (see draft
conclusion 4, paragraph 3) under article 32 in a separate paragraph for
the sake of analytical clarity (see below draft conclusion 7 paragraph
2 and draft conclusion 8 paragraph 3), but it does not thereby call
into question the unity of the process of interpretation. | 委员会决定在单独的一段中论述第三十二条之下的“其他嗣后惯例”(见结论草案4, 第3段)，是为了分析上清晰起见(见下文结论草案7第2段和结论草案8第3段)，但并不因此对解释过程的整体性提出质疑。 |
| The
considerations which are pertinent for the identification of subsequent
agreements and subsequent practice under article 31, paragraph 3 (a)
and (b), also apply, mutatis mutandis, to the identification of “other
subsequent practice” under article 32. | 识别第三十一条第三款(a)项和(b)项所称的嗣后协定和嗣后惯例的有关考虑因素亦比照适用于识别第三十二条之下的“其他嗣后惯例”。 |
| Thus,
agreements between less than all parties to a treaty regarding the
interpretation of a treaty or its application are a form of subsequent
practice under article 32. | 因此，某条约非全体缔约方之间就该条约的解释或适用达成的协定是第三十二条之下的嗣后惯例的一种形式。 |
| (25)
An example of a practical arrangement is the memorandum of
understanding between the Department of Transportation of the United
States of America and the Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes of
the United Mexican States on International Freight Cross-Border
Trucking Services of 6 July 2011. | (25) 一个实际安排的例子是美利坚合众国运输部与墨西哥合众国通信和运输部2011年7月6日签订的关于国际跨境卡车货运服务的谅解备忘录。 |
| The
memorandum of understanding does not refer to Canada, the third party
of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), and specifies that
it “is without prejudice to the rights and obligations of the United
States and Mexico under NAFTA”. | 谅解备忘录并未提及《北美自由贸易协定》(《北美自贸协定》)的第三方加拿大，而是指出，备忘录“不损害美国和墨西哥在《北美自贸协定》下的权利和义务”。 |
| These
circumstances suggest that the memorandum of understanding does not
claim to constitute an agreement regarding the interpretation of NAFTA
under article 31, paragraph 3 (a) or (b), but that it rather remains
limited to being a practical arrangement between a limited number of
parties which is subject to challenge by other parties or by a judicial
or quasijudicial institution. | 这些情况表明，该谅解备忘录不声称构成对《北美自贸协定》的第31条第3款(a)或(b)项意义上的解释协议，而是仅限于作为有限数目的当事方之间的实际安排，其他当事方或司法及准司法机构是可以对这一安排提出质疑的。 |
| Conclusion 7 Possible effects of subsequent agreements and subsequent practice in interpretation | 结论7 嗣后协定和嗣后惯例可能对解释产生的影响 |
| 1.
Subsequent agreements and subsequent practice under article 31,
paragraph 3, contribute, in their interaction with other means of
interpretation, to the clarification of the meaning of a treaty. | 1. 第三十一条第三款所称的嗣后协定和嗣后惯例经与其他解释资料互动，有助于澄清条约的含义。 |
| This
may result in narrowing, widening, or otherwise determining the range
of possible interpretations, including any scope for the exercise of
discretion which the treaty accords to the parties. | 这可能导致可能的解释范围、包括条约给予缔约方行使自由裁量权的任何范围变窄、变宽或受到另外的影响。 |
| 2. Subsequent practice under article 32 can also contribute to the clarification of the meaning of a treaty. | 2. 根据第三十二条确定的嗣后惯例也能有助于澄清条约的含义。 |
| 3.
It is presumed that the parties to a treaty, by an agreement
subsequently arrived at or a practice in the application of the treaty,
intend to interpret the treaty, not to amend or to modify it. | 3. 可以推定，条约缔约方嗣后达成协定或在适用条约方面采用一种惯例，其用意是为了解释条约，而不是修正或修改条约。 |
| The possibility of amending or modifying a treaty by subsequent practice of the parties has not been generally recognized. | 缔约方通过嗣后惯例修正或修改条约的可能性尚未得到普遍认可。 |
| The
present draft conclusion is without prejudice to the rules on the
amendment or modification of treaties under the Vienna Convention on
the Law of Treaties and under customary international law. | 本结论草案不影响《维也纳条约法公约》和习惯国际法关于修正或修改条约的规则。 |
| Commentary | 评注 |
| (1)
Draft conclusion 7 deals with the possible effects of subsequent
agreements and subsequent practice on the interpretation of a treaty. | (1) 结论草案7涉及嗣后协定和嗣后惯例可能对条约解释产生的影响。 |
| The
purpose is to indicate how subsequent agreements and subsequent
practice may contribute to the clarification of the meaning of a treaty. | 旨在说明嗣后协定和嗣后惯例可以如何有助于澄清条约的含义。 |
| Paragraph
1 emphasizes that subsequent agreements and subsequent practice must be
seen in their interaction with other means of interpretation (see draft
conclusion 1, paragraph 5). | 第1段强调嗣后协定和嗣后惯例必须与其他解释资料互动(见结论草案1,第5段)。 |
| They are therefore not necessarily in themselves conclusive. | 因此，它们本身未必具有决定性。 |
| (2)
Subsequent agreements and subsequent practice, like all means of
interpretation, may have different effects on the interactive process
of interpretation of a treaty, which consists of placing appropriate
emphasis in any particular case on the various means of interpretation
in a “single combined operation”. | (2) 嗣后协定和嗣后惯例与所有解释资料一样，可能对条约解释这一互动过程产生各种影响，这一过程包括在任何具体案件中，适当强调“单一的综合行动”中的各种解释资料。 |
| The
taking into account of subsequent agreements and subsequent practice
under articles 31, paragraph 3, and 32 may thus contribute to a
clarification of the meaning of a treaty in the sense of a narrowing
down (specifying) of possible meanings of a particular term or
provision, or of the scope of the treaty as a whole (see paras. 4, 6–7,
10 and 11 below). | 因此，考虑第三十一条第三款和第三十二条所指的嗣后协定和嗣后惯例可以通过缩小(具体说明)某个术语或条款的可能含义，或整个条约的范围(见下文第4、6-7、10和11段)，帮助澄清条约的含义。 |
| Alternatively, such taking into account may contribute to a clarification in the sense of confirming a wider interpretation. | 另一方面，嗣后协定和嗣后惯例也可以通过证实更广义的解释，帮助澄清条约的含义。 |
| Finally,
it may contribute to understanding the range of possible
interpretations available to the parties, including the scope for the
exercise of discretion by the parties under the treaty (see paras.
12–15 below). | 最后，它们有助于理解缔约方可作出的可能解释的范围，包括缔约方根据条约行使酌处权的范围(见下文第12-15段)。 |
| (3)
International courts and tribunals usually begin their reasoning in a
given case by determining the “ordinary meaning” of the terms of the
treaty. | (3) 国际法院和仲裁法庭在具体案件中，首先要确定条约术语的“通常含义”。 |
| Subsequent
agreements and subsequent practice mostly enter into their reasoning at
a later stage when courts ask whether such conduct confirms or modifies
the result arrived at by the initial interpretation of the ordinary
meaning (or by other means of interpretation). | 法院大多在审理的稍后阶段，即考虑某项行为是否证实或修改了最初对通常含义的解释(或通过其他解释资料)得出的结果时，才考虑嗣后协定和嗣后惯例。 |
| If
the parties do not wish to convey the ordinary meaning of a term, but
rather a special meaning in the sense of article 31 paragraph 4,
subsequent agreements and subsequent practice may shed light on this
special meaning. | 如果缔约方不想表达术语的通常含义，而想表达第三十一条第四款意义下的特殊含义，那么嗣后协定和嗣后惯例可能说明该特殊含义。 |
| The
following examples illustrate how subsequent agreements and subsequent
practice as means of interpretation can contribute, in their
interaction with other means in the process of interpretation, to the
clarification of the meaning of a treaty. | 以下案例 显示了嗣后协定和嗣后惯例作为解释资料，可能如何在解释过程中通过与其他资料的互动，有助于澄清条约的含义。 |
| (4)
Subsequent agreements and subsequent practice can help identify the
“ordinary meaning” of a particular term by confirming a narrow
interpretation of different possible shades of meaning of the term. | (4) 嗣后协定和嗣后惯例可以通过从某个术语的多重含义中确认一个狭义的解释，从而帮助确定该术语的“通常含义”。 |
| This
was the case, for example, in the Nuclear Weapons Advisory Opinion
where the International Court of Justice determined that the
expressions “poison or poisonous weapons”: | 例如， 国际法院在关于核武器的咨询意见中确认，短语“毒药或有毒武器”： |
| have
been understood, in the practice of States, in their ordinary sense as
covering weapons whose prime, or even exclusive, effect is to poison or
asphyxiate. | 在国家实践中通常被理解为主要、甚至唯一作用是使人中毒或窒息的武器。 |
| This practice is clear, and the parties to those instruments have not treated them as referring to nuclear weapons. | 国家实践十分明确，相关文书的缔约方没有将该词理解为指核武器。 |
| (5)
On the other hand, subsequent practice may prevent specifying the
meaning of a general term to just one of different possible meanings. | (5) 另一方面，嗣后惯例也可以防止将一般用语限定为只有某个特定含义，而否认其他可能的含义。 |
| For example, in the case of U.S. Nationals in Morocco, the Court stated: | 例如，法院在摩洛哥境内的美国公民权利案中称： |
| The
general impression created by an examination of the relevant materials
is that those responsible for the administration of the customs … have
made use of all the various elements of valuation available to them,
though perhaps not always in a consistent manner. | 检查相关材料给人的一般印象是，海关工作人员…已利用他们能够获得的一切评估材料，虽然利用方式可能不尽一致。 |
| In these circumstances, the Court is of the opinion that Article 95 lays down no strict rule on the point in dispute. | 在这种情况下，法院认为第95条没有就争论点作出严格规定。 |
| It
requires an interpretation which is more flexible than either of those
which are respectively contended for by the parties in this case. | 法院要求比当事各方主张的方式更加灵活地解释第95条。 |
| (6)
Different forms of practice may contribute to both a narrow and a broad
interpretation of different terms in the same treaty. | (6) 不同形式的惯例可能导致对同一条约中的某些术语作出狭义的解释，而对另一些术语作出宽泛的解释。 |
| (7) A treaty shall be interpreted in accordance with the ordinary meaning of its terms “in their context” (art. 31, para. 1). | (7) 条约应依其用语在“上下文”(第三十一条第一款)中具有的通常含义加以解释。 |
| Subsequent
agreements and subsequent practice, in interaction with this particular
means of interpretation, may also contribute to identifying a narrower
or broader interpretation of a term of a treaty. | 嗣后协定和嗣后惯例通过与这一具体解释资料的互动，也可以有助于对条约中的术语作出较狭义或较广义的解释。 |
| In
the Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization (IMCO)
Advisory Opinion, for example, the International Court of Justice had
to determine the meaning of the expression “eight … largest ship-owning
nations” under article 28 (a) of the Convention on the International
Maritime Organization (IMCO Convention). | 例如，在关于政府间海事协商组织的咨询意见中，国际法院必须确定《国际海事组织公约》第28(a)条下“八个…最大船主国”一词的含义。 |
| Since
this concept of “largest ship-owning nations” permitted different
interpretations (such as determination by “registered tonnage” or by
“property of nationals”), and since there was no pertinent practice of
the organization or its members under article 28 (a) itself, the Court
turned to practice under other provisions in the Convention and held: | 鉴于“最大船主国”的概念可以有不同解释(例如按“登记吨位”或“国民财产”计算)，且该组织及其成员没有第28(a)条下的相关实践，法院转而参照公约其他条款下的实践，提出： |
| This
reliance upon registered tonnage in giving effect to different
provisions of the Convention … persuade[s] the Court to view that it is
unlikely that when the latter article [article 28 (a)] was drafted and
incorporated into the Convention it was contemplated that any criterion
other than registered tonnage should determine which were the largest
shipping owning nations. | 鉴于执行《公约》的各项条款都是基于登记吨位…委员会因此认为，在起草后面的条款[第28(a)条]并纳入《公约》时，不太可能考虑以登记吨位以外的其他标准来确定最大船主国。 |
| (8)
Together with the text and the context, article 31, paragraph 1,
accords importance to the “object and purpose” for its interpretation. | (8) 除用语和上下文外，第三十一条第一款还强调“目的及宗旨”对条约解释的重要性。 |
| Subsequent
agreements and subsequent practice may also contribute to a
clarification of the object and purpose of a treaty, or reconcile
invocations of the “object and purpose” of a treaty with other means of
interpretation. | 嗣后协定和嗣后惯例也可有助于澄清条约的目的及宗旨， 或协调条约的“目的及宗旨”与其他解释资料的运用： |
| (9)
In the Maritime Delimitation in the Area between Greenland and Jan
Mayen and Oil Platforms cases, for example, the International Court of
Justice clarified the object and purpose of bilateral treaties by
referring to subsequent practice of the parties. | (9) 例如，在格陵兰和扬马延间区域海洋划界案 和石油平台案 中，国际法院通过提到缔约方的嗣后惯例，澄清了双边条约的目的及宗旨。 |
| And in the Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria case, the Court held: | 在喀麦隆和尼日利亚间陆地和海洋疆界案中，法院主张： |
| From
the treaty texts and the practice analysed at paragraphs 64 and 65
above, it emerges that the Lake Chad Basin Commission is an
international organization exercising its powers within a specific
geographical area; | 从条约案文和上文第64和65段分析的实践来看，乍得湖流域委员会是一个在特定地理区域内行使职权的国际组织； |
| that
it does not, however, have as its purpose the settlement at a regional
level of matters relating to the maintenance of international peace and
security and thus does not fall under Chapter VIII of the Charter. | 但是其宗旨不是在区域一级处理与维持国际和平及安全有关的事务，因此不属于《宪章》第八章规定的情况。 |
| (10)
State practice other than in judicial or quasi-judicial contexts
confirms that subsequent agreements and subsequent practice only
contribute to specifying the meaning of a term in the sense of
narrowing the possible meanings of the rights and obligations under a
treaty, but may also indicate a wider range of acceptable
interpretations or a certain scope for the exercise of discretion which
a treaty grants to States. | (10) 司法环境或准司法环境以外的国家实践证明，嗣后协定和嗣后惯例只是有助于通过缩小条约下权利和义务的可能含义范围，具体说明一个术语的含义，但也可表明一个更大的可接受的解释范围，或表明条约赋予国家的酌处权的某种行使范围。 |
| (11)
For example, whereas the ordinary meaning of the terms of article 5 of
the 1944 Chicago Convention do not appear to require a charter flight
to obtain permission to land while en route, long-standing State
practice requiring such permission has led to general acceptance that
this provision is to be interpreted as requiring permission. | (11) 例如，虽然按照1944年《芝加哥公约》第5条用语的通常含义，似乎没有要求包机在飞行途中获得降落许可，但是长期的国家实践都要求这类许可，以致于该条被普遍理解为需要许可。 |
| Another
case is article 22 (3) of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations
which provides that the means of transport used by a mission shall be
immune from search, requisition, attachment or execution. | 另一个案例是《维也纳外交关系公约》第二十二条第三款，其中规定使馆交通工具免受搜查、征用、扣押或强制执行。 |
| While
police enforcement against diplomatic properties will usually be met
with protests of States, the towing of diplomatic cars that have
violated local traffic and parking laws generally has been regarded as
permissible in practice. | 虽然警方对外交财产采取的强制行为通常会遭到国家的抗议， 但是将违反当地交通和停车法规的外交车辆拖走这一做法，在实践中基本上被认为是允许的。 |
| This
practice suggests that, while punitive measures against diplomatic
vehicles are forbidden, cars can be stopped or removed if they prove to
be an immediate danger or obstacle for traffic and/or public safety. | 这种惯例显示，虽然禁止对外交车辆采取处罚措施，但是如果发现外交车辆对交通和/或公共安全构成直接危险或障碍，则可以拦下或拖走。 |
| In
that sense, the meaning of the term “execution”, and thus, the scope of
protection accorded to means of transportation, is specified by the
subsequent practice of parties. | 从这个意义上来看，缔约方的嗣后惯例明确说明了“强制执行”一词的含义，并进而明确了交通工具受保护的范围。 |
| (12)
Another possible example concerns Article 12 of the Additional Protocol
to the Geneva Conventions of 1949 (Protocol II) of 1977 which provides: | (12) 例如，另一个可能的例子是《一九四九年日内瓦四公约》的1977年附加议定书(第二议定书)第十二条规定： |
| Under
the direction of the competent authority concerned, the distinctive
emblem of the Red Cross, Red Crescent or Red Lion and Sun on a white
ground shall be displayed by medical and religious personnel and
medical units, and on medical transports. | 在有关主管当局指导下，医务和宗教人员以及医疗队和医务运输工具应展示白底红十字、红新月或红狮与太阳的特殊标志。 |
| It shall be respected in all circumstances. | 在任何情形下，该特殊标志均应受尊重。 |
| It shall not be used improperly. | 该特殊标志不应用于不正当的用途。 |
| Although
the term “shall” suggests that it is obligatory for States to use the
distinctive emblem for marking medical personnel and transports under
all circumstances, subsequent practice suggests that States may possess
some discretion with regard to its application. | 虽然“应”一词表示国家有义务使用特殊标志，在任何情况下都标明医务人员和医务运输工具，但嗣后惯例显示国家在适用该条时可拥有一定的酌处权。 |
| As
armed groups have in recent years specifically attacked medical convoys
which were well recognizable due to the protective emblem, States have
in certain situations refrained from marking such convoys with a
distinctive emblem. | 鉴于武装团体近年来专门袭击医疗车队，它们因为有保护标志而特别容易辨认，国家在某些情况下不再让这类车队露出特殊标志。 |
| Responding to a parliamentary question on its practice in Afghanistan, the Government of Germany has stated that: | 德国政府在回答议会关于其在阿富汗的做法的提问时指出： |
| As
other contributors of ISAF contingents, the Federal Armed Forces have
experienced that marked medical vehicles have been targeted. | 与国际安全援助部队的其他分队一样，德国联邦国防军也经历过医疗车队遭到袭击的情况。 |
| Occasionally,
these medical units and vehicles, clearly distinguished as such by
their protective emblem, have even been preferred as targets. | 这些医疗单位和车队因其保护标志而容易辨认，甚至成为特定的袭击对象。 |
| The
Federal Armed Forces have thus, alongside with Belgium, France, the UK,
Canada and the US, decided within ISAF to cover-up the protective
emblem on medical vehicles. | 因此，德国联邦国防军在国际安全援助部队内部与比利时、法国、联合王国、加拿大及美国共同决定遮住医疗车队上的保护标志。 |
| (13)
Such practice by States may confirm an interpretation of article 12
according to which the obligation to use the protective emblem under
exceptional circumstances allows a margin of discretion for the parties. | (13) 这种国家实践确认了对第十二条的解释，可以看出，使用保护标志的义务在例外情况下容许缔约方有一定的酌处权。 |
| (14)
A treaty provision which grants States an apparently unconditional
right may raise the question of whether this discretion is limited by
the purpose of the rule. | (14) 赋予国家明显不带条件的权利的条约规定可能涉及该酌处权是否受到条约目的限制的问题。 |
| For
example, according to article 9 of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic
Relations, the receiving State may notify the sending State, without
having to give reasons, that a member of the mission is persona non
grata. | 例如，根据《维也纳外交关系公约》第九条，接受国可不具解释通知派遣国某使馆人员为不受欢迎人员。 |
| States
mostly issue such notifications in cases in which members of the
mission were found or suspected of having engaged in espionage
activities, or having committed other serious violations of the law of
the receiving State, or caused significant political irritation. | 国家一般在发现或怀疑使馆人员参与间谍活动，严重违反接受国法律或造成严重政治骚乱的情况下发出这类通知。 |
| However,
States have also made such declarations in other circumstances, such as
when envoys caused serious injury to a third party or committed
repeated infringement of the law, or even to enforce their
drunk-driving laws. | 不过，各国也在其他情况下发出过这类通知，例如外交人员对第三方造成严重伤害，或是屡次违法， 甚至为了执行关于酒后驾车的法律发出这类通知。 |
| It is even conceivable that declarations are made without clear reasons or for purely political motives. | 有些国家甚至没有给出明确理由，纯粹出于政治动机而发出这类通知。 |
| Other
States do not seem to have asserted that such practice constitutes an
abuse of the power to declare members of a mission as personae non
gratae. | 其他国家似乎不认为这种做法构成对宣布使馆人员为不受欢迎人员的权力的滥用。 |
| Thus, such practice confirms that article 9 provides an unconditional right. | 因此，这类惯例表明，第九条规定了无条件的权利。 |
| (15)
Paragraph 2 of draft conclusion 7 concerns possible effects of “other
subsequent practice” under article 32 (see draft conclusion 4,
paragraph 3), which does not reflect an agreement of all parties
regarding the interpretation of a treaty. | (15) 结论草案7第2段涉及第三十二条之下的“其他嗣后惯例”的影响(见结论草案4, 第3段)，这类嗣后惯例不反映所有缔约方就条约解释达成的协定。 |
| Such
practice, as a supplementary means of interpretation, can confirm the
interpretation which the interpreter has reached in the application of
article 31, or determine the meaning when the interpretation according
to article 31 leaves the meaning ambiguous or obscure or leads to a
result which is manifestly absurd or unreasonable. | 这类惯例，作为解释的补充资料，可证实适用第三十一条所作之解释，或依第三十一条所作解释意义不明或难解，或所获结果显然荒谬或不合理时，确定其含义。 |
| Article
32 thereby makes a distinction between a use of preparatory work or of
“other subsequent practice” to confirm a meaning arrived at under
article 31, and its use to “determine” the meaning. | 因此，第三十二条区分了利用准备工作或“其他嗣后惯例”证实根据第三十一条得出的含义与利用它们“确定”含义这两种情况。 |
| Hence,
recourse may be had to “other subsequent practice” under article 32 not
only to determine the meaning of the treaty in certain circumstances,
but also — and always — to confirm the meaning resulting from the
application of article 31. | 因此，可诉诸第三十二条之下的“其他嗣后惯例”，这不仅是为了确定某些情况下条约的含义，而且也用来―― 并且总是可以用来――证实适用第三十一条得出的含义。 |
| (16)
Subsequent practice under article 32, can contribute, for example, to
reducing possible conflicts when the “object and purpose” of a treaty
appears to be in tension with specific purposes of certain of its rules. | (16) 当条约的“目的和宗旨”似乎与其某些规定的具体宗旨不符时，第三十二条所指的嗣后惯例有助于减少可能的冲突。 |
| In
the Kasikili/Sedudu Island case, for example, the International Court
of Justice emphasized that the parties to the 1890 Treaty “sought both
to secure for themselves freedom of navigation on the river and to
delimit as precisely as possible their respective spheres of influence. | 例如，在卡西基里/塞杜杜岛案中，国际法院强调，1890年条约的缔约方“既努力确保各自在河上的通航自由，又尽可能精确地划定各自的势力范围。 |
| ”
The parties thereby reconciled a possible tension by taking into
account a certain subsequent practice by only one of the parties as a
supplementary means of interpretation (under article 32). | ” 缔约方通过适用仅其中一方的某项嗣后惯例作为(第三十二条所指的)解释条约的补充资料，从而化解了可能的紧张局势。 |
| (17)
Another example of “other subsequent practice” under article 32
concerns the term “feasible precautions” in article 57, paragraph (2)
(ii), of the Additional Protocol to the Geneva Conventions of 1949
(Protocol I) of 1977. | (17) 第三十二条所指的“其他嗣后惯例”的另一个例子涉及一九四九年日内瓦四公约的1977年附加议定书(第一议定书)第57条第2款(二)项下的“可行的预防措施”一词。 |
| This
term has been used in effect by article 3 (4) of the Protocol on
Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines, Booby-Traps and Other
Devices (Protocol II) of 10 October 1980, which provides that
“[f]easible precautions are those precautions which are practicable or
practically possible taking into account all circumstances ruling at
the time, including humanitarian and military considerations. | 1980年10月10日《禁止或限制使用地雷、诱杀装置和其他装置的议定书》(第二议定书)第3条第4款使用了该术语的含义，其中规定“可行的预防措施是指顾及当时存在的一切情况，包括人道和军事考虑以后所采取的实际可行或实际可能的预防措施。 |
| ”
This language has come to be accepted by way of subsequent practice in
many military manuals as a general definition of “feasible precautions”
for the purpose of article 57, paragraph (2) (ii), of Protocol I of
1977. | ”这一定义逐渐通过嗣后惯例被接受，作为1977年第一议定书第57条第2款(二)项下“可行的预防措施”的一般定义出现在许多军事手册中。 |
| (18)
Paragraph 3 of draft conclusion 7 addresses the question of how far the
interpretation of a treaty can be influenced by subsequent agreements
and subsequent practice in order to remain within the realm of what is
considered interpretation under article 31, paragraph 3 (a) and (b). | (18) 结论草案7第3段讨论了嗣后协定和嗣后惯例可以在多大程度上影响条约解释，但又不超出第三十一条第三款(甲)项和(乙)项意义下的解释范围。 |
| The
paragraph reminds the interpreter that agreements subsequently arrived
at may serve to amend or modify a treaty, but that such subsequent
agreements are subject to article 39 of the Vienna Convention and
should be distinguished from subsequent agreements under article 31,
paragraph 3 (a). | 第3段提醒解释方，嗣后达成的协定可能可以修正或修改条约，但是这类嗣后协定是《维也纳公约》第三十九条所指协定，应当与第三十一条第3款(甲)项所指嗣后协定加以区分。 |
| The
second sentence, while acknowledging that there are examples to the
contrary in case-law and diverging opinions in the literature,
stipulates that the possibility of amending or modifying a treaty by
subsequent practice of the parties has not been generally recognized. | 第二句承认判例法中可能存在反例，文献中可能有不同意见，但是指出缔约方通过嗣后惯例修正或修改条约的可能性尚未得到普遍认可。 |
| (19)
According to article 39 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
“[a] treaty may be amended by agreement between the parties”. | (19) 《维也纳条约法公约》第三十九条规定：“条约得以当事国之协议修正之”。 |
| Article
31, paragraph 3 (a), on the other hand, refers to subsequent agreements
“between the parties regarding the interpretation of the treaty and the
application of its provisions”, and does not seem to address the
question of amendment or modification. | 另一方面，第三十一条第三款(甲)项提到“当事国嗣后所订关于条约之解释或其规定之适用之任何协定”，似乎不涉及修订或修改条约的问题。 |
| As the WTO Appellate Body has held: | 正如世贸组织上诉机构所称： |
| […]
the term “application” in article 31 (3) (a) relates to the situation
where an agreement specifies how existing rules or obligations in force
are to be “applied”; | […]第三十一条第三款(甲)项下的“适用”一词涉及协定具体规定如何“适用”当前规则或义务的情况； |
| the
term does not connote the creation of new or the extension of existing
obligations that are subject to a temporal limitation … | 该词不包含创造新义务或是延长受时间限制的当前义务的意思… |
| (20)
Articles 31, paragraph 3 (a), and 39, if read together, demonstrate
that agreements which the parties reach subsequently to the conclusion
of a treaty can interpret and amend or modify the treaty. | (20) 第三十一条第三款(甲)项和第三十九条一并解读显示，缔约方在条约缔结后达成的协定可解释、修正或修改条约。 |
| An agreement under article 39 need not display the same form as the treaty which it amends. | 第三十九条所指协定不必采取与其修正的条约同样的形式。 |
| As the International Court of Justice has held in the Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay) case: | 正如国际法院在乌拉圭河沿岸纸浆案(阿根廷诉乌拉圭)中指出的： |
| Whatever
its specific designation and in whatever instrument it may have been
recorded (the [River Uruguay Executive Commission] CARU minutes), this
“understanding” is binding on the Parties, to the extent that they have
consented to it and must be observed by them in good faith. | 不论具体名称是什么，也不论记录在什么文书中(乌拉圭河行政委员会会议记录)，这种“谅解”只要是双方同意的，即对缔约方具有约束力，缔约方必须本着诚信遵守。 |
| They
are entitled to depart from the procedures laid down by the 1975
Statute, in respect of a given project pursuant to an appropriate
bilateral agreement. | 就适当的双方协定确定的具体项目，它们有权不遵守1975年规约规定的程序。 |
| (21)
It is often difficult to draw a distinction between agreements of the
parties under a specific treaty provision which attributes binding
force to subsequent agreements, simple subsequent agreements under
article 31, paragraph 3 (a), which are not binding as such, and,
finally, agreements on the amendment or modification of a treaty under
articles 39–41. | (21) 通常很难区分缔约方根据条约具体规定达成的赋予嗣后协定约束力的协定、第三十一条第三款(甲)项所指不具有约束力的嗣后协定以及第三十九至四十一条所指修正或修改条约的协定。 |
| International
case-law and State practice suggest that informal agreements which are
alleged to derogate from treaty obligations should be narrowly
interpreted. | 国际判例法和国家实践表明， 对克减条约义务的非正式协定应当作出狭义的解释。 |
| There
do not seem to be any formal criteria other than those set forth in
article 39, if applicable, apart from the ones which may be provided
for in the applicable treaty itself, which are recognized as
distinguishing these different forms of subsequent agreements. | 除适用条约本身可能作出的规定外，似乎没有第三十九条(如果适用的话)以外的任何区分不同形式嗣后协定的正式标准。 |
| It
is clear, however, that States and international courts are generally
prepared to accord States parties a rather wide scope for the
interpretation of a treaty by way of a subsequent agreement. | 不过，很明显，国家和国际法庭基本都愿意给予缔约国相当大的通过嗣后协定解释条约的空间。 |
| This scope may even go beyond the ordinary meaning of the terms of the treaty. | 这种空间甚至可以超出条约术语的通常含义。 |
| The
recognition of this scope for the interpretation of a treaty goes hand
in hand with the reluctance by States and courts to recognize that an
agreement actually has the effect of amending or modifying a treaty. | 国家和法院认可条约的解释空间，却不太愿意认可协定实际具有修正或修改条约的效果。 |
| An agreement to modify a treaty is thus not excluded, but also not to be presumed. | 因此，不排除协定对条约的修改，但也不假定具有这种效果。 |
| (22)
Turning to the question whether the parties can amend or modify a
treaty by a common subsequent practice, the Commission originally
proposed, in its Draft Articles on the Law of Treaties, to include the
following provision in the Vienna Convention which would have
explicitly recognized the possibility of a modification of treaties by
subsequent practice: | (22) 关于缔约方是否可以通过共同的嗣后惯例修正或修改条约，委员会最初在《条约法条款草案》中提议将以下条款纳入《维也纳公约》，这将明确认可通过嗣后惯例修改条约的可能性： |
| Draft Article 38: Modification of treaties by subsequent practice | 第三十八条草案：通过嗣后惯例修改条约 |
| A
treaty may be modified by subsequent practice in the application of the
treaty establishing the agreement of the parties to modify its
provisions. | 在条约适用方面确定缔约方对修改其规定达成一致的嗣后惯例可修改条约。 |
| (23) This draft article gave rise to an intense debate at the Vienna Conference. | (23) 该条款草案在维也纳会议上引起了激烈争论。 |
| An amendment to delete draft article 38 was put to a vote and was adopted by 53 votes to 15, with 26 abstentions. | 删除第三十八条草案的修正案付诸表决，以53票赞成、15票反对、26票弃权通过。 |
| After
the Vienna Conference, the question was discussed whether the rejection
of draft article 38 at the Vienna Conference meant that the possibility
of a modification of a treaty by subsequent practice of the parties had
thereby been excluded. | 维也纳会议后，讨论了这一问题：维也纳会议否决第三十八条草案是否意味着排除了缔约方通过嗣后惯例修改条约的可能性。 |
| Many
writers came to the conclusion that the negotiating States simply did
not wish to address this question in the Convention and that treaties
can, as a general rule under the customary law of treaties, indeed be
modified by subsequent practice which establishes the agreement of the
parties to that effect. | 许多作者得出结论称，谈判国只是不想在《公约》中讨论该问题，而按照习惯法的一般规则，确定缔约方对修改条约达成一致的嗣后惯例的确可以修改条约。 |
| International
courts and tribunals, on the other hand, have since the adoption of the
Vienna Convention mostly refrained from recognizing this possibility. | 不过，自《维也纳公约》通过以来，国际法院和仲裁法庭通常避免承认这种可能性。 |
| (24)
In the case concerning the Dispute regarding Navigational and Related
Rights, the International Court of Justice has held that “subsequent
practice of the parties, within the meaning of Article 31, paragraph 3
(b), of the Vienna Convention, can result in a departure from the
original intent on the basis of a tacit agreement”. | (24) 在关于航海权和相关权利的争端案中，国际法院主张：“《维也纳公约》第三十一条第三款(乙)项意义下的缔约国的嗣后惯例可能导致违背基于默认同意的初始意图”。 |
| It
is not entirely clear whether the Court thereby wanted to recognize
that subsequent practice under article 31, paragraph 3 (b), may also
have the effect of amending or modifying a treaty, or whether it was
merely making a point relating to the interpretation of treaties as the
“original” intent of the parties is not necessarily conclusive for the
interpretation of a treaty. | 不是很清楚法院这样说是想承认第三十一条第三款(乙)项所指的嗣后协定也可以具有修正或修改条约的效果，还是只是就条约解释发表意见，因为缔约方的“初始”意图未必就条约解释下了定论。 |
| Indeed,
the Commission recognized in provisionally adopted draft conclusion 3
that subsequent agreements and subsequent practice, like other means of
interpretation, “may assist in determining whether or not the presumed
intention of the parties upon the conclusion of the treaty was to give
a term used a meaning which is capable of evolving over time”. | 事实上，委员会在暂时通过的结论草案3中确认，嗣后协定和嗣后惯例与其他解释资料一样，“可协助确定缔约方在缔结条约之时的推定意图是不是赋予用语以能够随时间演变的含义”。 |
| The
scope for “interpretation” is therefore not necessarily determined by a
fixed “original intent”, but must rather be determined by taking into
account a broader range of considerations, including certain later
developments. | 因此，“解释”的余地未必由固定的“初始意图”确定，而必须考虑到广泛的因素，包括某些后来的发展。 |
| This
somewhat ambiguous dictum of the International Court raises the
question of how far subsequent practice under article 31, paragraph 3
(b), can contribute to “interpretation”, and whether subsequent
practice may have the effect of amending or modifying a treaty. | 国际法院这一较含糊的判词提出了第三十一条第三款(乙)项所指的嗣后惯例可以在多大程度上有助于“解释”的问题，以及嗣后惯例可否具有修正或修改条约的效果的问题。 |
| Indeed,
the dividing line between the interpretation and the amendment or
modification of a treaty is in practice sometimes “difficult, if not
impossible, to fix”. | 事实上，在实践中，条约的解释与条约的修正或修改之间的界线有时“很难确定，即便有可能确定”。 |
| (25)
Apart from the dictum in Dispute regarding Navigational and Related
Rights, the International Court of Justice has not explicitly
recognized that a particular subsequent practice has had the effect of
modifying a treaty. | (25) 除了在关于航海权和相关权利的争端案中的判词外， 国际法院再没有明确确认某项嗣后惯例具有修改条约的效果。 |
| This
is true, in particular, for the Namibia Advisory Opinion as well as for
the Wall Advisory Opinion in which the Court recognized that subsequent
practice had an important effect on the determination of the meaning of
the treaty, but stopped short of explicitly recognizing that such
practice had led to an amendment or modification of the treaty. | 在关于纳米比亚的咨询意见和关于隔离墙的咨询意见中尤为如此，法院在意见中承认嗣后惯例对确定条约的含义有重要影响，但是没有明确承认这类惯例导致了对条约的修正或修改。 |
| Since
these opinions concerned treaties establishing an international
organization it seems difficult to derive a general rule of the law of
treaties from them. | 鉴于这些意见涉及设立国际组织的条约，似乎很难从中得出条约法的一般规则。 |
| The
questions of subsequent agreements and subsequent practice relating to
international organizations will be the subject of a later report. | 与国际组织有关的嗣后协定和嗣后惯例问题将在今后的报告中阐述。 |
| (26)
Other important cases in which the International Court of Justice has
raised the issue of possible modification by the subsequent practice of
the parties concern boundary treaties. | (26) 国际法院遇到缔约方可能通过嗣后惯例修改条约问题的其他重要案件涉及边界条约。 |
| As the Court said in the case concerning the Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria: | 正如法院在喀麦隆和尼日利亚间陆地和海洋疆界案中指出的： |
| “Here
the conduct of Cameroon in that territory has pertinence only for the
question of whether it acquiesced in the establishment of a change in
treaty title, which cannot be wholly precluded as a possibility in law.” | “喀麦隆在该领土内的行为只牵涉到它是否默认对条约的修改的问题，法律上不能完全排除修改条约的可能性。 |
| (27)
The Court found such acquiescence in the case concerning the Temple of
Preah Vihear, where it placed decisive emphasis on the fact that there
had been clear assertions of sovereignty by one side (France) which,
according to the Court, required a reaction on the part of the other
side (Thailand). | ” (27) 法院在柏威夏寺案中认定存在这种默认，法院强调，一方(法国)明确声称主权，因此认为另一方(泰国)需要作出反应。 |
| This
judgment, however, was rendered before the adoption of the Vienna
Convention and thus, at least implicitly, was taken into account by
States in their debate at the Vienna Conference. | 不过，该判决是在《维也纳公约》通过前作出的，因此至少可以推测维也纳会议的辩论上考虑过该判决。 |
| The
judgment also stops short of explicitly recognizing the modification of
a treaty by subsequent practice as the Court left open whether the line
on the French map was compatible with the watershed line that had been
agreed upon in the original boundary treaty between the two States –
although it is often assumed that this was not the case. | 该判决也没有明确承认嗣后惯例对条约的修改，关于法国人地图上的分界线与两国最初的边界条约商定的分水岭是否一致这个问题，虽然通常假定不一致，但是法院没有下定论。 |
| (28)
Thus, while leaving open the possibility that a treaty might be
modified by the subsequent practice of the parties, the International
Court of Justice has so far not explicitly recognized that such an
effect has actually been produced in a specific case. | (28) 因此，虽然国际法院留下了缔约方通过嗣后惯例修改条约的可能性，但是迄今没有明确确认在具体案例中实际产生过这种效果。 |
| Rather
the Court has reached interpretations which were difficult to reconcile
with the ordinary meaning of the text of the treaty, but which
coincided with the identified practice of the parties. | 确切地说，法院得出了与条约案文的通常含义不太一致，但是与确认的缔约方惯例一致的解释。 |
| Contrary
holdings by arbitral tribunals have been characterized either as an
“isolated exception” or rendered before the Vienna Conference and
critically referred to there. | 仲裁法庭相反的裁决或是被视为“个别特例”，或是在《维也纳公约》之前作出，已作为重要参考。 |
| (29)
The WTO Appellate Body has made clear that it would not accept an
interpretation which would result in a modification of a treaty
obligation, as this would not be an “application” of an existing treaty
provision. | (29) 世贸组织上诉机构明确表示，不接受导致修改条约义务的解释，因为这不是“适用”现有的条约规定。 |
| The
Appellate Body’s position may be influenced by article 3.2. of the
Dispute Settlement Understanding, according to which “[r]ecommendations
and rulings of the [Dispute Settlement Body] cannot add to or diminish
the rights and obligations provided in the covered agreements”. | 上诉机构的立场可能受到《解决争端谅解书》第3条第2款的影响，其中规定“[争端解决机构]的建议和裁决不得增加或减少所涉协定规定的权利和义务”。 |
| (30)
The European Court of Human Rights occasionally has recognized the
subsequent practice of the parties as a possible source for a
modification of the Convention. | (30) 欧洲人权法院偶尔承认缔约方的嗣后惯例是修改公约的可能来源。 |
| In an obiter dictum in the 1989 case of Soering v. the United Kingdom, the Court held | 在1989年Soering诉联合王国案的附带意见中，法院主张： |
| that an established practice within the member States could give rise to an amendment of the Convention. | 成员国既定的惯例可能导致修正《公约》。 |
| In
that case the Court accepted that subsequent practice in national penal
policy, in the form of a generalised abolition of capital punishment,
could be taken as establishing the agreement of the Contracting States
to abrogate the exception provided for under article 2 § 1 and hence
remove a textual limit on the scope for evolutive interpretation of
article 3 (ibid., pp. 40–41, § 103). | 在该案中，法院认为，国家刑法政策中普遍废除死刑的嗣后惯例可以视为确认缔约国就废除第2条第1款规定的例外情况达成了一致，因此取消了案文对第3条的演进式解释的范围限制(同上，第40-41页，第103段)。 |
| (31) Applying this reasoning, the Court came to the following conclusion in Al-Saadoon and Mufdhi v. the United Kingdom: | (31) 运用这种推理，法院在Al-Saadoon和Mufdhi诉联合王国案中得出以下结论： |
| “All
but two of the Member States have now signed Protocol No. 13 and all
but three of the States which have signed have ratified it. | “只有两个成员国尚未签署第13号议定书，所有签署国中只有三个国家尚未批准。 |
| These
figures, together with consistent State practice in observing the
moratorium on capital punishment, are strongly indicative that Article
2 has been amended so as to prohibit the death penalty in all
circumstances. | 这些数字，再加上一贯的暂停执行死刑的国家实践，明确显示第2条已被修正，以禁止在任何情况下执行死刑。 |
| Against
this background, the Court does not consider that the wording of the
second sentence of Article 2 § 1 continues to act as a bar to its
interpreting the words ‘inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment’
in Article 3 as including the death penalty (cf. Soering, cited above,
§§ 102–104).” | 在这种背景下，法院认为第2条第1款第二句的措词不再阻碍其将第3条下的“不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚”一词解释为包括死刑(参见Soering, 上文引用，第102-104段)。 ” |
| (32)
The case-law of international courts and tribunals allows the following
conclusions: The WTO situation suggests that a treaty may preclude the
subsequent practice of the parties from having a modifying effect. | (32) 从国际法院和仲裁法庭的判例法中可以得出以下结论：世贸组织的情况显示，条约本身可阻止缔约方的嗣后惯例具有修改作用。 |
| Thus, the treaty itself governs the question in the first place. | 因此，条约一开始就可以控制这一问题。 |
| Conversely,
the European Court of Human Rights cases suggest that a treaty may
permit the subsequent practice of the parties to have a modifying
effect. | 相反，欧洲人权法院的案件显示，条约可以允许缔约方的嗣后惯例具有修改作用。 |
| Thus, ultimately much depends on the treaty or of the treaty provisions concerned. | 因此，最终主要还是取决于条约或相关条约规定。 |
| (33) The situation is more complicated in the case of treaties for which such indications do not exist. | (33) 如果条约中没有这类表示，则情况更加复杂。 |
| No clear residual rule for such cases can be discerned from the jurisprudence of the International Court of Justice. | 国际法院的判例中不太能找到针对这种情况的明确的补充规则。 |
| The
conclusion can be drawn, however, that the Court, while finding that
the possibility of a modification of a treaty by subsequent practice of
the parties “cannot be wholly precluded as a possibility in law”,
considered that finding such a modification should be avoided, if at
all possible. | 不过，可以得出这一结论：法院虽然认定“法律中不得完全排除”缔约方通过嗣后惯例修改条约的可能性， 但是认为只要有可能，就应避免这类修改。 |
| Instead the Court prefers to accept broad interpretations which may stretch the ordinary meaning of the terms of the treaty. | 相反，法院倾向于接受可能扩大条约用语的通常含义的宽泛解释。 |
| (34)
This conclusion from the jurisprudence of the International Court of
Justice is in line with certain considerations that were articulated
during the debates among States on draft article 38 of the Vienna
Convention. | (34) 从国际法院的判例中得出的这一结论符合各国在关于《维也纳公约》第三十八条草案的辩论中提出的一些考虑因素。 |
| Today,
the consideration that amendment procedures which are provided for in a
treaty are not to be circumvented by informal means seems to have
gained more weight in relation to the equally true general observation
that international law is often not as formalist as national law. | 如今，虽然普遍认为国际法不像国内法那样死板(的确如此)，但是不应以非正式途径规避条约中规定的修正程序这种观点似乎越来越得到认同。 |
| The
concern which was expressed by a number of States at the Vienna
Conference, according to which the possibility of modifying a treaty by
subsequent practice could create difficulties for domestic
constitutional law, has also since gained in relevance. | 许多国家在维也纳会议上提出的关切，即嗣后惯例修改条约的可能性可能给国内宪法造成问题，也越来越受到重视。 |
| And,
while the principle pacta sunt servanda is not formally called into
question by an amendment or modification of a treaty by subsequent
practice that establishes the agreement of all the parties, it is
equally true that the stability of treaty relations may be called into
question if an informal means of identifying agreement as subsequent
practice could easily modify a treaty. | 虽然条约必须遵守原则并没有因确立了所有缔约方协定的嗣后惯例对条约的修正或修改而正式受到质疑，但是如果像嗣后惯例这样的非正式方式能够轻易修改一项条约，那么的确可能对条约关系的稳定性造成问题。 |
| (35)
In conclusion, while there exists some support in international
case-law that, absent indications in the treaty to the contrary, the
agreed subsequent practice of the parties theoretically may lead to
modifications of a treaty, the actual occurrence of that effect is not
to be presumed. | (35) 总之，虽然国际判例法中有人认为只要条约中没有相反的表示，则理论上缔约方达成一致的嗣后惯例就可以修改条约，但是不应假定实际出现这种效果。 |
| Instead,
States and courts prefer to make every effort to conceive of an agreed
subsequent practice of the parties as an effort to interpret the treaty
in a particular way. | 相反，国家和法院倾向于尽量将缔约方达成一致的嗣后惯例视为以特定方式解释条约的努力。 |
| Such
efforts to interpret a treaty broadly are possible since article 31 of
the Vienna Convention does not accord primacy to one particular means
of interpretation contained therein, but rather requires the
interpreter to take into account all means of interpretation as
appropriate. | 通过嗣后惯例对条约作出宽泛的解释是有可能的，因为《维也纳公约》第三十一条并没有赋予特定的解释资料优先地位，而是要求解释方酌情考虑所有解释资料。 |
| In this context an important consideration is how far an evolutive interpretation of the treaty provision concerned is possible. | 有鉴于此，一个重要问题就是可以在多大程度上对所涉条约规定作出演进式解释。 |
| Conclusion 8 Weight of subsequent agreements and subsequent practice as a means of interpretation | 结论8 嗣后协定和嗣后惯例作为解释资料的权重 |
| 1.
The weight of a subsequent agreement or subsequent practice as a means
of interpretation under article 31, paragraph 3, depends, inter alia,
on its clarity and specificity. | 1. 嗣后协定或嗣后惯例作为第三十一条第三款所称的解释资料的权重，除其他外，取决于其清晰性和特定性。 |
| 2. The weight of subsequent practice under article 31, paragraph 3 (b), depends, in addition, on whether and how it is repeated. | 2. 第三十一条第三款(乙)项所称的嗣后惯例的权重还取决于该惯例是否以及如何重复出现。 |
| 3.
The weight of subsequent practice as a supplementary means of
interpretation under article 32 may depend on the criteria referred to
in paragraphs 1 and 2. | 3. 嗣后惯例作为第三十二条所称的补充的解释资料的权重可取决于第1和第2段所述标准。 |
| Commentary | 评注 |
| (1)
Draft conclusion 8 identifies some criteria that may be helpful for
determining the interpretative weight to be accorded to a specific
subsequent agreement or subsequent practice in the process of
interpretation in a particular case. | (1) 结论8草案列出了一些标准，可能有助于在具体情况下进行解释时对某一特定嗣后协定或嗣后惯例作为解释资料给予多少权重。 |
| Naturally,
the weight accorded to subsequent agreements or subsequent practice
must also be determined in relation to other means of interpretation
(see draft conclusion 1, paragraph 5). | 当然，对嗣后协定或嗣后惯例给予的权重也必须取决于其他解释资料(见结论1草案，第5段)。 |
| (2)
Paragraph 1 addresses the weight of a subsequent agreement or
subsequent practice under article 31, paragraph 3, thus dealing with
both subparagraphs (a) and (b) from a general point of view. | (2) 第1段讨论第三十一条第三款下的嗣后协定或嗣后惯例的权重，因此是从总体上同时涉及(甲)项和(乙)项。 |
| Paragraph
1 specifies that the weight to be accorded to a subsequent agreement or
subsequent practice as a means of interpretation depends, inter alia,
on its clarity and specificity. | 第1段明确指出，嗣后协定或嗣后惯例作为解释资料的权重，除其他外，取决于其清晰性和特定性。 |
| The use of the term “inter alia” indicates that these criteria should not be seen as exhaustive. | 使用“除其他外”一语，就表明不应将这些标准视为唯一的。 |
| Other
criteria may relate to the time when the agreement or practice
occurred, the emphasis given by the parties to a particular agreement
or practice, or the applicable burden of proof. | 其他标准可能涉及到协定或惯例发生的时间、 缔约方对特定协定或惯例的重视或者适用的举证责任。 |
| (3)
The interpretative weight of subsequent agreements or practice in
relation to other means of interpretation often depends on their
specificity in relation to the treaty concerned. | (3) 相对于其他解释资料而言，嗣后协定或惯例作为解释资料的权重常常取决于其对于有关条约的专门性。 |
| This
is confirmed, for example, by decisions of the International Court of
Justice, arbitral awards and reports of the World Trade Organization
(WTO) Panels and Appellate Body. | 例如，国际法院的裁决、世界贸易组织(世贸组织)专题小组及其上诉机构的仲裁裁决和报告都表明了这一点。 |
| The
award of the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes
(ICSID) tribunal in Plama v. Bulgaria is instructive: | 国际投资争端解决中心法庭对“Plama诉保加利亚”一案的裁决具有启示意义： |
| “It
is true that treaties between one of the Contracting Parties and third
States may be taken into account for the purpose of clarifying the
meaning of a treaty’s text at the time it was entered into. | “确实，为了澄清条约文本生效时的含义，可以考虑一个缔约国与第三国之间的条约。 |
| The
Claimant has provided a very clear and insightful presentation of
Bulgaria’s practice in relation to the conclusion of investment
treaties subsequent to the conclusion of the Bulgaria-Cyprus BIT in
1987. | 原告对于保加利亚在1987年缔结保加利亚―― 塞浦路斯双边投资条约之后缔结投资条约的实践做了非常清楚和深入的介绍。 |
| In
the 1990s, after Bulgaria’s communist regime changed, it began
concluding BITs with much more liberal dispute resolution provisions,
including resort to ICSID arbitration. | 在1990年代保加利亚改变了社会主义制度之后，该国缔结的双边投资条约采用了大为开放的争端解决条款，包括诉诸国际投资争端解决中心进行仲裁。 |
| However,
that practice is not particularly relevant in the present case since
subsequent negotiations between Bulgaria and Cyprus indicate that these
Contracting Parties did not intend the MFN provision to have the
meaning that otherwise might be inferred from Bulgaria’s subsequent
treaty practice. | 但是，这一惯例对本案并没有很大的关联，因为保加利亚和塞浦路斯嗣后的谈判表明，缔约国并不想要最惠国待遇条款具有可通过保加利亚嗣后条约实践而引申出来的含义。 |
| Bulgaria and Cyprus negotiated a revision of their BIT in 1998. | 保加利亚和塞浦路斯于1998年谈判修订双边投资条约。 |
| The negotiations failed but specifically contemplated a revision of the dispute settlement provisions (…). | 谈判没有成功，但专门考虑到了修订争端解决条款(…)。 |
| It
can be inferred from these negotiations that the Contracting Parties to
the BIT themselves did not consider that the MFN provision extends to
dispute settlement provisions in other BITs.” | 从这些谈判中也可以得出结论，即双边投资条约的缔约国本身并未考虑将最惠国待遇条款扩大至其他双边投资条约中的争端解决条款。 |
| (4)
Whereas the International Court of Justice and arbitral tribunals tend
to accord more interpretative weight to rather specific subsequent
practice by States, the European Court of Human Rights often relies on
broad comparative assessments of the domestic legislation or
international positions adopted by States. | ” (4) 尽管国际法院和各个仲裁法庭倾向于对更具有专门性的国家嗣后实践做为解释资料给予更多权重，但欧洲人权法院常常依靠对于国内法律或国家采取的国际立场作出广泛有时是粗略的比较性评估。 |
| In
this latter context, it should be borne in mind that the rights and
obligations under human rights treaties must be correctly transformed,
within the given margin of appreciation, into the law, the executive
practice and international arrangements of the respective State party. | 在后一种情况下，应当铭记，人权义务下规定的权利和义务必须在留出一定判断余地的前提下，正确地转化为有关国家的法律、行政机构实践和国际安排。 |
| For
this purpose, sufficiently strong commonalities in the national
legislation of States parties can be relevant for the determination of
the scope of a human right or the necessity of its restriction. | 为此，缔约国国内法律之间较强的共性可有助于确定一项人权的范围或予以限制的必要性。 |
| In
addition, the character of certain rights or obligations sometimes
speaks in favour of taking less specific practice into account. | 此外，鉴于某些权利或义务的特点，有时更宜考虑特定性不那么强的实践。 |
| For example, in the case of Rantsev v. Cyprus the Court held that: | 例如，在“Rantsev 诉塞浦路斯”案中，法庭认为： |
| “it
is clear from the provisions of these two [international] instruments
that the Contracting States … have formed the view that only a
combination of measures addressing all three aspects can be effective
in the fight against trafficking (…). | “这两份[国际]文书的条款清楚表明，缔约国…形成的观点是，只有将涉及所有三个方面的举措结合起来，才能有效打击贩运人口活动(…)。 |
| Accordingly,
the duty to penalise and prosecute trafficking is only one aspect of
member States’ general undertaking to combat trafficking. | 因此，惩罚和起诉贩运人口活动只是成员国打击贩运人口活动总体事业的一个方面。 |
| The
extent of the positive obligations arising under Article 4 [prohibition
of forced labour] must be considered within this broader context.” | 对第4条[关于禁止强迫劳动]下产生的积极义务的范围必须放到这个广义的背景下加以考虑。 |
| (5)
On the other hand, in the case of Chapman v. the United Kingdom, the
Court observed “that there may be said to be an emerging international
consensus amongst the Contracting States of the Council of Europe
recognising the special needs of minorities and an obligation to
protect their security, identity and lifestyle (…),” but ultimately
said that it was “not persuaded that the consensus is sufficiently
concrete for it to derive any guidance as to the conduct or standards
which Contracting States consider desirable in any particular
situation.” | ” (5)
另一方面，在“Chapman诉联合王国”案中，法庭指出，“或许可以说，欧洲委员会缔约国之间正在形成国际共识，承认少数群体的特殊需要和保护其安全、
特性和生活方式的义务(…)，”
但最后又指出“法庭不能够信服地认为，有足够具体的共识，使法庭可就任何特定情况下缔约国视为可取的行为或标准作出任何指导”。 |
| (6)
Paragraph 2 of draft conclusion 8 deals only with subsequent practice
under article 31, paragraph 3 (b), and specifies that the weight of
subsequent practice also depends on whether and how it is repeated. | (6) 结论8草案第2段仅涉及第三十一条第三款(乙)项称的嗣后惯例，并明确规定，嗣后惯例的权重还取决于该惯例是否以及如何重复出现。 |
| This formula “whether and how it is repeated” brings in the elements of time and the character of a repetition. | “是否以及如何重复出现”这一表述引入了时间和重复的性质这两个因素。 |
| It
indicates, for example, that, depending on the treaty concerned,
something more than just a technical or unmindful repetition of a
practice may contribute to its interpretative value in the context of
article 31, paragraph 3 (b). | 它表明，举例来说，视条约而定，不仅仅是技术性或无意的做法的重复可增加其在第三十一条第三款(乙)项范围下的解释性价值。 |
| The
element of time and the character of the repetition also serves to
indicate the “grounding” of a particular position of the parties
regarding the interpretation of a treaty. | 时间因素和重复的性质也有助于表明缔约国对条约解释所持特定立场的“根据”。 |
| Moreover,
the non-implementation of a subsequent agreement may also suggest a
lack of its weight as a means of interpretation under article 31,
paragraph 3 (a). | 此外，嗣后协定未得到执行也可能说明其不具备作为第三十一条第三款(甲)项下解释资料的权重。 |
| (7)
The question of whether “subsequent practice” under article 31,
paragraph 3 (b), requires more than a one-off application of the treaty
was addressed by the WTO Appellate Body in Japan – Alcoholic Beverages
II: | (7) 关于第三十一条第三款(乙)项中“嗣后惯例” 是否要求条约不仅限于一次性适用的问题在世贸组织上诉机构关于日本――酒精饮料案(二)案中进行了讨论： |
| “Subsequent
practice in interpreting a treaty has been recognized as a ‘concordant,
common and consistent’ sequence of acts or pronouncements which is
sufficient to establish a discernable pattern implying the agreement of
the parties regarding its interpretation.” | 用于解释条约的嗣后惯例，公认应当是‘协调的、共同的和一致的’系列行为或声明，足以确立一种明确的模式，表明缔约方对条约解释的一致。 |
| (8)
This definition suggests that subsequent practice under article 31,
paragraph 3 (b), requires more than one “act or pronouncement”
regarding the interpretation of a treaty, but rather action of such
frequency and uniformity that it warrants a conclusion that the parties
have reached a settled agreement regarding the interpretation of the
treaty. | (8) 这一定义表明，第三十一条第三款(乙)项下的嗣后惯例要求不仅是就解释条约的一次“行为或声明”，而是此种行动的次数和统一性使人可以得出结论，即缔约国已就条约的解释达成了稳定的一致。 |
| Such
a threshold would imply that subsequent practice under article 31,
paragraph 3 (b), requires a broad-based, settled, and qualified form of
collective practice in order to establish agreement among the parties
regarding interpretation. | 这一门槛就意味着，第三十一条第三款(乙)项下的嗣后惯例要求存在基础广泛、稳定和合格的集体惯例模式，才能确认缔约国就解释达成了一致。 |
| (9)
The International Court of Justice, on the other hand, has applied
article 31, paragraph 3 (b), more flexibly, without adding further
conditions. This is true, in particular, for its judgment in the case
of Kasikili/Sedudu Island. | (9) 另一方面，国际法院也较为灵活地采用第三十一条第三款(乙)项，而没有增加进一步条件，特别是在卡西基里/塞杜杜岛案的判决中。 |
| Other international courts have mostly followed the approach of the International Court of Justice. | 其他国际性法院大多遵循国际法院的办法。 |
| This is true for the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal and the European Court of Human Rights. | 伊朗――美国索赔法庭 和欧洲人权法院 都是如此。 |
| (10)
The difference between the standard formulated by the WTO Appellate
Body, on the one hand, and the approach of the International Court of
Justice, on the other, is, however, more apparent than real. | (10) 但实际上，世贸组织上诉机构制订的标准与国际法院采取的办法之间的区别并没有表面看起来那么大。 |
| The
WTO Appellate Body seems to have taken the “concordant, common and
consistent” formula from a publication which stated that “the value of
subsequent practice will naturally depend on the extent to which it is
concordant, common and consistent. | 世贸组织上诉机构似乎采用了一份出版物中的“协调、共同和一致”的表述，这本书称，“嗣后惯例的价值自然取决于它协调、共同和一致的程度”。 |
| ”
The formula “concordant, common and consistent” thus provides an
indication as to the circumstances under which subsequent practice
under article 31, paragraph 3 (b) has more or less weight as a means of
interpretation in a process of interpretation, rather than require any
particular frequency in the practice. | 因此，“协调、共同和一致”的表述是指出在哪些情况下，第三十一条第三款(乙)项所称的嗣后惯例在解释过程中作为解释资料具有较多或较少的权重，而不是提出实践中具体的次数要求。 |
| The WTO Appellate Body itself on occasion has relied on this nuanced view. | 世贸组织上诉机构自己也曾采取这一有略微差别的态度。 |
| (11)
The Commission, while finding that the formula “concordant, common and
consistent” may be useful for determining the weight of subsequent
practice in a particular case, also considers it as not being
sufficiently well-established to articulate a minimum threshold for the
applicability of article 31, paragraph 3 (b), and as carrying the risk
of being misconceived as overly prescriptive. | (11) 委员会认为“协调、共同和一致”的表述可能有助于确定嗣后惯例在某一具体情况下的权重，同时也认为这一规定并没有充分完善地得到确立，不足以构成适用第三十一条第三款(乙)项的一个最低门槛，并有可能被错误地认为规定过细。 |
| Ultimately,
the Commission continues to find that “the value of subsequent practice
varies according as it shows the common understanding of the parties as
to the meaning of the terms. | 最终，委员会仍然认为，“嗣后惯例的价值不同，既取决于其是否体现缔约国的共同理解，也取决于术语的意义。 |
| ”
This implies that a one-off practice of the parties which establishes
their agreement regarding the interpretation needs to be taken into
account under article 31, paragraph 3 (b). | ” 这就意味着，缔约国就解释达成一致的一次性实践也需要在第三十一条第三款(乙)项下考虑进来。 |
| (12)
Paragraph 3 of draft conclusion 8 addresses the weight that should be
accorded to “other subsequent practice” under article 32 (see draft
conclusion 4, paragraph 3). | (12) 结论草案第3段针对第三十二条所称的“其他嗣后惯例”的权重(见结论草案第3段)。 |
| It does not address when and under which circumstances such practice can be considered. | 它不涉及在什么时候和哪些情况下可考虑这种惯例的问题。 |
| The WTO Appellate Body has emphasized, in a comparable situation, that those two issues must be distinguished from each other: | 世贸组织上诉机构在一次与此相似的情况下强调说，对这两个问题必须加以区别： |
| “We
consider that the European Communities conflates the preliminary
question of what may qualify as a ‘circumstance’ of a treaty’s
conclusion with the separate question of ascertaining the degree of
relevance that may be ascribed to a given circumstance, for purposes of
interpretation under Article 32.” | “我们认为，就第三十二条的解释而言，欧洲共同体将什么可界定为缔结条约的“背景”这一初步问题与确定特定情况的相关性这一另外的问题混为一谈。 |
| The Appellate Body also held that: | ” 上诉机构还认为， |
| “first,
the Panel did not examine the classification practice in the European
Communities during the Uruguay Round negotiations as a supplementary
means of interpretation within the meaning of Article 32 of the Vienna
Convention; | “首先，专题小组并未审查欧洲共同体在乌拉圭回合谈判期间的分类实践作为《维也纳公约》第三十二条意义内的补充解释材料这一问题； |
| and, second, the value of the classification practice as a supplementary means of interpretation … | 分类做法作为补充解释材料的价值…” |
| ”. In order to determine the “relevance” of such subsequent practice, the Appellate Body referred to “objective factors”: | 为了确定这类嗣后惯例的“相关性”，上诉机构援引“客观因素”： |
| “These include the type of event, document, or instrument and its legal nature; | “这些包括会议、文件或文书的类型及其法律性质； |
| temporal relation of the circumstance to the conclusion of the treaty; | 背景与缔结条约的时间联系； |
| actual knowledge or mere access to a published act or instrument; | 确实了解还是只是能够查阅出版的法案或文书； |
| subject matter of the document, instrument, or event in relation to the treaty provision to be interpreted; | 涉及需解释条约条款的文件、文书或会议的主题； |
| and whether or how it was used or influenced the negotiations of the treaty (…).” | 是否在条约谈判过程中得到使用或施加了影响 (…)” |
| (13) Whereas the Appellate Body did not use the term “specificity”, it referred to the criteria mentioned above. | (13) 尽管上诉机构并未使用“专门性”一词，但它提到上文所述的标准。 |
| Instead
of clarity, the Appellate Body spoke of “consistency”, and stated, that
consistency should not set a benchmark but rather determine the degree
of relevance. | 上诉机构没有使用“明确性”，而是使用“一致性”的说法，并称，一致性不应作为基准，而只是确定相关的程度。 |
| “Consistent prior classification practice may often be significant. | “(在解释关税减让的含义时)以前一致的分类实践可能比较重要。 |
| Inconsistent classification practice, however, cannot be relevant (in interpreting the meaning of a tariff concession)”. | 但是，不一致的分类实践就不能作为参考”. |
| (14)
A further factor that helps determine the relevance under article 32
may be the number of affected states that engage in that practice. | (14) 另一个有助于确定第三十二条下相关性的因素或许是参与这一惯例的受影响国家的数目。 |
| The Appellate Body has stated: | 上诉机构指出： |
| “To
establish this intention, the prior practice of only one of the parties
may be relevant, but it is clearly of more limited value than the
practice of all parties. | “为确立这种意向，只有一个缔约国以前的惯例可能也适用，但相对于全体缔约国的惯例而言，其价值显然大打折扣。 |
| In
the specific case of the interpretation of a tariff concession in a
Schedule, the classification practice of the importing Member, in fact,
may be of great importance.” | 具体到申根关税减让的解释，事实上，进口成员国的分类实践较为重要。 ” |
| Conclusion 9 Agreement of the parties regarding the interpretation of a treaty | 结论9 与条约解释有关的缔约方协定 |
| 1.
An agreement under article 31, paragraph 3 (a) and (b), requires a
common understanding regarding the interpretation of a treaty which the
parties are aware of and accept. | 1. 第三十一条第三款(甲)项和(乙)项所称的协定必须是各缔约方知悉并接受的关于条约解释的共同理解。 |
| Though it shall be taken into account, such an agreement need not be legally binding. | 这种协定虽然应予以考虑，但不必具有法律约束力。 |
| 2.
The number of parties that must actively engage in subsequent practice
in order to establish an agreement under article 31, paragraph 3 (b),
may vary. | 2. 为确立第三十一条第三款(乙)项所称的协定而必须积极适用嗣后惯例的缔约方数目可能会有所变化。 |
| Silence
on the part of one or more parties can constitute acceptance of the
subsequent practice when the circumstances call for some reaction. | 在有关情况要求作出某种反应时，一个或多个缔约方的沉默可构成对嗣后惯例的接受。 |
| Commentary | 评注 |
| (1)
The first sentence of paragraph 1 sets forth the principle that an
“agreement” under article 31, paragraph 3 (a) and (b) requires a common
understanding by the parties regarding the interpretation of a treaty. | (1) 第1段第一句提出了一项原则，即第三十一条第三款(甲)项和(乙)项所称的协定必须是缔约方关于条约解释的共同理解。 |
| In
order for that common understanding to have the effect provided for
under article 31, paragraph 3, the parties must be aware of it and
accept the interpretation contained therein. | 要使共同理解具有第三十一条第三款规定的效力，缔约国必须知悉并接受其中包含的解释。 |
| While
the difference regarding the form of an “agreement” under subparagraph
(a) and subparagraph (b) has already been set out in draft conclusion 4
and its accompanying commentary, paragraph 1 of draft conclusion 9
intends to capture what is common in the two subparagraphs, which is
the agreement between the parties, in substance, regarding the
interpretation of the treaty. | 在结论4草案及其评注 中已经说明了(甲)项和(乙)项所述“协定”形式的不同，而结论9草案第1段旨在找出这两项的共同之处，即缔约方就条约解释在实质上达成的协定。 |
| (2)
The element which distinguishes subsequent agreements and subsequent
practice as authentic means of interpretation under article 31,
paragraph 3 (a) and (b), on the one hand, and other subsequent practice
as a supplementary means of interpretation under article 32, on the
other, is the “agreement” of the parties regarding the interpretation
of the treaty. | (2) 区分作为第三十一条第三款(甲)项和(乙)项所述作准解释资料的嗣后协定和嗣后惯例与第三十二条所述作为补充解释资料的嗣后惯例 的一个要素是缔约方就条约解释达成的“协定”。 |
| It
is this agreement of the parties which provides the means of
interpretation under article 31, paragraph 3 their specific function
and weight for the interactive process of interpretation under the
general rule of interpretation of article 31. | 正是缔约方的这种协定使第三十一条第三款所述的解释资料 对于第三十一条下解释通则的互动解释进程具备了特定的功能和权重。 |
| (3) Conflicting positions expressed by different parties to a treaty preclude the existence of an agreement. | (3) 不同缔约方就条约表达的相互冲突的立场就排除了协定的存在。 |
| This
has been confirmed, inter alia, by the Arbitral Tribunal in the case of
German External Debts which held that a “tacit subsequent
understanding” could not be derived from a number of communications by
administering agencies since one of those agencies, the Bank of
England, had expressed a divergent position. | 包括仲裁法庭在德国外债案中的裁决等都确认了这一点，该裁决称，通过管理机构的一系列函件，无法得出“嗣后默认的理解”，因为其中一家机构即英格兰银行表达了不一样的立场。 |
| (4)
However, agreement is only absent to the extent that the positions of
the parties conflict and for as long as their positions conflict. | (4) 但是，只有在缔约方的立场相冲突的范围内并就缔约方的立场冲突持续的这一时期而言，才不存在协定。 |
| The
fact that Parties apply a treaty differently does not, as such, permit
a conclusion that there are conflicting positions regarding the
interpretation of the treaty. | 缔约方以不同的方式适用条约这一事实本身并不能够使人得出结论，认为就条约解释方面存在相互冲突的立场。 |
| Such
a difference may indicate a disagreement over the one correct
interpretation, but it may also simply reflect a common understanding
that the treaty permits a certain scope for the exercise of discretion
in its application. | 这种不同可能说明对一个正确的解释存在不同意见，但也可能仅仅反映出一种共同理解，即条约允许在适用时行使一定范围的自由裁量权。 |
| Treaties
which are characterized by considerations of humanity or other general
community interests, such as treaties relating to human rights or
refugees, tend to aim at a uniform interpretation but also to leave a
margin of appreciation for the exercise of discretion by States. | 以全人类的考虑或其他总体人群利益为特点的条约，如关于人权或难民的条约往往意在有一个统一的解释，但也会为各国行使自由裁量权留出一定的斟酌空间。 |
| (5)
Whereas equivocal conduct by one or more parties will normally prevent
the identification of an agreement, not every element of the conduct of
a State which does not fully fit into a general picture necessarily
renders the conduct of that State so equivocal that it precludes the
identification of an agreement. | (5) 一个或多个缔约方模棱两可的行为通常使人无法确认存在协定 ，但是，并不是一国行为中不符合总体情况的每个要素都必然导致该国行为具有模糊性，以至于无法认定存在协定。 |
| The
Court of Arbitration in the Beagle Channel case, for example, found
that although at one point the parties had a difference of opinion
regarding the interpretation of a treaty, that fact did not necessarily
establish that the lack of agreement was permanent: | 例如，仲裁法庭在比格尔海峡案中认为，尽管缔约方在有一点上就条约解释存在不同意见，但这一事实并不必然说明无协定是永久性的： |
| “…
In the same way, negotiations for a settlement that did not result in
one [viz. a settlement], could hardly have any permanent effect. | “…同样，关于解决办法的谈判没有取得一个[解决办法]也很难说就有永久性的效力。 |
| At
the most they might temporarily have deprived the acts of the Parties
of probative value in support of their respective interpretations of
the treaty, insofar as these acts were performed during the process of
the negotiations. | 就谈判过程中发生的行为而言，最多也可能只是临时性地使缔约方的行为失去了支持其对条约各自解释的实证价值。 |
| The matter cannot be put higher than that”. | 最多也就是这样了。 ” |
| (6)
Similarly, in Loizidou v. Turkey, the European Court of Human Rights
held that the scope of the restrictions which the parties could place
on their acceptance of the competence of the Commission and the Court
was “confirmed by the subsequent practice of the Contracting parties”,
that is, “the evidence of a practice denoting practically universal
agreement amongst Contracting Parties that articles 25 and 46 … of the
Convention do not permit territorial or substantive restrictions”. | (6) 与此相似，在Loizidou诉土耳其案中，欧洲人权法院认为，缔约方对于其接受委员会和法院职能所规定限制的范围“通过缔约方的嗣后实践得到确认”，即“有证据显示一种惯例，表明缔约方基本普遍同意《公约》第25和第46条不允许作出领土或实质性的限制。 |
| The
Court, applying article 31, paragraph 3 (b), described “such a State
practice” as being “uniform and consistent”, despite the fact that it
simultaneously recognized that two States possibly constituted
exceptions. | ” 法院在适用第三十一条第三款(乙)项时将“这种国家实践”称为“统一和一贯的”，虽然它同时也承认两个国家即有可能构成例外。 |
| The
decision suggests that interpreters, at least under the European
Convention, possess some margin when assessing whether an agreement of
the parties regarding a certain interpretation is established. | 这一裁决表明，解释者(至少在《欧洲公约》下)在评估缔约方就一特定解释是否达成一致时有一定的斟酌余地。 |
| (7)
The term “agreement” in the Vienna Convention does not imply any
particular requirements of form, including for an “agreement” under
article 31, paragraph 3 (a) and (b). The Commission, however, has noted
that, in order to distinguish a subsequent agreement under article 31,
paragraph 3 (a), and a subsequent practice which “establishes the
agreement” of the parties under article 31, paragraph 3 (b), the former
presupposes a “single common act”. | (7)
《维也纳公约》中的“协定”一词 并不意味着任何具体的形式要求，包括第三十一条第三款(甲)项和(乙)项所述的“协定”
但是，委员会注意到，为了区分第三十一条第三款(甲)项所述嗣后协定和第三十一条第三款(乙)项所述“确定协定”的嗣后惯例，前者预先假定有“一次共同的
行动”。 |
| There is no requirement that
an agreement under article 31, paragraph 3 (a), be published or
registered under Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations. | 没有要求说第三十一条第三款(甲)项所述协定要公布或按《联合国宪章》第一百零二条的规定进行登记。 |
| (8)
For an agreement under article 31, paragraph 3, it is not sufficient
that the positions of the parties regarding the interpretation of the
treaty happen to overlap, but the parties must also be aware of and
accept that these positions are common. | (8) 就第三十一条第三款所述协定而言，缔约方就条约解释的立场恰好重合还不够，缔约方必须知悉并接受这些立场是共同的。 |
| Thus,
in the Kasikili/Sedudu Island case, the International Court of Justice
required that, for practice to fall under article 31, paragraph 3 (b),
the “authorities were fully aware of and accepted this as a
confirmation of the Treaty boundary”. | 因此，国际法院在卡西基里/塞杜杜岛案中要求，要使惯例属于第三十一条第三款(乙)项所规定的范围，“当局充分意识并接受它，作为对条约边界的认可。 |
| Indeed,
only the awareness and acceptance of the position of the other parties
regarding the interpretation of a treaty justifies the characterization
of an agreement under article 31, paragraph 3 (a) or (b), as an
“authentic” means of interpretation. | ” 事实上，只有对其他缔约方关于条约解释立场的知悉和接受才能作为依据将第三十一条第三款(甲)项或(乙)项所述的协定定义为 “作准的”解释资料。 |
| In
certain circumstances, the awareness and acceptance of the position of
the other party or parties may be assumed, particularly in the case of
treaties which are implemented at the national level. | 在有些情况下，可以推定对其他缔约方立场的意识和接受，特别是对在国家层面上实施的条约而言。 |
| (9)
The aim of the second sentence of paragraph 1 is to reaffirm that
“agreement”, for the purpose of article 31, paragraph 3, need not, as
such, be legally binding, In contrast to other provisions of the Vienna
Convention in which the term “agreement is used in the sense of a
legally binding instrument”. | (9) 第1段第二句的目的是重申就第三十一条第三款而言，“协定”本身无需是具有法律约束力的， 这与《维也纳公约》其他条款相反，其他条款是在“有法律约束力的文书的意义上使用协定一语。 |
| (10)
This is confirmed by the fact that the Commission, in its final draft
articles on the law of treaties, used the expression “any subsequent
practice which establishes the understanding [emphasis added] of the
parties”. | ” (10) 这一点也得到委员会的确认，委员会在条约法条款的最后草案中使用了“确立缔约方谅解[着重号]的任何嗣后惯例”这一说法。 |
| The
expression “understanding” indicates that the term “agreement” in
article 31, paragraph 3, does not require that the parties thereby
undertake or create any legal obligation existing in addition to, or
independently of, the treaty. | “谅解”一词是说，第三十一条第三款所述“协定”并不要求缔约方由此承担或创造任何在条约之上或独立于条约之外的法律义务。 |
| The
Vienna Conference replaced the expression “understanding” by the word
“agreement” not for any substantive reason but “related to drafting
only” in order to emphasize that the understanding of the parties was
to be their “common” understanding. | 维也纳会议以“协定”一词取代“谅解”，并没有实质性的原因，而“仅仅涉及措辞问题”，用以强调缔约方的谅解是他们的“共同”理解。 |
| An
“agreement” under article 31, paragraph 3 (a), being distinguished from
an agreement under article 31, paragraph 3 (b), only in form and not in
substance, equally need not be legally binding. | 第三十一条第三款(甲)项所述“协定”与第三十一条第三款(乙)项所述协定的区别仅仅在于形式而不是内容，同样不需要具有法律约束力。 |
| (11)
It is thus sufficient that the parties, by a subsequent agreement or a
subsequent practice under article 31, paragraph 3, attribute a certain
meaning to the treaty, or in other words, adopt a certain
“understanding” of the treaty. | (11) 因此，缔约国通过嗣后协定或第三十一条第三款所述嗣后惯例对条约赋予一定含义，或者换句话说，对条约采取一种特定的“谅解” 就足够了。 |
| Subsequent
agreements and subsequent practice under article 31, paragraph 3 (a)
and (b), even if they are not in themselves legally binding, can thus
nevertheless, as means of interpretation, give rise to legal
consequences as part of the process of interpretation according to
article 31. | 第三十一条第三款(甲)项和(乙)项所述嗣后协定和嗣后惯例即使本身不具有法律约束力，但作为解释资料，它们仍然可以根据第三十一条的规定，作为解释过程的组成部分，产生法律影响。 |
| Accordingly,
international courts and tribunals have not required that an
“agreement” under article 31, paragraph 3, reflect the intention of the
parties to create new, or separate, legally binding undertakings. | 据此，国际性的法院和法庭不要求第三十一条第三款所述“协定”反映缔约方有创立新的或另外的具有法律约束力的承诺的意向。 |
| Similarly,
memoranda of understanding have been recognized, on occasion, as “a
potentially important aid to interpretation” – but “not a source of
independent legal rights and duties”. | 与此相似，有时谅解备忘录被承认为“有可能非常有助于解释”，但“不是独立的法律权利和义务的来源”。 |
| (12)
Some members considered on the other hand that the term ‘agreement’ has
the same meaning in all provisions of the Vienna Convention. | (12) 另一方面，一些委员认为术语“协定”在《维也纳公约》所有条款中具有相同的含义。 |
| According
to those members, this term designates any understanding which has
legal effect between the States concerned and the case-law referred to
in the present commentary does not contradict this definition. | 根据这些成员的意见，这个词表示有关国家之间具有法律效力的任何谅解，本评注所提到的判例法与这个定义不矛盾。 |
| Such
a definition would not prevent taking into account, for the purpose of
interpretation, a legally non-binding understanding under Article 32. | 这样的定义并不妨碍为了解释的目的而根据第32条考虑到不具法律约束力的谅解。 |
| (13)
The first sentence of paragraph 2 confirms the principle that not all
the parties must engage in a particular practice to constitute
agreement under article 31, paragraph 3 (b). | (13) 第2段第一句申明了一个原则，即并非所有缔约方都必须参与某一特定惯例，以此构成第三十一条第三款(乙)项所述协定。 |
| The
second sentence clarifies that acceptance of such practice by those
parties not engaged in the practice can under certain circumstances be
brought about by silence or inaction. | 第二句澄清说明，在特定情况下，未参与这一惯例的缔约方对这一惯例的接受可能经由沉默或不作为来构成。 |
| (14)
From the outset, the Commission has recognized that an “agreement”
deriving from subsequent practice under article 31, paragraph 3 (b),
can result, in part, from silence or inaction by one or more parties. | (14) 从一开始，委员会就承认，通过第三十一条第三款(乙)项所述嗣后惯例形成的“协定”可部分地源于一个或多个缔约方的沉默或不作为。 |
| Explaining
why it used the expression “the understanding of the parties” in draft
article 27, paragraph 3 (b) (which later became “the agreement” in
article 31, paragraph 3 (b) (see paragraph 10 above)), and not the
expression “the understanding of all the parties”, the Commission
stated that: | 委员会为了解释为何在第二十七条第三款(乙)项中使用“缔约方的谅解”一语(后来成为第三十一条第三款(乙)项中的“协定”)(见上文第10段)而没有使用“全体缔约方的谅解”的说法时指出： |
| “It considered that the phrase ‘the understanding of the parties’ necessarily means ‘the parties as a whole’. | “它认为，‘缔约方的谅解’一语自然是指‘全体缔约方’。 |
| It
omitted the word ‘all’ merely to avoid any possible misconception that
every party must individually have engaged in the practice where it
suffices that it should have accepted the practice.” | 避免使用‘全体’一词只是为了防止出现可能的误解，即每个缔约方必须作为个体介入这种实践，但只要它接受这一惯例就足够了。 |
| (15)
The International Court of Justice also has recognized the possibility
of expressing agreement regarding interpretation by silence or inaction
by stating, in the case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear, that
“where it is clear that the circumstances were such as called for some
reaction, within a reasonable period”, the State confronted with a
certain subsequent conduct by another party “must be held to have
acquiesced”. | ” (15) 国际法院也承认有可能经由沉默或不作为表示对解释的同意，法院在柏威夏寺案中称，一国在面对另一方某种嗣后行为的情况下，“如果显然当时情况要求在合理期限内作出某种反应”，则“必须认定该国已经默认了”。 |
| This
general proposition of the Court regarding the role of silence for the
purpose of establishing agreement regarding the interpretation of a
treaty by subsequent practice has been confirmed by later decisions,
and supported generally by writers. | 法院对于就通过嗣后惯例解释条约确立协定的目的而言沉默作用的这一总体立场在后来的裁决中也得到了确认 ，并得到大多数法学著作的支持。 |
| The
“circumstances” which will “call for some reaction” include the
particular setting in which the States parties interact with each other
in respect of the treaty. | “要求作出某种反应”的“情况”包括缔约方就条约进行互动的具体背景。 |
| (16)
The Court of Arbitration in the Beagle Channel case dealt with the
contention by Argentina that acts of jurisdiction by Chile over certain
islands could not be counted as relevant subsequent conduct, since
Argentina had not reacted to these acts. | (16) 法院对比格尔海峡案的仲裁 讨论了阿根廷的主张，即智利对某些岛屿的管辖行为不能作为相关的嗣后行为，因为阿根廷未对这些行为作出反应。 |
| The Court, however, held: | 但法院认为： |
| “The terms of the Vienna Convention do not specify the ways in which agreement may be manifested. | “《维也纳公约》中并未明确协定可以采取的表现形式。 |
| In
the context of the present case the acts of jurisdiction were not
intended to establish a source of title independent of the terms of the
treaty; | 在本案中，管辖的行为不是为了确立独立于条约规定之外的所有权来源； |
| nor could they be considered as being in contradiction of those terms as understood by Chile. | 也不能象智利的理解，认为其违反了这些规定。 |
| The
evidence supports the view that they were public and well-known to
Argentina, and that they could only derive from the Treaty. | 证据支持的观点是，这些行为是公开的，为阿根廷所熟知，它们只能来自于条约。 |
| Under
these circumstances the silence of Argentina permits the inference that
the acts tended to confirm an interpretation of the meaning of the
Treaty independent of the acts of jurisdiction themselves.” | 在这种情况下，阿根廷的沉默就允许得出结论，认为这些行为旨在确认独立于管辖行为本身之外的对条约含义的解释。 |
| In the same case, the Court of Arbitration considered that: | ” 在同一案件中，仲裁法院认为： |
| “The
mere publication of a number of maps of (as the Court has already
shown) extremely dubious standing and value could not — even if they
nevertheless represented the official Argentine view — preclude or
foreclose Chile from engaging in acts that would, correspondingly,
demonstrate her own view of what were her rights under the 1881 Treaty
– nor could such publication of itself absolve Argentina from all
further necessity for reaction in respect of those acts, if she
considered them contrary to the treaty.” | “(如法院业已表明的
那样)，仅仅是印制一些地位和价值极其令人怀疑的地图(尽管其确实代表阿根廷的官方观点)不能够排除或阻止智利采取一些行动，显示该国对自身根据1881
年条约所具有权利的观点，如果阿根廷认为这些行动违反条约的话，仅靠出版地图本身也不能免除阿根廷就智利的行动作出反应的必要性。 |
| (17)
The significance of silence also depends on the legal situation to
which the subsequent practice by the other party relates and on the
claim thereby expressed. | ” (17) 沉默的意义取决于另一方的嗣后惯例所涉及的法律情形以及由此表达的主张。 |
| Thus,
in the case concerning the Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon
and Nigeria, the International Court of Justice held that: | 因此，在喀麦隆和尼日利亚间陆地和海洋疆界案中，国际法院认为： |
| “Some
of these activities — organization of public health and education,
policing, administration of justice — could normally be considered to
be acts à titre de souverain. | “其中有些活动――开展公共保健和教育、治安、司法— 通常可视为“主权”行为。 |
| The
Court notes, however, that, as there was a pre-existing title held by
Cameroon in this area, the pertinent legal test is whether there was
thus evidenced acquiescence by Cameroon in the passing of the title
from itself to Nigeria.” | 但是，法院注意到，因喀麦隆在本地区有事先存在的所有权，法律上要作的相关考查是是否有证据显示喀麦隆默认将所有权移交给尼日利亚。 |
| (18)
This judgment suggests that in cases which concern treaties delimiting
a boundary the circumstances will only very exceptionally call for a
reaction with respect to conduct which runs counter to the delimitation. | ” (18) 这一判决表明，在涉及确立划定边界的条约案中，只有在非常特殊的情况下才要求针对违反条约的行为作出反应。 |
| In
such situations, there appears to be a strong presumption that silence
or inaction does not constitute acceptance of a practice. | 在这种情况下，似乎有一种强有力的推定，即沉默或不作为不构成对惯例的接受。 |
| (19)
The relevance of silence or inaction for the establishment of an
agreement regarding interpretation depends to a large extent on the
circumstances of the specific case. | (19) 沉默或不作为对于确立关于解释协定的相关性在很大程度上取决于具体案件的具体情况。 |
| Decisions
of international courts and tribunals demonstrate that acceptance of a
practice by one or more parties by way of silence or inaction is not
easily established. | 国际性法院和法庭的裁决显示，通过沉默或不作为来接受一方或多方的惯例并不能很容易地得到确立。 |
| (20)
International courts and tribunals, for example, have been reluctant to
accept that parliamentary proceedings or domestic court judgments are
considered as subsequent practice under article 31, paragraph 3 (b), to
which other parties to the treaty would be expected to react, even if
such proceedings or judgments had come to their attention through other
channels, including by their own diplomatic service. | (20) 例如，国际性的法院和法庭不太愿意接受以下观点，即议会程序或国内法庭判决可视为第三十一条第三款(乙)项所述的嗣后惯例，对此条约其他缔约方需要作出反应，即使是此类程序或判决是经由其他渠道包括通过本国的外交部门引起其注意的情况。 |
| (21)
Further, even where a party, by its conduct, expresses a certain
position towards another party (or parties) regarding the
interpretation of a treaty, this does not necessarily call for a
reaction by the other party or parties. | (21) 此外，即使当一方通过行动就条约䚚解释对另一方(或几方)表达特定立场时，这也不一定要求另外一方或几方作出反应。 |
| In
the Kasikili/Sedudu Island case, the International Court of Justice
held that a State which did not react to the findings of a joint
commission of experts, which had been entrusted by the parties to
determine a particular factual situation with respect to a disputed
matter, did not thereby provide a ground for the conclusion that an
agreement had been reached with respect to the dispute. | 在卡西基里/塞杜杜岛案案中，国际法院认为，对于接受各方委任就某一争端事项确定特定事实情况的联合专家委员会的结论，如果一国没有对其作出反应，并不能由此作为依据，得出结论认为有关方面已就争端达成协定。 |
| The
Court found that the parties had considered the work of the experts as
being merely a preparatory step for a separate decision subsequently to
be taken on the political level. | 法院认为，当事方认为专家的工作仅仅是一个准备阶段，以便今后在政治层面上作出另外的决定。 |
| On a more general level, the WTO Appellate Body has held that: | 就更一般的情况而言，世贸组织上诉机构认为： |
| “in
specific situations, the ‘lack of reaction’ or silence by a particular
treaty party may, in the light of attendant circumstances, be
understood as acceptance of the practice of other treaty parties. | “在特定情况下，根据当时的具体情形，对条约特定缔约方的‘没有反应’或沉默可以理解为接受了条约其他缔约方的惯例。 |
| Such
situations may occur when a party that has not engaged in a practice
has become or has been made aware of the practice of other parties (for
example, by means of notification or by virtue of participation in a
forum where it is discussed), but does not react to it.” | 当没有参与一项惯例的缔约方主动或被动地知悉其他缔约方的惯例(如经过通知或参加讨论惯例的一个论坛)而没有对此作出反应时，就可以视为上述的一种情况。 |
| The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea has confirmed this approach. | ” 海洋法国际法庭确认了上述办法。 |
| Taking into account the practice of states in interpreting articles 56, 58 and 73 of UNCLOS, the Tribunal stated: | 法庭考虑到各国在解释《联合国海洋法公约》第五十六、五十八和七十三条的惯例，称： |
| “The
Tribunal acknowledges that the national legislation of several States,
not only in the West African region, but also in some other regions of
the world, regulates bunkering of foreign vessels fishing in their
exclusive economic zones in a way comparable to that of Guinea-Bissau. | “法庭承认，不仅是西非地区，也包括世界其他一些地区，有些国家的国内法对在本国专属经济区捕鱼的外国船只的装载量作出了规定，与几内亚比绍相似。 |
| The Tribunal further notes that there is no manifest objection to such legislation and that it is, in general, complied with.” | 法庭进一步注意到，对于此类法律并没有明示的反对意见，而且这些法律一般上都得到遵守。 |
| (22)
The possible legal significance of silence or inaction in the face of a
subsequent practice of a party to a treaty is not limited to
contributing to a possible underlying common agreement, but may also
play a role for the operation of non-consent based rules, such as
estoppel, preclusion or prescription. | ” (22) 面对条约某一缔约方的嗣后惯例，沉默或不作为在法律上的重要性并不限于构成可能的基本共同协定，也可能有助于非基于同意规则的适用，如禁止反言、排除或指示。 |
| (23) Once established, an agreement between the parties under article 31, paragraph 3 (a) and (b), can eventually be terminated. | (23) 第三十一条第三款(甲)项和(乙)项所述缔约方之间的协定在确立后，将来也可能终止。 |
| The parties may replace it by another agreement with a different scope or content under article 31, paragraph 3. | 缔约方可以第三十一条第三款下具有不同范围或内容的另外一个协定加以取代。 |
| In
this case, the new agreement replaces the previous one as an authentic
means of interpretation from the date of its existence, at least with
effect for the future. | 在这种情况下，新的协定取代以前的协定，成为从生效之日起作准的解释资料，至少效力持续到将来。 |
| Such
situations, however, should not be lightly assumed as States usually do
not change their interpretation of a treaty according to short-term
considerations. | 但是，对于这种情况，不能轻易地推定国家通常不会根据短期考虑改变其对条约的解释。 |
| (24)
It is also possible for a disagreement to arise between the parties
regarding the interpretation of the treaty after they had reached a
subsequent agreement regarding such interpretation. | (24) 缔约国就条约解释达成嗣后协定后，也有可能出现不同意见。 |
| Such
a disagreement, however, normally will not replace the prior subsequent
agreement, since the principle of good faith prevents a party from
simply disavowing the legitimate expectations which have been created
by a common interpretation. | 但是，这种不同意见通常不能取代前述嗣后协定，因为诚意原则使缔约方不能简单地抵赖通过共同解释所产生的合法预期。 |
| On
the other hand, clear expressions of disavowal by one party of a
previous understanding arising from common practice “do reduce in a
major way the significance of the practice after that date”, without
however diminishing the significance of the previous common practice. | 另一方面，一个缔约方对以前通过共同惯例产生的谅解明确拒绝 “确实在很大程度上削弱了惯例此后的重要性”，但没有削弱以前的共同惯例的重要性 |
| Conclusion 10 Decisions adopted within the framework of a Conference of States Parties | 结论10 在缔约国大会框架内通过的决定 |
| 1.
A Conference of States Parties, under these draft conclusions, is a
meeting of States parties pursuant to a treaty for the purpose of
reviewing or implementing the treaty, except if they act as members of
an organ of an international organization. | 1. 根据这些结论草案，缔约国大会是缔约国根据条约为审查或执行条约举行的会议，但缔约国作为国际组织机构成员而行事的情况不在此列。 |
| 2.
The legal effect of a decision adopted within the framework of a
Conference of States Parties depends primarily on the treaty and any
applicable rules of procedure. | 2. 在缔约国大会框架内通过的决定所具有的法律效力主要取决于条约和可适用的议事规则。 |
| Depending
on the circumstances, such a decision may embody, explicitly or
implicitly, a subsequent agreement under article 31, paragraph 3 (a),
or give rise to subsequent practice under article 31, paragraph 3 (b),
or to subsequent practice under article 32. | 根据情况，这种决定可明确或间接地体现第三十一条第三款(甲)项所称的嗣后协定，或产生第三十一条第三款(乙)项或第三十二条所称的嗣后惯例。 |
| Decisions
adopted within the framework of a Conference of States Parties often
provide a non-exclusive range of practical options for implementing the
treaty. | 在缔约国大会框架内通过的决定通常为执行条约提供了非排他性的一系列可行选择。 |
| 3.
A decision adopted within the framework of a Conference of States
Parties embodies a subsequent agreement or subsequent practice under
article 31, paragraph 3, in so far as it expresses agreement in
substance between the parties regarding the interpretation of a treaty,
regardless of the form and the procedure by which the decision was
adopted, including by consensus. | 3. 在缔约国大会框架内通过的决定只要表达了缔约国之间就条约解释达成的实质性协议，则不论决定以何种形式和程序通过，包括经协商一致通过，均体现第三十一条第三款所称的嗣后协定或嗣后惯例。 |
| Commentary | 评注 |
| (1)
Draft conclusion 10 addresses a particular form of action by States
which may result in a subsequent agreement or subsequent practice under
article 31, paragraph 3, or subsequent practice under article 32,
namely, decisions adopted within the framework of Conferences of States
Parties. | (1) 结论10草案涉及国家达成第三十一条第三款所述嗣后协定或嗣后惯例或第三十二条所述嗣后惯例的一个具体的行动形式，即在缔约国大会框架下作出的决定。 |
| (2)
States typically use Conferences of States Parties as a form of action
for the continuous process of multilateral treaty review and
implementation. | (2) 各国通常利用缔约国大会作为多边条约的审查和实施持续进程的一种行动方式。 |
| Such Conferences can be roughly divided into two basic categories. | 这种大会可粗略地分为两个基本类别。 |
| First,
some Conferences are actually an organ of an international organization
within which States parties act in their capacity as members of that
organ (e.g. meetings of the States parties of the World Trade
Organization, the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons,
or the International Civil Aviation Organization). | 第一，此类大会事实上是国际组织的一个机关，缔约国在大会中以机关成员的身份采取行动(如世界贸易组织缔约方会议、禁止化学武器组织或国际民用航空组织)。 |
| Such
Conferences of States Parties do not fall within the scope of draft
conclusion 10, which does not address the subsequent practice of and
within international organizations. | 此类缔约方大会不属于结论10草案的范畴，结论10不涉及国际组织及其之中的嗣后惯例。 |
| Second,
other Conferences of States Parties are convened pursuant to treaties
that do not establish an international organization; | 第二，其他缔约国大会依照条约召集，条约并未规定设立国际组织； |
| rather, the treaty simply provides for more or less periodic meetings of the States parties for their review and implementation. | 仅规定缔约国举行定期或不定期的会议，以审查和实施条约。 |
| Such review conferences are frameworks for States parties’ cooperation and subsequent conduct with respect to the treaty. | 此类审查会议是缔约国 就条约进行合作和开展嗣后行动的框架。 |
| Either
type of Conference of States Parties may also have specific powers
concerning amendments and/or the adaptation of treaties. | 这两种缔约国大会都有可能具备有关修正和/或调整条约的特定权力。 |
| Examples
include the review conference process of the 1972 Biological Weapons
Convention (BWC), the Review Conference under article VIII (3) of the
1968 Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), and Conferences of States Parties
established by international environmental treaties. | 例如，1972年《生物武器公约》审查会议进程， 1968年《不扩散条约》第八条第3款规定的审查会议， 和国际环境条约所设立的缔约方大会。 |
| The
International Whaling Commission (IWC) under the International
Convention for the Regulation of Whaling is a borderline case between
the two basic categories of Conferences of States Parties and its
subsequent practice was considered in the judgment of the International
Court of Justice in the Whaling in the Antarctic case. | 依照《国际捕鲸管制公约》成立的国际捕鲸委员会 是界于这两类缔约方会议之间的一个例子， 国际法院在南极捕鲸案 的判决中考虑了它的嗣后惯例。 |
| (3) Since Conferences of States Parties are usually established by treaties they are, in a sense, ‘treaty bodies’. | (3) 由于缔约国大会通常由条约规定设立，因此缔约国大会在一定意义上是‘条约机构’。 |
| However, they should not be confused with bodies which are comprised of independent experts or bodies with a limited membership. | 但是，不能将其与由独立专家组成的机构或成员人数有限的机构混为一谈。 |
| Conferences of States Parties are more or less periodical meetings which are open to all of the parties of a treaty. | 缔约国大会是定期或不那么定期的会议，向条约全体缔约方开放。 |
| (4)
In order to acknowledge the wide diversity of Conferences of States
Parties and the rules under which they operate, paragraph 1 provides a
broad definition of the term “Conference of States Parties” for the
purpose of these draft conclusions, which only excludes action of
States as members of an organ of an international organization (which
will be the subject of a later draft conclusion). | (4) 为承认缔约国会议及其运作规则的广泛多样性，第1段为就本结论草案而言的“缔约国大会”一语提供了一个宽泛的定义，只是排除了作为国际组织机构成员的缔约国的行动(这是今后另一条结论草案的主题)。 |
| (5)
The first sentence of paragraph 2 recognizes that the legal
significance of any acts undertaken by Conferences of States Parties
depends, in the first instance, on the rules that govern the
Conferences of States Parties, notably the constituent treaty and any
applicable rules of procedure. | (5) 第2段第一句承认，缔约国大会采取的任何行动的法律意义首先取决于规范缔约国大会的规则，最主要的是组织条约和任何适用的程序规则。 |
| Conferences
of States Parties perform a variety of acts, including reviewing the
implementation of the treaty, reviewing the treaty itself, and
decisions under amendment procedures. | 缔约国大会开展各种行动，包括审查条约实施情况，审查条约本身，并通过修正程序作出决定。 |
| (6) The powers of a Conference of States Parties can be contained in general clauses or in specific provisions, or both. | (6) 缔约国大会的权力可以载于通则或具体条款中或两者兼有。 |
| For
example, Article 7 (2) of the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change begins with the following general language, before
enumerating thirteen specific tasks for the Conference, one of which
concerns examining the obligations of the Parties under the treaty: | 例如，《联合国气候变化框架公约》第七条第2款首先做了下面的总体论述，然后阐述会议的十三项具体任务，其中一条涉及审查缔约国在条约下的义务： |
| “The
Conference of the Parties, as the supreme body of this Convention,
shall keep under regular review the implementation of the Convention
and any related legal instruments that the Conference of the Parties
may adopt, and shall make, within its mandate, the decisions necessary
to promote the effective implementation of the Convention.” | “缔约方会议作为本公约的最高机构，应定期审评本公约和缔约方会议可能通过的任何相关法律文书的改造情况，并应在其职权范围内作出为促进本公约的有效履行所必要的决定。 |
| (7)
Specific provisions contained in various treaties refer to the
Conference of the Parties proposing “guidelines” for the implementation
of particular treaty provisions, or defining “the relevant principles,
modalities, rules and guidelines” for a treaty scheme. | ” (7) 不同条约中所载具体条款请缔约方会议提议实施条约具体条款的“准则” 或定义条约机制的“相关的原则、方式、规则和指南”。 |
| (8)
Amendment procedures (in a broad sense of the term) include procedures
by which the primary text of the treaty may be amended (the result of
which mostly requires ratification by States parties according to their
constitutional procedures), as well as tacit acceptance and opt-out
procedures that commonly apply to annexes, containing lists of
substances, species or other elements that need to be updated regularly. | (8) (广义的)修正程序包括条约主要案文 的修正程序(修正结果大多要求缔约国按照组织程序加以批准)以及默认接受和选择退出程序，后者通常适用于附件，其中载有需定期更新的物质、物种或其他要素清单。 |
| (9)
As a point of departure, paragraph 2 provides that the legal effect of
a decision adopted within the framework of a Conference of States
Parties depends primarily on the treaty in question and any applicable
rules of procedure. | (9) 首先，第2段规定，在缔约国大会框架内通过的决定所具有的法律效力主要取决于有关条约和可适用的议事规则。 |
| The
word “primarily” leaves room for subsidiary rules “unless the treaty
otherwise provides” (see e.g. articles 16, 20, 22, paragraph 1, 24, 70,
paragraph 1, and 72, paragraph 1, of the Vienna Convention on the Law
of Treaties). | “主要”一词为辅助规则“除条约另有规定外”(例见《维也纳条约法公约》第十六条、第二十条、第二十二条第一款、第二十四条、第七十条第一款和第七十二条第一款)留出了余地。 |
| The
word “any” clarifies that rules of procedure of Conferences of States
Parties, if they exist, will apply, given that there may be situations
where such conferences operate with no specifically adopted rules of
procedure. | “任何”一词是澄清说明，缔约国大会如有议事规则的话也将适用，因为也有一些情况，即缔约国大会在没有专门通过的议事规则的情况下运作。 |
| (10)
The second sentence of paragraph 2 recognizes that decisions of
Conferences of States Parties may constitute subsequent agreement or
subsequent practice for treaty interpretation under articles 31 and 32
of the Vienna Convention. | (10) 第2段第二句承认，缔约国大会的决定可构成《维也纳公约》第三十一条和第三十二条所述用于条约解释的嗣后协定或嗣后惯例。 |
| Decisions
adopted within the framework of Conferences of States Parties can
perform an important function for determining the Parties’ common
understanding of the meaning of the treaty. | 在缔约国大会框架内通过的决定可履行一个重要职能，即确定缔约国对于条约含义的共同理解。 |
| (11)
Decisions of Conferences of States Parties, inter alia, may constitute
or reflect subsequent agreements under article 31, paragraph 3 (a), by
which the parties interpret the underlying treaty. | (11) 缔约国大会的决定除其他外，可构成或体现第三十一条第三款(甲)项所述的嗣后协定，缔约国通过这些协定来解释基本的条约。 |
| For
example, the Biological Weapons Convention Review Conference has
regularly adopted “understandings and additional agreements” regarding
the interpretation of the Convention’s provisions. | 例如，《生物武器公约》审查会议就公约条款的解释定期通过了“谅解和补充协定”。 |
| These
agreements have been adopted by States Parties within the framework of
the review conferences, by consensus, and they “have evolved across all
articles of the treaty to address specific issues as and when they
arose”. | 这些协定由缔约国在审查会议框架内通过协商一致获得通过，协定“从条约的所有条款发展出来，解决可能出现的具体问题 ”。 |
| Through
these understandings, States Parties interpret the provisions of the
Convention by defining, specifying or otherwise elaborating on the
meaning and scope of the provisions, as well as through the adoption of
guidelines on their implementation. | 通过这些谅解，缔约国通过界定、明确或阐述条款的含义和范围并通过条款实施指南来解释条约的条款。 |
| The Biological Weapons Convention Implementation and Support Unit defines an “additional agreement” as one which: | 《生物武器公约》履约和支助股 将“补充协定”定义为： |
| (i) Interprets, defines or elaborates the meaning or scope of a provision of the Convention; | (一) 解释、定义或阐述公约某一条款的含义或范围； |
| or | 或 |
| (ii) Provides instructions, guidelines or recommendations on how a provision should be implemented. | (二) 就某一条款如何实施提供指导、准则或建议。 |
| (12)
Similarly, the Conference of States Parties under the London (Dumping)
Convention has adopted resolutions interpreting that convention. | (12) 与此相似，《伦敦倾倒公约》缔约国会议通过了解释《公约》的决议。 |
| The
Sub-Division for Legal Affairs of the International Maritime
Organization, upon a request of the governing bodies, opined as follows
in relation to an “interpretative resolution” of the Conference of
States Parties under the London Convention: | 国际海事组织法律事务处应管理机构的请求，就伦敦公约下缔约国会议的“解释性决议”提出了以下意见： |
| According
to article 31, paragraph (3) (a), of the Vienna Convention on the Law
of Treaties, 1969 (the Vienna Convention), subsequent agreements
between the Parties shall be taken into account in the interpretation
of a treaty. | 根据1969年《维也纳条约法公约》(《维也纳公约》)第三十一条第三款(甲)项，缔约方之间的嗣后协定可以在解释条约时加以考虑。 |
| The article does not provide for a specific form of the subsequent agreement containing such interpretation. | 这一条没有规定载有这种解释的嗣后协定的特定形式。 |
| This
seems to indicate that, provided its intention is clear, the
interpretation could take various forms, including a resolution adopted
at a meeting of the parties, or even a decision recorded in the summary
records of a meeting of the parties. | 这似乎是说，只要意向是明确的，解释可采取各种形式，包括在缔约方会议上通过的决议，甚至是在缔约方会议简要记录中记录下来的一项决定。 |
| (13) In as similar vein, the World Health Organization (WHO) Legal Counsel has stated in general terms that: | (13) 同样，世界卫生组织(卫生组织)法律顾问在更一般的意义上指出： |
| “Decisions
of the Conference of the Parties, as the supreme body comprising all
Parties to the FCTC, undoubtedly represent a ‘subsequent agreement
between the Parties regarding the interpretation of the treaty’, as
stated in Article 31 of the Vienna Convention”. | “作为由《烟草控制框架公约》全体缔约方组成的最高机构，缔约方会议无疑代表《维也纳公约》第三十一条中所述的“缔约方就解释条约达成的嗣后协定”。 |
| (14)
Commentators have also viewed decisions of Conferences of States
Parties as being capable of embodying subsequent agreements and have
observed that: | ” (14) 评论者也认为缔约方会议的决定可能体现嗣后协定 ，并指出： |
| “Such
declarations are not legally binding in and of themselves, but they may
have juridical significance, especially as a source of authoritative
interpretations of the treaty.” | “此类声明本身不具有法律约束力，但可以具有法律上的重要意义，特别是作为条约的作准解释资料。 |
| (15)
The International Court of Justice has held with respect to the role of
the IWC under the International Convention for the Regulation of
Whaling: | ” (15) 国际法院就《国际捕鲸管制公约》设立的国际捕鲸委员会的作用指出： |
| “Article
VI of the Convention states that ‘[t]he Commission may from time to
time make recommendations to any or all Contracting Governments on any
matters which relate to whales or whaling and to the objectives and
purposes of this Convention’. | “《公约》第六条称，“委员会可不定期地就涉及鲸或捕鲸以及本公约目标和宗旨的任何事项向任何或全体缔约国政府提出建议”。 |
| These recommendations, which take the form of resolutions, are not binding. | 这些建议可采取决议的形式，没有约束力。 |
| However,
when they are adopted by consensus or by a unanimous vote, they may be
relevant for the interpretation of the Convention or its Schedule.” | 但是，如果它们经由协商一致或一致投票而获得通过，则对于解释公约或其时间表具有意义。 |
| (16)
The following examples from the practice of Conferences of States
Parties support the proposition that decisions by such Conferences may
embody subsequent agreements under article 31, paragraph 3 (a): | ” (16) 来自缔约国实践的以下例子支持如下主张，即此类会议的决定可以体现第三十一条第三款(甲)项所述嗣后协定： |
| (17)
“Article I, paragraph 1, of the Biological Weapons Convention provides
that States parties undertake never in any circumstances to develop,
produce, stockpile or otherwise acquire or retain: | (17) “《生物武器公约》第一条第一款规定，缔约国承诺在任何情况下决不发展、生产、储存或以其他方法取得或保有： |
| Microbial
or other biological agents, or toxins whatever their origin or method
of production, of types and in quantities that have no justification
for prophylactic, protective or other peaceful purposes”; | 凡类型和数量不属于预防、保护或其他和平用途所正当需要的微生物剂或其他生物剂或毒素，不论其来源或生产方法如何”； |
| (18) At the third Review Conference (1991), States parties specified that: | (18) 在第三次审查会议(1991年)上，缔约国明确规定 |
| “the
prohibitions established in this provision relate to microbial or other
biological agents, or toxins, which are “harmful to plants and animals,
as well as humans (…)”; | “本条规定的禁止涉及“对植物和动物以及人有害的(…)”微生物剂或其他生物剂或毒素。 ” |
| (19)
Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Montreal Protocol has given rise to a
debate about the definition of its term “State not party to this
Protocol”. | (19) 《蒙特利尔议定书》第四条第9款引发了关于“非本议定书缔约国的国家”定义的一场辩论。 |
| According to Article 4, paragraph 9 | 根据第四条第9款 |
| “For
the purposes of this Article, the term ‘State not party to this
Protocol’ shall include, with respect to a particular controlled
substance, a State or regional economic integration organization that
has not agreed to be bound by the control measures in effect for that
substance.” | “为本条的目的，“非本议定书缔约国的国家”一词，以任何特定的控制物质而言，应包括尚未同意受当时对该物质生效的控制措施约束的每一国家或区域经济一体化组织。 ” |
| (20)
In the case of hydrochlorofluorocarbons (or HCFCs), two relevant
amendments, the Beijing amendment and the Copenhagen amendment, impose
obligations which raised the question as to whether a State, in order
to be “not party to this Protocol”, has to be a non-party with respect
to both amendments. | (20) 关于氢氟碳化合物(或称HCFCs)，两项相关的修正即“北京修正案”和“哥本哈根修正案”规定了义务，从而引发对一国为成为“非本议定书缔约国的国家”是否必须没有加入这两项修正案的问题。 |
| The COP decided that | 缔约国会议决定 |
| “The
term ‘State not party to this Protocol’ includes all other States and
regional economic integration organizations that have not agreed to be
bound by the Copenhagen and Beijing Amendments.” | “非本议定书缔约国的国家”包括所有尚未同意受《哥本哈根修正》和《北京修正》约束的其他国家和区域经济一体化组织。 |
| (21)
Whereas the acts which are the result of a tacit acceptance procedure
are not, as such, subsequent agreements by the parties under article
31, paragraph 3 (a), they can, in addition to their primary effect
under the treaty, under certain circumstances imply such a subsequent
agreement. | ” (21) 默认接受程序导致的行为 本身虽然不是第三十一条第三款(甲)项所述缔约方的嗣后协定，但它们除了条约规定的主要效力外，在有些情况下可以暗示存在这样一种嗣后协定。 |
| One
example concerns certain decisions of the Conference of the Parties to
the 1972 Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of
Wastes and Other Matter (London Convention). | 有一个例子涉及1972年《防止倾倒废物及其他物质污染海洋的公约》 (《伦敦公约》)缔约方会议的某些决定。 |
| At
its sixteenth meeting, held in 1993, the Consultative Meeting of
Contracting Parties adopted three amendments to annex I by way of the
tacit acceptance procedure provided for in the Convention. | 在1993年举行的第十六次会议上，缔约方磋商会议以《公约》规定的默认接受程序通过了对附件一的三项修正。 |
| As such, these amendments were not subsequent agreements. | 这样的话，这些修正并非嗣后协定。 |
| They did, however, also imply a wide-ranging interpretation of the underlying treaty itself. | 但是，它们确实暗示对基本条约本身的广泛的解释。 |
| The
amendment refers to and builds on a resolution that was adopted by the
Consultative Meeting held three years earlier and which had established
the agreement of the parties that “[t]he London Dumping Convention is
the appropriate body to address the issue of low-level radioactive
waste disposal into sub-seabed repositories accessed from the sea”. | 这些修正所指及其依据是三年前举行的磋商会议通过的一项决议，其中确立了缔约方的协定，即“《伦敦倾倒公约》是处理向通过海洋进入的海床下处置库倾倒低放射性废物问题的适当机构”。 |
| The
resolution has been described as “effectively expand[ing] the
definition of ‘dumping’ under the Convention by deciding that this term
covers the disposal of waste into or under the seabed from the sea but
not from land by tunnelling”. | 该决议被称为“实际扩展了《公约》下‘倾倒’的定义，决定该词包括从海上向海床中或海床下而不仅是通过管道从陆地上倾倒废物的作法”。 |
| Thus,
the amendment confirmed that the interpretative resolution contained a
subsequent agreement regarding the interpretation of the treaty. | 这样一来，修正案确认，解释性声明包括了有关条约解释的一个嗣后协定。 |
| (22)
The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of
Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal provides in Article 17, paragraph
5, that “Amendments (…) shall enter into force between Parties having
accepted them on the ninetieth day after the receipt by the Depositary
of their instrument of ratification, approval, formal confirmation or
acceptance by at least three-fourths of the Parties who accepted them
(…)”. | (22) 《控制危险废物越境转移及其处置的巴塞尔公约》第17条第5款规定，“修正案(…)将自保存人收到至少四分之三的接受修正案的缔约方的批准、核准、正式确认或接受文书之日后第九十天起生效(…)”。 |
| Led
by an Indonesian-Swiss initiative, the Conference of the Parties
decided to clarify the requirement of the acceptance by three-fourths
of the Parties, by agreeing, | 按照印度尼西亚－瑞士牵头的一项提议，缔约方会议决定澄清关于四分之三的缔约方接受的规定，同意 |
| “without
prejudice to any other multilateral environmental agreement, that the
meaning of paragraph 5 of Article 17 of the Basel Convention should be
interpreted to mean that the acceptance of three-fourths of those
parties that were parties at the time of the adoption of the amendment
is required for the entry into force of such amendment, noting that
such an interpretation of paragraph 5 of Article 17 does not compel any
party to ratify the Ban Amendment.” | “在不影响任何多边环境协定的前提下，《巴塞尔公约》第17条第5款的含义应 解释为意指该修正案生效所要求的是得到在通过修正案之时缔约方总数的四分之三国家的接受，同时指出对第17条第5款的这一解释不要求任何缔约方批准《禁止议定书》。 ” |
| The
parties adopted this decision on the interpretation of article 17,
paragraph 5, by consensus, with many States Parties underlining that
the Conferences of the States Parties to any convention are “the
ultimate authority as to its interpretation”. | 缔约方以协商一致方式通过了关于第17条第5款解释的这个决定，当时许多缔约国强调指出，任何公约的缔约方会议是“关于公约解释的最高机构”。 |
| While
this suggests that the decision embodies a subsequent agreement of the
parties under article 31, paragraph 3 (a), the decision was taken after
a debate about whether a formal amendment of the Convention was
necessary to achieve this result. | 虽然这样说是意味着，决定体现第三十一条第三款(甲)项所述的缔约方的一个嗣后协定，但在作出这一决定前也进行了辩论，即是否必须对公约作出正式修正案才能达成这一结果。 |
| It
should also be noted that Japan, requesting that this position be
reflected in the Conference’s Report, stated that his delegation
“supported the current-time approach to the interpretation of the
provision of the Convention regarding entry into force of amendments,
as described in a legal advice provided by the United Nations Office of
Legal Affairs as the Depositary, and had accepted the fixed-time
approach enunciated in the decision on the Indonesian-Swiss country-led
initiative only in this particular instance.” | 还应当指
出，日本要求在会议报告中写入本国立场，称该国代表团“支持对于解释条约有关修正案生效条款的当前时段的办法，也就是联合国法律事务厅作为保存人提供的咨
询意见中叙述的办法，并且只是在这一具体情况下接受印度尼西亚－瑞士牵头倡议的决定中阐述的固定时段的办法。 ” |
| (23)
The preceding examples demonstrate that decisions of Conferences of
States Parties may embody under certain circumstances subsequent
agreements under article 31, paragraph 3 (a), and give rise to
subsequent practice under articles 31, paragraph 3 (b), or to other
subsequent practice under article 32 if they do not reflect agreement
of the parties. | (23) 前述例子表明，缔约方会议的决定可能在特定情形下体现第三十一条第三款(甲)项所述的嗣后协定，也可能引起第三十一条第三款(乙)项下所述的嗣后惯例，如果不反映缔约方的协定，也可能引起第三十二条所述其他的嗣后惯例。 |
| The respective character of a decision of a Conference of States Parties, however, must always be carefully identified. | 但是，对缔约方会议一项决定的特点必须始终仔细地加以确定。 |
| For
this purpose, the specificity and the clarity of the terms chosen in
the light of the text of the Conference of the States Parties decision
as a whole, its object and purpose, and the way in which it is applied,
need to be taken into account. | 为此目的，应结合缔约方会议决定的总体文字、其目的和宗旨以及适用的方式对所选择术语的特定性和明确性予以考虑。 |
| The parties often do not intend that such a decision has any particular legal significance. | 缔约方通常不希望此类决定具有任何特定的法律意义。 |
| (24)
The last sentence of paragraph 2 of draft conclusion 10 reminds the
interpreter that decisions of Conferences of States Parties often
provide a range of practical options for implementing the treaty, which
may not necessarily embody a subsequent agreement and subsequent
practice for the purpose of treaty interpretation. | (24) 结论10草案第2段最后一句提醒解释者，缔约国大会通过的决定通常为执行条约提供一系列可行的选择，但不一定体现为满足条约解释目的的嗣后协定和嗣后惯例。 |
| Indeed,
Conferences of States Parties often do not explicitly seek to resolve
or address questions of interpretation of a treaty. | 事实上，缔约国大会常常不是明确地以解决或处理条约解释问题为目的。 |
| (25) A decision by the Conference of the States Parties to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control provides an example. | (25) 卫生组织《烟草管制框架公约》缔约方会议的决定提供了一个例子。 |
| Articles
9 and 10 of the Convention deal, respectively, with the regulation of
the contents of tobacco products, and with the regulation of the
disclosure of information regarding the contents of such products. | 该公约第9条和第10条分别涉及烟草制品成分的管制和对于披露此类制品成分信息的管制。 |
| Acknowledging
that such measures require the allocation of significant financial
resources, the States Parties agreed, under the title of “practical
considerations” for the implementation of articles 9 and 10, on “some
options that Parties could consider using”, such as | 缔约国承认此类措施需要分配大量的财政资源，故而在实施第9条和第10条的“实际考虑”的标题下商定了“缔约国可考虑使用的一些选择”，如 |
| “(a) designated tobacco taxes; | “(a) 指定的烟草税； |
| (b) tobacco manufacturing and/or importing licensing fees; | (b) 烟草生产和/或进口许可费； |
| (c) tobacco product registration fees; | (c) 烟草产品登记费； |
| (d) licensing of tobacco distributors and/or retailers; | (d) 烟草批发商和/或零售商许可证制度； |
| (e) non-compliance fees levied on the tobacco industry and retailers; | (e) 对烟草行业和零售商征收的违规罚款； |
| and | 和 |
| (f) annual tobacco surveillance fees (tobacco industry and retailers).” | (f) 每年的烟草业管理费(烟草业和零售商)。 |
| This decision provides a non-exhaustive range of practical options for implementing articles 9 and 10 of the Convention. | ” 该决定提供了执行《公约》第9条和第10条的一系列可行选择，但并非详尽无遗。 |
| The
parties have thereby, however, implicitly agreed that the stated
“options” would, as such, be compatible with the Convention. | 但是，缔约方据此默示商定，所述的“选择”与《公约》是相称的。 |
| (26) It follows that decisions of Conferences of States Parties may have different legal effects. | (26) 这样一来，缔约方会议的决定可以具有不同的法律效力。 |
| Such
decisions are often not intended to embody a subsequent agreement under
article 31, paragraph 3 (a), by themselves because they are not meant
to be a statement regarding the interpretation of the treaty. | 此类决定往往并不是为了本身体现第三十一条第三款(甲)项所述的嗣后协定，因为它们不是作为关于解释条约的一种陈述。 |
| In
other cases the parties have made it sufficiently clear that the
Conference of State Parties decision embodies their agreement regarding
the interpretation of the treaty. | 在另外一些案例中，缔约方充分明确地指出，缔约方会议的决定体现缔约方就解释条约达成的协定。 |
| In
still other cases they may produce a legal effect in combination with a
general duty to cooperate under the treaty, which then puts the parties
“under an obligation to give due regard” to such a decision. | 还有一些情况，此类决定可能产生一种法律效力，结合到在条约下合作的一般性义务，就使缔约方“有义务”对此类决定“给予应有的注意”。 |
| In
any case, it cannot simply be said that because the treaty does not
accord the Conference of the States Parties a competence to take
legally binding decisions, their decisions are necessarily legally
irrelevant and constitute only political commitments. | 在任何情况下，都不能简单地说，由于条约没有赋予缔约方会议作出有法律约束力决定的职能，因此它们的决定必须在法律上没有什么意义，只能构成政治承诺。 |
| (27)
Ultimately, the effect of a decision of a Conference of States Parties
depends on the circumstances of each particular case and such decisions
need to be properly interpreted. | (27) 归根结底，缔约方会议决定的效力取决于每个具体案件的具体情况，对这些决定也需要加以正确的解释。 |
| A
relevant consideration may be whether States parties uniformly or
without challenge apply the treaty as interpreted by the Conference of
States Parties decision. | 一个适用的考虑可能 是，缔约方是一致或在没有质疑的情况下适用缔约方会议决定所解释的条约。 |
| Discordant
practice following a Conference of States Parties decision may be an
indication that States did not assume that the decision would be a
subsequent agreement under article 31, paragraph 3 (a). | 在缔约方会议后出现不一致的惯例可能就表明各国并没有推定这一决定系第三十一条第三款(甲)项所述的嗣后协定。 |
| Conference
of States Parties’ decisions which do not qualify as subsequent
agreements under article 31, paragraph 3 (a), or as subsequent practice
under article 31, paragraph 3 (b), nevertheless may be a subsidiary
means of interpretation under article 32. | 但是，不能作为第三十一条第三款(甲)项所述嗣后协定或第三十一条第三款(乙)项所述嗣后惯例的那些缔约方会议的决定仍有可能构成第三十二条所述补充的解释资料。 |
| (28)
Paragraph 3 sets forth the principle that agreements regarding the
interpretation of a treaty under article 31, paragraph 3, must relate
to the content of the treaty. | (28) 第3段列出了以下原则，即第三十一条第三款所述关于条约 解释的协定必须涉及到条约的内容。 |
| Thus,
what is important is the substance of the agreement embodied in the
decision of the Conference of States Parties and not the form or
procedure by which that decision is reached. | 因此，重要的是缔约方会议决定所体现的协定的内容，而不是达成这一决定的形式或程序。 |
| Acts
which originate from Conferences of States Parties may have different
forms and designations, and they may be the result of different
procedures. | 缔约方会议的行为可能具有不同的形式和特点，并可能是源于不同的程序。 |
| Conferences of States Parties may even operate without formally adopted rules of procedure. | 缔约方会议有可能甚至在没有正式通过的议事规则的情况下举行。 |
| If
the decision of the Conference of States Parties is based on a
unanimous vote in which all parties participate, it may clearly embody
a “subsequent agreement” under article 31, paragraph 3 (a), provided
that it is “regarding the interpretation of the treaty”. | 如果缔约方会议的决定是 是基于全体缔约方都参加的一致投票，则其有可能明确体现第三十一条第三款(甲)项所述的“嗣后协定”，只要该协定是“关于条约之解释”的。 |
| (29)
Conference of States Parties decisions regarding review and
implementation functions, however, normally are adopted by consensus. | (29) 但是，缔约方会议有关审查和实施职能的决定通常以协商一致的方式通过。 |
| This
practice derives from rules of procedure which usually require States
parties to make every effort to achieve consensus on substantive
matters. | 这种做法源于通常要求缔约方尽一切努力就实质性事项达成协商一致的议事规则。 |
| An
early example can be found in the Provisional Rules of Procedure for
the Review Conference of the Parties to the Biological Weapons
Convention. | 早期的一个例子见《生物武器公约》缔约方会议审查会议的议事规则。 |
| According to rule 28, paragraph 2: | 按照规则28的第2段： |
| “The
task of the Review Conference being to review the operation of the
Convention with a view to assuring that the purposes of the preamble
and the provisions of the Convention are being realized, and thus to
strengthen its effectiveness, every effort should be made to reach
agreement on substantive matters by means of consensus. | “审查会议的任务是审查公约实施情况，以期确保公约序言和条款的宗旨得到实现。 因此，为加强公约的效力，应当尽一切努力以协商一致的办法就实质性事项达成一致意见。 |
| There should be no voting on such matters until all efforts to achieve consensus have been exhausted.” | 除非为取得协商一致已经用尽一切努力，否则不应在这种事项上采取投票的办法。 |
| This
formula, with only minor variations, has become the standard with
regard to substantive decision-making procedures at Conferences of
States Parties. | ” 这种表述业已成为关于缔约方会议实质性决策程序的标准表述，只有细微的差异。 |
| (30)
In order to address concerns relating to decisions adopted by
consensus, the phrase “including by consensus” was introduced at the
end of paragraph 3 in order to dispel the notion that a decision by
consensus would necessarily be equated with agreement in substance. | (30) 为解决对于以协商一致方式通过决定的关切，在第3段的中间包括了“包括经协商一致通过”一语，以消除一种观念，即通过协商一致作出的决定必然等同于实质性的一致意见。 |
| Indeed, consensus is not a concept which necessarily indicates any particular degree of agreement on substance. | 事实上，协商一致这一概念并不必然表明就实质事项达成任何程度上的协定。 |
| According
to the Comments on some Procedural Questions issued by the Office of
Legal Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat in accordance with
United Nations General Assembly resolution 60/286 (2006): | 按照联合国秘书处法律事务厅依照联合国大会第60/286 (2006)号决议发布的“关于某些程序性问题的评论”： |
| “Consensus
is generally understood as a decision-taking process consisting in
arriving at a decision without formal objections and vote. | “协商一致通常被解释为一个作出决定的进程，以没有正式反对意见也不通过正式投票的方式作出决定。 |
| It may however not necessarily reflect ‘unanimity’ of opinion on the substantive matter. | 但是，协商一致并不一定体现说，在实质性事项上意见“完全统一”。 |
| It
is used to describe the practice under which every effort is made to
achieve general agreement and no delegation objects explicitly to a
consensus being recorded.” | 协商一致是用来说明一种做法，即为取得总体一致意见而尽一切努力，没有代表团明确反对所记录下来的协商一致意见。 |
| (31) It follows that adoption by consensus is not a sufficient condition for an agreement under article 31, paragraph 3 (b). | ” (31) 这样一来，以协商一致通过并非第三十一条第三款(乙)项所述协定的充分条件。 |
| The
rules of procedure of Conferences of States Parties usually do not give
an indication as to the possible legal effect of a resolution as a
subsequent agreement under article 31, paragraph 3 (a) or a subsequent
practice under article 31, paragraph 3 (b). | 缔约方会议议事规则通常并不表明决议 作为第三十一条第三款(甲)项所述嗣后协定或第三十一条第三款(乙)项所述嗣后惯例的可能的法律效力。 |
| Such
rules of procedure only determine how the Conference of States Parties
shall adopt its decisions, not their possible legal effect as a
subsequent agreement under article 31, paragraph 3. | 这种议事规则只能决定缔约方会议如何通过其决定，而不能确定其作为第三十一条第三款所述嗣后协定的可能的法律效力。 |
| Although
subsequent agreements under article 31, paragraph 3 (a) need not be
binding as such, the Vienna Convention attributes them a legal effect
under article 31 only if there exists agreement in substance among the
parties concerning the interpretation of a treaty. | 尽管第三十一条第三款(甲)项所述嗣后协定不必有这样的约束力，《维也纳公约》只在缔约方就条约解释存在实质性协定的情况下才赋予这种协商一致以第三十一条下的法律效力。 |
| The
International Court of Justice has confirmed that the distinction
between the form of a collective decision and the agreement in
substance is pertinent in such a context. | 国际法院已经确认，在这种情况下，集体性决定的形式与对于实质的一致意见之间的区别是有关系的。 |
| (32)
That certain decisions, despite having been declared as being adopted
by consensus, cannot represent a subsequent agreement under article 31,
paragraph 3 (a), is especially true when there exists an objection by
one or more States Parties to that consensus. | (32) 有些决定尽管被宣布为经协商一致通过，也不能作为第三十一条第三款(甲)项所述嗣后协定，在有一个或多个缔约方反对这种协商一致的情况下尤其如此。 |
| (33)
For example, at its Sixth Meeting in 2002, the Conference of the States
Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity worked on formulating
guiding principles for the prevention, introduction and mitigation of
impacts of alien species that threaten ecosystems, habitats or species. | (33) 例如，在2002年举行的《生物多样性公约》缔约方会议第六次会议上，缔约方会议着手拟订防止、引入和减轻威胁生态系统、栖息地和物种的侵入性物种的指导原则。 |
| After
several efforts to reach an agreement had failed, the President of the
Conference of the States Parties proposed that the decision be adopted,
and the reservations which Australia had raised be recorded in the
final report of the meeting. | 在几次争取达成一致意见的努力失败后，缔约方会议主席建议通过决定，在会议最后报告中记录澳大利亚提出的保留。 |
| Australia’s
representative, however, reiterated that the guiding principles could
not be accepted and that “his formal objection therefore stood”. | 但是，澳大利亚的代表重申，不能接受指导原则，“因此他的正式反对意见仍然存在”。 |
| The
President declared the debate closed and, “following established
practice”, declared the decision adopted without a vote, clarifying
that the objections of the dissenting States would be reflected in the
final report of the meeting. | 主席宣布结束辩论，并“遵照已有惯例”，宣布决定未经投票获得通过，并澄清说反对国家的反对意见将反映在会议最后报告中。 |
| Following
the adoption, Australia reiterated its view that consensus is adoption
without formal objection, and expressed concerns about the legality of
the adoption of the draft decision. | 在通过决定之后，澳大利亚重申其观点，即协商一致是指在没有正式反对意见的情况下获得通过，并对决定草案通过的合法性表示关切。 |
| As
a result, a footnote to decision VI/23 indicates that “one
representative entered a formal objection during the process leading to
the adoption of this decision and underlined that he did not believe
that the Conference of the Parties could legitimately adopt a motion or
a text with a formal objection in place”. | 因此，第VI/23号决定的一个脚注指出“有一名代表在本决定通过过程中提出了正式反对意见，并强调指出，他不认为缔约方会议可在有正式反对意见的情况下合法地通过一项动议或案文”。 |
| (34)
In this situation, the Executive Secretary of the Convention on
Biological Diversity requested a legal opinion from the United Nations
Legal Counsel. | (34) 在这种情况下，《生物多样性公约》执行秘书请联合国法律顾问提供法律意见。 |
| The
opinion by the UN Legal Counsel expressed the view that a party could
“disassociate from the substance or text of the document, indicate that
joining consensus does not constitute acceptance of the substance or
text or parts of the document and/or present any other restrictions on
its Government’s position on the substance or text of the document (…)”. | 联合国法律顾问的意见 表达了这样一种观点，即一个缔约方可以“不参与文件的实质或案文，表示加入协商一致并不构成对文件实质或案文或其中一部分的接受，并且/或者就本国政府对于文件实质或案文的立场提出任何其他的限制(…)。 |
| Thus,
it is clear that a decision by consensus can occur in the face of
rejection of the substance of the decision by one or more of the States
Parties. | ” 因此，显然通过协商一致取得决定可以在一个或多个缔约方反对决定实质内容的情况下发生。 |
| (35)
The decision under the Convention on Biological Diversity, as well as a
similar decision reached in Cancún in 2010 by the Meeting of the
Parties to the Kyoto Protocol to the Climate Change Convention
(Bolivia’s objection notwithstanding), raise the important question of
what “consensus” means. | (35) 在《生物多样性公约》下作出的决定和2010年《气候变化公约京都议定书》缔约方会议在坎昆达成的一项类似决定(尽管有玻利维亚的反对意见)， 提出了“协商一致”是指什么的重要问题。 |
| However,
this question, which does not fall within the scope of the present
topic, must be distinguished from the question of whether all the
parties to a treaty have arrived at an agreement in substance on
matters of interpretation of that treaty under article 31, paragraphs 3
(a) and (b). | 但是，对于不属于本专题讨论范围的这个问题，必须与是否条约全体缔约方就第三十一条第三款(甲)项和(乙)项所述条约解释的事项达成实质性一致意见的问题区分。 |
| Decisions
by Conferences of States Parties, which do not reflect agreement in
substance among all the parties, do not qualify as agreements under
article 31, paragraph 3, but maybe a form of “other subsequent
practice” under article 32 (see draft conclusion 4, paragraph 3). | 缔约方会议不能体现全体缔约方就实质问题达成一致意见的决定不能作为第三十一条第三款所述的协定，但可能作为第三十二条所述“其他嗣后惯例”的一种形式(见结论4草案第3段)。 |
| (36)
A different issue concerns the legal effect of a decision of a
Conference of the Parties once it qualifies as an agreement under
article 31, paragraph (3). | (36) 另一个问题涉及当缔约方会议的决定符合第三十一条第三款下所述协定的情况时其法律效力的问题。 |
| In
2011, the IMO Sub-Division for Legal Affairs was asked to “advise the
governing bodies […] about the procedural requirements in relation to a
decision on an interpretative resolution and, in particular, whether or
not consensus would be needed for such a decision”. | 2011年，海事组织法律事务处收到要求，要“向理事机构[…]就关于解释性决议作出决定的程序性要求提供咨询意见，具体说来，此类决定是否需要协商一致。 |
| In
its response, while confirming that a resolution by the Conference of
States Parties can constitute, in principle, a subsequent agreement
under article 31, paragraph 3 (a), the IMO Sub-Division for Legal
Affairs advised the governing bodies that even if the Conference were
to adopt a decision based on consensus, that would not mean that the
decision would be binding on all the parties. | ” 法律处在答复中申明，缔约方会议的决议原则上可以构成第三十一条第三款(甲)项所述的嗣后协定，同时向理事机构建议，即使会议基于协商一致通过一项决定，这也不能意味着这一决定对全体缔约方有约束力。 |
| (37)
Although the opinion of the IMO Sub-Division for Legal Affairs
proceeded from the erroneous assumption that a “subsequent agreement”
under article 31, paragraph 3 (a), would only be binding “as a treaty,
or an amendment thereto”, it came to the correct conclusion that even
if the consensus decision by a Conference of the Parties embodies an
agreement regarding interpretation in substance it is not (necessarily)
binding upon the parties. | (37)
尽管海事组织法律处的意见是来自一个错误的假定，即第三十一条第三款(甲)项所述“嗣后协定”只能“作为一项条约或其修正案”有约束力，但它得出的是一个
正确的结论，即即使缔约方会议的协商一致决定体现关于解释的一项协定，但在实质上，它并不(必然)对全体缔约方有约束力。 |
| Rather,
as the Commission has indicated, a subsequent agreement under article
31, paragraph 3 (a), is only one of different means of interpretation
to be taken into account in the process of interpretation. | 相反，正如委员会指出的那样，第三十一条第三款(甲)项所述的嗣后协定只是在解释过程中予以考虑的不同的解释资料中的一项。 |
| (38)
Thus, interpretative resolutions by Conferences of States Parties which
are adopted by consensus, even if they are not binding as such, can
nevertheless be subsequent agreements under article 31, paragraph 3
(a), or subsequent practice under article 31, paragraph 3 (b), if there
are sufficient indications that that was the intention of the parties
at the time of the adoption of the decision, or if the subsequent
practice of the parties establishes an agreement on the interpretation
of the treaty. | (38)
因此，缔约方会议以协商一致方式通过的解释性决议即使本身不具有约束力，也仍然可以成为第三十一条第三款(甲)项所述的嗣后协定或第三十一条第三款(乙)
项所述的嗣后惯例，条件是有充分的情况表明这是缔约方在通过决定时的意向，或缔约方的嗣后惯例确立了对于解释条约的一个协定。 |
| The
interpreter must give appropriate weight to such an interpretative
resolution under article 31, paragraph 3 (a), but not necessarily treat
it as legally binding. | 解释者在第三十一条第三款(甲)项下对这种解释性决议给予应有的权重，但不一定视其为有法律约束力。 |
| Chapter VIII Protection of the atmosphere | 第八章 保护大气层 |
| A. Introduction | A. 导言 |
| 77.
The Commission, at its sixty-third session (2011), decided to include
the topic “Protection of the atmosphere” in its long-term programme of
work, on the basis of the proposal, which was reproduced in annex B to
the report of the Commission on the work of that session. | 77. 委员会第六十三届会议(2011年)决定将“保护大气层”专题列入其长期工作方案。 这是委员会根据该届会议工作报告附件B所载录的建议 作出的决定。 |
| The
General Assembly, in paragraph 7 of its resolution 66/98 of 9 December
2011, took note of the inclusion of the topic in the Commission’s
long-term programme of work. | 大会2011年12月9日第66/98号决议第7段注意到委员会将此专题列入其长期工作方案。 |
| 78.
At its 3197th meeting, on 9 August 2013, the Commission decided to
include the topic “Protection of the atmosphere” in its programme of
work, together with an understanding, and to appoint Mr. Shinya Murase
as Special Rapporteur for the topic. | 78. 在2013年8月9日第3197次会议上，委员会决定将“保护大气层”专题连同一项谅解 列入其工作方案，并任命村濑信也先生为该专题特别报告员。 |
| B. Consideration of the topic at the present session | B. 本届会议审议此专题的情况 |
| 79. At the present session, the Commission had before it the first report of the Special Rapporteur (A/CN.4/667). | 79. 委员会本届会议收到了特别报告员的第一次报告(A/CN.4/667)。 |
| The Commission considered the report at its 3209th to 3214th meetings, on 22, 23, 27, 28 and 30 May and on 3 June 2014. | 委员会在2014年5月22、23、27、28和30日以及6月3日举行的第3209次至第3214次会议上审议了该报告。 |
| 1. Introduction by the Special Rapporteur of the first report | 1. 特别报告员介绍第一次报告 |
| 80.
The first report sought to address the general objective of the
project, including providing the rationale for work on the topic,
delineating its general scope, identifying the relevant basic concepts
and offering perspectives and approaches to be taken with respect to
the subject. | 80. 本报告旨在处理该项目的总体目标，包括说明就此专题开展工作的理由，划定一般范围，找出有关基本概念，提出处理此专题拟采用的观点和方法。 |
| In
this connection, the report provided an overview of the evolution of
international law on the protection of the atmosphere, discussed the
relevant sources of law, including customary international law, treaty
practice, and jurisprudence, and analyzed definitional aspects of the
topic, elements pertinent to delineating the scope and the question of
the legal status of the atmosphere, while offering draft guidelines
therefor. | 为此，本报告概述了与保护大气层有关的国际法的演变，讨论了有关的法律渊源，包括习惯国际法、条约实践、判例，分析了专题所涉及的定义的各方面、与划定专题范围有关的要点以及大气层的法律地位问题，同时提出了相应的指南草案。 |
| 81.
In introducing the report, the Special Rapporteur, recalling the
background to the inclusion of the topic in the agenda of the
Commission, as well as the debates in the Sixth Committee of the
General Assembly, underlined that he took seriously the criticisms made
regarding the feasibility of the topic, given its highly technical
nature, as well as the treaty-based rules of the law in this field. | 81. 特别报告员在介绍报告时回顾了委员会将此专题列入议程的背景和大会第六委员会进行的辩论，强调说，鉴于专题的技术性，他认真地对待了关于专题可行性的批评意见以及这一领域基于条约的规则。 |
| He,
together with the Commission, would seek to consult the experts in the
field for scientific and technical advice, as an understanding of the
scientific and technical aspects of the atmospheric degradation was
essential to effectively addressing the protection of the atmosphere. | 他将与委员会一起努力向这一领域的专家征求科学技术咨询意见，因为了解大气层退化问题的科学技术方面对于处理保护大气层问题是十分必要的。 |
| Moreover,
he stressed that the report was prepared in full compliance with the
2013 understanding and assured the Commission, in particular, that he
had neither the intention to interfere with relevant political
negotiations nor to deal with specific polluting substances. | 此外，他强调该报告完全符合2013年谅解，并向委员会具体保证说，他既无意干预有关的政治谈判，也无意处理特定的污染物质。 |
| At
the same time, he noted that, as the understanding was “without
prejudice”, the Commission was not precluded from referring to certain
questions mentioned in paragraph (a) of the understanding in the study
of the topic. | 同时，他指出，由于谅解是“不妨碍”的，委员会在专题的研究中提到谅解(a)段中提到的一些问题并非不可。 |
| The
main task for the Commission consisted in identifying custom, whether
established or emerging, regarding the topic and identifying, rather
than filling, any gaps in the existing treaty regimes, while also
seeking to explore possible mechanisms of international cooperation. | 委员会的主要任务是查明与专题有关的习惯，无论是已经确立的还是正出现的习惯； 查明现有的条约制度中是否存在任何空白，但不是填补这种空白； 同时也力求探索可能的国际合作机制。 |
| 82.
Recalling that the deteriorating state of the atmosphere had made its
protection a pressing concern for the international community, the
Special Rapporteur noted that the topic presented an opportunity for
the Commission to address issues pertaining to special regimes from the
perspective of general international law, a functional responsibility
that the Commission was well placed to discharge. | 82. 特别报告员提到，大气层状况的恶化已经使保护大气层问题成了国际社会的一项紧迫的关切，指出该专题提供了一个机会，可以让委员会从一般国际法的角度来处理与特别制度有关的问题，这也是委员会完全能够履行的一项职责。 |
| In
his view, there was abundant evidence of State practice, including
treaties, judicial precedents, and other normative documents, which
would enable the Commission to address the topic essentially as a legal
question rather than a political one. | 他认为存在着大量的国家实践证据，包括条约、司法判例及其他规范性文件，将使委员会能够从根本上将这一专题作为一个法律问题，而不是一个政治问题加以处理。 |
| The
Special Rapporteur also offered a historical sketch of the development
of international law relating to the atmosphere, beginning in the 6th
Century, to the 18th Century, when its modern history begins, leading
to the locus classicus in relation to transboundary air pollution in
the Trail Smelter award of 1941 and culminating in the concretization
of international environmental law as a specialized field of study in
subsequent years, including in the 1970s with the adoption of the
Stockholm Declaration. | 特别报告员还概括地叙述了与大气层有关的国际法发展历史，从
公元6世纪到这一领域现代国际法开始发展的18世纪，一直到1941年关于跨界空气污染的特雷尔裁决的经典案例，最后到现代环境法作为专门研究领域在随后
一些年具体成形的过程，包括在20世纪70年代《斯德哥尔摩宣言》的通过。 |
| He advocated a detailed and critical study of the topic based on the various sources of international law on the subject. | 他主张根据与这一问题有关的各种国际法渊源来对此专题进行详细和批判性研究。 |
| 83.
The Special Rapporteur highlighted that the contemporary challenges to
the atmosphere concerned three areas, namely (a) tropospheric
transboundary air pollution, (b) stratospheric ozone depletion and (c)
climate change, while also noting, in that regard, that there was no
treaty regime that covered all areas of atmospheric problems, nor
treated the atmosphere as a global single unit, even though
treaty-making activities had been undertaken with respect to each area. | 83.
特别报告员强调指出，大气层面对的当代挑战涉及三个方面，即(a) 对流层跨界空气污染，(b) 平流层臭氧消耗及(c)
气候变化，同时也指出，在这方面，没有一个条约制度涵盖大气层问题的所有领域，也没有一个条约制度将大气层作为一个全球性的单一单元来对待，尽管针对每一
个区域进行了制定条约的活动。 |
| 84. The Special
Rapporteur offered: relevant information on the physical
characteristics of the atmosphere, serving as the basis for the
definition of “atmosphere” for the purposes of the draft guidelines; | 84. 特别报告员提供了关于大气层物理特性的有关信息，可用作为本指南草案的目的拟订“大气层”定义的基础； |
| broad
outlines of the various elements comprising the scope of the project,
with a view to identifying the main legal questions to be covered; | 粗略地概述了构成本项目范围的各个要素，以确定所要涵盖的主要法律问题； |
| and
an analysis of the question of the legal status of the atmosphere,
which he considered to be a prerequisite for the Commission’s
consideration of the topic. | 分析了大气层的法律地位问题，他认为这是委员会审议该专题的先决条件。 |
| In
particular, he favoured the application of the concept “common concern
of humankind” to characterize the legal status of the atmosphere rather
than either res communis or common heritage of mankind. | 他尤其赞成用“人类的共同关切”这个概念来描述大气层的法律地位，而不是用共有物或人类共同遗产的概念。 |
| In
this context, he also introduced three draft guidelines, which were of
a general nature, proposed in his first report, concerning the (a)
definition of the term “atmosphere”, addressing both its substantive
aspect, as a layer of gases, and its functional aspect, as a medium
within which the transport and dispersion of airborne substances occurs; | 在这方面，他还介绍了其报告所载的三条一般性指南草案，分别涉及：(a)“大气层”这一术语的定义，既涉及其实质内含，即气层，又涉及它的功能方面，即气载物质在其中得到输送和扩散的介质； |
| (b)
the scope of the draft guidelines, which would encompass addressing
atmospheric degradation caused by anthropogenic activities that involve
the introduction of deleterious substances or energy into the
atmosphere and the alteration of its composition, seeking to protect
both the natural and human environment, and drawing interlinkages
between the atmosphere with other areas such as the sea, biodiversity
(forestry, desertification and wetland), and other aspects of human
activity and the law governing such activities; | (b) 指南草案的范围， 这将包括处理涉及将有害物质引入大气层和改变其构成的人类活动引起的大气退化，力求既保护自然环境又保护人文环境，论述了大气层与其他领域如海洋、生物多样性(林业、荒漠化、湿地)以及人类活动其他方面和管理此类活动的法律之间的相互联系； |
| and
(c) the legal status of the atmosphere, projecting the atmosphere as a
natural resource, distinguishing it from “airspace”, whose legal status
was unprejudiced, and offering the proposition that the protection of
atmosphere was a common concern of humankind. | 及(c) 大气层的法律地位， 将大气层视为一种自然资源，这与“空气空间”有所不同，后者法律地位不受影响，并提出保护大气层是人类的共同关切这一命题。 |
| 2. Summary of the debate | 2. 辩论摘要 |
| (a) General comments | (a) 一般评论 |
| 85.
Members acknowledged that the protection of the atmosphere was
extremely important for humankind, while echoing the concerns,
supported by scientific data, posed to the atmosphere, in particular,
by air pollution, ozone depletion and climate change. | 85. 委员们承认保护大气层对于人类来说极为重要，同时回应得到科学数据支持的对大气层的关切，特别是由空气污染、臭氧消耗及气候变化引起的关切。 |
| It
was asserted that the topic, which was legally, politically and
technically and scientifically complex, and which concerned a real and
pressing issue, with visible adverse impacts on people’s daily lives
as, for instance, natural disasters wrought havoc in many parts of the
globe and pollution caused premature deaths of many and significant
health problems. | 有人说，这一专题从法律、政治、技术和科学上讲很复杂，但涉及一个真正的紧迫问题，对人们的日常生活已经产生可见的不良影响，例如，自然灾害在全球许多地方肆虐，污染导致许多人过早地死亡并引发重大的健康问题。 |
| At
the same time, members were more than aware of the intractable
difficulties pertaining to the topic and appearing in discussions among
States and recognized that the challenge for the Commission was what
role it could play to make a proper contribution to the overall global
endeavours, to protect the environment. | 与此同时，委员们也十分了解围绕这一专题所存在的并出现在各国讨论中的那些棘手的困难，同时也认识到，委员会面临的挑战是查明委员会能起到什么样的作用，以便为保护环境的全球总体努力作出适当的贡献。 |
| 86.
For some members, it was essential, more so, given the background to
the inclusion of the topic on the Commission’s agenda and the diversity
of the comments made in the Sixth Committee in 2012 and 2013, that the
Commission take a more deliberate and cautious approach. | 86. 对于一些委员来说，考虑到该专题列入委员会议程的背景及2012年和2013年第六委员会里发表的多种意见，委员会采取更稳重和谨慎的态度尤其更为重要。 |
| In this connection, there was a detailed discussion of the 2013 understanding and its implications for the Commission’s work. | 在这方面，对2013年谅解及其对委员会工作的影响进行了详细的讨论。 |
| In the view of some members, the understanding needed to be taken seriously, regardless of whether or not one liked its content. | 一些委员认为，谅解需要认真对待，不管是否喜欢它的内容。 |
| It was a condition sine qua non for commencing work on the topic. | 这是委员会就此专题开始工作的一个必要条件。 |
| Furthermore,
some members expressed concern that the Special Rapporteur, in
preparing and introducing his report, had not been fully compliant with
the terms of the understanding; | 此外，一些委员表示关切的是，特别报告员在编写和介绍他的报告时并未完全遵守谅解的规定； |
| with
others finding it disquieting that he seemed to downplay its
importance, by seeking to evade its clear terms, or to steer the
project in a direction that would not be faithful to the letter or
spirit of the understanding. | 另一些委员发现有一点令人不安的是，他似乎淡化谅解的重要性，寻求逃避谅解中的明确规定，或力求对项目的方向进行引导，使之偏离谅解的文字或精神。 |
| It
was noted in particular, that the implication that new rules would be
developed or gaps in the law would be filled contradicted the
understanding. | 有人特别指出，拟订新的规则，或填补法律的空白，这都将与谅解发生矛盾。 |
| Moreover,
the concern was expressed that the proposal by the Special Rapporteur
to focus on air pollution, ozone depletion and climate change would
conceivably interfere with political negotiations on those subjects. | 此外，有人表示担心，特别报告员关于侧重于空气污染、臭氧消耗及气候变化的提议，会干扰围绕这些专题进行的政治谈判，这是可以想象到的。 |
| 87.
According to another view, by adopting the 2013 understanding, the
Commission had placed the Special Rapporteur in an untenable position,
as any realisable progress on the topic outside the parameters
contained in the understanding depended on whether the interpretation
to be given to it was a strict or flexible one. | 87. 另一种观点认为，通过2013年的谅解，委员会已经把特别报告员置于一个不可持久的位置上，在谅解的参数之外取得任何可能的进展，都取决于对谅解的解释是严格的，还是灵活的。 |
| It was further pointed out that there was a fundamental problem with the understanding; | 有人进一步指出，谅解存在着一个根本问题； |
| the
Special Rapporteur was presented with a dilemma, which effectively
meant that practically all of the treaty practice on which the report
was based could probably be subsumed under the subjects identified as
not to be dealt with under the understanding. | 特别报告员面对着一个两难境地，这实际上意味着，报告所基于的几乎所有条约实践都可能归入到根据谅解不得处理的那些问题当中。 |
| Some members viewed the understanding as unusual, and as setting a bad precedent for the Commission. | 一些委员认为谅解是不寻常的，给委员会开了一个坏的先例。 |
| Accordingly,
it was suggested that the Commission could reconsider the understanding
or agree on a flexible approach to its application. | 因此，有人提出，委员会可重新考虑谅解或就谅解的适用达成一项灵活的方法。 |
| 88.
Some other members stated that there was enough flexibility within the
2013 understanding for the Special Rapporteur to pursue a modest goal
of identifying existing general principles of international
environmental law, whether based on customary law or on general
principles of law, and to declare their applicability to the protection
of the atmosphere. | 88. 另一些委员说，2013年谅解含有足够的灵活性，容许特别报告员追求一个适度的目标，即查明现有的一般国际环境法原则，不论是基于习惯法的或还是基于一般法律原则的，并宣布这些原则适用于保护大气层。 |
| 89.
Viewing the whole task as not insurmountable, several members
underlined the collegial and collective nature of the Commission’s work
and stressed the importance of taking a modest and sensible approach,
as proposed by the Special Rapporteur, while affording him some leeway,
mindful of the terms of the understanding. | 89. 好几位委员认为整个任务不是不可完成的，强调委员会工作的合议性质和集体性质，并强调采取适度和合理的处理办法的重要性，像特别报告员所提议的那样，在留意谅解的规定的同时，也给予他一些灵活余地。 |
| It
had to be recognized that the most important decisions regarding the
protection of the atmosphere were to be taken at the political level,
and the Commission, in its work, could not be expected to prescribe or
substitute for specific decisions and action at that political level. | 必须承认，关于保护大气层的最重要的决定是在政治层面作出的，而不能指望委员会在其工作中为政治层面的具体决定和行动开出处方或取而代之。 |
| 90.
Even though the Special Rapporteur had indicated in his report that he
hoped to consider, in the remaining two years of the current
quinquennium (2015 and 2016), questions relating to basic principles
for the protection of the atmosphere, including the general obligations
of States to protect the atmosphere, the sic utere tuo ut alienum non
laedas principle, as well as principles of equity, sustainable
development and good faith and, in the next quinquennium (2017–2021),
to complete the consideration of other related matters, such as
international cooperation, compliance with international norms, dispute
settlement and interrelationships, some members expressed their concern
that the whole picture was still not clearly discernible, as the
information presented was not sufficient to give one a sense of the
general orientation and direction of the topic. | 90.
尽管特别报告员曾在他的报告里表示，他希望在五年期余下的两年(2015年和2016年)审议与保护大气层有关的基本原则问题，包括各国保护大气层的一般
义务、使用自己的财产时不得损害他人财产原则以及公平、可持续发展和诚信原则，并在下一个五年(2017-2021)，完成其他相关事宜的审议，如国际合
作、遵守国际规范、争端解决和相互关系等，但一些委员表示这样的担心：整个画面仍然不是清晰可辨的，所提供的信息不足以让人对专题有一个总的方向感。 |
| They
sought a roadmap or workplan, which would set out the general objective
of the project and identify the main problems, including the basic
principles which should or might apply and their implementation, and
raise questions that ought to be accorded priority by the Commission. | 他们寻求一个路线图或工作计划，从而制定出该项目的总体目标，并确定存在的主要问题，包括应或可能适用的基本原则及如何实施这些原则，并提出应该由委员会给予优先考虑的问题。 |
| It
was suggested that such a roadmap could also detail how it was
envisioned that the work of the Commission would be different from
similar work done elsewhere, for example, the work of the International
Law Association on the legal principles relating to climate change. | 有人提出，这样的路线图可详细说明如何设想委员会的工作将不同于在其他地方做过的类似工作，例如国际法协会就有关气候变化的法律原则所做的工作。 |
| 91.
Some members also expressed views on their differences with the
methodological approaches taken by the Special Rapporteur in the
treatment of the topic. | 91. 一些委员也就特别报告员处理专题的方式方法表示他们的不同看法。 |
| Instead
of focusing on the atmosphere as a global single unit and on its
protection, an approach that seemed favoured by the Special Rapporteur
in his report, it was suggested that attention should be paid on how
the activities of State and non-State actors, which directly or
indirectly affected the atmosphere, could be regulated. | 与其像特别报告员在其报告里所喜欢的那样，侧重于将大气层视为一个全球性单一单元及其保护问题，有人提出，应注意的是如何规范国家和非国家行为者对大气层直接或间接产生影响的活动。 |
| Such
an alternative approach would focus not on the atmosphere per se but on
the “rights and obligations” of States and such non-State actors in the
field; | 这种替代方法所侧重的不是大气层本身，而是国家和对各国和其他非国家行为者在这一领域的“权利和义务”； |
| this
was viewed as the best guarantee for protection and conservation of the
atmosphere and was more consistent with State practice and practical
realities. | 这被看作是保护和养护大气层的最佳保证，与国家实践和实际现实也更加一致。 |
| Drawing
analogies from the Law of the Sea, where the sea was divided into zones
according to the degree of exercise by the coastal State of sovereignty
or control, it was suggested that consideration be given to dividing
the atmosphere in terms of parts thereof, which were subject to or
beyond the sovereignty or control of the State. | 有人比照海洋法，提到海洋法根据沿海国行使主权或控制的程度将海洋分为不同的区，建议考虑将大气层分为不同的部分，这些部分受或不受国家的主权或控制权制约。 |
| On
the other hand, the approach taken by the Special Rapporteur was not
entirely without support, as other members felt that given the threat
to the atmosphere, its treatment as a single unit best assured its
protection for the benefit of humankind. | 另一方面，特别报告员采取的做法并非完全没有人支持，因为另一些委员认为，考虑到大气层面对的威胁，将其作为一个单元处理最能保证大气层得到保护为人类造福。 |
| 92.
Another methodological concern related to the treatment by the Special
Rapporteur of the various sources which he stated were relevant to the
consideration of the topic and his reliance on them. It was noted that,
on occasion, the Special Rapporteur put almost complete faith on the
views of non-governmental actors and scholars, without reference to
State practice, and, where State practice was relied upon, there was no
clear analysis of non-binding instruments as a source for determining
opinio juris. | 92.
另一个涉及方法问题的关切是，特别报告员处理了各种法律渊源并认为这些渊源与专题的审议有关并以这些渊源为依据，但有委员指出，有时候，特别报告员几乎完
全依赖非政府行为者和学者的意见，而没有提及国家实践，即使援引了国家实践，但没有清楚地分析作为确定法律确信的来源的不具约束力的文书。 |
| It
was also not apparent to some members how the catalogue of treaty
practice and case-law cited in the report related to the topic and
linked up with issues that the Special Rapporteur wanted to have
addressed. | 另外对于一些委员来说，报告里所援引的条约实践和案例法如何与专题发生关系及如何与特别报告员想要解决的问题产生关联，均不够清楚。 |
| Moreover,
in some instances there was a sense that policy preferences were being
made in the report as appropriate without being founded on any firm
legal basis or meeting the rigours of their identification as law. | 此外，在某些情况下，有一种感觉是，报告里显示一些政策偏好，并被认为是适当的，但这些偏好没有建立在任何稳固的法律基础上，或满足在识别法律时应遵循的严格要求。 |
| 93.
Members also expressed support for the possibility of consulting with
technical and scientific experts in the development of the topic. | 93. 在专题的发展过程中有可能征求科学技术专家的意见，委员会们对此项可能性表示支持。 |
| (b) Comments on draft guideline 1: Use of terms | (b) 对指南第1条草案“用语”的评论 |
| 94.
Some members agreed with the Special Rapporteur on the need for a
definition for the purposes of the draft guidelines, which would
correspond with the scientific definition of the atmosphere. | 94. 一些委员同意特别报告员的意见，也认为需要为指南草案的目的拟订一个定义，该定义与大气层的科学定义相对应。 |
| It was noted that such a definition would facilitate the work of the Commission. | 他们指出，这样的定义将有助于委员会的工作。 |
| Given
the scientific nature of the topic, some other members suggested it
might be more useful to develop a glossary of scientific terms to be
used. | 但鉴于该专题的科学性，另一些委员建议制定一个拟使用的科学术语词汇表可能更为有用。 |
| Other members noted that the consideration of a definition at this stage might be premature; | 另有委员指出，在这个阶段考虑定义可能过早； |
| a
certain period of time would offer an opportunity to engage the
scientific community, effectively enabling the Commission to elaborate
a definition that was legally and also scientifically sound. | 经过一段时间，委员会将有机会接触科学界，实际上才能够拟订一个在法律上和在科学上都可靠的定义。 |
| The
point was also made that the definition ought to be comprehensive,
without mentioning such terms as “troposphere” and “stratosphere”. | 有人还提出，定义应该具有综合性，而不必提到“对流层”和“平流层”这样的术语。 |
| 95. According to another view, the necessity for a definition was questioned. | 95. 另一种观点认为，定义的必要性是值得怀疑的。 |
| It
was noted, especially, that the various treaties that directly dealt
with atmospheric issues such as long-range transboundary pollution,
ozone depletion or climate change did not define the term “atmosphere”. | 有人特别指出，直接涉及大气层问题，如远距离跨界污染、臭氧消耗和气候变化的各项条约并没有界定“大气层”。 |
| Similarly, the law of the sea convention does not define the sea. | 同样，《海洋法公约》并没有定义海洋。 |
| 96. Some members also pointed out that the content of the proposed definition was problematic. | 96. 一些委员还指出，拟议的定义的内容是有问题的。 |
| The definition proposed seemed to have no basis in State practice, case-law, or writings. | 拟议的定义似乎没有任何国家实践、案例法或著作方面的依据。 |
| Moreover,
it was noted that the proposed definition included the troposphere and
stratosphere, but excluded, somewhat arbitrarily and without any
apparent reason, the mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere, which
also formed part of the atmosphere. | 此外，有人指出，拟议的定义包括对流层和平流层，但有些任意且没有任何明显理由地排除了中间层、热层和外大气层，这些也是大气层的一部分。 |
| Even
accepting, as was scientifically known, that the three contemporary
problems affecting the atmosphere — air pollution, ozone depletion and
climate change — impacted only the troposphere and stratosphere, some
members, on the basis of the precautionary principle, warned against an
approach that parcelled out certain segments of the atmosphere. | 即使接受科学上已知的事实，即影响大气层的当代三大问题――空气污染、臭氧消耗及气候变化――只影响对流层和平流层，但一些委员基于谨慎原则，告诫说将大气层中出某些部分分割出来单说，是不明智的做法。 |
| Attention
was, for example, drawn to the study of climate change in the
mesosphere conducted by the Antarctic Program of the Australian
Government, which detected a manifestation of the greenhouse effect
(enhanced cooling) in the stratosphere and mesosphere. | 例如有委员提醒注意澳大利亚政府的南极计划对中间层进行的研究，结果发现在平流层和中间层有大气温室效应(强化冷却)现象。 |
| A point was also made that environmental harm could be caused in the upper atmosphere by satellites launched into outer space. | 还有一点意见认为，射入外层空间的卫星可给高层大气环境造成损害。 |
| Accordingly,
a more general definition of the atmosphere that corresponded to the
scientific identification of the atmosphere as consisting of the
troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere and thermosphere or related to
the impact that the atmosphere had on human existence and the
environment, was considered ideal. | 因此，给大气层一个更广泛的定义，对应着科学上对大气层的确定，即由对流层、平流层、中间层和热层构成，或涉及大气层对人类生存和环境的影响的定义，被认为是理想的定义。 |
| 97.
Some members also observed that, by defining the atmosphere as “the
layer of gases surrounding the earth in the troposphere and the
stratosphere” the definition might have impliedly imposed an upper
limit, thereby encroaching into questions relating to “outer space”,
including its delimitation, which are excluded from consideration by
the terms of the 2013 understanding. | 97. 一些委员还指出，将大气层定义为“围绕地球的对流层和平流层的气体层”，这可能隐含地施加了一个上限，从而触及与“外层空间”有关的问题，包括触及其划界问题，而通过的2013年谅解的规定是将此排除在考虑之外的。 |
| The
notion of “the gaseous envelope surrounding the Earth” employed by the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was preferred by other
members to the phrase “the layer of gases” to describe the atmosphere. | 另一些委员更倾向于用政府间气候变化专门委员会(气专委)使用的“环绕地球的气层”的概念来描述大气层，而不用“气层”。 |
| Some
members also questioned whether the concept “airborne substances” could
alone properly be used to characterize the atmosphere. | 一些委员也质疑“气载物质”概念是否可以单独恰当地用来描述大气层。 |
| In
terms of another view, it was crucial to embed in the definition the
natural characteristics of the atmosphere, namely the idea of
atmospheric circulation. | 另一种意见认为，至关重要的一点是，应在大气层定义中嵌入大气层的自然特性，即大气环流概念。 |
| 98.
It was also noted that although the draft guidelines were not intended
to affect the legal status of airspace under applicable international
law, the proposed definition, by including its physical
characteristics, implicitly signalled an upper limit of airspace. | 98. 也有人指出，虽然指南草案并没有打算影响空气空间根据适用的国际法而具有的法律地位，但提议的定义包括了大气层的物理特性，即含蓄表示了空气空间的上限。 |
| 99.
The proposal was also made, while mindful of the 2013 understanding, to
also define “air pollution”, “ozone depletion” and “climate change” for
the purposes of the draft guidelines, as well as “protection”. | 99. 还有人提议，一方面须牢记2013年谅解，另一方面，为指南草案目的，须定义“空气污染”、“臭氧消耗”、“气候变化”以及“保护”等概念。 |
| (c) Comments on draft guideline 2: Scope of the guidelines | (c) 对指南第2条草案“指南的范围”的评论 |
| 100.
While some members found draft guideline 2 to be satisfactory, other
members pointed to the need to address questions concerning the scope
of the guidelines from a perspective of “cause and effect”, given that
the place of origin of the pollution is often different from the place
where the adverse consequence is occasioned. | 100. 尽管一些委员发现指南第2条草案是令人满意的，但另一些委员指出需要从“因果”的角度解决涉及指南草案范围的问题，因为污染的来源地往往与发生不利后果的地方并非同一地方。 |
| To
this end, a suggestion was made to formulate the draft guideline on
scope, bearing in mind, for possible coverage, three spatial
dimensions, namely territorial, transboundary and global, with focus
being given on the latter two aspects. | 为此，有人建议，制定指南草案的适用范围时应铭记，范围可能覆盖三个空间维度，即领土、跨界和全球性，侧重点应在后两个方面。 |
| Since,
with respect to atmospheric degradation, a clear identification of the
cause and origin was not always possible, it was submitted that it
would be appropriate to approach questions of protection from a
standpoint that sought a restriction on hazardous substances, an
approach pursued in existing instruments. | 一直以来，对于大气层退化问题，由于不可能总是查明原因和来源，因此有人提出，宜于从寻求限制有害物质的立场来处理保护问题，而这正是现有文书采用的做法。 |
| 101.
Regarding subparagraph (a), while some members agreed with its essence,
particularly its reference to impact on both the human and the natural
environment, the view was expressed that it was both too broad and too
narrow, in that it seemed to cover a wide range of conceivable human
activity, while at the same time establishing, in the latter part of
the subparagraph, a high threshold. | 101. 关于(a)分段，一些委员同意其实质内容，尤其是它提到对人与自然的环境的影响，但另有人表示，这一项既过于宽泛，也过于狭窄，因为它似乎覆盖各种可以想象的人类活动，而同时在这一项的后半部分里，确立了一个很高的门槛。 |
| The
inclusion of “energy”, to the extent that it covered problems of
radioactive or nuclear pollution, was also considered problematic by
some members, given in particular that the peaceful uses of nuclear
energy was regulated by special regimes. | 一些委员认为，列入“能量”一词，以此涵盖放射性/核污染问题，也是有问题的，因为和平利用核能问题是由特殊制度来规范的。 |
| According
to another view, subparagraph (a) was misleading as it also seemed to
delve into matters of substance, due to the use of such terms as
“deleterious substances” or “significant adverse effects”. | 另一种意见认为，(a)分段因使用“有害物质”或“重大有害影响”等术语，有误导性，因为它也似乎深入到了关于物质的问题中。 |
| To
cure such a defect, a suggestion was made to recast the draft guideline
in broad terms to encompass all human activities affecting the
atmosphere, with a view to ensuring its protection or to completely
suppress the subparagraph. | 为了纠正这种缺陷，有人建议重写该条指南草案，使之更为笼统，涵盖影响大气层的所有人类活动，以确保大气层得到保护，或者完全删除这一分段。 |
| 102.
Concerning subparagraph (b), it was noted by some members that the
reference to “the basic principles relating to the protection of the
atmosphere” risked bringing the scope of the draft guidelines in
conflict with the understanding reached in 2013. | 102. 关于(b)分段，一些委员指出，提到“与保护大气层有关的基本原则”有可能使指南草案的范围与2013年达成的谅解发生冲突。 |
| The point was also made that the subparagraph seemed to relate more to the nature of the exercise than to scope. | 还有人指出，这一分段似乎更多地涉及到这项工作的性质，而不是范围。 |
| It
was suggested that the goal should, without being prescriptive, be to
develop guidelines upon which States may draw upon in their efforts to
address problems concerning the atmosphere. | 有人建议，我们的目标应该是拟订非规范性质的指南，各国在努力解决与大气层有关的问题时可借助于这些指南。 |
| Some other members supported the formulation of subparagraph (b), as it was also declaratory of a goal. | 另一些委员支持(b)分段的提法，因为它也是对目标的宣示。 |
| 103.
Some members viewed the references to “basic principles” as limiting
and to “as well as to their interrelationship” as unclear and uncertain
in relation to the draft guideline as a whole. | 103. 一些委员认为提及“基本原则”便具有限制性，提及“及各项原则之间的相互关系”相对于整个指南草案来说意思不明确和不确定。 |
| Some other members even questioned the usefulness and timeliness of having a guideline on scope. | 另一些委员甚至质疑拟订关于范围的指南是否有用，在时间上是否合适。 |
| It was noted in this regard, that the terms of the 2013 understanding should be borne in mind. | 有人指出在这方面，应该牢记2013年谅解的规定。 |
| In
the light of the understanding’s admonition not to deal with and not to
prejudice such issues as the polluter-pays principle, the precautionary
principle, and common but differentiated responsibilities, it was
suggested that there should be a saving clause that would reflect the
sense that the Commission, by not addressing such principles, was doing
so without prejudice to their status in international law. | 谅解曾告诫不处理、不妨碍污染者付费原则、谨慎原则、共同但有差别的责任等问题，因此有人提出，应该有一个保留条款，以反映该委员会以下意思：不处理这些原则，这么做不会损害这些原则在国际法中的地位。 |
| (d) Comments on draft guideline 3: Legal Status of the Atmosphere | (d) 对指南第3条草案“大气层的法律地位”的评论 |
| 104.
Draft guideline 3 elicited a diversity of comments from members on both
the approach taken by the Special Rapporteur and on the substance of
the draft guideline. | 104. 指南第3条草案引起了委员们的各种评论，既针对特别报告员采取的做法，又针对该条指南草案的实质内容。 |
| In
the main, some members doubted the grounding of the legal status of the
atmosphere on the concept of common concern of humankind, as a legal
concept, noting in particular that there was a risk that its existing
position in international law was being overstated. | 主要的意见是，一些委员怀疑将大气层的法律地位基于被视作一个法律概念的人类共同关切这一概念上。 他们特别指出，其在国际法中的现有地位很有可能被高估了。 |
| As presently formulated, the draft guideline was viewed as broad and having far reaching implications. | 按目前的措词，该条指南草案被视为内容宽泛且会有深远影响。 |
| 105.
There was a general sense among the members that more work might be
needed to fully justify the propositions and policy choices that the
Special Rapporteur makes in the draft guideline. | 105. 委员们普遍觉得，为充分证明特别报告员在该条指南草案里提出的主张和政策选择，需要做更多的工作。 |
| In
particular, in terms of approach, those members who felt that the
Special Rapporteur should develop the draft guidelines in terms of
rights and obligations of States were of the view that it was
inconsistent with practice to view the atmosphere as integral or
unified in relation to rights and obligations of States. | 具体就方法来说，认为特别报告员应从国家的权利和义务角度拟订指南草案的那些委员认为，这条草案相对于各国的权利和义务而言将大气层视作完整的或统一的，这与惯例不符。 |
| Drawing
from the law of the sea as well as case-law, such as the Trail Smelter
award, it was considered important to view such rights and obligations
in terms of sovereignty and control, which would entail, for example,
that the atmosphere directly above a State should be dealt with in
terms of sovereignty. | 从海洋法及案例法(如特雷尔冶炼厂案裁决)来看，这些委员认为，须从主权和控制的角度来看待这些权利和义务，这一点很重要，这将意味着，例如，应从主权的角度来处理一个国家正上方的大气层。 |
| From
the report, it was not apparent why the Special Rapporteur had elected
to deviate from an approach, established in practice, that assigned
localized damage to the State in which the damage occurs or led to the
invocation of the sic utere tuo ut alienum non laedas principle when
there was transboundary damage. | 从报告中，看不出来为什么特别报告员要偏离实践中已经确立的做法，即把能确定位置的损害归于损害发生所在地国家，或援引使用自己的财产时不得损害他人财产原则。 |
| In this connection, it was wondered how the sic utere tuo principle would apply to “protection of the atmosphere”. | 在这方面，有人想知道使用自己的财产时不得损害他人财产原则如何适用于“保护大气层”。 |
| Some
members, on the other hand, aligned themselves with the Special
Rapporteur in noting that the area-based approach for the protection of
the marine environment under the United Nations Law of the Sea
Convention could not be simply applied to the protection of the
atmosphere as it was inappropriate and impractical, pointing to the
difficulty of establishing national jurisdiction over any segment of
the atmosphere. | 另一方面，一些委员与特别报告员意见一致，指出，《联合国海洋法公约》按区域保护海洋环境的做法不能简单地应用于保护大气层，因为这种做法是不恰当的，不切实际的，指出针对大气层的任何部分确立国家管辖权是有困难的。 |
| Further,
it was noted that, even if the law of the sea were adopted as a model,
problems had arisen in that area, particularly in relation to areas
outside national jurisdiction where States Parties continue to have
discussions and negotiations on the management of the shared resources
of the oceans. | 此外，他们还指出，即使采用海洋法的模式，但在这一领域仍然出了问题，尤其是涉及到国家管辖范围以外的区域，而对于这些区域，缔约国继续就共有海洋资源的管理问题进行讨论和谈判。 |
| 106. On the substance, some members welcomed the assertions in the report that the atmosphere was a natural resource; | 106. 就实质内容而言，一些委员欢迎在报告中说大气层是一种自然资源； |
| it was, however, doubted that practice evidenced that it was a resource that could be described as shared or common. | 但他们怀疑是否有实践证明，可以将大气层描述为共有或共享的资源。 |
| It
was noted by some members that the language of the draft Guideline had
no basis in State or treaty practice or in any case-law. | 一些委员指出，该条指南草案的语言在国家或条约惯例或在任何案例法中找不到任何依据。 |
| Moreover,
the draft guideline did not seem to have anything to do with legal
status of the atmosphere unless one ascribed meaning to the assertion
that its protection was a “common concern of humankind. | 此外，该条指南草案似乎与大气层的法律地位没有任何关系，除非有人将保护大气层是“人类的共同关切”这一说法赋予意义。 |
| ” This was a concept whose normative content was unclear; | 这个概念的规范内容还不清楚； |
| it
was not only controversial but also vague, given that it had a variety
of interpretations, including the possibility that it created rights
for individuals and future generations. | 它不仅是有争议的，而且是模糊的，因为它有多种解释，其中包括有可能为个人和子孙后代创设权利。 |
| Moreover, its application to the atmosphere did not seem to be supported in the practice of States. | 此外，其适用于大气层似乎并没有在各国的实践中得到支持。 |
| 107.
In view of the paucity of practice, the treatment of the concept by the
Special Rapporteur in the report was neither full nor comprehensive. | 107. 鉴于缺乏实践，特别报告员在报告中对这一概念的处理既不充分也不全面。 |
| It
prematurely offered a text without providing a full analysis and
implications, from a legal perspective, of the concept proposed. | 它过早地提出了一项案文，但没有从法律角度全面分析所提出的概念及其影响。 |
| It did not, for instance, explore fully what legal implications were entailed by “common concern of humankind”. | 例如报告没有充分探讨“人类的共同关切”引起什么样的法律后果。 |
| A number of question arose: Is there a legal responsibility to prevent damage?; | 一些问题就产生了：是否存在着预防损害的法律责任？ |
| does that legal responsibility devolve to all States; | 这项法律责任落在所有国家身上吗？ |
| does it create erga omnes obligations and would the responsibility of States be engaged thereby?; | 它是否创设普遍义务并因此牵涉国家的责任？ |
| does it create obligations on society as a whole and on each individual member of the community; | 它是否为整个社会和社会的每一个成员创设义务？ |
| does it establish standing to sue, including an actio popularis?; | 它是否确立起诉资格，包括公益之诉的资格？ |
| does it create a duty of international environmental solidarity?; | 它是否创设国际环保团结义务？ |
| is the draft guideline not inadvertently diminishing the relevance of the sic utere principle? | 该条指南草案是否会无意中削弱使用自己的财产时不得损害他人财产原则的重要性？ |
| Although
the Special Rapporteur hinted in the report that the concept would lead
to the creation of substantive legal obligations on the part of all
States to protect the global atmosphere as enforceable erga omnes, he
did so without providing a full analysis. | 虽然特别报告员在报告中提示，这一概念将导致为所有国家创设保护全球大气层的可强制执行的普遍适用的实质性法律义务，但他在这样做时没有提供全面的分析。 |
| Several
members also underlined that was it not the atmosphere per se but
rather its protection that was a common concern of humankind. | 好几位委员还强调，不是大气层本身，而是它的保护是人类的共同关切。 |
| The point, however, was made that it the degradation of the conditions of the atmosphere should be an example of such concern. | 然而有一点意见是，大气层状况的退化应该是这样的关切的例子。 |
| 108.
Some other members indicated that the concept deserved favourable
consideration, noting that the Commission could play a role in
elucidating and articulating its scope with regard to the protection of
the atmosphere. | 108. 另一些委员指出，这一概念值得给予积极的考虑，并指出，委员会在阐述及说明保护大气层问题的范围方面可以发挥作用。 |
| It
was also suggested that there was merit in considering the concept as
implying a need for international cooperation in the protection of the
atmosphere, with the attendant duties of prevention and cooperation. | 也有人说，将这一概念理解成意味着需要在保护大气层方面进行国际合作，意味着相应地有预防与合作的义务，这样有其好处。 |
| It
was also considered that, instead of focusing on the legal status of
the atmosphere, attention should be on protection of the atmosphere as
a common concern of humankind, and that the concept of “common concern”
should form the basis of both a stand-alone guideline and a guideline
articulating the basic principles relevant to atmospheric protection. | 另据认为，与其专注于大气层的法律地位，不如专注于作为人类共同关切的保护大气层问题，而“共同关切”的概念既应是一条单独指南的基础，也应是说明与保护大气层有关的基本原则的另一条指南的基础。 |
| 109. According to another viewpoint, the concept was too weak to be applied to the protection of the atmosphere. | 109. 另一种观点认为，这个概念太弱，不能应用到大气层的保护上。 |
| While
some members were sympathetic to the possibility of reflecting the
concept as applicable in relation to the protection of the atmosphere,
it was still noted that the legal reasoning for such a preference in
the report was scant. | 尽管一些委员倾向于赞同反映这一概念适用于保护大气层的可能性，但仍然指出，在报告中用于支持这一偏好的法律推理很少。 |
| It
was not clear, for example, why the concept of “common heritage of
mankind” could not be ideal, without the “far-reaching institutional
apparatus to control the allocation of exploitation rights and
benefits” that seemed to have prompted the Special Rapporteur to
dismiss it. | 目前尚不清楚，例如，“人类共同遗产”概念为什么不能理想化，不要“深远影响的体制制度，用于控制开采权和收益的分配”，而这样的制度似乎促使特别报告员放弃了这一概念。 |
| In
this regard, attention was drawn to the 1972 UNESCO Convention on the
Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage and the 1997
Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights which refer
to “common heritage of mankind” but have no elaborate institutional
structure. | 在这方面，有人提请注意1972年教科文组织《保护世界文化和自然遗产公约》和1997年《世界人类基因组与人权宣言》，两者均提到“人类共同遗产”，但没有复杂的体制结构。 |
| Indeed,
some other members faulted the Special Rapporteur for dismissing rather
quickly and without offering convincing reasons the possible
application of the “common heritage of mankind” to the status of
atmosphere. | 实际上，另一些委员责怪特别报告员相当快地排除将“人类共同遗产”概念应用到大气状况的可能性，但特别报告员没有提供令人信服的理由。 |
| 110. Concerning paragraph (a) it was suggested that the reference to “aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems” be simplified. | 110. 关于(a)分段，有人提出，提及“水生和陆地生态系统”的措词可以简化。 |
| 111. As regards paragraph (b), the point was made that it was unnecessary. | 111. 至于(b)分段，有一项意见认为，这一分段没有必要。 |
| It
was further understood that even if the legal status of airspace under
applicable international law were not to be affected by the draft
guidelines, it would not mean that the activities conducted in airspace
would not be covered by the present project. | 据进一步的看法，即使空气空间根据适用的国际法具有的法律地位不会受到该条指南草案的影响，但这并不意味着在空气空间进行的活动不会被本项目涵盖。 |
| (e) Other considerations | (e) 其他考虑 |
| 112.
Several members welcomed the indication by the Special Rapporteur that
he would focus on cooperative mechanisms to address issues of common
concern, and urged that this aspect be given priority. | 112. 好几位委员欢迎特别报告员表示，为解决共同关切的问题，他将侧重于合作机制，并敦促特别报告员给予这方面以优先考虑。 |
| In
the view of some members, there should also be some consideration of
the obligations of States regarding not only the preservation but also
the conservation of the atmosphere, and of the relationship between the
already established rules of customary international environmental law
and the regulation of the atmosphere, including the no harm and
prevention principles, as well as principles of sustainable development. | 一些委员认为，也应该考虑一下各国不仅保存而且养护大气层的义务，以及已经确立的习惯国际环境法规则与大气层监管之间的关系，包括无害原则和预防原则及可持续发展原则。 |
| 113.
In view of the fact that the International Court of Justice in the Pulp
Mills case stated that undertaking an environmental impact assessment
whenever there was a risk that the proposed activity may have
significant adverse impact in a transboundary context had to be
considered a requirement under general international law, the
Commission could also make a meaningful contribution by inter alia
addressing all aspects relating to the content of the obligation in
relation to the topic. | 113. 鉴于国际法院在审判纸浆厂案 时指出，每当提议的活动有可能在跨界背景下产生较大不利影响时，须进行环境影响评估并且必须将此视作一般国际法的要求，委员会也可以除其他外，处理与此专题所涉义务内容有关的各个方面，从而做出有意义的贡献。 |
| 114.
It also suggested that the Commission, in addressing considerations of
equity, could draw upon principles 6, 9 and 11 of the Stockholm
Declaration on the Human Environment in the treatment of the topic. | 114. 有人还建议，委员会在处理与公平有关的考虑时，可以借鉴的《斯德哥尔摩人类环境宣言》原则6、9 和11 来处理本专题。 |
| 115.
Some members expressed a preference for an alternative approach that
would seek to identify specific “practice pointers”, concretely
grounded in State practice, that might be useful to policymakers as
they grapple with problems relating to the atmosphere. | 115. 一些委员表示倾向于采用另一种处理办法，设法查明具体的以国家实践为基础的“实践指针”，这可能对政策制定者们处理与大气层有关的问题有用。 |
| In
such an approach, draft guidelines could focus on such issues as
cooperation among States at the global, regional, and bilateral levels,
and the various approaches, frameworks and techniques that States
pursue to enhance cooperative arrangements. | 按照这种方法，指南草案可以侧重于各国在全球、区域和双边各个层面的合作等问题，以及各国为加强合作安排而采用的各种方法、框架和技术等。 |
| 3. Concluding remarks of the Special Rapporteur | 3. 特别报告员的总结 |
| 116. The Special Rapporteur welcomed the helpful comments, suggestions and constructive criticisms made by members. | 116. 特别报告员欢迎委员们提出的有益的意见、建议和建设性批评。 |
| He
reiterated the importance of the Commission addressing the topic in a
modest and sensible manner, while agreeing with sentiments that
consultations with the scientific community would benefit the
Commission in its work. | 他重申委员会以谦虚、理智的态度处理这一专题是重要的，同时也同意这样的感觉，即与科学界磋商将使委员会在工作中受益。 |
| To this end, he expressed his intention to explore the possibility of organizing a briefing session for 2015. | 为此，他表示他打算探索在2015年举办一次简报会的可能性。 |
| He
also noted that he was inclined to defer referral of the draft
guidelines to the Drafting Committee until next year, as he would be
afforded an opportunity to reformulate parts thereof in the light of
the comments made. | 他还指出，他倾向于推迟到明年再将指南草案移交起草委员会，这样他会有机会参照所提出的意见重新拟订部分案文。 |
| 117. The Special Rapporteur acknowledged the wide ranging opinions of members on the 2013 understanding. | 117. 特别报告员承认委员们对于2013年谅解持有各种各样的看法。 |
| He
stressed in particular that he did not envisage any conflict with his
treatment of the topic, in particular the focus on the air pollution,
ozone depletion and climate change, with political negotiations. | 他特别强调，他想像不出他对专题的处理，特别是专注于空气污染、臭氧消耗及气候变化与政治谈判有任何冲突。 |
| Advocating
a middle-of-the road approach, he noted that there was no need to
discard the understanding since it was the basis for the Commission’s
decision to take up the topic last year. | 他主张采取中庸的做法，并指出没有必要放弃谅解，因为谅解是委员会去年决定处理此专题时所依赖的基础。 |
| At
the same time, he expressed the hope that the Special Rapporteur would
be given the flexibility to identify issues relevant to the topic in a
manner that assists the Commission to make progress in its
consideration. | 与此同时，他表示希望给予特别报告员灵活性，使他能够查明与本专题有关的问题，从而协助委员会在审议专题方面取得进展。 |
| 118.
The Special Rapporteur also noted that in paragraph 92 of his report he
had provided a complete plan of work on the topic, and acknowledged the
importance of international cooperation as the key element of
atmospheric protection. | 118. 特别报告员还指出，在他的报告第92段，他提供了一个围绕该专题开展工作的完整工作计划，并承认国际合作作为大气层保护的关键要素的重要性。 |
| In
his second report he intended to address the substance of the
responsibilities of States with regard to protection of the atmosphere. | 在他的第二次报告中，他有意处理大气层保护方面的国家责任的实质内容。 |
| 119.
As regards draft guideline 1, the Special Rapporteur emphasized that it
was intended to be a working definition for purposes of the draft
articles, proposed as a matter of practical necessity, given that the
existing instruments had not defined the atmosphere. | 119. 关于指南第1条草案，特别报告员强调，第1条有意拟订成为条款草案的目的而可用的一个工作定义，是出于实际需要而提出来，因为现有的文书没有定义大气层。 |
| He pointed out that his focus in the definition to the troposphere and the stratosphere was not arbitrary. | 他指出，他在定义中侧重对流层和平流层，这样做不是任意的。 |
| Since
the upper atmosphere comprises only 0.0002% of the atmosphere’s total
mass, he considered it an insignificant portion to be excluded from
coverage. | 由于高层大气层在大气层的总质量中只占0.0002%，他认为这一部分极小，可排除在外。 |
| Moreover,
there was no meaningful evidence that climate change contributed to, or
was responsible for, changes in the conditions of the mesosphere or
thermosphere. | 此外，没有任何有意义的证据表明，气候变化对改变中间层或热层的状况起了作用并应为之负责。 |
| He
expressed doubt that the study of “climate change” in the mesosphere
conducted by the Antarctic Program of the Australian government, which
related to “solar flux”, or the measure of the activity of the sun over
the same period of time, specifically linked the changes that were
detected “directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the
composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to
natural climate variability” – the definition of climate change adopted
in the UNFCCC. | 他表示怀疑的是，澳大利亚政府的南极计划在中间层进行的“气候变化”研究涉及
“太阳通量”，即测量太阳在相同时间内的活动，其是否与气候变化有具体联系。
按照《气候变化公约》所采用的气候变化定义，气候变化指检测到的“气候的自然变异之外，由于直接或间接的人类活动改变了地球大气的组成而造成的气候变
化”。 |
| Moreover, the Special
Rapporteur acknowledged that there was limited understanding of changes
in the upper atmosphere due to lack of scientific data. | 此外，特别报告员承认，由于缺乏科学的数据，人们对高层大气层的变化了解有限。 |
| However, in his view, to formulate a protective regime for that area would be overly ambitious. | 不过，他认为，针对这一领域制定保护制度将过于雄心勃勃。 |
| Regarding
the potential harm by satellites, the Special Rapporteur recalled that
the environmental protection of outer space, including the question of
space debris, is a subject within the purview of the Committee on the
Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS). | 关于卫星的潜在危害，特别报告员回忆说，外层空间的环境保护，包括空间碎片的问题，是在和平利用外层空间委员会(外空委)的职权范围内的问题。 |
| The
Special Rapporteur also underscored that airspace and the atmosphere,
under international law, were two entirely different concepts. | 特别报告员还强调，依照国际法，空气空间和大气层是两个完全不同的概念。 |
| Accordingly,
defining the limits of the atmosphere did not have implications for the
borders of national airspace or of outer space. | 因此，确定大气层的界限并不影响各国空气空间的边界或外层空间的边界。 |
| He
nevertheless expressed a willingness to remove the reference to the
troposphere and stratosphere from the definition in draft guideline 1,
provided that any commentary would further clarify the atmosphere’s
relationship to outer space. | 尽管如此，他表示愿意从指南第1条草案的定义中删除提及对流层和平流层的词语，但条件是任何评注将进一步澄清大气层与外层空间的关系。 |
| 120.
Concerning draft guideline 2, the Special Rapporteur confirmed that the
focus of the project would be harm that has a transboundary or a global
impact. | 120. 关于指南第2条草案，特别报告员证实，该项目的重点将是具有跨国界或全球性影响的损害。 |
| He
stated that the use of phrases like “deleterious substances”, which
“have or are likely to have significant adverse effects”, is intended
to appropriately limit the range of human activities and deleterious
substances with which the draft guidelines are concerned. | 他说，使用诸如“产生重大有害影响或可能产生这种影响”的“有害物质”等短语，意在适当地限制指南草案关注的人类活动和有害物质的范围。 |
| The
Special Rapporteur recalled that the Commission has used substantive
concepts in definitional provisions, as well as “significant” in its
prior work. | 特别报告员回忆说，委员会在定义类的规定里使用过实质性概念，在先前的工作里使用过“重大”一词。 |
| This was the case, for instance, with the Articles on the Prevention of Transboundary Harm from Hazardous Activities. | 例如在关于预防危险活动引起跨界损害的条款草案中这样用过。 |
| The
Commission has noted that “significant” was a factual and objective
determination, involving a value determination which depended on the
circumstances of a particular case; | 委员会指出，“重大”是一个事实和客观性认定，涉及依赖于特定案件具体情况的价值认定； |
| it meant something more than “detectable” but need not be at the level of “serious” or “substantial”. | 这意味着超出了“可检测到的”，但不一定达到“严重”或“实质性”的水平。 |
| The
Special Rapporteur also noted that the inclusion of “energy” in the
proposed definition corresponded to the definition contained in the
Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution, as well as the
Law of the Sea Convention. | 特别报告员还指出，在拟议的定义里列入“能量”一词对应着《远距离跨界空气污染公约》和《海洋法公约》中的定义。 |
| Its inclusion was not intended to interfere with the policies of States with respect to nuclear energy and its use. | 在写进这个词无意干涉各国在核能及其利用方面的政策。 |
| 121.
With respect to draft guideline 3, the Special Rapporteur confirmed
that it was not the atmosphere but rather the protection of the
atmosphere that was a common concern. | 121. 对于指南第3条草案，特别报告员确认，大气层本身不是但保护大气层是一项共同关切。 |
| Its
scope was intended to be narrow, applied to establish a cooperative
framework for atmospheric protection and not to establish common
ownership or management of the atmosphere. | 其范围有意保持狭窄，适用于建立保护大气层的合作框架，而不是建立共同拥有或管理大气层。 |
| It
created substantive obligations of environmental protection, in
addition to those already recognized by customary international law. | 除了那些已经被习惯国际法承认的义务以外，它创设了环境保护的实质性义务。 |
| He
confirmed his belief that there was a close link between erga omnes
obligations, and their enforcement, and the notion of “common concern”,
whose aspects, including the related concept of actio popularis, would
be further explored in future reports. | 他证实了他的信念，即相信普遍义务及其执行与“共同关切”概念之间有密切联系，共同关切的各个方面，包括有关的公益之诉概念，将在今后的报告里进一步探讨。 |
| In his view, law-making was both inductive and deductive. | 他认为，造法过程既是归纳性的，又是演绎性的。 |
| It
was the task of the Commission to explore the legal obligations that
may be contained in the notion of “common concern”, which was not
devoid of normative content, and to articulate those obligations as
part of the draft guidelines. | 委员会的任务是探索可能包含在并不缺乏规范性内含的“共同关切”概念里的法律义务，并阐明这些义务，将之作为指南草案的一部分。 |
| He
agreed with those members who said that the notion of “common concern”
implied a duty to cooperate to ensure that the atmosphere was protected
for future generations. | 他同意一部分委员的说法，即“共同关切”的概念隐含了合作义务，以确保为了子孙后代而保护大气层。 |
| He
also did not see any obstacle in extending the sic utere tuo principle
to atmospheric protection, given that its application was not limited
to harm in bilateral transboundary context; | 另外他没有看到将使用自己的财产时不得损害他人财产原则适用于保护大气层会有任何障碍，因为这一原则的适用不仅限于双边跨界损害； |
| both
the United Nations Framework Convention (eighth preambular paragraph)
and the Vienna Convention on the Protection of the Ozone Layer (art. 2
(2) (b)) have recognized the principle. | 《联合国框架公约》(序言部分第八段)和《保护臭氧层维也纳公约》(第2条第2款(b)项)都承认了这一原则。 |
| The
Special Rapporteur also noted that he was not fundamentally opposed to
using the concept of “common heritage” to atmospheric protection, if
the Commission opted for it for the project. | 特别报告员还指出，如果委员会选择在本项目里使用“共同遗产”概念，他并不从根本上反对将这一概念用于保护大气层。 |
| 122.
The Special Rapporteur also stressed the importance of viewing the
atmosphere as a comprehensive single unit, not subject to division
along State lines. | 122. 特别报告员还强调，应将大气层视为一个综合的单一单元，不应沿国家界线加以划分，这一点很重要。 |
| It
was fluid and dynamic such that it would be impractical, if not
impossible, for purpose of the project, to divide it in terms of the
air that was under the territorial jurisdiction and control of one
State from the air that is outside that jurisdiction. | 大气层是动态的流体，将大气层划分，称这一部分空气受一国的领土管辖和控制，有别于这一管辖范围外的空气，这对于本项目来说，即使不是不可能，则至少是不切实际的。 |
| Chapter IX Immunity of State officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction | 第九章 国家官员的外国刑事管辖豁免 |
| A. Introduction | A. 导言 |
| 123.
The Commission, at its fifty-ninth session (2007), decided to include
the topic “Immunity of State officials from foreign criminal
jurisdiction” in its programme of work and appointed Mr. Roman A.
Kolodkin as Special Rapporteur. | 123. 委员会在第五十九届会议(2007年)上决定将“国家官员的外国刑事管辖豁免”专题列入工作方案，并任命罗曼·阿·科洛德金先生为特别报告员。 |
| At
the same session, the Commission requested the Secretariat to prepare a
background study on the topic, which was made available to the
Commission at its sixtieth session. | 同届会议上，委员会请秘书处编写一份关于此专题的背景研究报告，该研究报告提交给了委员会第六十届会议。 |
| 124. The Special Rapporteur submitted three reports. | 124. 特别报告员提交了三份报告。 |
| The
Commission received and considered the preliminary report at its
sixtieth session (2008) and the second and third reports at its
sixty-third session (2011). | 委员会第六十届会议(2008年)收到并审议了初步报告，第六十三届会议(2011年)收到并审议了第二次和第三次报告。 |
| The Commission was unable to consider the topic at its sixty-first session (2009) and at its sixty-second session (2010). | 委员会第六十一届(2009年)和第六十二届会议(2010年)未能审议本专题。 |
| 125.
The Commission, at its sixty-fourth session (2012), appointed Ms.
Concepción Escobar Hernández as Special Rapporteur to replace Mr.
Kolodkin, who was no longer with the Commission. | 125. 委员会第六十四届会议(2012年)任命康塞普西翁·埃斯科瓦尔·埃尔南德斯女士代替科洛德金先生担任特别报告员，科洛德金先生不再担任委员会委员。 |
| The
Commission received and considered the preliminary report of the
Special Rapporteur at the same session (2012) and her second report
during the sixty-fifth session (2013). | 委员会同届会议(2012年)收到并审议了特别报告员提交的初步报告，第六十二届会议收到了她的第二次报告。 |
| On
the basis of draft articles proposed by the Special Rapporteur in the
second report, the Commission provisionally adopted three draft
articles, together with commentaries thereto, during same session. | 根据特别报告员在第二次报告里提出的条款草案，委员会在同一届会议上暂时通过了三条草案及其评注。 |
| B. Consideration of the topic at the present session | B. 本届会议审议此专题的情况 |
| 126. The Commission had before it the third report of the Special Rapporteur (A/CN.4/673). | 126. 委员会收到了特别报告员的第三次报告(A/CN.4/673)。 |
| The Commission considered the report at its 3217th to 3222nd meetings, from 7 to 11 July 2014. | 委员会在2014年7月7日至11日举行的第3217次至第3222次会议上审议了该报告。 |
| 127.
In her third report, the Special Rapporteur commenced with an analysis
of the normative elements of immunity ratione materiae, focusing on
those aspects related to the subjective element. | 127. 在第三次报告里，特别报告员先是分析了属事豁免的规范性要素，着重分析了与主观要素有关的各个方面。 |
| In
this context, as was announced at the previous session of the
Commission, the general concept of a “State official” was examined in
the report, and the substantive criteria that could be used to identify
such persons were considered, especially in respect of those who may
enjoy immunity ratione materiae from foreign criminal jurisdiction. | 在这方面，正如在委员会上届会议上宣布的，报告探讨了“国家官员”的一般概念，考虑了可用来识别这类人员的实质性标准，特别是涉及对外国刑事管辖可享有属事豁免的那些人员的实质性标准。 |
| The
report further considered a linguistic point concerning the choice of
the most suitable term for designating persons who enjoy immunity,
given the terminological difficulties posed by the term “official” and
its equivalents in the various languages, and suggested instead that
“organ” be employed. | 报告还鉴于各语文中“官员”及其对应词语所造成的术语困难，处理了在语言上如何选择最适合的词语来指称那些享受豁免的人员的问题，并建议使用“机关”一词。 |
| Following
an analysis of relevant national and international judicial practice,
treaty practice and the previous work of the Commission, the Special
Rapporteur proposed two draft articles relating to the general concept
of “an official” for the purposes of the draft articles and the
subjective scope of immunity ratione materiae. | 在对有关的国家和国际司法实践、条约惯例及委员会的先前工作进行分析之后，特别报告员为本条款草案的目的，提出了关于“官员”的一般概念和属事豁免的主观范围的两项条款的草案。 |
| It
was envisaged that the material and temporal scope of immunity ratione
materiae would be the subject of consideration in the Special
Rapporteur’s next report. | 按照设想，属事豁免的属事范围和时间范围问题将在特别报告员下一次报告里处理。 |
| 128.
Following its debate on the third report of the Special Rapporteur, the
Commission, at its 3222nd meeting, on 11 July 2014, decided to refer
the draft articles to the Drafting Committee. | 128. 在对特别报告员第三次报告进行辩论之后，委员会在2014年7月11日第3222次会议上决定将这两项条款草案转给起草委员会。 |
| 129.
At its 3231st meeting, on 25 July 2014, the Commission received the
report of the Drafting Committee and provisionally adopted draft
articles 2 (e) and 5 (see section C.1 below). | 129. 在2014年7月25日第3231次会议上，委员会收到起草委员会的报告并暂时通过了第2条(e)项和第5条草案(见下文C.1节)。 |
| 130.
At its 3240th to 3242nd meetings, on 6 and 7 August 2014, the
Commission adopted the commentaries to the draft articles provisionally
adopted at the present session (see section C.2 below). | 130. 在2014年8月6日和7日第3240至第3242次会议上，委员会通过了本届会议暂时通过的条款草案的评注(见下文C.2节)。 |
| C.
Text of the draft articles on immunity of State officials from foreign
criminal jurisdiction provisionally adopted so far by the Commission | C. 委员会迄今为止暂时通过的国家官员的外国刑事管辖豁免条款草案案文 |
| 1. Text of the draft articles | 1. 条款草案案文 |
| 131. The text of the draft articles provisionally adopted so far by the Commission is reproduced below. | 131. 委员会迄今为止暂时通过的条款草案案文载录如下。 |
| Part One Introduction | 第一部分 导言 |
| Article 1 Scope of the present draft articles | 第1条 本条款草案的范围 |
| 1. The present draft articles apply to the immunity of State officials from the criminal jurisdiction of another State. | 1. 本条款草案适用于国家官员对另一国刑事管辖享有的豁免。 |
| 2.
The present draft articles are without prejudice to the immunity from
criminal jurisdiction enjoyed under special rules of international law,
in particular by persons connected with diplomatic missions, consular
posts, special missions, international organizations and military
forces of a State. | 2. 本条款草案不妨碍依照国际法特别规则享有的刑事管辖豁免，特别是与外交使团、领馆、特别使团、国际组织和一国军事力量相关的人员所享有的刑事管辖豁免。 |
| Article 2 Definitions | 第2条 定义 |
| For the purposes of the present draft articles: | 为本条款草案的目的： |
| (e) “State official” means any individual who represents the State or who exercises State functions. | (e) “国家官员”是指代表国家或行使国家职能的任何个人。 |
| Part Two Immunity ratione personae | 第二部分 属人豁免 |
| Article 3 Persons enjoying immunity ratione personae | 第3条 享有属人豁免的人员 |
| Heads
of State, Heads of Government and Ministers for Foreign Affairs enjoy
immunity ratione personae from the exercise of foreign criminal
jurisdiction. | 国家元首、政府首脑和外交部长对外国行使的刑事管辖享有属人豁免。 |
| Article 4 Scope of immunity ratione personae | 第4条 属人豁免的范围 |
| 1.
Heads of State, Heads of Government and Ministers for Foreign Affairs
enjoy immunity ratione personae only during their term of office. | 1. 国家元首、政府首脑和外交部长仅在其任职期间享有属人豁免。 |
| 2.
Such immunity ratione personae covers all acts performed, whether in a
private or official capacity, by Heads of State, Heads of Government
and Ministers for Foreign Affairs during or prior to their term of
office. | 2. 国家元首、政府首脑和外交部长享有的此种属人豁免涵盖他们在任职之前或任职期间的所有行为，无论是私人行为还是公务行为。 |
| 3.
The cessation of immunity ratione personae is without prejudice to the
application of the rules of international law concerning immunity
ratione materiae. | 3. 属人豁免的停止不妨碍关于属事豁免的国际法规则的适用。 |
| Part Three Immunity ratione materiae | 第三部分 属事豁免 |
| Article 5 Persons enjoying immunity ratione materiae | 第5条 享有属事豁免的人员 |
| State officials acting as such enjoy immunity ratione materiae from the exercise of foreign criminal jurisdiction. | 国家官员在以此种身份行事时，对外国行使的刑事管辖享有属事豁免。 |
| 2. Text of the draft articles and commentaries thereto provisionally adopted by the Commission at its sixty-sixth session | 2. 委员会第六十六届会议暂时通过的条款草案案文及其评注 |
| 132.
The text of the draft articles, together with commentaries,
provisionally adopted by the Commission at the sixty-sixth session, is
reproduced below. | 132. 委员会第六十六届会议暂时通过的条款草案案文及其评注载录如下。 |
| Article 2 Definitions | 第2条 定义 |
| For the purposes of the present draft articles: | 为本条款草案的目的： |
| (e) “State official” means any individual who represents the State or who exercises State functions. | (e) “国家官员”是指代表国家或行使国家职能的任何个人。 |
| Commentary | 评注 |
| (1)
The purpose of draft article 2, paragraph (e), is to define the persons
to whom the present draft articles apply, namely “State officials”. | (1) 第2条草案(e)项的目的是为了界定享有外国刑事管辖豁免的个人，即“国家官员”。 |
| Defining
the concept of State official helps to understand one of the normative
elements of immunity: the individuals who enjoy immunity. | 对国家官员作出界定有助于理解豁免的规范性要素之一：享受豁免的个人。 |
| Most
members of the Commission thought it would be useful to have a
definition of State official for the purposes of the present draft
articles, given that immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction is
applicable to individuals. | 委员会多数委员认为，为了本条款草案的目的，应当有一个国家官员的定义，因为外国刑事管辖豁免适用于个人。 个人构成豁免的主体要素。 |
| Several members of the Commission expressed doubts about the need to include this definition. | 委员会好几位委员对是否需要列入这一定义表示怀疑。 |
| (2)
The definition of the term “State official” contained in draft article
2, subparagraph (e), is general in nature, applicable to any person who
enjoys immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction under the present
draft articles, either immunity ratione personae or immunity ratione
materiae. | (2) 第2条草案(e)项所载“国家官员”概念的定义具有一般性，适用于任何根据本条款草案享有外国刑事管辖豁免的人，无论是属人豁免还是属事豁免。 |
| Consequently,
the nature and object of draft article 2, subparagraph (e), must not be
confused with the nature and object of draft articles 3 and 5, which
define who enjoys each category of immunity. | 因此，第2条草案(e)项的性质和目的不应与界定谁享有每一类豁免的第3条和第5条草案的性质和目的相混淆。 |
| The
persons who enjoy immunity ratione personae and immunity ratione
materiae both fall within the definition of “State official”, which is
common to both categories. | 享有属人豁免和属事豁免的人员都在“国家官员”的定义范围之内，定义对两类人员都适用。 |
| (3)
There is no general definition in international law of the term “State
official” or “official”, although both terms may be found in certain
international treaties and instruments. | (3) 国际法中并没有“国家官员”或“官员”概念的一般定义，尽管在某些国际条约和文书中，这两个词都可以看到。 |
| The term “State official”, or simply “official”, can mean different things in different domestic legal systems. | “国家官员”或简单的“官员”的概念在不同的国内法律制度中，所指可能不同。 |
| Consequently,
the definition of “State official” referred to in this commentary is
autonomous, and must be understood to be for the purposes of the
present draft articles. | 因此，本评注中提到的“国家官员”的定义是自主性的，必须理解为是为本条款草案的目的而拟订的。 |
| (4)
The definition of “State official” uses the term “individual” to
indicate that the present draft articles cover only natural persons. | (4) “国家官员”定义中使用“个人”一词是为了表明本条款草案仅涉及自然人。 |
| The present draft articles are without prejudice to the rules applicable to legal persons. | 本条款草案不妨碍适用于法人的规则。 |
| (5)
As indicated above, the term “State official” must be understood as
encompassing persons who enjoy immunity ratione personae and those who
enjoy immunity ratione materiae. | (5) 如前所述，“国家官员”必须理解为包括享有属人豁免的人员和享有属事豁免的人员。 |
| In
this connection, it must be noted that the Commission identified the
persons who enjoy immunity ratione personae by listing the individuals
cited eo nomine in draft article 3, namely: the Head of State, the Head
of Government and the Minister for Foreign Affairs. | 在这点上，必须指出的是，委员会用来确定享有属人豁免的人员的办法是在第3条草案里明确地列出此类个人，即国家元首、政府首脑和外交部长。 |
| However,
it has been decided not to mention them expressly in draft article 2,
subparagraph (e), since they are deemed to be, per se, State officials
in the sense of the present draft articles; | 但委员会决定不在第2条草案(e)项中明确提及这些人，因为他们本身被视为本条款草案所指的“国家官员”； |
| accordingly, they need not be differentiated from other State officials for the purposes of the definition. | 因此，从定义上讲，他们不必区别于其他国家官员。 |
| (6)
As regards the “State officials” to whom immunity ratione materiae is
applicable, the Commission considers that it cannot use the technique
of identification eo nomine. | (6) 关于属事豁免适用的“国家官员”，委员会认为无法使用明确列举的办法来确定。 |
| In
view of both the diversity of the positions of the individuals to whom
immunity may apply and of the variety of national legal systems that
determine which persons are their officials, the Commission does not
consider it possible to draw up an exhaustive list that would include
all the individuals covered by immunity ratione materiae. | 鉴于豁免可以适用的个人的职务多种多样，确定哪些人是官员的国家法律制度也各不相同，委员会认为无法拟订一个详尽无疑的名单，包含属事豁免涵盖的所有个人。 |
| For
the same reasons, the Commission has also considered it neither
possible nor suitable to draw up an indicative list in a draft article
of the positions of those individuals to whom such immunity may apply. | 出于同样的原因，委员会认为在一个条文草案里拟订这种豁免所适用个人职务的指示性名单也是不可能或不合适的。 |
| In
both cases, the list would inevitably be incomplete, since all the
positions of the State officials included in domestic legal systems
cannot be catalogued and the list would have to be constantly updated
and might be confusing for the government institutions responsible for
applying immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction. | 在这两种情况下，名单必然都是不完整的，因为无法编制国内法律制度包含的所有国家官员的职务目录，名单必须不断更新，并且可能给负责适用外国刑事管辖豁免的政府机构造成困惑。 |
| Accordingly,
the individuals who may be termed “State officials” for the purposes of
immunity ratione materiae must be identified on a case-by-case basis,
applying the criteria included in the definition and which point to a
specific link between the State and the official, namely:
representation of the State or the exercise of State functions. | 因此，为属事豁免目的可被称为“国家官员”的个人必须根据定义中所包含并表明国家与官员之间具体关系(即代表国家或行使国家职能)的标准逐案确定。 |
| (7)
Nevertheless, by way of example, the following “State officials” have
appeared in national and international caselaw regarding immunity from
jurisdiction: a former Head of State; | (7) 不过，作为例子，下述“国家官员”出现在与管辖豁免有关的国内和国际案例法中：前国家元首； |
| a Minister of Defence and a former Minister of Defence; | 国防部长和前国防部长； |
| a Vice-president and Minister of Forestry; | 副总统兼林业部长； |
| a Minister of Interior; | 内务部长； |
| an Attorney-General and a General Prosecutor; | 总法务官和检察长； |
| a Head of National Security; | 国家安全机构首长； |
| a former Intelligent Service Chief; | 前情报局局长； |
| a director of a Maritime Authority; | 海事局局长； |
| an
Attorney-General and various lower-ranking officials of a federal State
(a prosecutor and his legal assistants, a detective in the
Attorney-General´s office and a lawyer in a State agency); | 联邦国家的总法务官及各种低级别官员(检察官及其法律助手、总法务官办公署的侦探以及国家机构律师)； |
| military
officials of various ranks, and various members of government security
forces and institutions, including the Director of Scotland Yard; | 各种级别的军官、政府治安力量和机构的各种成员，包括苏格兰场(伦敦警察厅)厅长； |
| border guards; | 边防警察； |
| the deputy director of a prison; | 监狱的副监狱长； |
| and the Head of a State archives. | 国家档案馆馆长。 |
| (8)
Attention must be drawn to the fact that the Head of State, Head of
Government and Minister for Foreign Affairs may enjoy both immunity
ratione personae and immunity ratione materiae in accordance with the
present draft articles. | (8) 必须注意的是，国家元首、政府首脑和外交部长可按照本条款草案享有属人和属事两种豁免。 |
| The
first hypothesis is specifically envisaged in draft article 3,
provisionally adopted by the Commission at its sixty-fifth session. | 委员会第六十五届会议暂时通过的第3条草案特别对第一种假设作出了规定。 |
| The
second is reflected in draft article 4, paragraph 3, likewise
provisionally adopted by the Commission at the same session, according
to which “the cessation of immunity ratione personae is without
prejudice to the application of the rules of international law
concerning immunity ratione materiae”. | 第二种假设反映在委员会同届会议暂时通过的第4条草案第3款中，该款规定，“属人豁免的停止不妨碍关于属事豁免的国际法规则的适用”。 |
| The
conditions under which the Head of State, Head of Government and
Minister for Foreign Affairs enjoy immunity ratione personae or
immunity ratione materiae will depend on the rules applicable to each
of these categories of immunity that are contained in other provisions
of the present draft articles. | 国家元首、政府首脑和外交部长享有属人豁免或属事豁免的条件将取决于本条款草案的其他规定所载的适用于每一类豁免的规则。 |
| (9)
The definition of “State official,” it must be noted, refers solely to
the person who enjoys immunity, without prejudging or implying any
statement about the question of what are the acts that may be covered
by immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction. | (9) 必须指出的是，“国家官员”的定义仅指享有豁免的人，并不预先判断外国刑事管辖豁免涵盖哪些行为的问题或暗含对这一问题的任何表述。 |
| From
this standpoint, the essential element to be taken into account in
identifying an individual as a State official for the purposes of the
present draft articles is the existence of a link between that person
and the State. | 从这个角度来看，为本条款草案的目的，在确定个人为国家官员时应当考虑的基本要素是该人与国家之间存在某种联系。 |
| This
link is reflected in draft article 2, subparagraph (e), through the
reference to the fact that the individual in question “represents the
State or […] exercises State functions. | 这种联系反映在第2条草案(e)项中，其中提到有关个人“代表国家或[…]行使国家职能”。 |
| ”
This is a clear and simple statement regarding the criteria for
identifying what constitutes an official, and reiterating the
proposition that the Commission accepted in 2013, namely that the
present draft articles relate to “the immunity from foreign criminal
jurisdiction that may be enjoyed by those persons who represent or act
on behalf of a State”. | 这是关于确定官员的标准的简单明了的说法， 并重申了委员会2013年接受的建议，即本条款草案与“代表一国或为一国利益行事的人员可享有的外国刑事管辖豁免”有关。 |
| Lastly, attention must be drawn to the fact that a State official may fulfil both requirements or only one of them. | 最后，应当注意的是，国家官员可能满足这两个要求或只满足其中一个要求。 |
| (10)
The phrase “who represents” must be understood in a broad sense, as
including any “State official” who performs representational functions. | (10) “代表…的人”一语必须从广义上理解为包括任何履行代表职能的“国家官员”。 |
| The
reference to representation is of special importance with regard to the
Head of State, Head of Government and Minister for Foreign Affairs
because — as the commentary to draft article 3 states — “these three
office holders represent the State in its international relations
simply by virtue of their office, directly and with no need for
specific powers to be granted by the State. | 提及代表对于国家元首、政府首脑和外交部长特别重要，因为――如第3条草案的评注所述――“任这些职位的人员仅凭其职务就可在国际关系中直接代表国家而无需国家专门授权其这样做”。 |
| ”
However, the reference to representation of the State may also be
applicable to State officials other than the so-called “troika,” in
conformity with the rules or acts of the national systems themselves. | 不过，这里提到的代表国家根据国家制度本身的规则或法律，还可适用于除所谓“三巨头”以外的国家官员。 |
| Consequently, whether an official is representing the State or not must be determined on a case-by-case basis. | 因此，官员是否代表国家须逐案确定。 |
| Lastly,
it must be noted that the separate reference to representation of the
State as one of the criteria for identifying a link with the State
makes it possible to cover certain persons, such as those Heads of
State who typically do not perform State functions in a narrow sense,
but who most certainly represent the State. | 最后，必须指出的是，单独提到代表国家，以此作为确定与国家之间联系的一个标准，可将某些类别的个人诸如国家元首涵盖进来，他们通常不履行严格意义上的国家职能，但他们确实是代表国家的。 |
| (11)
“State functions” must be understood, in a broad sense, to mean the
activities carried out by the State. This designation includes the
legislative, judicial, executive or other functions performed by the
State. | (11) “国家职能”必须从广义上理解为是指国家开展的活动，该词包括国家履行的立法、司法、行政或其他职能。 |
| Consequently, the “State official” is the individual who is in a position to perform these State functions. | 因此，“国家官员”是能够履行这些国家职能的个人。 |
| The
reference to the exercise of State functions defines more precisely the
requisite link between the official and the State, allowing for
sufficient account to be taken that immunity is granted to the
individual for the benefit of the State. | 提到行使国家职能，就更准确地界定了官员与国家之间的必要联系，这就可以充分地考虑到授予个人豁免是为了国家利益。 |
| Although
various terms, such as “prerogatives of public power,” “public
functions,” “sovereign authority,” “governmental authority” or
“inherent functions of the State” have been suggested in order to
reflect this idea, the Commission has chosen the term “State functions”
as being the most suitable at the current stage of work. | 虽然为反映这一想法提出了各种词语，如“公共权力的特权”、“公共职能”、“主权权力”、“政府权力”、“国家固有职能”等，但委员会选择了最适合本阶段工作的“国家职能”一词。 |
| This
choice has been made for two reasons: first, it reflects sufficiently
well the link between the State and the official, which is related to
the latter’s duties; | 这种选择有两个原因：一是它充分反映了国家与官员之间的联系，这种联系与后者的职责有关； |
| and
secondly, the use of the term “functions” rather than “acts performed
in the name of the State” avoids potential confusion between the
subjective (the official) and objective (the act) elements of immunity. | 二是使用“职能”一词，而不是“以国家名义实施的行为”，避免了豁免的主体要素(官员)与客体要素(行为)之间可能的混淆。 |
| At
the current stage of the Commission’s work, in any case, these terms
should be understood in the broadest sense possible, keeping in mind
that the exact content of what “State functions” may be depends to a
large extent on the laws and organizational capacity of the State. | 无论如何，在委员会工作的现行阶段，应在尽量广泛的意义上理解这些词语，同时铭记“国家职能”的确切内容可能在很大程度上取决于国家的法律和组织能力。 |
| Some Commission members stated, however, that the phrase chosen was infelicitous. | 但有些委员会委员认为所选择的词语不当。 |
| (12)
It is to be noted that the use of the terms “represents” and
“exercises” in this draft article must not be interpreted as making any
statement about the temporal scope of immunity. | (12) 须指出的是，本条草案中使用的“代表”和“行使”两词不得被解释为是对豁免的时间范围的任何表述。 |
| It
is motivated by the intention to identify in general terms the link
between the State and the official, and has no bearing on whether the
State official must continue to be one at the time when immunity is
claimed. | 使用这两个词是为了一般性地确定国家与官员之间的联系，与国家官员在请求豁免时是否必须仍为官员无关。 |
| The temporal scope of immunity ratione personae and of immunity ratione materiae is the subject of other draft articles. | 属人豁免和属事豁免的时间范围是其他条款草案讨论的问题。 |
| (13)
For the purposes of defining “State official,” what is important is the
link between the individual and the State, whereas the form taken by
that link is irrelevant. | (13) 对界定“国家官员”的目的而言，重要的是个人与国家的联系，这种联系的形式则无关紧要。 |
| The Commission considers that the link may take many forms, depending upon national legislation and the practice of each State. | 委员会认为这种关系可有许多形式，具体取决于国家立法和每个国家的惯例。 |
| However,
the majority of Commission members are of the view that the link cannot
be interpreted so broadly as to cover all de facto officials. | 但大多数委员会委员认为，对这种关系的解释不能太广泛，将所有事实上的官员都包括在内。 |
| The
term de facto official is used to refer to many possible cases, and it
will depend on each specific case whether or not the individual may be
considered a State official for the purposes of the present draft
articles. | “事实上的官员”一词用于指许多可能的情况，个人可否为本条款草案的目的被视为国家官员，取决于每个具体情况。 |
| In
any event, issues relating to de facto officials may be more
appropriately addressed in connection with a definition of “act
performed in an official capacity”. | 无论怎样，结合“以公务身份实施的行为”处理与事实上的官员有关的问题，可能更为恰当。 |
| (14)
Given that the concept of “State official” rests solely on the fact
that the individual in question represents the State or exercises State
functions, the hierarchical position occupied by the individual is
irrelevant for the sole purposes of the definition. | (14) 鉴于“国家官员”的概念完全基于有关个人代表国家或行使国家职能这一点，因此，其职位高低与定义的唯一目的无关。 |
| Although
in many cases, the persons who have been recognized as State officials
for the purposes of immunity hold a high or middle rank, it is also
possible to find examples of such persons at a low level of the
hierarchy. | 尽管实践表明在多数情况下，为豁免目的被视为国家官员的个人担任较高或相当高的职位，但也可找到这类人员职位较低的例子。 |
| Consequently, the hierarchical level is not an integral part of the definition of State official. | 因此，职位的高低虽可为确定某一人员是否是本条款草案规定的官员提供某些提示，但它不是国家官员定义的一个组成部分。 |
| (15)
Lastly, it must be borne in mind that the definition of “State
official” has no bearing on the type of acts covered by immunity. | (15) 最后，必须铭记的是，“国家官员”的定义与豁免涵盖的行为种类毫无关系。 |
| Consequently,
the terms “represent” and “exercise State functions” may not be
interpreted as defining in any way the substantive scope of immunity. | 因此，“代表”和“行使国家职能”不能被解释为以任何方式界定豁免的实质范围。 |
| Similarly, the definition of “State official” cannot be interpreted as containing a statement about exceptions to immunity. | 同样，“国家官员”的定义也不能被解释为包含对豁免例外情况的说明。 |
| These two issues will be taken up at a later date. | 这两个问题将在晚些时候讨论。 |
| (16)
As to the question of terminology, at the present stage of the work on
the immunity of State officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction, the
Commission has not considered it necessary to change the terms used to
refer to persons who enjoy immunity. | (16) 关于术语问题，在国家官员的外国刑事管辖豁免工作的现阶段，委员会认为没必要改变用来指享有豁免权的人员的词语。 |
| Consequently,
the terms “State official” in English, “représentant de l’Etat” in
French, “funcionario del Estado” in Spanish, “مسؤول الدولة” in Arabic,
“国家官员” in Chinese and “должностное лицо государства” in Russian
continue to be employed. | 因此，继续在英文中使用“State
official”、在法文中使用“représentant de l’Etat”、在西班牙文中使用“funcionario del
Estado”、在阿拉伯文中使用“مسؤول الدولة”、在中文中使用“国家官员”、在俄文中使用“должностное лицо
государства”。 |
| Although the
Commission is aware that they do not necessarily mean the same thing
and are not interchangeable, it has preferred to continue using these
terms, especially since the term “State official” in English, used
extensively in practice, is suitable for referring to all the
categories of persons to which the present draft articles refer. | 虽然委员会认识到这些词语的所指并不一定相同，而且不能互换，但仍倾向于使用这些词语，尤其是因为实践中广泛使用的英文“State official”一词适于指本条款草案提到的所有类别人员。 |
| Thus, the fact that different terms are used in each of the language versions is of no semantic significance whatsoever. | 因此，各语文本中使用的不同词语并无任何语义方面的重要意义。 |
| Rather,
the various terms used in each of the language versions have the same
meaning for the purposes of the present draft articles and have no
bearing on the meaning that each term may have in domestic legal
systems. | 相反，为了本条款草案的目的，每个语文本中使用的各词语含义相同，与其在国内法律制度中的含义无关。 |
| The
Commission will decide in due course whether a change needs to be made
or a saving clause added with respect to the use of these terms in
domestic law or international instruments, so as to ensure that
institutions charged with applying immunity at the national level
correctly interpret the term “State official” as set out in the present
draft articles. | 委员会将在适当时候决定是否需要作出修改或就这些词语在国内法或国际文书中的使用添加一个保留条款，以确保负责在国家层面实施豁免的机构对本条款草案使用的术语“国家官员”作出正确的解释。 |
| Article 5 Persons enjoying immunity ratione materiae | 第5条 享有属事豁免的人员 |
| State officials acting as such enjoy immunity ratione materiae from the exercise of foreign criminal jurisdiction. | 国家官员在以此种身份行事时，对外国行使的刑事管辖享有属事豁免。 |
| Commentary | 评注 |
| (1)
Draft article 5 is the first of the draft articles on immunity ratione
materiae and is intended to define the subjective scope of this
category of immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction. | (1) 第5条草案是关于属事豁免的第一条草案，意在界定这类外国刑事管辖豁免的主体范围。 |
| Consequently, this draft article parallels draft article 3, on persons enjoying immunity ratione personae. | 因此，本条草案与关于享有属人豁免的人员的第3条草案平行。 |
| It
has the same structure, and it uses, mutatis mutandis, the same wording
and the terminology already agreed on by the Commission concerning the
latter draft article. | 它具有相同的结构，比照采用了委员会已就第3条草案达成一致的同样措词和术语。 |
| There
is no list of actual persons who enjoy immunity; instead in the case of
immunity ratione materiae they have been referred to as “State
officials acting as such”. | 没有列出实际享有豁免的人员，而是在属事豁免情况下，提到了“以此种身份行事”的“国家官员”。 |
| (2)
The expression “State officials”, as used in this draft article, is to
be understood in the sense given to it in draft article 2, subparagraph
(e), namely: “any individual who represents the State or who exercises
State functions”. | (2) 本条草案中使用的“国家官员”一词应从第2条草案(e)项赋予它的意义上来理解，即“代表国家或行使国家职能的任何个人”。 |
| In
contrast to the situation with persons enjoying immunity ratione
personae, the Commission did not consider it possible, in the present
draft articles, to draw up a list of persons enjoying immunity ratione
materiae. | 与享有属人豁免的人员情况相反，委员会认为不可能在本条款草案里拟订享有属事豁免的人员名单。 |
| Rather,
the persons in this category must be identified on a case-by-case
basis, by applying the criteria set out in draft article 2,
subparagraph (e), which highlight the existence of a link between the
official and the State. | 实际上，这类人员必须适用第2条草案(e)项规定的标准逐案确定，这些标准强调了官员与国家之间的关系。 |
| The commentary to draft article 2, subparagraph (e), must be duly kept in mind for the purposes of the present draft article. | 为本条草案的目的，必须适当谨记第2条草案(e)项的评注。 |
| (3)
The phrase “acting as such” refers to the official nature of the acts
of the officials, emphasizing the functional nature of immunity ratione
materiae and establishing a distinction with immunity ratione personae. | (3) “以此种身份行事”指的是官员实施的行为的公务性质，强调了属事豁免的职能性，并确立了与属人豁免的区别。 |
| In
view of the functional nature of immunity ratione materiae, some
members of the Commission have expressed doubts about the need to
define the persons who enjoy it, since in their view, the essence of
immunity ratione materiae is the nature of the acts performed and not
the individual who performs them. | 鉴于属事豁免的职能性，有些委员会委员对是否需要界定享有这种豁免的人员表示怀疑，因为在他们看来，属事豁免的本质是所实施的行为的性质，而非实施这些行为的个人。 |
| Nevertheless,
the majority of members of the Commission thought it would be useful to
identify the persons in this category of immunity, since immunity from
foreign criminal jurisdiction applies to these individuals. | 不过，委员会多数委员认为，应当确定享有这种豁免的个人，因为外国刑事管辖豁免适用于这些人。 |
| The
reference to the fact that the “State officials” must have acted “as
such” in order to enjoy immunity ratione materiae says nothing about
the acts that might be covered by such immunity, which are to be
covered in a separate draft article. | 提到享有属事豁免的“国家官员”必须是“以此种身份”行事的人，这丝毫没有提示这类豁免可能涵盖的行为，这些行为将在单独的一条草案中讨论。 |
| For
the same reason, the expression “acting in an official capacity” has
not been used, to avoid potential confusion with the concept of an “act
performed in an official capacity”. | 出于同样的原因，也没有使用“以公务身份行事”一语，以避免与“以公务身份实施的行为”的概念相混淆。 |
| (4)
In conformity with draft article 4, paragraph 3, provisionally adopted
by the Commission in 2013, immunity ratione materiae also applies to
former Head of States, Heads of Government and Ministers for Foreign
Affairs “when they have acted in the capacity of State officials”. | (4) 根据委员会2013年暂时通过的第4条草案第3款， 属事豁免也适用于“以国家官员身份行事”的前国家元首、政府首脑和外交部长。 |
| Nevertheless,
the Commission does not consider it necessary to refer explicitly to
those officials in the present draft article, since immunity ratione
materiae applies to them, not because of their status, but in view of
the fact that they are State officials who have acted as such during
their term of office. | 不过，委员会认为没有必要在本条草案中明确提及这些官员，因为属事豁免之所以对其适用，并非是因为他们的身份，而是因为他们是在任期间以此种身份行事。 |
| Even
though the Commission considers that the Head of State, Head of
Government and Minister for Foreign Affairs enjoy immunity ratione
materiae stricto sensu only once they have left office, there is no
need to mention this in draft article 5. | 尽管委员会认为国家元首、政府首脑和外交部长只在离任后才享有严格意义上的属事豁免，但没有必要在第5条草案中提到这一点。 |
| The
matter will be covered more fully in a future draft article on the
substantive and temporal scope of immunity ratione materiae, to be
modelled on draft article 4. | 将在今后一条关于属事豁免实质范围和时间范围的草案中对这一问题予以更广泛的讨论，该条草案将仿照第4条草案拟订。 |
| (5) Draft article 5 is without prejudice to exceptions to immunity ratione materiae, likewise to be taken up at a later date. | (5) 第5条草案不妨碍属事豁免的例外情形，这些例外也将在晚些时候讨论。 |
| (6)
Lastly, attention must be drawn to the fact that draft article 5 uses
the expression “from the exercise of foreign criminal jurisdiction,” as
does draft article 3, to refer to persons enjoying immunity ratione
personae. | (6) 最后，必须注意的是，第5条草案与第3条草案一样，使用“外国行使的刑事管辖”一语来指享有属事豁免的个人。 |
| This
expression illustrates the relationship between immunity and foreign
criminal jurisdiction and emphasizes the essentially procedural nature
of the immunity that comes into play in relation to the exercise of
foreign criminal jurisdiction with respect to a specific act. | 这种表达说明了豁免与外国刑事管辖的关系，并强调了对具体行为行使外国刑事管辖时发挥作用的豁免本质上的程序性质。 |
| Chapter X Identification of customary international law | 第十章 习惯国际法的识别 |
| A. Introduction | A. 导言 |
| 133.
At its sixty-fourth session (2012), the Commission decided to include
the topic “Formation and evidence of customary international law” in
its programme of work and appointed Mr. Michael Wood as Special
Rapporteur. | 133. 委员会第六十四届会议(2012年)决定将“习惯国际法的形成与证据”的专题列入工作方案，并任命迈克尔·伍德先生为特别报告员。 |
| At the same session, the Commission had before it a Note by the Special Rapporteur (A/CN.4/653). | 在该届会议上，委员会收到特别报告员的说明(A/CN.4/653)。 |
| Also
at the same session, the Commission requested the Secretariat to
prepare a memorandum identifying elements in the previous work of the
Commission that could be particularly relevant to this topic. | 在同届会议上，委员会还请秘书处编写一份备忘录，说明委员会此前的工作中可能与此专题尤为相关的要素。 |
| 134.
At its sixty-fifth session (2013), the Commission considered the first
report of the Special Rapporteur (A/CN.4/663), as well as a memorandum
of the Secretariat on the topic (A/CN.4/659). | 134. 委员会第六十五届会议(2013年)审议了特别报告员的第一次报告(A/CN.4/ 663)以及秘书处关于本专题的一份备忘录(A/CN.4/659)。 |
| At the same session, the Commission decided to change the title of the topic to “Identification of customary international law”. | 在该届会议上，委员会决定将本专题的标题改为“习惯国际法的识别”。 |
| B. Consideration of the topic at the present session | B. 本届会议审议此专题的情况 |
| 135. At the present session, the Commission had before it the second report of the Special Rapporteur (A/CN.4/672). | 135. 委员会本届会议收到特别报告员的第二次报告(A/CN.4/672)。 |
| The Commission considered the report at its 3222nd to 3227th meetings, from 11 to 18 July 2014. | 委员会在2014年7月11日至18日第3222至第3227次会议上审议了该报告。 |
| 136.
At its 3227th meeting, on 18 July 2014, the Commission referred draft
conclusions 1 to 11, as contained in the second report of the Special
Rapporteur, to the Drafting Committee. | 136. 在2014年7月18日第3227次会议上，委员会决定将载于特别报告员第二次报告的结论草案1至11转交起草委员会。 |
| At
the 3242nd meeting of the Commission, on 7 August 2014, the Chairman of
the Drafting Committee presented the interim report of the Drafting
Committee on “Identification of customary international law”,
containing the eight draft conclusions provisionally adopted by the
Drafting Committee at the sixty-sixth session. | 在2014年8月7日第3242次会议上，起草委员会主席介绍了起草委员会 “国际习惯法的识别”的临时报告，报告里含有起草委员会在第六十六届会议期间暂时通过的八条结论草案及其评注。 |
| The
report, together with the draft conclusions, was presented for
information only at this stage, and is available on the Commission
website. | 这份报告连同结论草案在目前阶段只是作为资料提交给委员会，可在委员会网站上查阅。 |
| 1. Introduction by the Special Rapporteur of the second report | 1. 特别报告员介绍第二次报告 |
| 137.
The second report focused on the two constituent elements of rules of
customary international law: “a general practice” and “accepted as law”. | 137. 第二次报告着重论述了习惯国际法规则的两个组成要素：“一般惯例”和“被接受为法律”。 |
| The
report proposed 11 draft conclusions, divided into 4 parts
(“introduction”; “two constituent elements”; “a general practice”; | 报告提出了十一项结论草案，分为四个部分(“导言”、“两个构成要素”、“一般惯例”和“被接受为法律”)。 |
| “accepted
as law”). 138. After recalling the history of the topic, the first part
of the report presented the scope and planned outcome of the work. | 138. 报告第一部分首先回顾了本专题的历史，然后介绍工作范围及其预期成果。 |
| The
extent and limits of the scope of the draft conclusions were the
subject of draft conclusion 1, and some of the terms that it might be
useful to define for purposes of the work were reflected in draft
conclusion 2. | 结论草案范围的广度和限度是结论草案1的主题， 有些术语对工作目的而言或许应该界定，它们载于结论草案2。 |
| The
report then proceeded to the heart of the topic in its second part,
namely the basic approach to the identification of customary
international law. | 报告接着直达第二部分主题的核心，即识别习惯国际法的基本方法。 |
| Draft
conclusion 3 presented a clear statement of the two-element approach,
and draft conclusion 4 constituted a general provision on the
assessment of evidence for such purpose. | 结论草案3明确阐述了两个基本方法，结论草案4是关于为此而进行证据评估的一般性规定。 |
| The two elements were dealt with in more detail in the next two parts, respectively. | 后两个部分分别对这两个要素进行论述。 |
| The
third part included five draft conclusions relating to the nature and
evidence of “a general practice”, namely the role of practice (draft
conclusion 5), the attribution of conduct (draft conclusion 6), the
forms of practice (draft conclusion 7), the weighing of evidence of
practice (draft conclusion 8) and the generality and consistency of
practice (draft conclusion 9). | 第三部分载有关于“一般惯例”的性质和证据的五个结论草案，即惯例的作用(结论草案5)、行为归属(结论草案6)、惯例的形式(结论草案7)、权衡与惯例有关的证据(结论草案8)和惯例必须具备普遍性和一贯性(结论草案9)。 |
| Thereafter,
in the fourth part, the second of the two elements, “accepted as law”,
was addressed in two draft conclusions on the role and evidence of
acceptance of law (draft conclusions 10 and 11 respectively). | 然后在第四部分由关于接受为法律的作用和证据的两个结论草案(分别为结论草案10和结论草案11)阐述两要素的第二个要素，即“被接受为法律”。 |
| 139.
In his introduction, the Special Rapporteur recalled aspects of the
discussions on the scope and outcome of the topic at the 2013 session
of the Commission. | 139. 特别报告员在导言中回顾了委员会第2013届会议对本专题的范围和结果进行讨论的一些情况。 |
| He
noted, in particular, that the outcome of the topic was presently
intended to be “conclusions” with commentaries, an outcome which was
widely supported in the Commission and in the Sixth Committee. | 他特别指出，按目前的设想，本专题的结果是附有评注的“结论”，这一结果受到委员会和第六委员会的广泛支持。 |
| Nevertheless, the final form could be kept under review as the work on the topic progresses. | 尽管如此，最后的形式可以随着本专题工作的进展而予以随时审查。 |
| The
Special Rapporteur also noted that he did not intend to deal with
general principles of law or jus cogens as part of this topic. | 特别报告员还指出，他不打算在本专题范围内处理法律的一般原则或者强制法的问题。 |
| 140.
The Special Rapporteur recalled that the objective of the topic, as was
noted in the first part of the report, was not to determine the
substance of the rules of customary international law, but rather to
address the methodological question of the identification of the
existence and content of rules of customary international law. | 140. 特别报告员回顾，本专题的目标如报告第一部分指出的那样，不是要确定习惯国际法规则的实质，而是要解决识别习惯国际法规则的存在和内容方面的方法问题。 |
| 141. The core of the second report was the two-element approach to the identification of rules of customary international law. | 141. 第二次报告的核心是识别习惯国际法规则的两要素方法。 |
| The
Special Rapporteur noted that this approach was widely followed in the
practice of States and in the decisions of international courts and
tribunals, including the International Court of Justice, and had been
welcomed in the Sixth Committee. | 特别报告员指出，该方法在国家实践以及在国际上的法院和法庭，包括在国际法院的决定中广为采用，受到第六委员会的欢迎。 |
| It was also generally endorsed in the literature. | 这种方法还得到文献的普遍赞同。 |
| He
also recalled the view with regard to certain fields of international
law, such as international human rights law and international
humanitarian law, that one element, namely opinio juris, might suffice
to establish a rule of customary international law, stressing that this
view was not supported by State practice or the case-law of the
International Court of Justice. | 他还回顾了在国际法某些领域方面的意见，如对国际人权法和国际人道主义法的意见：一要素，即法律确信，也许足以确立习惯国际法的规则，他强调，这个意见没有得到国家实践或国际法院判例法的佐证。 |
| The
Special Rapporteur noted, however, that there may be differences in the
application of the two-element approach in different fields or with
respect to different types of rules. | 但是，特别报告员指出，在不同领域或者在不同类型的规则方面实施两要素方法，可能会有区别。 |
| 142.
After addressing the basic aspects of the two-element approach, the
report proceeded to a more detailed consideration of each of the two
elements. | 142. 报告在讨论了两要素方法的基本方面之后，接着更详细地逐一讨论这两个要素。 |
| Starting
with the first element, “a general practice”, the Special Rapporteur
indicated that this term was preferable to “State practice” as it
reflected the language of Article 38, paragraph 1 (b), of the Statute
of the International Court of Justice and allowed for the fact that the
practice of international organizations may also be relevant. | 从第一个要素“一般惯例”开始，特别报告员表示，该术语比“国家实践”更好，因为它反映了《国际法院规约》第三十八条第一款(丑)项的用语，他还承认，国际组织的实践也可能相关。 |
| It
was also noted that the draft conclusion on the role of practice, which
proposed that it was “primarily” the practice of States that
contributes to the creation or expression of rules of customary
international law, borrowed, in part, from the language of the
jurisprudence of the International Court of Justice. | 他还指出，关于惯例的作用的结论草案表明，促成习惯国际法规则的创建或表述的，主要是国家实践。 草案部分地缩小了国际法院判例法的用语。 |
| The
draft conclusion on the question of attribution proposed in the report
was based, to a large extent, upon the articles on the responsibility
of States for internationally wrongful acts. | 报告提出的关于归属问题的结论草案在很大程度上以国家对国际不法行为的责任条款为基础。 |
| 143.
The report also dealt at some length with what may be termed
“manifestations of practice”, namely the acts or omissions that may be
relevant to the ascertainment of “a general practice”. | 143. 报告还以较多的篇幅论述了所谓的“惯例的表现形式”，即可能与确定“某一一般惯例”有关的作为或不作为。 |
| The Special Rapporteur drew attention to six points relating to this part of the report. | 特别报告员提请注意与报告这一部分有关的六点。 |
| First, practice may consist of verbal acts as well as physical acts. | 第一，惯例即可包括口头行为，也可包括实际行为。 |
| Second,
an indicative list of the forms of practice was useful, in particular
given the overall aim of the topic, though any such list was bound to
be non-exhaustive. | 第二，惯例形式的指示性清单很有用，特别是鉴于本专题的总体目标，但这种清单不可能毫无遗漏地罗列所有惯例的形式。 |
| Third, many of the types of practice listed may also serve as evidence of acceptance as law. | 第三，列出的许多惯例形式也可以作为接受为法律的证据。 |
| Fourth,
practice embodied in treaties and resolutions of organs of
international organizations constitute two important forms of practice
and would be covered in more depth in the next report. | 第四，国际组织各机构的条约惯例和决议构成两个重要的惯例形式，下次报告将更详细地论述。 |
| Fifth, the practical importance of inaction, or silence, should not be overlooked. | 第五，不作为或者沉默的实际重要性不应被忽略。 |
| Finally,
the practice of certain international organizations may be of
increasing importance, although it ought to be assessed with caution. | 最后，某些国际组织的惯例的重要性可能在日益提高，但应该小心予以评估。 |
| 144.
The Special Rapporteur stated that there was no predetermined hierarchy
among the various forms of practice and that account should be taken of
all available practice of a particular State. | 144. 特别报告员说，在各种形式的惯例之间没有预先确定的等级，应该注意某一国家的所有现有惯例。 |
| Moreover,
practice must be general and consistent. To be general, the practice
must be sufficiently widespread and representative, though it need not
be universal. | 此外，惯例必须具有普遍性和一贯性，要有普遍性，惯例必须有充分广的范围，并具有代表性，尽管不必具备普适性。 |
| Where these conditions are met, no particular minimum duration would be required. | 如果能满足这些条件，就不需要规定具体的最短期限。 |
| In addition, due regard is to be given to the practice of States whose interests are specially affected. | 此外，应该适当注意利益受到特别影响的国家的惯例。 |
| 145.
Turning to the second of the two elements, “accepted as law”, the
Special Rapporteur stressed that many of the difficulties typically
associated with this element have been theoretical rather than
practical. | 145. 谈到两要素的第二个要素，即“被接受为法律”，特别报告员强调说，与该要素通常相关的许多困难并不是实践中的困难，而是理论上的困难。 |
| For
a general practice to be accepted as law means that the practice in
question must be accompanied by a sense of legal obligation. | 使一个普遍惯例被接受为法律，意味着该惯例必须伴随有法律义务的意义。 |
| It is that which distinguishes a rule of customary international law from mere habit or usage. | 习惯国际法规则与单纯习惯或常例的区别之处就在这一点上。 |
| It
was also suggested that using the term “accepted as law”, borrowed from
the language of the Statute of the International Court of Justice,
would be preferable to the term opinio juris or to other terms used in
the jurisprudence, since it better describes what happens in practice
than other expressions in common use. | 特别报告员还表明，使用从《国际法院规约》的用语中借来的“被接受为法律”一词，比司法判例中使用的法律确信一词或者其他词语更受欢迎，因为它比通常使用的其他表达形式能更好地描述实际发生的情况。 |
| Using
“accepted as law” would also avoid the need to interpret the Latin
expression “opinio juris sive necessitatis”, which remains debatable. | 使用“被接受为法律”还可避免对拉丁语“opinio juris sive necessitatis”(法律必要确信)一词的解释，因为该拉丁语现在仍有争议。 |
| 146. The report then proceeded to address the critical question of how acceptance of law (or the lack thereof) may be evidenced. | 146. 报告接着论述如何就是否接受为法律提出证据的关键问题。 |
| It
concluded that such acceptance may be indicated by or inferred from
practice, though it was stressed that the subjective element was,
nevertheless, a requirement distinct from “general practice”, which
must be separately identified in each case. | 它的结论是，这种接触可以有惯例表明，或者通过惯例来推导出，但要强调的是，不管怎样，实质性要素是不同于“一般惯例”的一项要求，必须在每个案件中予以分别确定。 |
| The Special Rapporteur indicated that another draft conclusion may be needed to further clarify this point. | 特别报告员表明，需要另外编制结论草案，以进一步澄清这一点。 |
| As
with “practice”, it was also noted that evidence of “acceptance as law”
may take a variety of forms, and the report provided an indicative,
non-exhaustive, list of such forms. | 关于“惯例”，报告还指出，“接受为法律”的证据可采取各种各样的形式，报告就这种形式提供了一个不完整的指示性清单。 |
| 147.
The Special Rapporteur expressed his deep appreciation for the input
and support he had received in preparing the second report, as well as
for the written submissions received on the topic from several
Governments. | 147. 特别报告员表示，他深为感谢在编写第二次报告时得到的投入和支持，以及若干国家的政府就本专题提供的书面材料。 |
| The
Special Rapporteur noted that certain additional aspects of the topic
would be considered in more detail in his third report next year and,
in this regard, indicated that he would continue to welcome views and
input as the work on the topic progresses. | 特别报告员指出，在本专题上增加的某些内容可以在明年的第三次报告中更详细地考虑，在这方面，他表明，随着在本专题上的工作的进展，他继续欢迎提出意见和投入。 |
| In
addition to the question of the interplay of the two elements, the
Special Rapporteur requested views on the role of the practice of
non-State actors, the role of resolutions of international
organizations and conferences, the role of (and relationship with)
treaties, the task of evaluating evidence of practice and acceptance of
law, and ways of addressing the challenges of assessing the practice of
States and evidence thereof. | 除了两个要素相互作用的问题以外，特别报告员请求就非国家行为者的惯例的作用、国际组织和会议的决议的作用、条约的作用以及与条约的关系、评估惯例和接受为法律的证据的任务、应对评估国家惯例及其证据的挑战的各种方式等等提出意见。 |
| 148.
The Special Rapporteur also indicated that the issues of “special” or
“regional” customary international law, including “bilateral custom”,
which had been raised in the Sixth Committee in 2013, would be covered
in his third report in 2015. | 148. 特别报告员还表示，他将在2015年的第三次报告中列入第六委员会2013年提出的“特殊”或“地区”习惯国际法，包括“双边习惯”的问题。 |
| 2. Summary of the debate | 2. 辩论摘要 |
| (a) General comments | (a) 一般评论 |
| 149. There was broad support for the overall direction and approach of the Special Rapporteur. | 149. 特别报告员的大方向和方法得到了广泛的支持。 |
| The two-element approach was universally welcomed. | 两要素方法受到普遍欢迎。 |
| It
was widely agreed that the outcome of the work should be a practical
tool, of particular value to practitioners who are not specialists in
international law. | 广泛认为，工作成果应该是一个实用的工具，对不是国际法专家的实践者来说，要有特别的价值。 |
| In
this regard, it was recommended that the draft conclusions should be
clear and should reflect the necessary nuance and qualification. | 在这方面，会议建议结论草案要明确清晰，应反映必要的细微差别和限定。 |
| There
was also general agreement that the draft conclusions should not be
unduly prescriptive and should reflect the inherent flexibility of
customary international law. | 还普遍同意，结论草案不应有过度的规定性，而应反映习惯国际法固有的灵活性。 |
| 150. Questions were raised, however, regarding the scope of the topic. | 150. 但是，在本专题的范围方面产生了问题。 |
| Some
members of the Commission called for more direct reference to the
process of formation of rules of customary international law, in
addition to consideration of the evidence of customary international
law. | 除了考虑习惯国际法的证据以外，委员会有些委员要求更直接地参考习惯国际法规则的形成过程。 |
| A
number of members also raised concerns about omitting a detailed
examination of the relationship between customary international law and
other sources of international law, in particular general principles of
law. | 一些委员还对没有详细论述习惯国际法与国际法其他渊源，特别是一般法律原则之间的关系表示关注。 |
| It was also proposed that consideration of the relationship with usages and comity would be useful. | 还建议应考虑与常例与礼让的关系。 |
| 151.
The efforts of the Special Rapporteur to draw upon practice from
different parts of the world were praised, though several members
highlighted the difficulty of ascertaining the practice of States in
this field. | 151. 若干委员强调，确定这一领域的国家惯例有其难度，但特别报告员努力从世界各地的实践中进行搜索，受到了赞扬。 |
| In
light of the fundamental importance of making practice more accessible
and available, it was deemed useful to again ask States to submit
information on their practice relating to the identification of
international law, as well as information on digests and other
publications containing relevant State practice. | 鉴于使惯例更加易于获得和提供至关重要，会议认为应该再次请各国就它们在国际法的识别方面的惯例，以及载有有关国家惯例的摘要和其他出版物等方面的资料。 |
| Despite
the difficulty of ascertaining State practice, some members cautioned
against exclusive reliance on the jurisprudence of the International
Court of Justice, as compared to other, more specialized, international
courts and tribunals. | 尽管在弄清国家惯例方面有困难，但一些委员仍提醒说不要仅仅依赖国际法院的司法判例，而忽视其他的更为专门的国际法院和法庭的司法判例。 |
| 152.
There was also an exchange of views on the related issue of who has the
burden to prove the existence of a rule of customary international law. | 152. 在与此有关的谁对习惯国际法规则的存在有举证责任的问题上，会议也交流了意见。 |
| Some
members of the Commission discussed the question whether, in a dispute
on the existence of a certain rule, the burden of providing evidence is
on the party claiming or denying the rule, and whether a judge should
take affirmative steps to ascertain evidence. | 委员会有些委员讨论了以下问题，即：在某一规则是否存在的争议中，举证责任是否由声称或否定这项规则的一方来承担？ 以及法官是否应该对证据的认定采取肯定性步骤？ |
| 153. The future programme of work proposed by the Special Rapporteur was generally supported. | 153. 会议普遍支持特别报告员提议的未来工作方案。 |
| Several
members welcomed the proposal to examine the interplay between the two
elements of customary international law, with several members calling
for particular consideration of the temporal aspects of the interaction. | 若干委员欢迎关于研究习惯国际法两要素之间的相互作用的建议，若干委员呼吁特别考虑互动的时效问题。 |
| Further
consideration of the role of international organizations, as well as
regional and bilateral custom and the notion of a “persistent
objector”, was also welcomed. | 会议还欢迎进一步审议国际组织的作用、区域和双边习惯以及“一贯反对者”的概念。 |
| Some
members expressed reservations, however, about the ambitious pace of
work proposed by the Special Rapporteur, noting that the topic
contained numerous difficult questions that would require cautious and
careful consideration. | 但是，有些委员对特别报告员提出的大胆的工作速度提出保留，指出本专题含有许多难题，需要小心谨慎地予以考虑。 |
| (b) Use of terms | (b) 术语的使用 |
| 154.
Views were exchanged on the desirability of including definitions of
“customary international law” and “international organizations” as
proposed in the draft conclusion on use of terms. | 154. 关于是否应列入关于术语的使用的结论草案提议的对“习惯国际法”和“国际组织”的定义问题，会议交换了意见。 |
| Several
members doubted whether the definitions were necessary or appropriate,
while several other members considered the definitions to be useful and
proposed that other terms, including the two elements of customary
international law, could also be defined. | 若干委员对这些定义是否有必要或适当表示怀疑，还有一些委员则认为这些定义有用，并建议还可以界定其他的术语，包括习惯国际法的两要素。 |
| 155.
Regarding the definition of customary international law proposed by the
Special Rapporteur in draft conclusion 2, there was extensive debate on
two points. There were different opinions on whether to base the
definition on the wording of Article 38, paragraph 1 (b), of the
Statute of the International Court of Justice, and on whether to use
the expression “opinio juris”. | 155. 关于特别报告员在结论草案2中提议的习惯国际法定义，会议在两个问题上进行了广泛的辩论，就这种定义是否以《国际法院规约》第38条第1款(丑)项的措词为基础，以及是否采用“法律确信”的表述这两个问题，会议有不同的意见。 |
| Several
members supported grounding the definition in the language of the
Statute, though some members noted that this definition had been widely
criticized in writings. | 若干委员支持该定义以《规约》的用语为基础，而有些委员则指出，这种定义在著作中受到广泛的批评。 |
| Noting
that “opinio juris” was the most common expression used in the
jurisprudence and in writings, several members called for replacing the
term “accepted as law” with “opinio juris”, and several other members
suggested including references to both terms. | 有些委员指出，“法律确信”是判例法和著作中最常用的表达方法，他们呼吁用“法律确信”替代“被接受为法律”的术语，还有一些委员建议，同时列入这两种术语。 |
| Various
members of the Commission were of the view that the subjective element
of custom (“opinio juris”) is not synonymous with “consent” or the
desire of States, but rather means the belief that a given practice is
followed because a right is being exercised or an obligation is being
complied with in accordance with international law. | 委员会多位委员认为，习惯的主观要素(“法律确信”)不等同于“同意”或国家的愿望，而是意味着相信正在沿循一项特定惯例，因为正在按照国际法行使一项权利或遵守一项义务。 |
| (c) Basic approach | (c) 基本方法 |
| 156.
There was widespread agreement on the basic, two-element approach to
the identification of rules of customary international law. | 156. 会议普遍同意对习惯国际法规则的识别采取基本的两要素方法。 |
| In
particular, the view that the basic approach does not vary across
fields of international law was supported by most members of the
Commission. | 特别是委员会大多数委员支持关于这种基本方法在国际法各领域中没有不同的意见。 |
| Some
members indicated, however, that there appeared to be different
approaches to identification in different fields, but acknowledged that
the variation may be a difference in the application of the two-element
approach, rather than a distinct approach. | 但是有些委员表示，在不同的领域似乎有不同的识别方法，但也承认，其不同可能是在实施两要素方法方面的差别，而不是截然不同的方法。 |
| 157.
In anticipation of the Special Rapporteur’s consideration of the
interplay between the two elements in his next report, several members
commented on the temporal aspects of the two-element approach. | 157. 在特别报告员下次报告审议这两个要素之间的相互作用之前，有些委员预先对两要素方法的时间方面提出评论。 |
| There
was concern that the approach as articulated in draft conclusion 3
seemed to imply that “a general practice” must always precede
“acceptance as law”. | 他们表示关注，结论草案3所述的方法似乎意味着“一项一般惯例”必须永远出现在“接受为法律”之前。 |
| Several members indicated that it was the existence of both elements that was critical, rather than any temporal order. | 有些委员表示，至关重要的是两要素的存在，而不是时间顺序的存在。 |
| 158.
With respect to assessing evidence of a general practice accepted as
law, there were different views regarding the proposed language “regard
must be had to the context, including the surrounding circumstances” in
draft conclusion 4. | 158. 关于评估被接受为法律的一般惯例的证据问题，对结论草案4提出的“必须考虑到有关背景，包括周围情况”等用语存在着不同的意见。 |
| Some
members welcomed the mention of context as it indicated that the
process was inherently flexible, whereas other members called for more
clear and discrete criteria. | 有些委员欢迎提到背景，因为它表明这一过程具备固有的灵活性； 而另一些委员则提出制定更加明确和独立的标准。 |
| A
question was also raised about whether the proposed approach to
identification reflected the realities of international practice. It
was pointed out that an exhaustive review of State practice and opinio
juris was exceptional, as more often than not evidence of a rule is
first sought in the decisions of the International Court of Justice,
the work of the International Law Commission, or in resolutions of the
General Assembly and treaties. | 在关于提议的识别方法是否反映国际惯例的现实方面也提出了一个问题，会议指出，对国家惯例和法律确信进行无一遗漏的审查是一种例外，因为一个规则的证据存在与否，首先是在国际法院的裁定、国际法委员会的工作或者大会决议以及各条约中寻找的。 |
| (d) “A general practice” | (d) “一般惯例” |
| 159.
There were a range of views on the language in draft conclusion 5,
which, in its pertinent part, proposed that “… a general practice means
that it is primarily the practice of States that contributes to the
creation … of rules of customary international law. | 159. 对于结论草案5中的用语，即它的有关部分提出的“…一般惯例…意味着，首先是国家惯例促进了习惯国际法规则的创立…”，存在着一系列的不同意见。 |
| ”
It has been suggested that the language could be clarified to indicate
precisely whose practice is relevant to determining the existence of “a
general practice”, though the proposed clarification varied. Some
members of the Commission were of the view that the use of the word
“primarily” was misguided as it suggested that the practice of entities
other than the State could be relevant. | 会议建议澄清这种用语，以确切表明谁的惯例适用于确定是否存在“一般惯例”，但所提出的澄清方式也有差异，委员会有些委员认为，使用“首先”一词是受到了误导，因为它表示与此相关的可能是实体的惯例，而不是国家的惯例。 |
| Those
members were of the view that the practice of international
organizations was not to be taken into account in the process of
identification of rules of customary international law. | 这些委员认为，在识别习惯国际法规则的过程中，不应考虑国际组织的惯例。 |
| Other
members considered that the practice of international organizations was
only pertinent to the extent it reflected the practice of States. | 还有的委员认为，国际组织的惯例只是在它反映了国家惯例的时候才相关。 |
| Some
other members, however, agreed with the Special Rapporteur that the
practice of international organizations as such could be relevant to
the establishment of customary rules, particularly in regards to
certain fields of activity within the mandates of those organizations. | 但是，还有的委员同意特别报告员的意见，即：国际组织的惯例本身可能与习惯规则的建立有关，特别是在这些组织授权范围内的某些活动领域方面。 |
| Those
members drew attention to areas such as privileges and immunities, the
responsibility of international organizations and the depositary
function for treaties, in which the practice of international
organizations is of particular relevance. | 这些委员提请注意特权和豁免、国际组织的责任和条约的保存职能等等领域，因为在这些领域中，国际组织的惯例特别相关。 |
| 160.
Members supported the proposal of the Special Rapporteur to further
address in the third report the role of international organizations in
relation to the identification of rules of customary international law. | 160. 委员们支持特别报告员关于在第三次报告中进一步论述国际组织与识别习惯国际法规则的关系的建议。 |
| Insofar
as international organization practice could be relevant, some members
called for consideration of precisely what forms such practice could
take. | 如果国际组织的惯例可能有关系，有些委员就要求审议这种惯例可能会采取哪种确切的惯例。 |
| Some members also considered that the study of the role, if any, of the practice of non-State actors would be worthwhile. | 有些委员还认为，非国家行为者的惯例，如果有的话，也值得对这种作用进行研究。 |
| 161.
On the issue of attribution of conduct, several members suggested to
revise the proposed language of draft conclusion 6, which relied
heavily upon the articles on responsibility of States for
internationally wrongful acts. | 161. 关于行为的归属问题，若干委员建议修订结论草案6中提出的用语，因为它大量依赖国家对国际不法行为的责任条款。 |
| According
to those members, attribution should be conceived of differently in
this context as, for purposes of customary international law, pertinent
practice must be authorized by the State. | 这些委员认为，在这里，应该对归属问题进行不同的构思，因为就习惯国际法而言，有关的惯例必须得到国家的许可。 |
| Where an organ acted ultra vires it was questioned whether such conduct should be considered State practice. | 也有委员提问，如果一个机构越权行事，这种行为是否应该被看作是国家惯例。 |
| The
question of whether or not conduct of non-State actors acting on behalf
of the State constituted relevant practice was also raised in this
regard. | 在这方面也提出了以国家名义行事的非国家行为者的行为是否构成有关的惯例的问题。 |
| 162. There was broad support for the proposed forms of State conduct that may constitute “a general practice”. | 162. 会议广泛支持提议的关于可构成“一般惯例”的国家行为的形式。 |
| In
particular, several members welcomed that verbal acts were included
along with physical acts, though some members called for clarification
as to which verbal acts were relevant. | 特别是，若干委员欢迎将口头行为与实际行为一起列入，虽然有些委员要求对有关的口头行为作澄清。 |
| There
was uncertainty as to whether verbal acts, by themselves, could give
rise to “a general practice”, as well as whether or not verbal acts
must be transcribed or repeated. | 关于是否口头行为本身就可以产生“一般惯例”？ 口头行为是否必须用文字转录可重复发生？ 这两个问题都没有确定。 |
| It
was recommended that the draft conclusions should specifically address
other forms of verbal acts, such as the diplomatic acts of recognition
and protest. | 与会者建议结论草案专门论述其他形式的口头行为，如承认和抗议等外交行为。 |
| It was also suggested that administrative acts be explicitly mentioned. | 还有委员建议明确提及行政行为。 |
| Lastly, discussion took place as to the relevance of pleadings before international courts and tribunals as State practice. | 最后就向国际法院和法庭作为国家惯例提出的诉讼是否相关的问题进行了讨论。 |
| 163.
As to the inclusion of “inaction” as a form of practice, there was a
general view that the issue needed to be further explored and clarified. | 163. 关于将“不作为”作为一种惯例列入的问题，一般认为，这个问题需要进一步探讨和澄清。 |
| Several
members considered that the precise conditions by which inaction
becomes of interest should be examined, indicating that silence or
inaction may only be relevant when the circumstances call for some
reaction. | 若干委员认为应该研究不作为使人感兴趣的具体条件，他们表明，沉默或不作为只有当情况需要作出某种反应的时候才可能相关。 |
| The
view was also expressed that inaction or silence may be of varying
significance depending on whether the inaction relates to a restrictive
rule or a practice of others in which the State does not itself engage. | 有的委员还认为，不作为或沉默可能会有不同的意义，取决于不作为是否涉及某项限制性规则或国家没有亲自介入的他方的惯例。 |
| 164.
With regard to weighing evidence of practice, questions were raised as
to the precise meaning of the phrase in draft conclusion 8 “[t]here is
no predetermined hierarchy among the various forms of practice”. | 164. 关于权衡惯例的证据问题，就结论草案8中的一句话，即“惯例的各种不同形式之间没有预先确定的等级”的确切含义提出了问题。 |
| Several
members indicated that the practice of certain organs of a State was
more important than others, with some members noting that different
organs were more or less empowered to reflect the international
position of the State. | 若干委员表示，一国某些机构的惯例与其他机构的惯例比其他机构更重要，还有的委员指出，不同的机构或多或少有权反映国家的国际立场。 |
| It
was suggested that, in evaluating the practice of an organ, it should
be considered whether its mandate related directly to the content of
the rule in question, as well as whether it acted on behalf of the
State at the international level. | 会议建议，在评估一个机构的惯例时，应该考虑其授权是否直接涉及所涉规则的内容以及它是否在国际一级代表国家行事等问题。 |
| The view was also expressed that the practice of national courts should be treated cautiously in this regard. | 还有的委员认为在这方面应该谨慎对待国内法院的管理。 |
| 165.
On the related matter of whether inconsistency in practice within a
State should lessen the weight accorded to that State’s practice, some
members considered that such inconsistency was material, while several
other members were of the view that conflicting practice amongst or by
low-level organs should not affect the evidentiary value of a State’s
practice as a whole. | 165. 关于一国国内惯例的不一致是否应减少对该国惯例的重视程度这一相关问题，有些委员认为，这种不一致是物质性的，而另有若干委员认为，下级机构之间或者其本身的惯例有冲突，这不应该影响国家惯例整体上的证据价值。 |
| Concern
was also raised that the proposed language on such internal
inconsistency in draft conclusion 8 was too prescriptive and would
hinder the flexibility of the identification process. | 会议还表示关注，结论草案8提议的关于这种内部不一贯的用语，其规定性特强，会阻碍识别进程的灵活性。 |
| 166.
It was also suggested that other criteria should be considered in
determining whether manifestations of practice are valid for purposes
of identifying rules of customary international law. | 166. 会议还建议在确定惯例的形式是否能适用于识别习惯国际法规则的目的中应考虑其他标准。 |
| For
example, the view was expressed that valid practice should be public,
comply with national law and have a certain linkage with the content of
the rule in question. | 例如，会议认为，有效的惯例应该是公共性质的，符合国内法的，而且与所涉规则的内容有某种联系。 |
| 167.
The view that practice must be general and consistent to establish a
rule of customary international law was generally supported, though
several members raised concerns regarding particular terms used in
proposed draft conclusion 9. | 167. 也有委员认为，惯例必须是普遍性的，与建立习惯国际法规则相一致，这种观点得到普遍支持，但若干委员就提议的结论草案9所使用的具体术语表示关注。 |
| The
words “representative” and “sufficiently widespread”, according to some
members, required further elaboration and clarification. | 一些委员认为，“有代表性”和“足够普及”等词语需要作进一步阐述和澄清。 |
| A
number of members were also of the view that the term “uniform” or
“virtually uniform” should be introduced into the conclusion, as well
as the frequency or repetition of practice. | 一些委员还认为，结论中应采用“一样”或“基本一样”等词语以及惯例的频率或重复。 |
| Lastly,
it was suggested that further elaboration may be required on when
deviant practice is to be set aside as an irrelevant violation of an
existing rule, or as an exception in the process of formation. | 最后，会议表示对于何时将异常惯例作为违反现有规则的不相关情况或者作为形成过程中的一个例外而搁置在一边的问题需要作进一步的阐述。 |
| 168.
The concept of “specially affected States”, as reflected in draft
conclusion 9, paragraph 4, was the subject of considerable debate. | 168. 结论草案9第4段所述“特别受到影响的国家”的概念受到的争论相当大。 |
| Several
members were of the view that the concept was irreconcilable with the
sovereign equality of States and should not be included in the draft
conclusions. | 若干委员认为，这一概念与国家主权平等不相容，不应列入结论草案。 |
| They
stated that all States are interested in the content and scope, in the
formation and development, of general international law in all fields,
and as such the practice of all States, either by action or inaction,
is equally relevant. | 他们说，对各个领域一般国际法的内容和范围以及形成和发展，所有国家都感兴趣； 作为如此，所有国家的惯例无论是作为或不作为，也同样重要。 |
| Attention
was drawn to the limited jurisprudence of the International Court of
Justice on the subject, with some members noting that the Court had not
made the concept one of general application and had only found that the
practice of specially affected States should be examined in the
specific context of a particular case. | 会议提请注意国际法院在这个问题上有限的司法判例，而有些委员则指出，国际法院没有将这一概念变成一个一般适用的概念，而只是认定，特别受影响的国家的惯例应该在某一案件的具体背景中予以研究。 |
| Other
members not opposed to including the concept in the draft conclusions
stressed that it was not a means to accord greater weight to powerful
states, or to determine whether practice was sufficiently widespread. | 不反对将这概念列入结论草案的另一些委员强调说，这并不是给强国以更大权政或者惯例是否足够普遍的一种方式。 |
| Ultimately,
it was suggested that the role, if any, of specially affected States
should be clarified, including any role the concept may have in the
context of regional or bilateral rules. | 最后，会议表示，特别受影响的国家的作用(如果有的话)应该予以澄清，包括这一概念在区域或双边规则等背景中可能有的任何作用。 |
| (e) “Accepted as law” (“opinio juris”) | (e) “被接受为法律”(“法律确信”) |
| 169.
There was general agreement among the members of the Commission
regarding the role of “acceptance as law” in determining the existence
of a rule of customary international law. | 169. 委员会委员普遍同意“接受为法律”在确定是否存在习惯国际法规则中的作用。 |
| Some
members were, however, concerned that the reference to a “sense of
legal obligation” did not sufficiently clarify the operation of the
subjective element. | 但是，有些委员表示关注，“法律义务感”的提法没有充分说明主观要素的运作情况。 |
| It
was suggested that the role of deviant practice where a State seeks to
alter an existing rule should be addressed in this regard. | 在这方面，有人表示，应该讨论一个国家想改变现有规则的异常惯例的作用。 |
| 170.
With respect to evidence of acceptance of law, the notion that an act
(including inaction) may establish both practice and acceptance as law
was discussed. | 170. 关于接受为法律的证据问题，会议讨论了作为“包括不作为”既可证明惯例，也可证明接受为法律这一概念。 |
| Certain
members were of the view that, as a general matter, acceptance of a
practice as compelled by law could not be proven by mere reference to
the evidence of the practice itself. | 若干委员认为，作为一种通常情况，应法律强制而接受为惯例，不能仅仅通过提到该惯例本身的证据而予以证明。 |
| On
the other hand, several members saw no problem with so-called
“double-counting”, noting that evidence of the two elements can be
identified on the basis of an examination of the same conduct. | 另一方面，若干委员不反对所谓的“双重计入”，他们指出，两要素的证据可以根据对同一行为的审查情况予以识别。 |
| It was proposed that this issue could be explored further in the examination of the interplay between the two elements. | 会议建议在研究两要素之间相互作用时进一步探讨这个问题。 |
| 171. Several additional comments were made on the evidence of acceptance as law. | 171. 对接受为法律提出了一些额外的评论。 |
| According to some members, but not other members, such acceptance needed to be nearly universal to establish a rule. | 有些委员认为(但另一些委员不以为如此)，这种接受需要近乎于普遍，这样才能确立一规则。 |
| Other
members proposed that the role of resolutions of international
organizations as potential evidence of opinio juris should be explored. | 还有的委员建议作为法律确信的潜在证据探讨国际组织决议的作用。 |
| There were also calls for clarification on certain points. | 还有的委员要求就若干问题作澄清。 |
| For
example, it was considered that elaboration was needed on the methods
used to identify opinio juris, in addition to the forms of evidence
provided in draft conclusion 11. | 例如，他们认为，除了结论草案11所提供的证据形式以外，还需要就认定法律确信所使用的方法问题进行阐述。 |
| Given
the practical purpose of the work, further clarification on how to
distinguish between practice that revealed acceptance as law and other
conduct would be useful. | 鉴于工作的实际目的，应该进一步澄清对表明接受为法律的惯例与其他行为如何作区别的问题进行进一步的澄清。 |
| Finally,
it was proposed that the role of assessments of the subjective element
by the International Committee of the Red Cross, as well as
professional organizations and jurists, required some attention. | 最后，会议建议，红十字国际委员会和专业组织和司法工作者在评估主观要素方面的作用应给予某种程度的注意。 |
| 3. Concluding remarks of the Special Rapporteur | 3. 特别报告员的总结 |
| 172.
The Special Rapporteur observed that there continued to be widespread
support among members of the Commission for the “two-element approach”,
noting that the temporal aspects of the two elements, as well as the
relationship between them, merited further consideration. | 172. 特别报告员认为，委员会委员对“两要素方法”继续广泛的予以支持，指出两要素的时间问题及其相互关系应该予以进一步的审议。 |
| He
also noted the general agreement within the Commission that decisions
of international courts and tribunals were among the primary materials
for seeking guidance on the topic. | 他还指出，委员会普遍同意，在这个专题方面征求指导意见的主要材料质疑是一些国际法院和国际法庭的裁定。 |
| As
to the outcome of the topic, the members of the Commission continued to
share the view that the work on the topic should result in the adoption
of a practical guide to assist practitioners in the task of identifying
customary international law, which would strike a balance between
guidance and flexibility. | 关于本专题的结果问题，委员会委员还是同意这样的观点，即对本专题所开展的工作，其结果应该是通过一个实际指南，以协助实践者履行识别国际法的任务，这将在指南与灵活性之间达成一种平衡。 |
| There
was still uncertainty, in the mind of the Special Rapporteur, as to the
need to cover expressly the aspect of formation of rules of customary
international law. | 关于是否有必要明确包含习惯国际法规则的形成问题，特别报告员认为仍然有不确定因素。 |
| 173.
The Special Rapporteur indicated that this practical guide should take
the form of a concise set of robust and comprehensive draft conclusions
that should be read together with the commentaries thereto. | 173. 特别报告员表明，这种实际指南应该采取一套简洁而稳健全面的结论草案的形式，而且应该与所附的评注一起解读。 |
| The
commentaries, which would form an indispensable supplement to the draft
conclusions, should be relatively short, referring only to the key
practice, cases and literature, like the articles on responsibility of
States for internationally wrongful acts or on the responsibility of
international organizations. | 评注是结论草案不可或缺的一个补充，其篇幅应该较短，只提及关键的惯例、案件和文献，像国家对国际不法行为的责任条款或国际组织的责任条款那样。 |
| 174.
The importance of submissions by States on their practice in relation
to customary international law, as well as information on national
digests and related publications, was again emphasized, and the Special
Rapporteur indicated the usefulness for the Commission of addressing a
request to States in this regard. | 174. 会议再次强调国家就它们的惯例与习惯国际法的关系所提交的材料以及关于国内摘要和有关出版物方面的资料的重要性。 特别报告员表明委员会应该向国家提出这方面的请求。 |
| 175.
With respect to the general issue of whose practice counted, the
Special Rapporteur acknowledged that it could be more clearly stated
that the draft conclusions refer first and foremost to State practice. | 175. 关于计入谁的一般惯例的一般性问题，特别报告员承认，较明确的说法是：结论草案首先提到的是国家惯例。 |
| On
the other hand, he stressed that practice of at least certain
international organizations in certain fields, such as in relation to
treaties, privileges and immunities, or the internal law of
international organizations, could not be dismissed. | 另一方面，他强调说，至少是某些国际组织在某些领域，如与条约的关系，特权和豁免或者国际组织的内部法律等等的惯例，是可以不予以考虑的。 |
| 176.
As regards the terminology used in draft conclusion 1, the Special
Rapporteur acknowledged that the word “methodology” had raised
difficulties, but he pointed out that those difficulties were not
necessarily overcome by the other proposals that were made during the
debate. | 176. 关于决议草案1所用的术语问题，特别报告员承认，“方法”一词造成困难，但他指出，这些困难并不一定因辩论期间提出的其他提案而被克服。 |
| He
stressed that the language of this conclusion should indicate that its
purpose was to make clear that the draft conclusions were not seeking
to identify the substantive rules of customary international law, but
rather the approach to the identification of such rules. | 他强调说，该结论的用语应表明，其目的是说明结论草案不是要识别习惯国际法的主观规则，而是要确定识别这种规则的方法。 |
| The
Special Rapporteur also reiterated his doubts about the necessity to
keep the proposed definitions in a draft conclusion 2, rather than in
the commentary. | 特别报告员还重申他对在结论草案2中，而不是在评注中保留提议的定义是否有必要表示怀疑。 |
| 177.
The Special Rapporteur underlined the fundamental importance of the
basic approach set out in draft conclusion 3, and his preference for
maintaining the wording of the Statute of the International Court of
Justice. | 177. 特别报告员强调，结论草案3所列的基本办法至关重要，他倾向于保留《国际法院规约》的措词。 |
| He
indicated that this language was probably more relevant than other
common expressions, since it left room for practice other than State
practice and a wide notion of the subjective element. | 他表示，这种用语比其他通用的表达法也许更适合，因为它为除了国家惯例以外的惯例和主观要素的大概念留出了余地。 |
| Nevertheless,
in light of the controversies over the expression “accepted as law”,
the Special Rapporteur suggested to supplement it by the common term
“opinio juris”. | 但是，鉴于对“被接受为法律”一语有争议，特别报告员建议用法律确信这一常用语来予以补充。 |
| He
also pointed out that the general view was that there were not
different approaches to identification in different fields of
international law, though acknowledging that the basic approach may
still be applied differently in relation to different types of rules. | 他还指出，普遍的意见是，在不同领域识别国际法方面有不同的方法，但他也承认对不同类型的规则仍然可以不同的方式适用基本方法。 |
| 178.
As regards the use of the word “primarily” in draft conclusion 5, the
Special Rapporteur clarified that this term was used in order to
highlight the prominent role of the practice of States, while leaving
room for the consideration of the practice of international
organizations. | 178. 关于结论草案5中“首先”一词的使用问题，特别报告员澄清说，该术语的使用是为了强调国家惯例的突出作用，同时为考虑国际组织的惯例留出余地。 |
| 179.
The Special Rapporteur recognized the need to study further whether
rules on attribution adopted for the purpose of States responsibility
were applicable in the present context. | 179. 特别报告员认识到必须进一步研究为国家责任而采用的关于归属的规则是否也适用于目前的情况。 |
| He also indicated a need to reflect further on the questions relating to the lawfulness of a practice. | 他还表示有必要进一步思考关于某项惯例是否合法的问题。 |
| 180.
The wide support enjoyed by draft conclusion 7, paragraphs 1 and 2, was
welcomed, in particular concerning the inclusion of both verbal and
physical acts. | 180. 会议欢迎结论草案7第1和第2段所受到的广泛支持，特别是在同时列入语言行动和实际行动方面。 |
| The
Special Rapporteur acknowledged, however, that the questions on
inaction raised by paragraphs 3 and 4 needed to be addressed in his
next report. | 但是，特别报告员承认，第3和第4段提出的关于不作为的问题需要在他的下次报告中予以阐述。 |
| 181.
Regarding the question of a possible hierarchy between forms of
practice and conflicting practice within a single State, the Special
Rapporteur made it clear that the emphasis was on the absence of a
“predetermined” hierarchy and that he was certainly not suggesting that
the actions of low-level organs would have the same weight as the
practice of higher organs. | 181. 关于一个国家内惯例的形式和相互冲突的惯例之间能否有等级的问题，特别报告员明确表示，重点是放在没有“预先确定的”等级上，但他肯定不会建议下级机构的行为与高一级机构的惯例具有同等的权重。 |
| 182.
The Special Rapporteur welcomed the broad support for draft conclusion
9, though he acknowledged the debate that had arisen in regards to the
reference to “specially affected States”. | 182. 特别报告员欢迎结论草案9受到的广泛支持，但他也承认在关于“特别受到影响的国家”的提法方面引起了辩论。 |
| He
explained that the language of the paragraph was careful and that his
intention was not to suggest that the practice of certain powerful
States should be regarded as essential for the formation of rules of
customary international law. | 他解释说，这一段的用语小心谨慎，他的用意不是建议将某些强国的惯例看作是习惯国际法规则形成的基本要素。 |
| The States in question may vary from rule to rule, and the expression does not refer to any particular States. | 所涉的国家可以有不同的规则，这一表述所指的并非是任何具体的国家。 |
| 183.
Regarding the two draft conclusions on “accepted as law”, the Special
Rapporteur recognized that their drafting should be better aligned with
the language of the draft conclusions on “a general practice”. | 183. 关于两项结论草案中“被接受为法律”的问题，特别报告员认为这两个草案的起草应该更好的与关于“一般惯例”的结论草案的用语相一致。 |
| He
also indicated that the issue of the so-called “double-counting” of the
same act as evidence of practice and opinio juris was to be addressed
further, since different views had been expressed among the members of
the Commission. | 他还表示，所谓的同一行为作为惯例的证据被“双重计入”的问题，将予以进一步研究，因为委员会委员表达了不同的意见。 |
| 184.
As to the future work programme for the topic, the Special Rapporteur
indicated that the third report would address, in particular, the
various aspects pertaining to international organizations, the
relationship between customary international law and treaties, as well
as resolutions of international organizations. | 184. 关于本专题将来的工作方案，特别报告员表示，第三次报告将特别处理与国际组织有关的各方面、习惯国际法和条约以及国际组织的决议之间的关系。 |
| The third report would also cover the questions of the “persistent objector”, and regional, local and bilateral custom. | 第三次报告还将论述“一贯反对者”以及区域、地方和双边习惯的问题。 |
| The
need to further consider the question of evidence, and the related
matter of the burden of proof, was also stressed by the Special
Rapporteur. | 特别报告员还强调了进一步审议政局问题的必要性以及相关的举证责任问题。 |
| 185.
The Special Rapporteur acknowledged that his plan to submit a final
report in 2016, with revised draft conclusions and commentaries, might
be ambitious, but reassured the members of the Commission that he would
not push things forward at the expense of quality. | 185. 特别报告员承认，他计划在2016年提交最后报告并载入修订的结论草案和评注，这个计划可能太大，但他向委员会委员保证他不会为了进度而牺牲质量。 |
| He
also suggested that, to the extent draft conclusions were provisionally
adopted by the Drafting Committee at the present session, they would be
presented for information to the Plenary at this stage, and formally
considered by the Plenary in 2015. | 他还表示，根据起草委员会本届会议临时通过的结论草案的情况，这些结论草案将在本阶段提交全体会议参考，并在2015年的全体会议上正式审议。 |
| Chapter XI Protection of the environment in relation to armed conflicts | 第十一章 与武装冲突有关的环境保护 |
| A. Introduction | A. 导言 |
| 186.
At its sixty-fifth session (2013), the Commission decided to include
the topic “Protection of the environment in relation to armed
conflicts” in its programme of work, and decided to appoint Ms. Marie
G. Jacobsson as Special Rapporteur for the topic. | 186. 委员会第六十五届会议(2013年)决定将“与武装冲突有关的环境保护”专题列入工作方案，并决定任命玛丽·雅各布松女士为该专题特别报告员。 |
| B. Consideration of the topic at the present session | B. 本届会议审议此专题的情况 |
| 187.
At the present session, the Commission had before it the preliminary
report of the Special Rapporteur (A/CN.4/674 and Corr.1), which it
considered at its 3227th to 3331st meetings, from 18 to 25 July 2014. | 187. 委员会在本届会议上收到特别报告员的初步报告(A/CN.4/674和Corr.1)，委员会在2014年7月18日至25日第3227至3331次会议上审议了该报告。 |
| 1. Introduction by the Special Rapporteur of the preliminary report | 1. 特别报告员介绍初步报告 |
| 188.
The preliminary report provided an introductory overview of phase I of
the topic, namely the environmental rules and principles applicable to
a potential armed conflict (“peacetime obligations”). | 188. 初步报告介绍性概括了专题的第一阶段，即适用于潜在武装冲突的环境规则和原则(“和平时期的义务”)。 |
| It did not directly address measures to be taken during an armed conflict or post-conflict (phases II and III, respectively). | 报告没有直接讨论在武装冲突期间或冲突之后应采取的措施(分别为第二阶段和第三阶段)。 |
| In
framing the report, the Special Rapporteur took into account the views
expressed during the informal consultations held in the Commission in
2013, the views expressed by States in the Sixth Committee of the
General Assembly, as well as the written submissions of States in
response to the request by the Commission in its 2013 report. | 特别报告员在确定报告框架时考虑了委员会在2013年进行非正式磋商期间听取的意见、各国在大会第六委员会表达的意见，以及各国应委员会2013年报告的要求提交的书面材料。 |
| 189.
The Special Rapporteur indicated that the report examined some aspects
relating to scope and methodology, before proceeding to identify
existing obligations and principles arising under international
environmental law that could guide peacetime measures taken to reduce
negative environmental effects in armed conflict. | 189. 特别报告员指出，该报告审查了一些与范围和方法相关的方面，然后着手查明国际环境法之下现有的义务和原则，这些义务和原则可能为在和平时期采取措施以减少武装冲突的负面环境影响提供指导。 |
| The
Special Rapporteur considered that it was premature to attempt to
evaluate the extent to which any peacetime obligations continued to
apply during or after armed conflict. | 特别报告员认为，试图对任何和平时期的义务在武装冲突期间或之后继续适用的程度问题进行评估，为时尚早。 |
| The
report noted that certain obligations, such as the precautionary
principle and the obligation to undertake environmental impact
assessments, had comparable obligations under international
humanitarian law, but such rules were far from identical to peacetime
obligations. | 报告指出，预防原则和进行环境影响评估等义务在国际人道主义法中存在相似义务，但这些规则远远不同于和平时期的义务。 |
| Detailed examination of phase II obligations would be undertaken in the next report. | 下一份报告将详细审查第二阶段的义务。 |
| 190.
The report also addressed the use of certain terms, as well as the
relevance of international human rights law to this topic. | 190. 报告还讨论了使用某些术语的问题以及国际人权法与本专题的相关性。 |
| The
Special Rapporteur noted that draft definitions of the terms “armed
conflict” and “environment” were proposed to facilitate discussion,
though it was not envisioned that they would be referred to the
drafting committee at the present session. | 特别报告员指出，提出“武装冲突”和“环境”等用语的定义草案旨在为讨论提供便利，但并未打算在本届会议上向起草委员会提交这些定义。 |
| 191.
The Special Rapporteur concluded by describing the proposed future
programme of work, noting that the envisaged time frame for the work
was three years. | 191. 特别报告员最后介绍了提议的今后工作方案，并指出，该工作设想的时间框架为三年。 |
| The
report next year on the law applicable during both international and
non-international armed conflicts will contain an analysis of existing
rules of armed conflict relevant to the topic, as well as their
relationship to peacetime obligations. | 下一年的报告将讨论在国际和非国际武装冲突期间适用的法律，该报告包括一项对涉及本专题的武装冲突现有规则的分析，以及这些规则与和平时期的义务之间的关系。 |
| That
report will also contain proposals for guidelines, conclusions or
recommendations on, inter alia, general principles, preventive measures
and examples of rules of international law that are candidates for
continued application during armed conflict. | 该报告还将纳入提议的准则、结论或建议，涉及一般性原则、预防措施，以及有可能在武装冲突期间继续适用的国际法规则实例。 |
| The
subsequent report, in 2016, will focus on post-conflict measures and
will also likely contain a limited number of guidelines, conclusions or
recommendations on, inter alia, cooperation, sharing of information and
best practices, as well as reparative measures. | 2016年的后续报告将侧重冲突后的措施，还有可能纳入数量有限的准则、结论或建议，涉及合作、共享信息和最佳做法以及赔偿措施。 |
| The
Special Rapporteur indicated that submissions of States highlighting
relevant national legislation, as well her continued consultations with
other international and regional entities, would continue to be of
assistance. | 特别报告员指出，由各国提交的、重点介绍国家法律的资料以及与其他国际和区域实体的磋商，仍然可发挥辅助作用。 |
| 2. Summary of the debate | 2. 辩论摘要 |
| (a) General comments | (a) 一般评论 |
| 192. There was broad recognition of the importance of the topic and its overall purpose. | 192. 专题的重要性及其总体目标获得广泛认可。 |
| Members
generally agreed that the focus of the work should be to clarify the
rules and principles of international environmental law applicable in
relation to armed conflicts. | 委员们普遍认为工作应侧重于澄清适用于武装冲突的的国际环境法规则与原则。 |
| Several members agreed with the Special Rapporteur that the Commission should not modify the law of armed conflict. | 好几位委员赞同特别报告员的意见，即委员会不应修改武装冲突法。 |
| On
the other hand, some members were of the view that, in light of the
minimal treatment of the environment in the law of armed conflict,
further elaboration of environmental obligations in armed conflict
might be warranted. | 但另外一些委员认为，由于武装冲突法律中有关环境的内容极少，所以可能需要进一步阐明与武装冲突相关的环境义务。 |
| It
was suggested that the legal entity to be protected under this topic
was the environment itself, and that the work on the topic should
attempt to systematize the norms applicable in all three phases. | 有人提出，在此专题下须加以保护的法律实体就是环境本身，这一专题的工作应努力将适用于所有三个阶段的规范系统化。 |
| It
was also stressed that the Commission should not address basic
questions relating to international environmental law or international
human rights law as part of the topic. | 还有人强调，委员会不应将涉及国际环境法或国际人权法的基本问题作为专题的一部分来讨论。 |
| (b) Scope and methodology | (b) 范围和方法 |
| 193.
There was general support for the temporal, three-phased approach
adopted by the Special Rapporteur, with some members indicating that
the approach would facilitate the work. | 193. 特别报告员采用按时间划分的三阶段方式得到普遍支持，一些委员认为该方式可为工作提供便利。 |
| It
was suggested that the temporal distinction would enable the Commission
to focus on preparation and prevention measures in phase I and
reparation and reconstruction measures in phase III. Some other
members, however, raised concerns regarding an overly strict adherence
to the temporal approach, noting that the Special Rapporteur herself
had made clear in her Report that it is not possible to have a strict
differentiation between the phases. | 有委员认为，按时间进行划分使委员会能够在第一阶段侧重准备和预防措施，在第三阶段侧重赔偿和重建措施。 但另一些委员对过于严格地遵守时间方针表示关切，并指出特别报告员自己也曾在报告中明确表示不同阶段之间不可能有严格的分界线。 |
| To begin with, several members noted that it was unclear how the temporal phases would be reflected in a coherent final outcome. | 首先，一些委员指出，不同的时间阶段将如何体现为一项连贯的最后成果尚不清楚。 |
| In
developing guidelines or conclusions, several members were of the view
that it would be difficult and inadvisable to maintain a strict
differentiation between the phases, as many relevant rules were
applicable during all three phases. | 一些委员在制定准则或提出结论时指出，保持不同阶段之间的严格分界线很难，是不可取的，因为许多相关规则适用于所有三个阶段。 |
| 194. Some members suggested that a thematic approach to the work, rather than a strictly temporal approach, could be useful. | 194. 一些委员认为，这一工作采用主题方针而非严格的时间方针可能是有益的。 |
| It
was recommended that consideration of the topic could proceed by
examining (a) whether there are principles and rules of general
international law or of international environmental law applicable to
the protection of the environment in the context of armed conflict; | 他们建议审议本专题时审查以下问题：(a) 一般国际法或国际环境法中是否存在适用于武装冲突背景下保护环境的原则和规则； |
| (b) which rules or principles, if any, are adaptable to the protection of the environment in relation to armed conflict; | (b) 哪些规则和原则可根据与武装冲突相关的环境保护问题进行调整； |
| and (c) what are the legal consequences of harm caused by grave attacks on the environment in an armed conflict. | (c) 因环境在武装冲突中遭受严重打击所致伤害可能导致哪些法律后果？ |
| 195.
The weight that should be accorded to phase II, namely obligations
relating to the protection of the environment during an armed conflict,
was the subject of considerable debate. | 195. 第二阶段的内容是武装冲突期间与保护环境相关的义务，应给予第二阶段多大的权重成为引起大量辩论的问题。 |
| Several
members were of the view that phase II should be the core of the
project as consideration of the other two phases was inherently linked
to obligations arising during armed conflict. | 一些委员认为第二阶段应作为项目的核心，因为另外两个阶段的审议工作都与武装冲突期间产生的义务有内在联系。 |
| According
to those members, the law of armed conflict relevant to the protection
of the environment was limited and did not reflect the present-day
realities of armed conflict and the risk it poses for the environment. | 这些委员认为，与保护环境相关的武装冲突法律非常有限，不能反映当今武装冲突问题的现实及其对环境造成的风险。 |
| Several
other members stressed that, as proposed by the Special Rapporteur, the
Commission should not focus its work on phase II, as the law of armed
conflict was lex specialis and contained rules relating to the
protection of the environment. | 另一些委员强调，正如特别报告员所建议的那样，委员会不应将工作重点置于第二阶段，因为武装冲突法律是特别法，载有与保护环境相关的规则。 |
| 196. There was also substantial discussion of limitations on the scope. | 196. 还进行了有关范围限制的实质性讨论。 |
| Some
members were of the view that the issue of weapons should be excluded
from the topic, as proposed by the Special Rapporteur, while some other
members argued that a comprehensive treatment of the topic would
necessarily include consideration of weapons. | 一些委员认为，应根据特别报告员的建议，不将武器问题纳入本专题，而另一些委员则认为，若要全面处理本专题，就应纳入对武器问题的审议。 |
| Several
members were of the view that general classes or types of weapons could
be addressed, as necessary. It was suggested that it could be clarified
that the work on the topic was without prejudice to existing rules on
specific weapons. | 一些委员认为应酌情讨论一般的武器类别或类型，有人建议明确声明有关本专题的工作不影响针对特定武器的现行规则。 |
| 197. Several members agreed that issues relating to internally displaced persons and refugees should be approached cautiously. | 197. 一些委员同意应谨慎对待与国内流离失所者和难民相关的问题。 |
| It
was stressed that such issues should not be entirely ignored,
particularly insofar as the human rights dimension is included in the
work. | 讨论强调不应完全忽视这类问题，尤其是因为这方面的工作纳入了人权视角。 |
| According to another view, it was questionable whether such issues were of direct relevance to the topic. | 另一观点认为，这些问题是否与本专题直接相关还有待探讨。 |
| Some
members also agreed with the proposal to exclude consideration of
cultural heritage, though several other members were of the view that
the issue had important linkages to the environment, and that there
were defects and gaps in the existing law that should be addressed. | 一些委员还同意将文化遗产因素排除在外的建议，但另一些委员认为该问题与环境问题有着密切联系，现有法律中存在需要处理的缺陷和空白。 |
| 198.
Concerning environmental pressure as a cause of armed conflict, some
members agreed that it should be excluded, though according to another
view the issue was of major importance and relevance and should not be
ignored. | 198. 关于环境压力成为武装冲突原因之一的问题，一些委员认为不应纳入这一话题，但另一意见认为这是一个极具重要性和相关性的问题，因此不应受到忽视。 |
| 199. Finally, questions were raised about the proposal to consider non-international armed conflicts. | 199. 最后就有关审议非国际性武装冲突的建议提出了一些问题。 |
| While
there was widespread agreement with the proposal to address such
conflicts, some members indicated that the inclusion would necessitate
study of whether non-State actors were bound by the law of armed
conflict, or by obligations that were identified as arising under
phases I and III. | 虽然处理这类冲突的建议获得广泛赞同，但一些委员指出，纳入这一问题表明有必要开展研究，以确定非国家行为者是否受到武装冲突法律的约束，或受到第一和第三阶段所查明的义务的约束。 |
| (c) Use of terms | (c) 术语的使用 |
| 200. There was broad support for the proposal to develop working definitions to guide the discussions. | 200. 为指导讨论制定暂定定义的建议得到广泛支持。 |
| In
that spirit, there was a general exchange of views on the possible
definitions of “armed conflict” and “environment” presented in the
report. | 在此背景下，就报告中的“武装冲突”和“环境”这些用语的可能定义交流了意见。 |
| Whether definitions would ultimately be included in the outcome of the work, however, remained an open question. | 是否最终在工作成果中纳入这些用语的定义还是一个未决问题。 |
| 201.
The main issue discussed relating to the definition of armed conflict
was the proposal to include conflicts between “organized armed groups
or between such groups within a State”. | 201. 讨论中与武装冲突的定义相关的主要问题涉及纳入“有组织武装团体之间或一国之内这类团体之间”的冲突的建议。 |
| Several
members expressed support for that proposal. Other members were of the
view that the definition should require a minimum degree of intensity
and organization among the parties to an armed conflict. It was
recommended that the definition clarify that “internal disturbances and
tensions, such as riots, isolated and sporadic acts of violence”, were
not covered. | 一些委员表示支持该建议，另一些委员则认为，该定义应规定武装冲突各方之间紧张程度和组织情况最低标准，有人建议该定义澄清，“内部动乱和紧张局势，如暴动，孤立和零星的暴力行为”不包括在内。 |
| According
to some other members, however, it would be too restrictive to require
that armed conflicts may only occur between armed groups that show a
minimum level of organization. | 而另一些委员则认为，仅将显示出最低组织程度要求的武装团体之间的冲突定为武装冲突的限制过于严格。 |
| Questions were also raised as to the legal consequences of damage to the environment in a conflict between non-State actors. | 还提出了有关非国家行为者之间冲突导致环境损害的法律后果的问题。 |
| 202.
To develop a working definition on the “environment”, it was proposed
that the Commission would first need to determine whether the
environment has a legal nature. | 202. 为了确定“环境”的暂定定义，讨论建议委员会首先确定环境是否具有法律性质。 |
| Some
members recalled that definitions of the term included in the report,
for example the definition adopted by the Commission in the Principles
on the Allocation of Loss in the Case of Transboundary Harm Arising Out
of Hazardous Activities, were not internationally-accepted definitions. | 一些委员回顾了报告中对这一用语的定义，例如，委员会在“关于危险活动所致跨界损害的损失分配原则”中采纳的定义并非国际接受的定义。 |
| Several
members were of the view that the working definition should thus be
tailored to the particular purpose of the work, namely protection of
the environment in armed conflict. | 一些委员认为，暂定定义应依照武装冲突中的环境保护问题这一具体工作目标来具体确定。 |
| 203. There was also a request for clarification on the use of the terms “principle” and “concept” in the report. | 203. 讨论还要求对报告中使用“原则”和“概念”等用语予以澄清。 |
| It
was suggested that if a “principle” was indeed a legal rule, that
should be stated, as the term “concept” does not suggest a legal rule
but rather a policy-oriented proposition. | 有人建议，如果“原则”的确是一项法律规则，应声明这一点，还应声明“概念”一词并非法律规则，而是一项以政策为导向的建议。 |
| (d) Sources and other material to be consulted | (d) 将参考的资料来源和其他材料 |
| 204.
The information provided in the report relating to State practice,
international organization practice and the previous work of the
Commission was welcomed. | 204. 报告中关于国家惯例、国际组织惯例和委员会此前工作的信息受到欢迎。 |
| Several members indicated that further information and submissions from States would be critical to the work on the topic. | 一些委员指出，各国提供进一步信息和材料对该专题的工作至关重要。 |
| In
particular, it was suggested that the practice of States that had
recently been involved or affected by armed conflict would be of
particular value. | 具体而言，讨论认为，近来卷入武装冲突或受武装冲突影响的国家的做法具有特别价值。 |
| In
agreement with the Special Rapporteur, a number of members noted that
the practice of the States included in the report, though interesting
and useful, may not be generally representative of State practice
worldwide. | 一些委员与特别报告员的意见一致，认为报告中介绍的一些国家的做法虽重要和有用，但不一定能够广泛代表全球各国的做法。 |
| It
was posited that, although other States might have a policy to protect
the environment where possible, it was doubtful that the military
forces of many other States were governed in armed conflict by national
environmental laws, among other reasons because there were numerous
exemptions available on national security grounds. | 有人表示，虽然一些国家可能具备尽可能保护环境的政策，但许多其他国家的军队在武装冲突中是否受国家环境法的管辖尚存在疑问，因为除其他外，存在大量出于国家安全原因的豁免情况。 |
| 205.
A general appeal was also made for additional information on the
practice of international and regional organizations in this area,
particularly with respect to peacekeeping operations and the protection
of civilians. | 205. 委员们还一致要求提供补充信息，说明从事该领域工作的国际和区域组织的做法，尤其是在维和行动和保护平民方面的做法。 |
| In
a similar vein, it was considered that the best practices of
international entities operating in this area, such as the
International Committee for the Red Cross, would be useful. | 同样，讨论认为，了解从事该领域工作的国际实体，如红十字国际委员会的最佳做法可能是有益的。 |
| The ongoing consultations of the Special Rapporteur with such entities were thus well received. | 因此，特别报告员与这类实体持续磋商的做法反响良好。 |
| (e) Environmental principles and obligations | (e) 环境原则与义务 |
| 206.
The information in the report on environmental principles was welcomed,
though the general position of members was that further analysis of the
particular relationship of such principles with armed conflict was
required. | 206. 报告中关于环境原则的信息受到欢迎，但委员们的普遍立场认为，还需对这些原则与武装冲突之间的具体关系作进一步分析。 |
| Some
members stressed that the Commission should not, as part of the topic,
endeavour to decide whether “sustainable development” or the “principle
of prevention” were general principles or rules of international law. | 一些委员强调，作为专题的一部分，委员会应试图决定“可持续发展”或“预防原则”究竟是否是国际法一般性原则或规则。 |
| Instead,
the widespread view was that the topic should focus squarely on the
applicability of such principles in relation to armed conflict. | 反之，一种普遍意见认为，本专题应完全侧重这些原则对武装冲突的适用性。 |
| 207. Some members were of the view that further study of international environmental treaties should be undertaken. | 207. 一些委员认为应对国际环境条约开展进一步研究。 |
| As
most of those treaties were silent with respect to their applicability
in relation to armed conflict, and as some treaties indicated expressly
that they would not apply in armed conflict, further examination of the
operation of environmental principles in the context of armed conflict
was required. | 因为大多数这类条约没有提及其是否适用于武装冲突，一些条约甚至明确声明其不适用于武装冲突，因此需要对武装冲突背景下环境原则的运用作进一步审查。 |
| Some
members also recalled in this regard that the Articles on the Effect of
Armed Conflict on Treaties adopted by the Commission did not presume
the continued application of environmental treaties, but instead
concluded that certain treaties were not ipso facto suspended or
terminated during armed conflict. | 一些委员还就此回顾指出，委员会通过的《关于武装冲突对条约的影响条款草案》并未假设环境条约持续适用，而是在结论中指出，某些条约不因武装冲突而当然中止或终止。 |
| It
was also recalled that article 10 of those Articles provided that the
termination or suspension of a treaty does not affect obligations
embodied in the treaty that also apply independently of the treaty. | 还有人回顾指出，上述《条款》的第10条规定，条约的终止或中止并不影响条约所载且独立于条约适用的义务。 |
| 208.
In addition to the general debate on the need to identify those
peacetime obligations relevant to armed conflict, there was discussion
of the specific environmental principles presented by the report. | 208. 一般性讨论涉及查明与武装冲突相关的和平时期的义务的必要性，除此以外，还讨论了报告中介绍的具体环境原则。 |
| Some
members requested further clarification on the content and operation of
the precautionary principle in relation to armed conflict. | 一些委员要求进一步澄清与武装冲突相关的预防原则的内容及其运用情况。 |
| According
to another view, insofar as there was a precautionary principle under
general international law, its operation in the context of armed
conflict involved the duty of decision-makers to take care to spare
civilian objectives and to employ means and methods of warfare with due
regard to the protection and preservation of the natural environment. | 另一意见认为，既然一般国际法之下存在预防原则，则在武装冲突背景下运用该原则时，就要求决策者力求避开平民目标，在使用战争手段和方法时适当考虑保护和维护自然环境。 |
| It
was the position of some members that the law of armed conflict was lex
specialis and, as a result, the obligations relating to precaution were
those arising under that law. | 一些委员的立场认为，武装冲突法律是特别法，因此，与预防相关的义务即来自该法的义务。 |
| 209. The relevance to armed conflict of certain other principles identified in the report was questioned. | 209. 讨论对报告中查明的某些其他原则与武装冲突的关系提出质疑。 |
| Several members were not persuaded that sustainable development was of relevance to the topic. | 一些委员不认为可持续发展与该专题相关。 |
| Similar
doubts were expressed as to the “polluter-pays” principle and the
obligation to conduct environmental impact assessments. | 类似疑问还涉及“污染者付费”原则及开展环境影响评估的义务。 |
| Nevertheless, some members were in favour of further consideration of environmental impact assessments. | 但也有一些委员赞同进一步审议环境影响评估的问题。 |
| Support
was expressed for developing guidelines that would obligate States to
prepare environmental impact assessments as part of military planning,
and it was noted that the International Court of Justice had found that
such assessments were required under general international law for
industrial activities in a transboundary context. | 有人支持制定一些准则，要求各国作为军事规划的一部分编写环境影响评估。 有人指出，国际法院发现，一般国际法要求跨界工业活动开展这类评估。 |
| (f) Human rights and indigenous rights | (f) 人权和土著人民权利 |
| 210. Different views were expressed on the consideration of human rights as part of the topic. | 210. 委员们就人权是否构成本专题组成部分的问题表示了不同意见。 |
| Some
members were of the view that international human rights law was of
limited usefulness to the topic as it was of a sufficiently different
character than international environmental law. | 一些委员认为，国际人权法对本专题的用途有限，其特征与国际环境法大不相同。 |
| Several other members recommended that human rights continue to form part of the work. | 另一些委员建议继续将人权作为该工作的一部分。 |
| In
particular, those members drew attention to regional human rights
jurisprudence that had identified human rights applicable in times of
armed conflict, as well as jurisprudence on the collective right to a
generally satisfactory environment included in the African Charter on
Human and Peoples’ Rights, 1981. | 具体而言，这些委员提请注意，一些区域人权判例认为人权适用于武装冲突时期，还有判例涉及1981年《非洲人权和人民权利宪章》中规定的享有总体令人满意的环境的集体权利。 |
| It
was suggested that it would be helpful to engage in a substantive
analysis of precisely which human rights are linked to the environment
and which of those apply in relation to armed conflict. | 有人建议开展一项实质性分析，以确切了解哪些人权与环境相关，以及武装冲突背景下适用哪些人权。 |
| 211. There were also divergent views on the advisability of according indigenous rights separate treatment as part of the topic. | 211. 关于是否建议作为专题的组成部分，单独处理土著人民权利的问题，存在意见分歧。 |
| While
some members had reservations, several members supported the idea,
indicating that indigenous peoples enjoyed a special relationship with
the environment. | 一些委员有所保留，而另一些委员支持这一观点，他们指出，土著人民与环境之间存在特殊关系。 |
| (g) Future programme of work | (g) 今后的工作方案 |
| 212.
There was broad support for the proposal by the Special Rapporteur that
her second report would further examine aspects of phase I, as well as
address phase II, including analysis of the extent to which particular
environmental principles are applicable in relation to armed conflict. | 212. 特别报告员建议在第二份报告中进一步审查第一阶段的一些方面，并讨论第二阶段的问题，包括分析具体的环境原则在多大程度上在武装冲突背景下适用，这一建议得到广泛支持。 |
| 213.
As far as the outcome of the work, several members expressed support
for the development of practical, non-binding guidelines, though
completion of the work by 2016 might prove difficult. | 213. 关于工作成果的问题，一些委员支持制定务实和没有约束力的准则，但在2016年之前完成这项工作可能存在困难。 |
| Other members were of the view that further discussion was required on what the outcome of the work should be. | 另一些委员认为还需进一步讨论工作成果应由哪些内容组成。 |
| 3. Concluding remarks of the Special Rapporteur | 3. 特别报告员的总结 |
| 214.
The Special Rapporteur recalled that the purpose of her preliminary
report was to seek views on peacetime obligations, particularly
environmental and human rights law obligations, before proceeding to
the second report and the development of guidelines, conclusions or
recommendations on both phases I and II. | 214. 特别报告员重申，初步报告的目的在于征求有关和平时期的义务，尤其是有关环境和人权法义务的意见，然后再着手编写第二份报告，以及就第一阶段和第二阶段编写准则、结论或建议。 |
| 215.
With regard to scope and methodology, members had expressed a certain
level of flexibility concerning the scope of the work, though there had
also been considerable discussion of the proposed limitations on the
scope. | 215. 关于范围和方法的问题，委员们对工作范围表示出一定程度的灵活性，但对提议的范围限制进行了大量讨论。 |
| As
several members did not want to exclude general issues concerning
weapons, the Special Rapporteur reiterated that the effect of specific
weapons should not be addressed as a separate issue since the law of
armed conflict deals with all weapons on the same legal basis. | 因为一些委员不愿将涉及武器的一般性问题排除在外，特别报告员重申，因为有关武装冲突的法律以相同的法律依据为基础处理所有武器的问题，所以不应将特定武器的影响作为一项单独问题讨论。 |
| She welcomed the possibility of a without prejudice clause. | 她希望有可能制定一项“不妨碍”条款。 |
| 216. The divergence of views on the treatment of cultural heritage was also noted. | 216. 对文化遗产的处理问题，讨论中出现了意见分歧。 |
| The
Special Rapporteur recalled that there existed an intricate
relationship between the environment and cultural heritage, in
particular in relation to aesthetic or characteristic aspects of the
landscape. | 特别报告员重申，环境和文化遗产之间存在错综复杂的关系，尤其是在景观的美学和特征等方面。 |
| She
also recalled that there was a gap in the protection of cultural
property and cultural heritage in relation to armed conflict that may
need to be addressed. | 她还指出，在武装冲突背景下保护文化财产和文化遗产方面存在空白，需要予以填补。 |
| Because
of the complexity of such issues, a more detailed analysis of the
relevant issues would be presented in the second report. | 鉴于这些问题的复杂性，将在第二份报告中对相关问题进行更加详细的分析。 |
| 217. A clear majority of members had expressed their support for the temporal, three-phase approach. | 217. 明显多数委员表示支持按时间划分的三阶段的方式。 |
| Though
some members had suggested a thematic approach, the Special Rapporteur
recalled that the United Nations Environmental Programme, whose 2009
report dealt specifically with this topic, had used a thematic approach. | 一些委员建议采用主题方针，但特别报告员回顾，联合国环境规划署专门讨论此问题的2009年报告曾采用主题方针。 |
| It
turned out to be a complicated working method for the purpose of the
present topic and would make drafting operative guidelines particularly
difficult. | 后来发现以这一方针作为本专题工作方法过于复杂，可能会使拟订执行准则变得尤为困难。 |
| 218.
The Special Rapporteur clarified that her insistence that the
Commission not revise existing law of armed conflict treaties should
not be interpreted as an intention to neglect phase II. She recalled
that the second report will address protection of the environment
during armed conflict, including those law of armed conflict rules that
may serve the purpose of protecting the environment during armed
conflict, as well as those rules that may create obligations before an
armed conflict. | 218. 特别报告员澄清，她坚持委员会不对武装冲突方面的现有法律进行修订不应被解释为有意忽视第二阶段。 她重申，第二份报告将处理在武装冲突期间保护环境的问题，包括武装冲突法律中可能为武装冲突期间保护环境发挥作用的规则，以及可能在武装冲突之前确定义务的规则。 |
| 219.
There was a useful debate on the terms “armed conflict” and
“environment”, but there seemed to be a general understanding that
there was no urgent need to address questions relating to the use of
terms. | 219. 委员们就“武装冲突”和“环境”等用语进行了有益讨论，但是，普遍的理解似乎是并不急需处理使用术语的问题。 |
| 220.
On the availability of evidence of State practice, the Special
Rapporteur reaffirmed the need to ascertain whether States have
legislation and regulations in force aimed at protecting the
environment in relation to armed conflict. | 220. 关于是否可得到国家惯例证据的问题，特别报告员再次强调，有必要明确了解各国是否具备旨在在武装冲突背景下保护环境的法律和规章。 |
| In
that regard, the Special Rapporteur reiterated that it would be useful
if the Commission could ask, once again, States to provide examples of
when international environmental law, including regional and bilateral
treaties, had continued to apply in times of international or
non-international armed conflict. | 在这方面，特别报告员重申，委员会应再次请各国提供实例，说明其在国际或非国际性武装冲突时期继续适用包括区域和双边条约在内的国际环境法的情况。 |
| 221.
The Special Rapporteur was in full agreement with those members who
expressed that further examination of the linkages between
environmental principles, human rights law and armed conflict was
necessary. | 221. 特别报告员完全赞同一些委员的意见，他们认为有必要应进一步审查环境原则、人权法和武装冲突之间的联系。 |
| She
also agreed with the view that sustainable development was of little
relevance to the topic, though she recounted that, last year, some
Members had urged that sustainable development be included. | 特别报告员还同意可持续发展与本专题几乎毫无关系的看法，但她回顾指出，一些委员上一年曾促请将可持续发展纳入讨论。 |
| She
also noted that there has long been a political connection between
warfare and sustainable development, as reflected in Principle 24 of
the Rio Declaration. | 她还指出，正如《里约宣言》中的原则24表明，在战争和可持续发展之间长期存在政治联系。 |
| She
also drew the Commission’s attention to the extensive work by the
United Nations Independent Expert on human rights and the environment. | 她还提请委员会注意联合国人权和环境问题独立专家开展的广泛工作。 |
| 222.
Concerning the outcome of the work, a concern had been raised about
which actors would be covered by the guidelines, conclusions or
recommendations. | 222. 关于工作的成果，有人对准则、结论或建议应包括哪些行为者表示关切。 |
| As
had been stated in the debate, it was premature to address this issue
in depth. The Special Rapporteur acknowledged, however, that the scope
of protection and the actors to whom the work would be addressed would
likely differ for each of the phases. | 讨论认为，深入探讨这一问题为时尚早，但特别报告员承认，保护的范围以及工作针对的对象在每个阶段可能会有所不同。 |
| Chapter XII Provisional application of treaties | 第十二章 条约的暂时适用 |
| A. Introduction | A. 导言 |
| 223.
At its sixty-fourth session (2012), the Commission decided to include
the topic “Provisional application of treaties” in its programme of
work and appointed Mr. Juan Manuel Gómez-Robledo as Special Rapporteur
for the topic. | 223. 在第六十四届会议(2012年)上，委员会决定将“条约的暂时适用”专题列入工作方案，并任命胡安·曼努埃尔·戈麦斯－罗夫莱多先生为专题特别报告员。 |
| At
the same session, the Commission took note of an oral report, presented
by the Special Rapporteur, on the informal consultations held on the
topic under his chairmanship. | 在同一届会议上，委员会注意到特别报告员就他主持进行的关于这一专题的非正式磋商情况所作的口头报告。 |
| The
Commission also decided to request from the Secretariat a memorandum on
the previous work undertaken by the Commission on the subject in the
context of its work on the law of treaties, and on the travaux
préparatoires of the relevant provisions of the 1969 Vienna Convention
on the Law of Treaties (“1969 Vienna Convention”). | 委员会还决定请秘书处编写一份备忘录，说明委员会以前在有关条约法的工作中就此专题所做的工作以及1969年《维也纳条约法公约》(“1969年《维也纳公约》”)相关条款的准备工作情况。 |
| The
General Assembly subsequently, in resolution 67/92 of 14 December 2012,
noted with appreciation the decision of the Commission to include the
topic in its programme of work. | 大会后来在2012年12月14日第67/92号决议中赞赏地注意到委员会决定将此专题列入其工作方案。 |
| 224.
At its sixty-fifth session (2013), the Commission had before it the
first report of the Special Rapporteur (A/CN.4/664) which sought to
establish, in general terms, the principal legal issues that arose in
the context of the provisional application of treaties by considering
doctrinal approaches to the topic and briefly reviewing the existing
State practice. | 224. 在第六十五届会议(2013年)上，委员会收到了特别报告员的第一次报告(A/CN.4/664)，该报告旨在通过探讨如何从理论角度处理这一专题以及简要回顾现有的国家实践，设法从总体上确定在条约的暂时适用方面出现的主要法律问题。 |
| The
Commission also had before it a memorandum by the Secretariat
(A/CN.4/658), which traced the negotiating history of article 25 of the
Vienna Convention both in the Commission and at the Vienna Conference
of 1968–69, and included a brief analysis of some of the substantive
issues raised during its consideration. | 委员会还收到了秘书处编写的一份备忘录(A/CN.4/658)，其中叙述了当初委员会和1968-1969年维也纳会议对1969年《维也纳公约》第二十五条的谈判情况，并简要分析了审议期间提出的一些实质性问题。 |
| B. Consideration of the topic at the present session | B. 本届会议审议此专题的情况 |
| 225.
At the present session, the Commission had before it the second report
of the Special Rapporteur (A/CN.4/675) which sought to provide a
substantive analysis of the legal effects of the provisional
application of treaties. | 225. 在本届会议上，委员会收到了特别报告员的第二次报告(A/CN.4/675)，该报告试图深入分析条约暂时适用的法律效果。 |
| 226. The Commission considered the second report at its 3231st to 3234th meetings, from 25 to 31 July 2014. | 226. 委员会在2014年7月25日至31日召开的第3231次至第3234次会议上审议了第二次报告。 |
| 227.
At the 3243rd meeting, held on 8 August 2014, the Commission decided to
request from the Secretariat a memorandum on the previous work
undertaken by the Commission on this subject in the travaux
préparatoires of the relevant provisions of the Vienna Convention on
the Law of Treaties between States and International Organizations or
between International Organizations, 1986. | 227. 在2014年8月8日第3243次会议上，委员会决定请秘书处准备一份备忘录，说明委员会先前在1986年《关于国家和国际组织间或国际组织相互间条约法的维也纳公约》有关条款的准备工作中就此问题开展的工作。 |
| 1. Introduction by the Special Rapporteur of the second report | 1. 特别报告员介绍第二次报告 |
| 228. In introducing his second report, the Special Rapporteur provided an overview of the consideration of the topic thus far. | 228. 特别报告员在介绍第二次报告时，概述了迄今为止对该专题的审议情况。 |
| He
indicated that, in response to a request addressed to States to provide
information on their practice, he had received submissions from ten
States. | 他指出，已收到10个国家应要求提供的关于其实践的资料。 |
| He
was of the view, however, that it was still premature to draw any
conclusions on the practice of States on the basis of the submissions
received, and requested that the Commission reiterate its request to
States. | 不过，他认为根据收到的提交材料，尚不能从国家实践中得出结论，他请委员会再次要求各国提交关于其实践的资料。 |
| 229.
The Special Rapporteur indicated that the purpose of the second report
was to provide a substantive analysis of the legal effects of the
provisional application of treaties. | 229. 特别报告员指出，第二次报告的宗旨是深入分析条约暂时适用的法律效果。 |
| He
noted that while there was no intention to undertake an exhaustive
analysis of the domestic constitutional law of States, an analysis of
the legal effects of provisional application of treaties invariably
took place in the light of domestic practice, given that States, in
explaining their practice, tended to do so in terms of their domestic
practice. | 他指出，虽然不打算详尽分析各国的国内宪法，但是鉴于国家在解释其实践时往往结合国内实践，因此对条约暂时适用的法律效果的分析必然是依据国内实践进行的。 |
| 230.
The question of the legal effects of provisional application of
treaties was at the heart of his second report and was central to the
Commission’s approach to the provisional application of treaties. | 230. 条约暂时适用的法律效果问题是特别报告员第二次报告的核心，也是委员会探讨条约暂时适用问题的关键。 |
| No
analysis would provide real practical value for the understanding of
the provisional application of treaties without a consideration of the
legal consequences of the provisional application of treaties in
relation to the other parties to the treaty and third States. | 不考虑条约暂时适用对其他缔约方或第三国的法律后果，任何分析都不可能真正有助于理解条约的暂时适用问题。 |
| He
noted that the comments received from States, both in the Sixth
Committee and in writing, had pointed to the fact that provisional
application of treaties did have legal effects, both internationally
and domestically. | 他指出，各国在第六委员会的发言以及以书面形式做出的评论都表明，条约的暂时适用的确在国内和国际上具有法律效果。 |
| He
also recalled that there had been cases before international tribunals
in which the dispute had related precisely to the legal scope of the
provisional application of a treaty. | 他还忆及，国际法庭曾审理过一些案件，其争论点正是条约暂时适用的法律范围。 |
| 231.
He observed that the source of the legal obligations in question could
be traced either to a clause in the treaty itself or arose from a
separate agreement adopted in parallel to the main treaty. | 231. 特别报告员表示，所涉法律义务的来源可以是条约中的条款，也可以是与主要条约平行通过的单独协定。 |
| Since
the decision to provisionally apply a treaty could manifest itself
expressly or tacitly, the legal nature of the obligations, as well as
the scope of the legal effects thereof, would depend on what was
stipulated in the treaty. | 鉴于暂时适用条约的决定可以是明示的或默示的，这些义务的法律性质及其法律效果的范围取决于条约中的规定。 |
| In
his report, the Special Rapporteur identified four ways in which
article 25, paragraph 1, of the Vienna Convention on the Law of
Treaties might be manifested: (1) when a treaty established that it
would apply provisionally from the moment of its adoption; | 特别报告员在报告中提出了可能体现《维也纳条约法公约》第二十五条第一款的四种情况：(1) 条约规定，条约一旦获得通过，就应暂时适用； |
| (2) when the treaty established that it would be applied provisionally by the signatory States; | (2) 条约规定，签署国可暂时适用条约； |
| (3)
when the treaty left open the possibility for each State to decide if
it wished to provisionally apply the treaty or not from the moment of
the adoption of the treaty; | (3) 条约让每个国家都有机会可以决定是否从条约通过之时起就暂时适用条约； |
| and (4) when the treaty was silent on its provisional application and States applied article 25, paragraph 1. | (4) 条约只字不提暂时适用问题，各国适用第二十五条第一款。 |
| In
other words, the obligations under the provisional application of
treaties could take a contractual form or the form of one or more
unilateral acts. | 换言之，暂时适用条约产生的义务可来源于协议，也可来源于一个或多个单方面行为。 |
| As
such, the legal analysis of the effect of unilateral acts was also of
relevance to a study on the origin of obligations arising from the
provisional application of treaties. | 如此看来，从法律上分析单方面行为的效果也有助于研究暂时适用条约产生的义务的来源。 |
| 232.
The Special Rapporteur further stated that the rights established by
the provisional application of treaties as actionable rights would also
depend on how the provisional application had been enshrined in the
treaty or agreed to. | 232. 特别报告员进一步指出，暂时适用条约确立的权利是否为可执行权利也将取决于条约对暂时适用的规定或关于暂时适用的约定。 |
| Hence,
the scope of the rights would be clearer in those cases where the
treaty explicitly established that it would be provisionally applied
from the moment of adoption or that of signature. | 因此，在条约明确规定自通过或签署之时起暂时适用的情况下，权利的范围更加明确。 |
| In
such cases, the contractual parties were known, and the States would
know what the specific scope of their enforceable rights were in
relation to the other States parties. | 在这种情况下，缔约方是已知的，国家知道相对于其他缔约国其可执行权利的具体范围。 |
| The Special Rapporteur noted that such arrangement was common in the case of the provisional application of bilateral treaties. | 特别报告员注意到，这种安排在暂时适用双边条约的情况下很普遍。 |
| 233.
The analysis of the scope of obligations became more complex when a
State decided unilaterally to apply a treaty provisionally. | 233. 当一国单方面决定暂时适用条约时，对义务范围的分析就变得更复杂。 |
| In
principle, the scope of the obligations arising from the provisional
application could not exceed those established in the treaty. | 原则上，暂时适用条约产生的义务不得超出条约规定的义务范围。 |
| In
the case of a unilateral declaration, the State in question would not
be able to alter or amend the scope and content of what was covered by
the provisional application of the treaty. | 在作出单方面声明的情况下，作出声明的国家不得改变或修改条约暂时适用所涵盖的范围和内容。 |
| It
was important to bear in mind the distinction between domestic law
obligations arising from the provisional application of treaties as
opposed to those generated under provisional application of treaties
internationally. | 必须区分条约暂时适用产生的国内法义务与条约暂时适用在国际上产生的义务。 |
| Such a distinction was also relevant when coming to the enforceability of rights by third States. | 讨论第三国权利的可执行性时，也应作出这种区分。 |
| 234.
The Special Rapporteur further maintained that the regime that applied
to the termination of treaties applied mutatis mutandis to the
provisional application of treaties. | 234. 特别报告员进一步坚持认为，终止暂时适用的机制应当比照适用终止条约的机制。 |
| He
noted that some States followed the practice of performing the
obligations agreed upon during a transitional period over which the
provisional application of a treaty is being phased out, in the same
manner as the case of the termination of the treaty itself, and that
this was evidence that those States assigned the same legal effects to
the termination of the provisional application of treaties as those for
the termination of the treaty itself. | 他注意到，一些国家按照终止条约本身的方式，在逐步终止条约暂时适用的过渡期内履行约定义务，显然，这些国家认为终止条约的暂时适用与终止条约本身具有同样的法律效果。 |
| 235.
As for the legal consequences of breach of a treaty being applied
provisionally, the Special Rapporteur limited himself to reiterating
the applicability of the existing regime of the responsibility of
States, as provided for in the 2001 articles on the responsibility of
States for internationally wrongful acts. | 235. 关于违反暂时适用之条约的法律后果，特别报告员只是重申可适用2001年关于国家对国际不法行为的责任条款中规定的国家责任的现行机制。 |
| 2. Summary of the debate | 2. 辩论摘要 |
| 236.
During the debate on the second report, broad agreement was expressed
with the Special Rapporteur’s view that the provisional application of
a treaty, although juridically distinct from entry into force of the
treaty, did nonetheless produce legal effects and was capable of giving
rise to legal obligations, and that those were the same as if the
treaty were itself in force for that State; | 236. 在关于第二次报告的辩论中，委员们普遍表示同意特别报告员的这一观点：条约的暂时适用虽然在司法上有别于条约生效，但是的确产生了法律效果，而且能够产生法律义务，且产生的效果和义务等同于条约对该国生效； |
| a conclusion that was supported both in the case-law and by State practice. | 这一结论得到了判例法和国家实践的支持。 |
| The
view was expressed, however, that it had not been clarified whether the
provisional application of treaties had legal effects that went beyond
the provisions of article 18 of the Vienna Convention. | 不过，有人表示，条约的临时适用是否具有超越了《维也纳公约》第十八条规定的法律效力，这一点没有得到澄清。 |
| According
to another view, strictly speaking, the legal effect arose less from
the act of applying a treaty provisionally, and more from the
underlying agreement between States as reflected in the clauses in the
treaty permitting its provisional application. | 还有一种意见认为，严格来讲，法律效果与其说来源于暂时适用条约这一行为，不如说来源于允许暂时适用的条约的条款中反映的国家间协定。 |
| 237.
Several additional general observations were made concerning the legal
consequences of the provisional application of treaties. | 237. 还有一些委员就条约暂时适用的法律后果发表了一般性意见。 |
| The
view was expressed that the provisional application of a treaty could
not result in the modification of the content of the treaty, nor could
States (or international organizations) which had not participated in
the negotiation of the treaty resort to its provisional application,
and the provisional application of a treaty could not give rise to a
distinct legal regime separate from the treaty. | 他们表示，条约的暂时适用不得导致修改条约内容，未参加条约谈判的国家(或国际组织)不得暂时适用条约，且条约的暂时适用不得导致与条约不同的法律制度。 |
| Nor
could provisional application give rise to rights for the State beyond
those that were accepted by States and provided for in the treaty. | 此外，暂时适用赋予国家的权利不得超出国家接受且条约规定的权利范围。 |
| 238.
Some members expressed support for the Special Rapporteur’s decision
not to embark on a comparative study of domestic provisions relating to
the provisional application of treaties. | 238. 一些委员赞成特别报告员做出的不对条约暂时适用方面的国内规定作比较研究的决定。 |
| Others
were of the view that such an analysis, as part of a broader study on
State practice, was both feasible and necessary for a proper
consideration of the topic since the possibility of the resort to the
provisional application of a treaty depended also on the internal legal
position of the State in question. | 另一些委员则认为，这种比较分析，作为关于国家实践的广泛研究的一部分，不仅可行，而且是适当审议该专题所必需的，因为能否暂时适用条约也取决于所涉国家国内法的立场。 |
| It
was observed that a State’s resort to a clause permitting provisional
application was not only a matter of international law, but was also to
be determined in the light of the applicable domestic law. | 他们指出，诉诸允许暂时适用的条款不仅涉及国际法，而且需要依照适用的国内法来确定。 |
| It
was also noted that any study of State practice had to include the
legislative, constitutional and any other relevant practice of States. | 他们还指出，关于国家实践的任何研究都必须包括国家的立法、宪法及其他有关方面的实践。 |
| On
the other hand, the view was expressed that while the provisional
application of a treaty could have effects in the domestic legal
system, that was not relevant for the Commission’s consideration of the
present topic. | 另一方面，一些委员认为，虽然条约的暂时适用可能对国内法律体系产生影响，但是这与委员会对本专题的审议无关。 |
| In terms of a further suggestion, the practice of the depositaries of treaties could be studied. | 还有一种意见是，可以研究条约保存人的实践。 |
| 239.
Different views were expressed concerning the Special Rapporteur’s
characterization of the decision to provisionally apply a treaty as a
unilateral act. | 239. 对于特别报告员将暂时适用条约的决定视为单方面行为，委员们意见不一。 |
| It
was noted that such a view could not be reconciled with article 25 of
the 1969 Vienna Convention, which specifically envisaged provisional
application being undertaken on the basis of agreement between States
and as an exercise of the free will of States. | 有人指出，这种观点不符合1969年《维也纳公约》第二十五条，其中明确将暂时适用视为基于国家间的协议，并视为国家自由意愿的行使。 |
| The
source of the obligation that arose following a declaration to
provisionally apply a treaty was the treaty itself, not the
declaration, and the provisional application of a treaty involved a
treaty-based relationship, in which the conduct of the State was not
unilateral. | 暂时适用条约的声明产生的义务，其来源是条约本身，而不是声明，条约的暂时适用涉及基于条约的关系，在这种关系中，国家行为不是单方面的。 |
| It
was also stated that it was possible for a State to unilaterally
declare its intention to provisionally apply a treaty (reference was
made to the possible example of the Syrian Arab Republic’s purported
provisional application of the Convention on the Prohibition of
Chemical Weapons). | 还有人指出，国家有可能单方面地声明暂时适用条约的意向(在这方面提到阿拉伯叙利亚共和国据称暂时适用《禁止化学武器公约》的可能的例子)。 |
| 240.
Support was expressed for the applicability by analogy of article 70 of
the 1969 Vienna Convention, dealing with the termination of treaties,
to the termination of provisional application. | 240. 一些委员赞成比照适用1969年《维也纳公约》关于条约终止的第七十条，终止条约的暂时适用。 |
| Other
members noted that while there was some overlap in the legal position
of the termination of treaties and that of provisional application,
this did not mean that the same rules applied, even mutatis mutandis. | 另一些委员指出，虽然终止条约和终止暂时适用的法律地位有重叠之处，这并不意味着它们适用同样的规则，即使是比照适用。 |
| Nor,
under this view, were the provisions on termination in the underlying
treaty relevant to termination of its provisional application. | 他们还认为，条约中关于终止的规定与终止暂时适用无关。 |
| In
terms of a further view, if it were ascertained that article 70 did
apply then it would have to be clarified whether this meant that the
rules and procedures for the termination of treaties, existing at the
domestic level, would apply equally to the termination of their
provisional application. | 另一种意见认为，如果确定第七十条的确适用，那么必须阐明这是否意味着终止条约的国内现行规则和程序同样也适用于终止暂时适用。 |
| A
difference of opinion was also expressed as to the applicability of the
rules on the unilateral acts of States to the termination of
provisional application, as well as to the assertion that such
termination could not be undertaken arbitrarily. | 关于适用于国家单方面行为的规则 能否适用于终止暂时适用，以及关于不得任意终止暂时适用的论断，委员们意见不一。 |
| The
view was expressed that the possibility of unilateral termination of
provisional application should, in principle, be limited so as to
ensure the stability of treaties, and that following the termination of
provisional application the principle of pacta sunt servanda would
continue to apply. | 一些委员认为，原则上应当限制单方面终止暂时适用的可能性，以确保条约关系的稳定，并且在终止暂时适用后，继续适用条约必须遵守原则。 |
| Other
members were of the view that article 25, paragraph 2, envisaged
termination occurring at will (subject to the requirement of giving
notice). | 另一些委员则认为，第二十五条第二款提出(在满足通知要求的情况下)随意终止。 |
| 241.
As regards the consequences arising from a breach of an obligation in a
treaty being provisionally applied, support was expressed for the
applicability of the rules on responsibility for internationally
wrongful acts, which, it was noted, was envisaged in article 73 of the
1969 Vienna Convention. | 241. 关于违反暂时适用之条约的法律后果，委员们表示支持适用1969年《维也纳公约》第七十三条规定的对国际不法行为的责任规则。 |
| It
was also noted that article 12 of the 2001 articles referred to an
obligation “regardless of its origin or character”, which could cover
obligations emanating from treaties being provisionally applied. | 委员们还指出，2001年条款第12条提到了“无论其起源或特性为何”的义务，可涵盖暂时适用条约产生的义务。 |
| In
terms of another view, the matter required further reflection
particularly as some adaptation of the rules on the responsibility of
States might be called for in the case of a treaty being provisionally
applied. | 另一种意见是，需要进一步思考该问题，特别是有可能需要针对条约暂时适用的情况，对国家责任规则做出某些修改。 |
| 242.
Suggestions for further consideration included: whether provisional
application extended to the entire treaty, or whether it was possible
to only provisionally apply parts thereof, or indeed whether it was
only possible to provisionally apply parts; | 242. 建议进一步审议的问题包括：暂时适用涵盖整个条约，还是可以只暂时适用条约的部分内容，或是只可能暂时适用部分内容； |
| analyzing further the relationship between the provisional application of treaties and their entry into force; | 进一步分析条约的暂时适用与条约生效的关系； |
| analyzing the modalities for the termination of provisional application; | 分析终止暂时适用的模式； |
| considering
whether the rules of customary international law on the provisional
application of treaties were the same as those in the Vienna Convention; | 审议关于条约暂时适用的习惯国际法规则是否与《维也纳公约》一致； |
| as well as studying the applicability of the regime on the reservations to treaties. | 以及研究可否适用条约保留机制。 |
| It
was also suggested that the Special Rapporteur proceed to consider the
different consequences arising from the provisional application of
bilateral as opposed to multilateral treaties. | 委员们还建议特别报告员继续审议双边条约与多边条约的暂时适用产生的不同后果。 |
| Support
was also expressed for the Special Rapporteur’s intention to deal with
the provisional application of treaties by international organizations. | 特别报告员打算探讨国际组织对条约的暂时适用问题，委员们也表示支持。 |
| 243.
While support was expressed for the Special Rapporteur’s intention to
propose draft guidelines or conclusions, in terms of another view the
Commission should not rule out the possibility of developing draft
articles, as it had done in its work on the effects of armed conflicts
on treaties. | 243. 虽然特别报告员关于拟议准则或结论草案的打算得到了支持，但是也有人认为，委员会不应排除制定条款草案的可能性，就像委员会在关于武装冲突对条约的影响的工作中所做的那样。 |
| 3. Concluding remarks of the Special Rapporteur | 3. 特别报告员的总结 |
| 244.
In summarizing the debate on the second report, the Special Rapporteur
observed, inter alia, that there had been general agreement that the
basic premise underlying the topic was that, subject to the
specificities of the treaty in question, the rights and obligations of
a State which had decided to provisionally apply the treaty, or parts
thereof, were the same as if the treaty were in force for that State. | 244. 特别报告员在总结关于第二次报告的辩论时发现，除其他外，委员们普遍认为该专题的基本前提是：国家决定暂时适用条约或条约的一部分对其产生的权利和义务与条约生效对其产生的权利和义务相同，具体权利和义务取决于所涉条约的具体规定。 |
| As
a consequence of this, there was agreement in the Commission that, in
principle, a breach of an obligation which arose out of the provisional
application of a treaty constituted an internationally wrongful act,
thereby triggering the rules on the responsibility of states for
internationally wrongful acts. | 因此，委员会一致认为，原则上，违反暂时适用条约产生的义务构成国际不法行为，将导致适用国家对国际不法行为的责任规则。 |
| 245.
He recalled that the various manifestations of provisional application
identified in his report were merely illustrative, and did not exclude
the possibility of other examples. | 245. 他忆及，在报告中提到的暂时适用的不同表现形式只是为了举例说明，不排除还有其他案例的可能性。 |
| He
had presented the types more commonly found in practice as a means to
attempt a greater systematization of the rules applicable to the
provisional application of treaties, which had not been done during the
negotiation of what became article 25 of the 1969 Vienna Convention. | 他列举了实践中较常见的类型，以便使关于条约暂时适用的规则更加系统化，就1969年《维也纳公约》第二十五条进行谈判时尚未这样做。 |
| He
had also taken note of the various suggestions made for how to
undertake the work on the topic, including adopting a more inductive
approach and considering not only State practice, but also
jurisprudence and academic opinions. | 他还注意到关于如何就该专题开展工作的各项建议，包括进一步采用归纳法，以及不仅考虑国家实践，而且考虑判例和学术意见。 |
| 246.
The Special Rapporteur confirmed that he had likewise taken note of the
concerns expressed regarding the reference in his analysis to the
applicability of the rules on the unilateral acts of States. | 246. 特别报告员确认，他也注意到委员们对他在分析中提到适用关于国家单方面行为的规则表示关切。 |
| He
clarified that he had intended to highlight the fact that it was
typically left to the negotiating or contracting State to unilaterally
decide whether to provisionally apply a treaty or not. | 他解释道，他原本是想强调，通常由谈判国或缔约国单方面决定是否暂时适用条约。 |
| As
such, the legal obligation for the State arose not when the treaty,
containing a clause allowing for provisional application, was
concluded, but at the point in time at which the State unilaterally
decided to resort to such provisional application. | 因此，国家的法律义务不是在条约(其中载有允许暂时适用的条款)缔结时产生，而是在国家单方面决定暂时适用时产生。 |
| He
clarified that he had, on purpose, not referred to the unilateral
declaration in question as being the “source” of the legal obligations,
but rather its “origin” in a temporal sense, i.e. the act which
triggered the provisional application. | 他解释道，他因此故意不将所涉单方面声明称为法律义务的“来源”，而是称为时间意义上的“起源”，即引发暂时适用的行为。 |
| 247.
The Special Rapporteur observed further that he had taken note of the
suggestions for specific issues to be considered in his future reports,
such as the possibility of contracting States acquiescing to the
provisional application by a third State even when a treaty did not
expressly provide for provisional application, as well as undertaking a
study of the practice of treaty depositaries. | 247. 特别报告员进一步指出，他注意到委员们就今后报告进一步审议的具体问题提出的建议，例如缔约国默认第三国暂时适用即使未明文规定暂时适用的条约的可能性； 以及研究条约保存人的实践。 |
| While
he noted that there had been different views in the Commission as to
the necessity of undertaking a comparative study of domestic
legislation, he also recalled the suggestion that there be a
consideration of the applicability of articles 27 and 46, paragraph 1,
of the 1969 Vienna Convention. | 他注意到，关于就国内法进行比较研究的必要性，委员会内部意见不一，但是他还忆及，有人建议审议1969年《维也纳公约》第二十七条和第四十六条第一款的适用问题。 |
| He
indicated that this would be done as part of a broader study of all
articles in the 1969 Vienna Convention which might be of relevance to
the provisional application of treaties (and not limited to the
termination of treaties). | 他表示，这将在对1969年《维也纳公约》所有条款的广泛研究中进行，该研究可能涉及条约的暂时适用(不仅限于条约的终止)。 |
| 248.
The Special Rapporteur further indicated his intention to complete, in
his next report, the analysis of the contributions made by States on
their practice. | 248. 特别报告员还表示，希望在下次报告中完成对国家提交的实践资料的分析。 |
| He
also intended to consider the legal regime applicable to treaties
between States and international organizations, and those between
international organizations, and indicated that he would propose draft
guidelines or conclusions for the consideration of the Commission at
its next session. | 他还打算审议适用于国家与国际组织间条约以及国际组织相互间条约的法律机制，并表示将拟议准则或结论草案，供委员会下届会议审议。 |
| Chapter XIII The Most-Favoured-Nation clause | 第十三章 最惠国条款 |
| A. Introduction | A. 导言 |
| 249.
The Commission, at its sixtieth session (2008), decided to include the
topic “The Most-Favoured-Nation clause” in its programme of work and to
establish, at its sixty-first session, a Study Group on the topic. | 249. 委员会第六十届会议(2008年)决定将“最惠国条款”专题列入其工作方案，并在第六十一届会议上设立了一个有关此专题的研究组。 |
| 250.
The Study Group, co-chaired by Mr. Donald M. McRae and Mr. A. Rohan
Perera, was established at the sixty-first session (2009), and was
reconstituted at the sixty-second (2010) and sixty-third (2011)
sessions, under the same co-chairmanship. | 250. 在第六十一届会议上(2009年)，委员会设立了由唐纳德·麦克雷先生和罗汉·佩雷拉先生担任联合主席的研究组， 在第六十二届会议(2010年)和第六十三届会议(2011年)期间重新设立了研究组，仍由上述两人担任联合主席。 |
| At
the sixty-fourth (2012) and sixty-fifth (2013) sessions, the Commission
reconstituted the Study Group, under the chairmanship of Mr. Donald M.
McRae. | 在第六十四届会议(2012年)和第六十五届会议(2013年)上，委员会重新设立了研究组，由唐纳德·麦克雷先生任主席。 |
| In the absence of Mr. McRae during the 2013 session, Mr. Mathias Forteau served as chairman. | 麦克雷先生在2013年会议期间缺席时，由马蒂亚斯·福尔托先生任主席。 |
| B. Consideration of the topic at the present session | B. 本届会议审议此专题的情况 |
| 251.
At the present session, the Commission, at its 3218th meeting on 8
July, reconstituted the Study Group on The Most-Favoured-Nation clause,
under the chairmanship of Mr. Donald M. McRae. | 251. 在本届会议上，委员会在7月8日第3218次会议上重新组建了最惠国条款研究组，由唐纳德·麦克雷先生担任主席。 |
| In his absence, Mr. Mathias Forteau served as chairman. | 麦克雷先生不在时，由马蒂亚斯·福尔托先生担任主席。 |
| 252. The Study Group held three meetings on 9, 10 and 18 July 2014. | 252. 研究组于2014年7月9日、10日和18日举行了三次会议。 |
| 253. At its 3231st meeting, on 25 July 2014, the Commission took note of the oral report on the work of the Study Group. | 253. 在2014年7月25日第3231次会议上，委员会注意到研究组的口头工作报告。 |
| 1. Draft final report | 1. 最后报告草稿 |
| 254. The Study Group had before it a draft final report on its overall work prepared by Mr. Donald M. McRae. | 254. 研究组收到由唐纳德·麦克雷先生编写的有关研究组总体工作的最后报告草稿。 |
| The
draft final report, which is in the form of an informal working
document of the Study Group, is based on the working papers and other
informal documents that had been considered by the Study Group in the
course of its work since it began deliberations in 2009. | 最后报告草稿采用研究组非正式工作文件的格式，以研究组2009年启动审议工作以来审议的工作文件和其他非正式文件为基础编写。 |
| 255. The draft final report is divided in three parts. | 255. 最后报告草稿分为三部分。 |
| Part
I provides the background, including the origins and purpose of the
work of the Study Group, the Commission’s prior work on the 1978 Draft
articles on the Most-favoured-nation clause, and developments
subsequent to the completion of the 1978 draft articles, in particular
in the area of investment. | 第一部分提供背景资料，包括研究组的起源和工作目的，委员会之前就1978年最惠国条款草案所作的工作，以及1978年条款草案完成后的发展，尤其是在投资领域方面的发展。 |
| The general orientation of the Study Group is not to seek a revision of those draft articles. | 研究组的总体导向并非重新审查那些条款草案。 |
| 256.
The draft report also addresses, in Part II, the contemporary relevance
of and issues concerning MFN clauses, including in the context of the
GATT and the WTO, other trade agreements, and investment treaties. | 256. 报告草稿还在第二部分当中讨论了最惠国条款的当代意义及相关问题，包括与关贸总协定和世贸组织、其他贸易协议和投资条约相关的问题。 |
| It
highlights the interpretative issues that have arisen in relation to
the MFN clauses in BITs, against the background analysis of the
treatment of MFN provisions in other bodies, such as the Organization
for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and the United Nations
Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). | 报告还基于对经济合作与发展组织(经合组织)及联合国贸易和发展会议(贸发会议)等其他机构的最惠国待遇条款的背景分析，重点讨论与双边投资条约中最惠国待遇条款相关的解释性问题。 |
| 257.
Part II then surveys the different approaches in the case-law to the
interpretation of MFN provisions in investment agreements, addressing
in particular: (a) the entitlement to the benefit of an MFN provision; | 257. 第二部分随后考察了判例法对投资协议中最惠国条款的解释采用的不同方针，尤其处理以下问题：(a) 享有最惠国条款福利的权利； |
| (b) what constitutes treatment that is “no less favourable”; | (b) “不低于”的待遇由什么构成； |
| and
(c) the question of the scope of the treatment to be provided under an
MFN provision, focusing on the Maffezini case, its limitations and the
post-Maffezini interpretation of MFN clauses. | (c) 根据最惠国条款规定提供的待遇的范围问题，重点关注马菲基尼案、其局限性，以及马菲基尼案之后对最惠国条款的解释。 |
| In
this context, the draft report seeks to identify certain factors that
have appeared to influence investment tribunals in interpreting MFN
clauses and to identify trends. | 在此背景下，报告草稿试图查明那些因素可能影响投资仲裁庭对最惠国条款的解释，以及查明趋势。 |
| 258. Part III analyzes: (a) policy considerations in investment relating to the interpretation of investment agreements; | 258. 第三部分分析以下问题：(a) 投资中与解释投资协议相关的政策考虑因素； |
| (b) implications of investment dispute settlement arbitration as “mixed arbitration”; | (b) 投资争端解决仲裁作为“混合裁决”的影响； |
| (c) the contemporary relevance of the 1978 draft articles to the interpretation of MFN provisions; | (c) 1978年条款草案在当代对解释最惠国条款规定的影响； |
| and
(d) the interpretation of MFN clauses, including addressing the factors
relevant in the interpretative process in determining whether an MFN
provision in a BIT applies to the conditions for invoking dispute
settlement. | 以及(d)对最惠国条款的解释，包括讨论在确定双边投资协定中的最惠国条款是否适用于援引争端解决条款的条件时，哪些因素与这种问题的解释有关。 |
| This
part also examines the various ways in which States have reacted in
their treaty practice to the Maffezini case, including by: specifically
stating that the MFN clause does not apply to dispute resolution
provisions; | 这一部分还审查了各国在条约实践中对马菲基尼案作出的不同反应，包括：明确声明最惠国条款不适用于争端解决规定； |
| specifically stating that the MFN clause does apply to dispute resolution provisions; | 明确声明最惠国条款适用于争端解决规定； |
| or specifically enumerating the fields to which the MFN clause applies. | 或明确列出适用最惠国条款的领域。 |
| 2. Discussions of the Study Group | 2. 研究组的讨论 |
| 259.
The Study Group undertook a substantive and technical review of the
draft final report with a view to preparing a new draft for next year
to be agreed on by the Study Group. | 259. 研究组对最后报告草稿进行了实质性和技术审查，旨在在下一年编写一份新的草稿，供研究组议定。 |
| The
Study Group expressed its appreciation for the substantial work done by
Mr. McRae in putting together the various strands of issues concerning
the topic into one comprehensive draft report. | 研究组对麦克雷先生所作的实质性工作表示赞赏，他把涉及这一专题的不同方面的问题纳入了一份综合报告草稿。 |
| The
Study Group noted that the draft final report systematically analyses
the various issues discussed by the Study Group since its inception,
which considered the MFN clause within the broader framework of general
international law, and in the light of developments since the adoption
of the 1978 Draft articles. | 研究组注意到，最后报告草稿系统地分析了自研究组成立以来探讨的不同问题，参照了自1978年通过条款草案以来发生的变化，在一般国际法的更广泛框架内审议了最惠国条款。 |
| 260.
The Study Group acknowledged the need, as prefaced by the author, to
make attempts to shorten the report and to update certain elements of
the draft report in the light of more recent cases. | 260. 研究组认识到，有必要像作者在序言中所述，努力缩短报告篇幅，并参照更近期的案例，对报告草稿中的某些要点予以更新。 |
| 261.
The Study Group once more underlined the importance and relevance of
the Vienna Convention of the Law of Treaties, as a point of departure,
in the interpretation of investment treaties. | 261. 研究组再次强调以《维也纳条约法公约》作为起点解释投资条约的重要性和相关性。 |
| Accordingly,
there was emphasis placed on analyzing and contextualizing the case-law
and drawing attention to the issues that had arisen and trends in the
practice. | 因此，重点在于分析判例法，说明其来龙去脉，并提请注意已出现的问题和实际趋势。 |
| It
also stressed the significance of taking into account the prior work of
the Commission on Fragmentation of international law: difficulties
arising from the diversification and expansion of international law,
and its current work on Subsequent agreements and subsequent practice
in relation to interpretation of treaties. | 研究组还强调，考虑委员会先前就“国际法不成体系问题：国际法多样化和扩展引起的困难”所作的工作以及当前就“与条约解释有关的嗣后协定和嗣后实践”所作的工作，这一点具有重要意义。 |
| It
also highlighted the need to prepare an outcome that would be of
practical utility to those involved in the investment field and to
policy makers. | 委员会还强调，有必要编写一份对于从事投资领域工作的人和决策者具有实际用处的结果文件。 |
| 262.
Finally, the Study Group acknowledged as feasible the timeline of
seeking to present a revised draft final report for consideration at
the sixty-seventh session of the Commission in 2015, taking into
account comments made and amendments proposed by individual members of
the Study Group during the present session. | 262. 最后，研究组认识到，有关提交一份经修订的最后报告草稿以供委员会2015年第六十七届会议审议的时间表是可行的，该报告应考虑到研究组具体成员在本届会议期间提出的评论和修订建议。 |
| Chapter XIV Other decisions and conclusions of the Commission | 第十四章 委员会的其他决定和结论 |
| A. Programme, procedures and working methods of the Commission and its documentation | A. 委员会的方案、程序和工作方法以及文件 |
| 263. At its 3199th meeting, on 6 May 2014, the Commission established a Planning Group for the current session. | 263. 在2014年5月6日第3199次会议上，委员会为本届会议设立了规划组。 |
| 264. The Planning Group held three meetings. | 264. 规划组举行了三次会议。 |
| It
had before it: Section I of the Topical Summary of the discussion held
in the Sixth Committee of the General Assembly during its sixty-eighth
session entitled “Other decisions and conclusions of the Commission”; | 它收到了题为“委员会的其他决定和结论”的大会第六委员会在大会第六十八届会议期间讨论情况专题摘要的I节； |
| General
Assembly resolution 68/112 of 16 December 2013 on the Report of the
International Law Commission on the work of its sixty-fifth session; | 大会2013年12月16日关于国际法委员会第六十五届会议工作报告的第68/112号决议； |
| and
General Assembly resolution 68/116 of 16 December 2013 on the rule of
law at the national and international levels, as well as the proposed
Strategic Framework for the period 2016–2017 (A/69/6), covering
“Programme 6: Legal Affairs”. | 大会2013年12月16日关于国内和国际法治的第68/116号决议； 以及2016-2017年期间拟议战略框架(A/69/6)，包括“方案6：法律事务”。 |
| 265.
The Commission took note of the proposed Strategic Framework for the
period 2016–2017 (A/69/6), covering “Programme 6: Legal Affairs,
subprogramme 3, “Progressive development and codification of
international law”. | 265. 委员会注意到2016-2017年期间拟议战略框架(A/69/6)，包括“方案6：法律事务，次级方案3：国际法的逐渐发展与编纂”。 |
| 1. Inclusion of a new topic on the programme of work of the Commission | 1. 新专题列入委员会工作方案 |
| 266.
At its 3227th meeting, on 18 July 2014, the Commission decided to
include the topic “Crimes against humanity” in its programme of work
and to appoint Mr. Sean D. Murphy as Special Rapporteur. | 266. 在2014年7月18日第3227次会议上，委员会决定将“危害人类罪”专题列入工作方案并任命肖恩·墨菲先生为该专题特别报告员。 |
| 2. Working Group on the Long-term Programme of Work | 2. 长期工作方案工作组 |
| 267.
At its 1st meeting, on 7 May 2014, the Planning Group decided to
reconstitute for the current session the Working Group on the Long-term
Programme of Work. | 267. 在2014年5月7日第一次会议上，规划组决定为本届会议重新设立长期工作方案工作组。 |
| In
the absence of its chairman Mr. Donald M. McRae, the Working Group was
chaired by Mr. Mahmoud D. Hmoud and Mr. Marcelo Vázquez-Bermúdez. | 因工作组主席唐纳德·麦克雷先生不在，工作组由马哈茂德·哈穆德先生和马塞洛·巴斯克斯－贝穆德斯先生主持。 |
| Mr. Vázquez-Bermúdez submitted an oral report to the Planning Group, at its 3rd meeting, on 28 July 2014. | 巴斯克斯－贝穆德斯先生在2014年7月28日规划组第三次会议上作了口头报告。 |
| 268.
The Working Group recommended the inclusion in the long-term programme
of work of the Commission of the topic, “Jus cogens”, on the basis of
the proposal prepared by Mr. Dire D. Tladi. | 268. 工作组根据迪雷·特拉迪先生拟定的提议，建议在委员会长期工作方案中加上“强制法”专题。 |
| 269.
The Working Group was guided by the recommendation of the Commission at
its fiftieth session (1998) regarding the criteria for the selection of
the topics: | 269. 工作组遵守了委员会第五十届会议(1998年)关于选择专题的标准的建议，即： |
| (a)
The topic should reflect the needs of the States in respect of the
progressive development and codification of international law; | (a) 专题应反映各国在逐渐发展和编纂国际法方面的需要； |
| (b)
The topic should be sufficiently advanced in stage in terms of State
practice to permit progressive development and codification; | (b) 专题在国家实践方面应足够成熟，从而允许逐渐发展和编纂； |
| (c) The topic is concrete and feasible for progressive development. | (c) 专题为逐渐发展的目的应当是具体和可行的。 |
| The
Commission also agreed that it should not restrict itself to
traditional topics, but could also consider those that reflect new
developments in international law and pressing concerns of the
international community as a whole. | 委员会还商定，委员会不应仅限于传统的专题，也可考虑反映国际法新动态和整个国际社会紧迫关切的专题。 |
| 270. The Commission endorsed the recommendation for the inclusion of the topic in the long-term programme of work. | 270. 委员会赞同关于将该专题列入长期工作方案的建议。 |
| The
syllabus of the topic included by the Commission in its long-term
programme of work at the present session is annexed to the present
report. | 委员会在本届会议列入其长期工作方案的专题的提纲载于本报告附件。 |
| 271. The Working Group on the Long-term Programme of Work also considered its methods of work. | 271. 长期工作方案工作组还审议了工作方法。 |
| It
identified the need to conduct a systematic review of the work of the
Commission and a survey of possible future topics for its consideration. | 工作组确定，需要对委员会的工作进行系统审查并调查今后可能审议的专题。 |
| It
recalled in particular that since undertaking a systematic review of
its work and developing an illustrative general scheme of topics in
1996, no similar exercise had been carried out in the ensuing years. | 工作组特别回顾，自1996年对工作进行系统审查和编制了说明性专题总方案 之后，这些年没有开展类似工作。 |
| Accordingly,
the Working Group agreed to review and update the list of possible
topics, using the 1996 list as a starting point for that purpose. | 因此工作组商定，以1996年清单为基础，审查和更新可能审议的专题清单。 |
| To
this end, the Working Group decided to recommend that the Commission
request the Secretariat to review the 1996 list in the light of
subsequent developments and prepare a list of potential topics for the
Commission, accompanied by brief explanatory notes (“survey”), by the
end of the present quinquennium. | 为此，工作组决定，建议委员会请秘书处在本五年期结束前，根据后来的发展动态审查1996年清单，编写一份委员会可能审议的专题清单，并附以简短的解释性说明(“调查”)。 |
| The
Working Group also decided to recommend that extensive syllabuses on
the list of topics prepared by the Secretariat be developed only once
the Working Group establishes a final list of topics, possibly in 2016. | 工作组还决定，建议待工作组确定最终专题清单后，也许是2016年，再拟定由秘书处编写的专题清单的全面提纲。 |
| In the meanwhile, the Working Group would continue to consider any topics that members may propose. | 在此期间，工作组将继续审议委员可能提出的任何专题。 |
| 272.
The Commission endorsed the recommendation and consequently requests
the Secretariat to review the 1996 list in the light of subsequent
developments and prepare a list of potential topics (“survey”),
accompanied by brief explanatory notes, by the end of the present
quinquennium. | 272. 委员会赞同该建议，因而请秘书处在本五年期结束前，根据后来的发展动态审查1996年清单，编写一份委员会可能审议的专题清单(“调查”)，并附以简短的解释性说明。 |
| 3.
Consideration of General Assembly resolution 68/116 of 16 December 2013
on the rule of law at the national and international levels | 3. 审议关于国内和国际法治的大会2013年12月16日第68/116号决议 |
| 273.
The General Assembly, in resolution 68/116 of 16 December 2013 on the
rule of law at the national and international levels, inter alia,
reiterated its invitation to the Commission to comment, in its report
to the General Assembly, on its current role in promoting the rule of
law. | 273. 大会在关于国内和国际法治的2013年12月16日第68/116号决议中特别重申，请委员会在提交大会的报告中就其在促进法治方面的作用作出评论。 |
| Since its sixtieth session (2008), the Commission has commented annually on its role in promoting the rule of law. | 自第六十届会议(2008年)以来，委员会每年均对其在促进法治方面的作用作出评论。 |
| The
Commission notes that the comments contained in paragraphs 341 to 346
of its 2008 report (A/63/10) remain relevant and reiterates the
comments in paragraph 231 of its 2009 report (A/64/10), paragraphs 390
to 393 of its 2010 report (A/65/10), paragraphs 392 to 398 of its 2011
report (A/66/10), paragraphs 274 to 279 of its 2012 report (A/67/10)
and paragraphs 171 to 179 of its 2013 report (A/68/10). | 委
员会指出，2008年报告(A/63/10)第341至346段的全面评论的实质内容依然适用，并重申了2009年报告(A/64/10)第231段、
2010年报告(A/65/10)第390至393段、2011年报告(A/66/10)第392至398段、2012年报告(A/67/10)第274
至279段和2013年报告(A/68/10)第171至179段中的评论。 |
| 274. The Commission recalls that the rule of law constitutes the essence of the Commission. | 274. 委员会回顾，法治是委员会致力落实的基本任务。 |
| The
Commission’s object, as set out in Article 1 of its Statute, is the
promotion of the progressive development of international law and its
codification. | 《章程》第1条中载明，委员会以促进国际法的逐渐发展和编纂为宗旨。 |
| 275.
Having in mind the principle of the rule of law in all its work, the
Commission is fully conscious of the importance of the implementation
of international law at the national level, and aims at promoting
respect for the rule of law at the international level. | 275. 委员会铭记其所有工作都基于法治原则，充分认识到在国家层面执行国际法的重要性，并致力于促进法治在国际层面得到尊重。 |
| 276.
In fulfilling its mandate concerning the progressive development of
international law and its codification, the Commission will continue to
take into account, where appropriate, the rule of law as a principle of
governance and the human rights that are fundamental to the rule of law
as reflected in the preamble and in Article 13 of the Charter of the
United Nations and in the Declaration of the High-level Meeting of the
General Assembly on the Rule of Law at the National and International
Levels. | 276. 在履行其逐渐发展和编纂国际法的任务时，委员会将继续酌情考虑到法治与人权，而正如《联合国宪章》序言和第十三条及《国内和国际的法治问题大会高级别会议宣言》 所揭示的，法治是一项治理原则，人权则对法治的实现不可或缺。 |
| 277.
In its current work, the Commission, is aware of “the interrelationship
between the rule of law and the three pillars of the United Nations
(peace and security, development, and human rights)”, without
emphasizing one at the expense of the other. | 277. 委员会当前的工作认识到了法治与联合国的三个主要支柱(和平与安全、人权和发展)之间的相互关系 ，并未有所偏废。 |
| In
fulfilling its mandate concerning the progressive development and
codification of international law, the Commission is conscious of
current challenges for the rule of law. | 在履行其逐渐发展和编纂国际法的任务时，委员会意识到法治目前面临的挑战。 |
| 278.
In the course of the present session, the Commission has continued to
make its contribution to the rule of law, including by the adoption of
its final draft articles on the “Expulsion of aliens”; | 278. 本届会议期间，委员会继续致力于促进法治，包括：通过了关于“驱逐外国人”的最后条款草案； |
| the adoption, on first reading, of a set of draft articles on the “Protection of persons in the event disasters”; | 一读通过了关于“发生灾害时的人员保护”的一套条款草案； |
| and the adoption of the final report on the topic “The obligation to extradite or prosecute (aut dedere aut judicare)”. | 和通过了关于“引渡或起诉的义务(aut dedere aut judicare)”的最后报告。 |
| 279.
The Commission has also continued its work on other topics which
concern the rule of law, such as “The immunity of state officials from
foreign criminal jurisdiction”, “Subsequent agreements and subsequent
practice in relation to the interpretation of treaties”, “The
protection of the atmosphere”, “The protection of the environment in
relation to armed conflicts”, “Identification of customary
international law”, “Provisional application of treaties”, “The
Most-Favoured-Nation clause”, and has appointed a Special Rapporteur
for the topic “Crimes against humanity”. | 279.
委员会还继续就关系到法治的其他专题开展工作，这些专题包括“国家官员的外国刑事管辖豁免”、“与条约解释相关的嗣后协定和嗣后惯例”、“保护大气层”、
“与武装冲突有关的环境保护”、“习惯国际法的识别”、“条约的暂时适用”、“最惠国条款”等，并任命了“危害人类罪”专题特别报告员。 |
| 280. The Commission reiterates its commitment to the rule of law in all of its activities. | 280. 委员会重申在其所有活动中都致力于促进法治。 |
| 4. Honoraria | 4. 酬金 |
| 281.
The Commission reiterates its views concerning the question of
honoraria, resulting from the adoption by the General Assembly of its
resolution 56/272 of 27 March 2002, which has been expressed in the
previous reports of the Commission. | 281. 委员会重申了对大会通过2002年3月27日第56/272号决议所引起的酬金问题的意见，委员会以前的报告表明了这些意见。 |
| The
Commission emphasizes that the above resolution especially affects
Special Rapporteurs, as it compromises support for their research work. | 委员会强调，上述决议尤其影响到特别报告员，因为该决议缩减了对他们研究工作的支持。 |
| 5. Documentation and publications | 5. 文件和出版物 |
| 282.
The Commission reiterated its recognition of the particular relevance
and significant value to its work of the legal publications prepared by
the Secretariat. | 282. 委员会重申秘书处编写的法律出版物对其工作特别有用并很有价值。 |
| It
noted with appreciation that the Codification Division was able
significantly to expedite the issuance of its publications through its
highly successful desktop publishing initiative, which greatly enhanced
the timeliness and relevance of these publications to the Commission’s
work for more than a decade. | 委员会赞赏地注意到，十多年来，编纂司通过非常成功的桌面出版计划，得以大幅度加快出版物的发布，极大地提高了这些出版物的及时性和对委员会工作的作用。 |
| The
Commission noted with regret the curtailment and possible
discontinuation of this initiative due to a lack of resources and that
consequently no new legal publications were distributed at its current
session. | 委员会遗憾地注意到，该计划因资源不足受到缩减而且有可能中止，本届会议因此没有分发任何新的法律出版物。 |
| The
Commission was of the view that the continuation of this initiative was
essential to ensure the timely issuance of these legal publications, in
particular The Work of the International Law Commission. | 委员会认为，继续执行该计划对于确保及时发布这些出版物，特别是发布《国际法委员会的工作》，十分关键。 |
| The
Commission reiterated the particular relevance and significant value of
the legal publications prepared by the Codification Division to its
work, and reiterated its request that the Codification Division
continue to provide it with those publications. | 委员会重申编纂司编写的法律出版物对其工作特别有用并很有价值，再次请编纂司继续为其提供这些出版物。 |
| 283.
The Commission reiterated its expression of satisfaction that the
summary records of the Commission, constituting crucial travaux
préparatoires in the progressive development and codification of
international law, would not be subject to arbitrary length
restrictions. | 283. 委员会再次满意地指出，作为国际法逐渐发展和编纂过程中的重要准备工作，委员会的简要记录将不受任意的篇幅限制。 |
| The
Commission noted with satisfaction that the experimental measures to
streamline the processing of the Commission’s summary records
introduced at the previous session had resulted in the more expeditious
transmission of the provisional records to members of the Commission
for timely correction, and prompt release of the final texts. | 委员会满意地注意到，上届会议开始实行简化委员会简要记录处理程序的试验性措施，使得临时记录可以更快地发给委员会委员作及时更正，而且最后案文得到及时印发。 |
| The
Commission also welcomed the fact that the new working methods had led
to the more rational use of resources and called on the Secretariat to
continue its efforts to facilitate the preparation of the definitive
records in all languages, without compromising their integrity. | 委员会对于新工作方法能更合理地利用资源表示欢迎，还要求秘书处继续努力，方便各语文简要记录定本的编制，而又不会影响其完整性。 |
| 284.
The Commission expressed its gratitude to all services involved in the
processing of documents, both in Geneva and in New York, for their
timely and efficient processing of the Commission’s documents, often
under narrow time constraints, which contributed to the smooth conduct
of the Commission’s work. | 284. 委员会感谢日内瓦和纽约参与文件处理的各个部门经常在时间紧迫的情况下及时和高效地处理委员会的文件，为委员会工作的顺利进行作出了贡献。 |
| 285.
The Commission expressed its appreciation to the United Nations Office
at Geneva Library, which assisted members of the Commission very
efficiently and competently. | 285. 联合国日内瓦办事处图书馆以十分高效和专业的方式向委员们提供了协助，委员会对此表示赞赏。 |
| 6. Trust fund on the backlog relating to the Yearbook of the International Law Commission | 6. 处理《国际法委员会年鉴》积压工作问题的信托基金 |
| 286.
The Commission reiterated that the Yearbook of the International Law
Commission was critical to the understanding of the Commission’s work
on the progressive development of international law and its
codification, as well as in the strengthening of the rule of law in
international relations. | 286. 委员会重申，《国际法委员会年鉴》对于了解委员会在逐渐发展和编纂国际法以及加强国际关系中法治方面的工作具有关键意义。 |
| The
Commission took note that the General Assembly, in its resolution
67/92, expressed its appreciation to governments that had made
voluntary contributions to the Trust Fund on the backlog relating to
the Yearbook of the International Law Commission, and encouraged
further contributions to the Trust Fund. | 委员会注意到大会第67/92号决议赞赏有关国家政府为处理《国际法委员会年鉴》积压工作问题的信托基金自愿捐款，并鼓励各方进一步为该基金捐款。 |
| 7. Assistance of the Codification Division | 7. 编纂司的协助 |
| 287.
The Commission expressed its appreciation for the valuable assistance
of the Codification Division of the Secretariat in its substantive
servicing of the Commission and its involvement in research projects on
the work of the Commission. | 287. 委员会感谢秘书处编纂司在为委员会提供实质服务方面提供宝贵协助，并参与关于委员会工作的研究项目。 |
| 8. Yearbook of the International Law Commission | 8. 《国际法委员会年鉴》 |
| 288.
The Commission recommends that the General Assembly express its
satisfaction with the remarkable progress achieved in the last few
years in catching up with the backlog of the Yearbook of the
International Law Commission in all six languages, and welcome the
efforts made by the Division of Conference Management, especially its
Editing Section of the United Nations Office at Geneva in effectively
implementing relevant resolutions of the General Assembly calling for
the reduction of the backlog; | 288. 委员会建议大会：对过去几年中在减少《国际法委员会年鉴》所有六种语文本的积压问题方面取得的显著进展表示满意，并欢迎会议管理司所作的努力，特别是联合国日内瓦办事处编辑科有效地执行大会呼吁减少积压的有关决议； |
| encourage
the Division of Conference Management to provide continuous necessary
support to the Editing Section in advancing the production of the
Yearbook; | 鼓励会议管理司向编辑科持续提供必要支持，以推进《年鉴》的编辑工作； |
| and request that updates on the progress in this respect be provided to the Commission on a regular basis. | 并要求定期向委员会提供这方面的最新进展情况。 |
| 9. Websites | 9. 网站 |
| 289.
The Commission renewed its expression of appreciation for the results
of the activity of the Secretariat in its continuous updating and
management of its website on the International Law Commission. | 289. 委员会再次表示赞赏秘书处不断更新和管理国际法委员会网站所取得的成果。 |
| The
Commission reiterated that the website and other websites maintained by
the Codification Division constitute an invaluable resource for the
Commission and for researchers of the work of the Commission in the
wider community, thereby contributing to the overall strengthening of
the teaching, study, dissemination and wider appreciation of
international law. | 委员会重申，这个网站以及由编纂司维护的其他网站 是委员会和研究委员会工作的更多学者的宝贵资源，有助于全面加强国际法的教学、研究、传播以及对国际法的广泛理解。 |
| The
Commission welcomed the fact that the website on the work of the
Commission included information on the current status of the topics on
the agenda of the Commission, as well as advance edited versions of the
summary records of the Commission. | 委员会感到欣喜的是，关于委员会工作的网站还介绍了委员会议程上各个专题的现状并收录了经过编辑的委员会简要记录样本。 |
| The
Commission also expressed its gratitude to the Secretariat for the
successful completion of the digitization and posting on the website of
the entire collection of the Commission’s documents in Spanish,
together with the addition of a full-text search capability. | 委员会还感谢秘书处圆满完成了委员会全部西班牙语文件的电子化及网上发布工作，并增添了全文检索功能。 |
| 10. United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law | 10. 联合国国际法视听图书馆 |
| 290.
The Commission noted with appreciation the extraordinary value of the
United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law in promoting a
better knowledge of international law and the work of the United
Nations in this field, including the International Law Commission. | 290. 委员会赞赏地指出，联合国国际法视听图书馆 对于增进对国际法的了解，增进对联合国在该领域的工作包括国际法委员会工作的了解，具有重大价值。 |
| The
Commission expressed its deep concern about the current financial
situation which threatened the continuation and further development of
this unique educational resource which benefitted all Member States and
urged the General Assembly to address this situation. | 委员会深为关切地指出，目前的财务状况威胁到这个惠及所有成员国的独特教育资源的存续和进一步发展，并敦促大会处理这种情况。 |
| B. Date and place of the sixty-seventh session of the Commission | B. 委员会第六十七届会议的日期和地点 |
| 291.
The Commission recommended that the sixty-seventh session of the
Commission be held in Geneva from 4 May to 5 June and 6 July to 7
August 2015. | 291. 委员会建议，委员会第六十七届会议于2015年5月4日至6月5日和7月6日至8月7日在日内瓦举行。 |
| 292.
The Commission considered the possibility to hold a part of its future
sessions in New York and will revert to this issue at its forthcoming
sessions. | 292. 委员会审议了未来在纽约举行部分届会的可能性，并准备在今后几届会议上回头审议这个问题。 |
| C. Cooperation with other bodies | C. 与其他机构的合作 |
| 293.
At the 3228th meeting, on 22 July 2014, Judge Peter Tomka, President of
the International Court of Justice, addressed the Commission and
briefed it on the recent judicial activities of the Court. | 293. 国际法院院长彼得·托姆卡法官在委员会2014年7月22日第3228次会议上发言，通报了国际法院最近的司法活动。 |
| An exchange of views followed. | 随后交换了意见。 |
| 294.
The Asian-African Legal Consultative Organization (AALCO) was
represented at the present session of the Commission by its
Secretary-General, Mr. Rahmat Mohamad, who addressed the Commission at
the 3218th meeting, on 8 July 2014. | 294. 亚非法律协商组织秘书长拉赫马特·穆罕默德先生代表该组织出席委员会本届会议，并在2014年7月8日第3218次会议上发了言。 |
| He
briefed the Commission on the current activities of AALCO and provided
an overview of the deliberations of AALCO on four topics on the
programme of work of the Commission, namely “Immunity of State
officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction”, “Protection of persons
in the event of disasters”; “Identification of customary international
law” and “Protection of the Atmosphere”. | 他向委员会通报了该组织目前的活动，概述了该组织对委员会工作方案所列“国家官员的外国刑事管辖豁免”、“发生灾害时的人员保护”、“习惯国际法的识别”和“保护大气层”这四个专题的审议情况。 |
| An exchange of views followed. | 随后交换了意见。 |
| 295.
The Inter-American Juridical Committee was represented at the present
session of the Commission by Vice-President of the Inter-American
Juridical Committee, Mr. Fabián Novak, who addressed the Commission at
the 3223rd meeting, on 15 July 2014. | 295. 美洲司法委员会副主席Fabián Novak 先生代表该组织出席委员会本届会议，并在2014年7月15日第3223次会议上发了言。 |
| He gave an overview of the activities of the Committee in 2013 on various legal issues affecting the Americas. | 他概述了该委员会就影响到美洲的种种法律问题开展的活动。 |
| An exchange of views followed. | 随后交换了意见。 |
| 296.
The Committee of Legal Advisers on Public International Law (CAHDI) of
the Council of Europe were represented at the present session of the
Commission by the Chair of the Committee of Legal Advisers on Public
International Law, Ms. Liesbeth Lijnzaad, and the Head of the Public
International Law Division of the Council of Europe, Ms. Marta Requena,
both of whom addressed the Commission at the 3224th meeting, on 16 July
2014. | 296. 国际公法法律顾问委员会主席Liesbeth Lijnzaad女士和欧洲委员会国际公法司司长Marta Requena女士代表欧洲委员会的国际公法法律顾问委员会出席委员会本届会议，并都在2014年7月16日第3224次会议上发了言。 |
| They focused on the current work of CAHDI in the field of public international law, as well of the Council of Europe. | 她们着重介绍了国际公法法律顾问委员会目前在国际公法领域开展的工作，也介绍了欧洲委员会目前的活动。 |
| An exchange of views followed. | 随后交换了意见。 |
| 297.
The African Union Commission on International Law was represented at
the present session of the Commission by African Union Commission on
International Law, Ambassador Cheikh Tidiane Thiam, member of the
African Union Commission on International Law, accompanied by Mr.
Adewale Iyanda, Legal Officer at the Office of the Legal Counsel of the
African Union Commission. He addressed the Commission at the 3230th
meeting, on 24 July 2014. | 297. 非洲联盟国际法委员会委员Cheikh Tidiane Thiam大使在非洲联盟国际法委员会法律顾问办公室法律干事Adewale Iyanda先生的陪同下代表非洲联盟国际法委员会出席委员会本届会议，并在2014年7月24日第3230次会议上发了言。 |
| He gave an overview of the activities of the African Union Commission on International Law. | 他概述了非洲联盟国际法委员会的活动。 |
| An exchange of views followed. | 随后交换了意见。 |
| D. Representation at the sixth-ninth session of the General Assembly | D. 出席大会第六十九届会议的代表 |
| 298.
The Commission decided that it should be represented at the sixty-ninth
session of the General Assembly by its Chairman, Mr. Kirill Gevorgian. | 298. 委员会决定由主席基里尔·格沃尔吉安先生代表委员会出席大会第六十九届会议。 |
| 299.
At its 3243rd meeting, on 8 August 2014, the Commission requested Mr.
Eduardo Valencia-Ospina, Special Rapporteur on the topic “Protection of
persons in the event of disasters”, to attend the sixty-ninth session
of the General Assembly under the terms of paragraph 5 of General
Assembly resolution 44/35, subject to the availability of funds. | 299. 在2014年8月8日第3243次会议上，委员会请“发生灾害时的人员保护”特别报告员爱德华多·巴伦西亚－奥斯皮纳先生在资金能够获得的前提下，根据大会第35/44号决议第5段的规定出席大会第六十九届会议。 |
| E. International Law Seminar | E. 国际法讲习班 |
| 300.
Pursuant to General Assembly resolution 68/112, the fiftieth session of
the International Law Seminar was held at the Palais des Nations from 7
to 25 July 2014, during the present session of the International Law
Commission. | 300. 依照大会第68/112号决议，在国际法委员会本届会议期间，第五十届国际法讲习班于2014年7月7日至25日在万国宫举行。 |
| The
Seminar is intended for young jurists specializing in international
law, including young professors or government officials pursuing an
academic or diplomatic career in posts in the civil service of their
country. | 讲习班的对象是专长于国际法的年轻法学家，包括在其本国公务员系统任职的从事学术或外交工作的年轻教师或政府官员。 |
| 301. Twenty-four participants of different nationalities, from all regional groups took part in the session. | 301. 来自世界各个地区分属不同国籍的24名学员参加了这届讲习班。 |
| The
participants attended plenary meetings of the Commission, specially
arranged lectures, and participated in working groups on specific
topics. | 学员们列席了委员会的全体会议，参加了特别安排的专题演讲和关于特定专题的工作组。 |
| 302.
Mr. Kirill Gevorgian, Chairman of the Commission, opened the Seminar.
Mr. Markus Schmidt, Senior Legal Adviser to the United Nations Office
at Geneva (UNOG), was responsible for the administration, organization
and conduct of the Seminar. | 302. 讲习班由委员会主席基里尔·格沃尔吉安先生主持开幕，联合国日内瓦办事处高级法律顾问马库斯·施密特先生负责讲习班的行政管理、组织事宜和活动的进行。 |
| The University of Geneva ensured the scientific coordination of the Seminar. | 日内瓦大学负责保证讲习班的科学协调。 |
| Mr.
Vittorio Mainetti, an international law expert from the University of
Geneva, acted as coordinator, assisted by Ms. Yusra Suedi, legal
assistant, and Mr. Morgan Crump, intern in the Legal Liaison Office of
UNOG. | 日内瓦大学国际法专家维托利奥·曼内蒂先生担任协调员，法律助理Yusra Suedi女士和联合国日内瓦办事处法律联络处实习生Morgan Crump先生从旁协助。 |
| 303.
The following lectures were given by members of the Commission: Mr.
Ernest Petrič: “The Work of the International Law Commission”; | 303. 委员会委员作了以下演讲：埃内斯特·彼得里奇先生：“国际法委员会的工作”； |
| Ms. Marie Jacobsson: “Protection of the Environment in relation to Armed Conflict”; | 玛丽·雅各布松女士：“与武装冲突有关的环境保护”； |
| Mr. Sean D. Murphy: “Crimes Against Humanity”; | 肖恩·墨菲先生：“危害人类罪”； |
| Mr. Shinya Murase: “Protection of the Atmosphere”; | 村濑信也先生：“保护大气层”； |
| Mr. Mahmoud D. Hmoud: “Prevention of Terrorism”; | 马哈茂德·哈穆德先生：“防止恐怖主义”； |
| Mr. Eduardo Valencia-Ospina: “Protection of Persons in the Event of Disasters”; | 爱德华多·巴伦西亚－奥斯皮纳先生：“发生灾害时的人员保护”； |
| Mr. Dire Tladi: “Jus cogens”; | 迪雷·特拉迪先生：“强制法”； |
| and Mr. Juan Manuel Gómez-Robledo: “Provisional Application of Treaties”. | 和胡安·曼努埃尔·戈麦斯－罗夫莱多先生：“条约的暂时适用”。 |
| 304.
A lecture was also given by Mr. Jordi Agusti-Panareda, Senior Legal
Officer at the International Labour Organization (ILO), on “The
Proliferation of Labour Provisions in FTAs and Their Interplay with the
ILO Standards System”. | 304. 国际劳工组织法律事务高等干事Jordi Agusti-Panareda先生也作了演讲：“自由贸易协定中五花八门的劳工条款及其与劳工组织标准制度的互动关系”。 |
| 305. Seminar participants attended four external sessions. | 305. 讲习班学员参加了四场外部会议。 |
| A
workshop on “Identification of Customary International Law” was
organized at the Graduate Institute of International and Development
Studies, in the presence of Mr. Michael Wood, Special Rapporteur on the
topic, and chaired by Prof. Andrea Bianchi (Graduate Institute of
International and Development Studies). | 在日内瓦国际和发展研究院的院址举行了一次关于“习惯国际法的识别”的研讨会，该专题特别报告员迈克尔·伍德先生也在场，由Andrea Bianchi 教授(国际和发展研究院)主持。 |
| A
special session on “Immunity and International Crimes” was held at the
Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights,
featuring Ms. Concepción Escobar Hernández, Special Rapporteur on
Immunity of State officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction and
chaired by Prof. Paola Gaeta (University of Geneva), with the
participation of other members of the Commission. | 在日内瓦国际人道主义法和人权学院的院址举行了一次专门关于“豁免与国际罪行”的会议，由国家官员的外国刑事管辖豁免专题特别报告员康塞普西翁·埃斯科瓦尔·埃尔南德斯女士主讲，Paola Gaeta教授(日内瓦大学)主持，出席的还有委员会其他委员。 |
| Seminar
participants also attended a conference organised by the University of
Geneva in collaboration with the journal The Law and Practice of
International Courts and Tribunals, on the topic: “The ILC and
International Courts and Tribunals: A Fruitful Dialogue? | 讲习班学员还参加了日内瓦大学与《国际法院和法庭的法律与实践》期刊合作举办的一次会议，主题是“国际法委员会与国际法院和法庭：富有成果的对话？ |
| ”. | ”。 |
| The
Conference was addressed by the following speakers: Mr. Eduardo
Valencia-Ospina (member of the Commission and Editor-in-Chief of the
Journal); | 下列人士在会上演讲：爱德华多·巴伦西亚－奥斯皮纳先生(委员会委员和期刊主编)； |
| Mr. Shinya Murase (member of the Commission); | 村濑信也先生(委员会委员)； |
| Prof. Attila Tanzi (University of Bologna, Italy); | Attila Tanzi教授(意大利博洛尼亚大学)； |
| Prof. Pierre Bodeau-Livinec (University Paris 8 – Vincennes Saint-Denis, France); | Pierre Bodeau-Livinec教授(巴黎第八大学－法国文森圣丹尼)； |
| Mr. Mathias Forteau (member of the Commission); | 马蒂亚斯·福尔托先生(委员会委员)； |
| Mr. Dire Tladi (member of the Commission); | 迪雷·特拉迪先生(委员会委员)； |
| Prof. Robert Kolb (University of Geneva); | Robert Kolb教授(日内瓦大学)； |
| Mr. Michael Wood (member of the Commission); | 迈克尔·伍德先生(委员会委员)； |
| Prof. Makane Mbengue (University of Geneva); and Prof. Laurence Boisson de Chazournes (University of Geneva). | Makane Mbengue教授(日内瓦大学)和劳伦斯·布瓦松·德沙祖尔内教授(日内瓦大学)。 |
| Finally, a session was organised at the World Health Organization (WHO) focusing on International Health Law. | 最后，在世界卫生组织举行了一次关于国际卫生法的会议。 |
| Presentations
were given by Mr. Gian Luca Burci, Legal Counsel of the WHO, Steven A.
Solomon, Principal Legal Officer, and Mr. Jakob Quirin, Associate Legal
Officer. | 世卫组织法律顾问Gian Luca Burci先生、特等法律干事Steven A. Solomon先生和协理法律干事Jakob Quirin先生作了介绍。 |
| 306.
Two Seminar working groups on “Protection of the Atmosphere” and
“Immunity of State Officials from Foreign Criminal Jurisdiction” were
organized. | 306. 围绕“保护大气层”和“国家官员的外国刑事管辖豁免”组织了两个讲习班工作组。 |
| Each Seminar participant was assigned to one of them. | 每名参加讲习班的学员都被分配到其中一个工作组。 |
| Two
members of the Commission, Ms. Concepción Escobar Hernández and Mr.
Shinya Murase, supervised and provided expert guidance to the working
groups. | 两位国际法委员会委员康塞普西翁·埃斯科瓦尔·埃尔南德斯女士和村濑信也先生为工作组提供了督导和专家指导。 |
| Each group prepared a report and presented its findings during the last working session of the Seminar. | 每个工作组写了一份报告，并在讲习班最后一次工作会议上介绍了心得。 |
| The reports were compiled and distributed to all participants as well as to the members of the Commission. | 报告已编辑成册，发给所有学员和委员会委员。 |
| 307.
The Republic and Canton of Geneva offered its traditional hospitality
at the Geneva Town Hall where the Seminar participants visited the
Alabama room and attended a cocktail reception. | 307. 日内瓦共和国和州政府一如既往在日内瓦市政厅热情接待了讲习班学员，带学员们参观了阿拉巴马厅，并举行了鸡尾酒招待会。 |
| 308.
Mr. Kirill Gevorgian, Chairman of the Commission, Mr. Markus Schmidt,
Director of the International Law Seminar, and Mr. Michael Khetlha
Kabai, on behalf of the Seminar participants, addressed the Commission
during the closing ceremony of the Seminar. | 308. 讲习班闭幕式上，国际法委员会主席基里尔·格沃尔吉安先生、国际法讲习班主任马库斯·施密特先生和讲习班学员代表Michael Khetlha Kabai先生向委员会致辞。 |
| Each participant was presented with a certificate of attendance. | 每名学员都获颁一份参加了讲习班的证书。 |
| 309.
The Commission noted with particular appreciation that since 2011 the
Governments of Argentina, Austria, China, Czech Republic, Finland,
India, Ireland, Mexico, Sweden, Switzerland, and of the United Kingdom
had made voluntary contributions to the United Nations Trust Fund for
the International Law Seminar. | 309. 委员会特别感谢地指出，自2011年以来，阿根廷、奥地利、中国、捷克共和国、芬兰、印度、爱尔兰、墨西哥、瑞典、瑞士、联合王国等国政府向联合国国际法讲习班信托基金提供了自愿捐款。 |
| Though
the recent financial crisis affected contributions, the situation of
the Fund still allowed granting a sufficient number of fellowships to
deserving candidates especially from developing countries in order to
achieve adequate geographical distribution of participants. | 尽管捐款额受到近年金融危机的影响，基金的财务状况使它还可以提供足够份数的研究金，使优秀学员特别是发展中国家的优秀学员得以参加，从而实现了学员的适当地域分布。 |
| This
year, 14 fellowships (6 for travel and living expenses, 7 for living
expenses only and 1 for travel expenses only) were granted. | 今年，向14名学员颁发了研究金(6名获得旅费和生活津贴，7名只获得生活津贴，1名只获得旅费津贴)。 |
| 310.
Since 1965, the year of the Seminar inception, 1139 participants,
representing 171 nationalities, have taken part in the Seminar. | 310. 自1965年以来，分属171个不同国籍的1,139名学员参加了讲习班，其中699人获得了研究金。 |
| 699 participants have received fellowships. | 311. 委员会强调，它十分重视讲习班。 |
| 311.
The Commission stresses the importance it attaches to the Seminar,
which enables young lawyers, especially from developing countries, to
familiarize themselves with the work of the Commission and the
activities of the many international organizations based in Geneva. | 讲习班使年轻法律工作者、特别是发展中国家的年轻法律工作者能够熟悉委员会的工作和总部设在日内瓦的众多国际组织的活动。 |
| The
Commission recommends that the General Assembly should again appeal to
States to make voluntary contributions in order to secure the
organization of the Seminar in 2015 with as broad participation as
possible. | 委员会建议大会再度向各国发出呼吁，请它们提供自愿捐款，以保证在2015年能够继续举办讲习班，并让尽可能多的学员参加。 |
| F. Commemoration of the 50th Anniversary of the International Law Seminar | F. 纪念国际法讲习班开办50周年 |
| 312. The Commission held a meeting to commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of the Seminar on 22 July 2014. | 312. 委员会于2014年7月22日举行会议，以纪念国际法讲习班开办50周年。 |
| The meeting coincided with the visit to the Commission of Judge Peter Tomka, President of the International Court of Justice. | 国际法院院长彼得·托姆卡法官恰好来访。 |
| The theme of the Session was “International Law as a Profession”. | 会议主题是“以国际法为志业”。 |
| The
Chairman of the Commission, the President of the International Court of
Justice, members of the Commission who were once participants of the
seminar, a member of the Commission who was associated with the Seminar
at its inception, the Director of the Seminar and representatives of
participants to the 2013 and 2014 sessions of the International Law
Seminar made statements. | 委员会主席、国际法院院长、曾为讲习班学员的委员会几位委员、开办之时曾参与讲习班工作的委员会一位委员、讲习班主任 以及2013年和2014年国际法讲习班学员代表 在会上致辞。 A/69/10 |
| GE.14-13472 | A/69/10 GE.14-13449 |
| GE.14-13472 | GE.14-13449 |
| Annex | 附件 |
| Jus Cogens (Mr. Dire D. Tladi) | 强制法 (迪雷·特拉迪提交 |
| 1. Introduction | 1. 导言 |
| 1.
Over the years, the Commission has contributed a significant body of
work on the sources of international law, particularly in the area of
the law of treaties. | 1. 多年来，委员会就国际法的渊源，特别是在条约法领域开展了大量工作。 |
| The
1966 Draft Articles on the Law of Treaties, which resulted in the 1969
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, is a prime example of the
Commission’s work on the sources of international law. | 1969年《维也纳条约法公约》的基础――1966年《条约法条款草案》是委员会就国际法渊源开展工作的典范。 |
| The
current programme of work of the Commission includes source-related
topics such as subsequent agreements and subsequent practice in
relation to treaty interpretation, the identification of customary
international law and provisional application of treaties. | 委员会目前的工作方案包括以下与来源有关的专题：与条约解释相关的嗣后协定和嗣后惯例、习惯国际法的识别、条约的暂时适用。 |
| This
focus on sources by the Commission is appropriate because sources are a
traditional topic of international law and questions relating to the
sources lie at the heart of international law. | 委员会理应重视渊源问题，因为渊源是国际法的传统专题，有关渊源的问题是国际法的核心。 |
| 2. Against this background, it is proposed that the Commission study another source-related topic, “Jus cogens”. | 2. 有鉴于此，建议委员会研究另一个与渊源有关的专题，即“强制法”。 |
| The
title of the study should be broad in order to allow the Commission to
address all relevant aspects, on the understanding that the Commission
would need to define carefully the scope and limits of the project at
an early stage. | 研究题目应当广泛，以便委员会能够涉及所有有关方面，不过委员会需要尽早审慎确定该专题的范围和界限。 |
| 2. Previous Consideration of Jus Cogens by the Commission | 2. 委员会以前对强制法问题的审议 |
| 3.
Although the concept of jus cogens predates the Commission’s existence,
the Commission has been very instrumental in the acceptance and
development of jus cogens. | 3. 虽然强制法的概念比委员会的历史还要悠久， 但是强制法得到接受和发展，委员会功不可没。 |
| In
its 1966 Draft Articles on the Law of Treaties, the Commission included
three draft articles on jus cogens, namely Draft Articles 50, 61 and 67. | 委员会在1966年《条约法条款草案》中纳入了三条关于强制法的条款草案，即第50、61和67条草案。 |
| These
provisions were retained, albeit with some amendments, in Articles 53
and 64 of the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
(hereinafter referred to as the “Vienna Convention”). | 1969年《维也纳条约法公约》(以下简称《维也纳公约》)稍作修改，在第五十三条和第六十四条中保留了这些条款。 |
| Notwithstanding
its inclusion in the Vienna Convention, the contours and legal effects
of jus cogens remain ill-defined and contentious. | 强制法虽被列入《维也纳公约》，但是其范围和法律效力至今没有明确定义，存在争议。 |
| Indeed,
while there are numerous cases invoking jus cogens, to date there
remains little case-law involving invocation of jus cogens to impeach
the validity of a treaty. | 事实上，虽然许多案件都援引了强制法，但是迄今为止，只有极少数判例法援引强制法对条约的有效性提出异议。 |
| Consequently,
while the existence of jus cogens as part of the modern fabric of
international law is now largely uncontroversial, its precise nature,
what norms qualify as jus cogens and the consequences of jus cogens in
international law remain unclear. | 因此，虽然目前对于强制法是当代国际法的组成部分这一点，基本没有争议， 但是强制法的确切性质、包括哪些规范以及强制法在国际法中的影响仍然不清楚。 |
| It
was in this context that former member of the Commission Andreas
Jacovides presented a paper to a Working Group of the Planning Group on
jus cogens as a possible ILC topic in 1993. | 正是在这种背景下，委员会委员Andreas Jacovides于1993年向规划组工作组提交了一份关于将强制法作为国际法委员会备选专题的文章。 |
| In his paper, Mr Jacovides made the following observation, the essence of which remains true even today: | Jacovides先生在文章中作出以下评论，其本质在今天仍然适用： |
| In
the nearly quarter of a century since the Convention was adopted, no
authoritative standards have emerged to determine the exact legal
content of jus cogens, or the process by which international legal
norms may rise to peremptory status. | 自《公约》通过近四分之一个世纪以来，尚未出现确定强制法的确切法律内容或是确定国际法律规范达到强制地位的过程的权威标准。 |
| 4.
Notwithstanding the arguments advanced by Mr Jacovides for the
inclusion of the topic in the Commission’s programme of work, the
Commission decided not to do so. | 4. 委员会不顾Jacovides先生的主张，依然决定不将该专题纳入委员会的工作方案。 |
| Mr
Bowett, then chair of the Working Group considering the proposal,
explaining why it was not appropriate to include the topic, expressed
doubt as to whether consideration by the Commission of the topic of jus
cogens would “serve any useful purpose at this stage”. | 工作组主席Bowett先生在审议该建议、解释为何不适合纳入该专题时，对委员会审议强制法专题“在现阶段是否有任何实质意义”提出了质疑。 |
| He
concluded that because practice on jus cogens “did not yet exist” it
would be “premature for [the Commission] to enter into this kind of
study”. | 他总结道，因为关于强制法的实践“尚不存在”，所以“[委员会]开展这类研究为时过早。 |
| This
reasoning is comparable to the reasons advanced by the Commission in
its commentary to Draft Article 50 of the 1966 Draft Articles on the
Law of Treaties. | ”这一论证与委员会在对1966年《条约法条款草案》第50条草案的评注中提出的理由相似。 |
| In paragraph 3 of the commentary, the Commission stated as follows: | 委员会在评注第3段中指出： |
| The
emergence of rules having the character of jus cogens is comparatively
recent, while international law is in the process of rapid development. | 国际法正在迅速发展，而最近才慢慢出现具有强制法特征的规则。 |
| The
Commission considered the right course to be to provide in general
terms that a treaty is void if it conflicts with a rule of jus cogens
and to leave the full content of the rule to be worked out in State
practice and in the jurisprudence of international tribunals. | 委员会认为正确的做法是笼统地规定违反强制法规则的条约无效，而将规则的全部内容留给国家实践和国际法庭的判例逐步补充。 |
| 5.
Two observations can be made about the Commission’s previous decisions
not to attempt detailed provisions on the full content and operation of
jus cogens. | 5. 委员会之前决定不具体规定强制法的全部内容和运作，由此可以看出两点。 |
| First,
both Mr Bowett’s comments and the Commission’s commentary to Draft
Article 50 confirm that the Commission was of the view that there
remained room for the further development of jus cogens. | 第一，Bowett先生的评论和委员会对第50条草案的评注都说明委员会认为强制法还有进一步发展的空间。 |
| Second,
it is clear from both Mr Bowett’s statement and the commentary that the
Commission felt, on both occasions, that detailed provisions on jus
cogens could be worked out only after more practice relating to it had
developed. | 第二，很明显，Bowett先生的评论和委员会的评注都认为，只有在出现更多相关实践后，才有可能对强制法作出具体规定。 |
| Taken
together, the Commentary to Draft Article 50 and the statement by Mr
Bowett suggest that the further elucidation of the rules relating to
jus cogens would be possible, perhaps desirable, if sufficient practice
on which to base the work of the Commission were available. | 综上，对第50条草案的评注和Bowett先生的评论都表明，如果有充分的实践作为委员会工作的基础，便有可能(或许也应该)进一步阐述与强制法有关的规则。 |
| 6. In the period since the 1966 Draft Articles and the 1993 proposal by Mr Jacovides practice has developed at a rapid pace. | 6. 自1966年《条款草案》和Jacovides先生1993年提出建议以来，相关实践迅速发展。 |
| In
particular, national and international courts have often referred to
jus cogens and in this way provided insights on some of the intricacies
of its formation, operation, content and consequences or effects. | 特别是，国内和国际法院经常提到强制法，因此有助于深入了解关于其形成、运作、内容和影响或效力的一些复杂问题。 |
| States have at times also referred to jus cogens in support of positions that they advance. | 国家有时为了证明它们的立场也提到强制法。 |
| The Commission itself, in the course of considering other topics, has also made meaningful contributions to this development. | 委员会在审议其他专题时，也为这一发展作出了积极贡献。 |
| Article
26 of the Draft Articles on State Responsibility, for example, provides
that circumstances precluding wrongfulness provided in the Draft
Articles may not be used to justify conduct that is inconsistent with
jus cogens. | 例如，关于国家责任的条款草案第26条规定，解除行为不法性的情况不得用来为违反强制法的行为辩护。 |
| The commentary thereto presents a non-exhaustive list of jus cogens norms. | 评注列有强制法规范的不完全清单。 |
| In
addition to repeating the list contained in the commentary to Draft
Article 26, the Report of the Study Group on Fragmentation provides a
list of “the most frequently cited candidates” for the status of jus
cogens. | 国际法不成体系问题研究组的报告除了重复第26条评注所载清单外，还列出了“最常援引的”具有强制法地位的备选规范。 |
| The
Commission’s Guide to Practice on Reservations to Treaties also
provides detailed analysis on the effects of jus cogens on the
permissibility and consequences of reservations. | 委员会《关于对条约的保留的实践指南》也详细分析了强制法对保留的允许及后果的影响。 |
| 3. Elements of Jus Cogens in Judicial Decisions | 3. 司法判决中的强制法内容 |
| 7.
Although the Commission’s work has advanced the understanding of jus
cogens, the starting point for any study of jus cogens remains the
Vienna Convention. | 7. 虽然委员会的工作推动了对强制法的理解，但是关于强制法的任何研究的出发点仍然是《维也纳公约》。 |
| From the Vienna Convention basic elements of the nature, requirements and consequences of jus cogens are spelt out. | 《维也纳公约》阐述了强制法的性质、要求和效力的基本内容。 |
| According
to the Vienna Convention, jus cogens refers to peremptory norms of
general international law defined as (1) norms (2) accepted and
recognised by the international community of states as a whole (3) from
which no derogation is permitted. | 根据《维也纳公约》，强制法即(1) 一般国际法强制规范，是指(2) 国家之国际社会全体接受并公认为(3) 不许损抑之规范。 |
| The consequence of a norm acquiring the status of jus cogens is that treaties conflicting with it are void. | 获得强制法地位的规范的效力是，与之抵触的公约无效。 |
| 8. This formulation addresses some key issues which, prior to the Vienna Convention, may not have been clear. | 8. 以上表述回答了在《维也纳公约》之前可能不清楚的一些重要问题。 |
| For example, the formulation addresses an important question concerning the nature of jus cogens. | 例如，这一表述回答了与强制法性质有关的一个重要问题。 |
| In its original conception, jus cogens was seen as a non-consensual source of law deriving from natural law. | 在最初的构想中，强制法被视为源自自然法的非商议性的法律来源。 |
| While
Article 50 of the 1966 Draft Articles may have left this question open
by simply defining jus cogens as “a peremptory norm of general
international law from which no derogation is permitted”, Article 53 of
the Vienna Convention adds the qualifier “accepted and recognised by
the international community of States as a whole”, thereby suggesting
acceptance by states as a whole is a requirement for jus cogens. | 1966年《条款草案》第50条只是将强制法定义为“不许损抑之一般国际法强制规范”，可能未下定论，而《维也纳公约》第五十三条加上了“国家之国际社会群体接受并公认”这一限制条件，表明国家全体接受是强制法的一个前提。 |
| 9.
What Article 53 of the Vienna Convention does not specify is the
process by which a norm of general international law rises to the level
of being peremptory, nor does it specify how such norms are to be
identified. | 9. 《维也纳公约》第五十三条没有明确规定一般国际法的规则达到强制地位的过程，也没有规定如何识别这类规则。 |
| Questions
that arise in this respect include the meaning and implications of
“accepted and recognised by the international community of States as a
whole”. | 这方面出现的问题包括“国家之国际社会群体接受并公认为”的含义和影响。 |
| For
example, the ILC Study Group asked: “If it is the point of jus cogens
to limit what may be lawfully agreed by States – can its content
simultaneously be made dependent on what is agreed between States? | 例如，国际法委员会研究组问：“如果强制法的要点是限制各国可以合法商定的东西，那么可以同时使其内容依赖于国家之间商定的内容吗？ |
| ”
Furthermore, although the formulation addresses a basic issue of
consequences for treaties, it leaves open several other issues relating
to consequences, including consequences for other rules not contained
in treaties. | ” 此外，虽然上述措词涉及对条约的影响这一基本问题，但是，没有讨论与影响有关的一些其他问题，包括对非条约所载其他规则的影响。 |
| This
includes not only how norms of jus cogens interact with other rules of
international law, for example Chapter VII resolutions of the UN
Security Council, but also the consequences of a violation of a jus
cogens norm. | 这不仅包括强制法与国际法其他规则，例如联合国安全理事会根据《宪章》第七章通过的决议的关系，也包括与其他强制法规范冲突的后果。 |
| The
Commission’s previous work, including the Articles on State
Responsibility, could provide useful insights on some of these
questions. | 委员会先前的工作，包括关于国家责任的条款，可为其中某些问题提供有用的见解。 |
| Article
26, for example, provides that the grounds excluding wrongfulness in
the Articles, may not be used to justify an act that is inconsistent
with an obligation arising under a peremptory norm. | 例如，第26条规定，条款中解除行为不法性的理由不得用来为不符合强制规范规定义务的行为辩护。 |
| 10.
As mentioned earlier, jus cogens has been referred to in a number of
judgments of both the Permanent Court of International Justice and the
International Court of Justice as well as in dissenting and separate
opinions of various judges. | 10. 上文提到，常设国际法院和国际法院的许多判决以及众多法官的反对意见和个别意见中都曾提到强制法。 |
| In
earlier cases, however, the Court had not sought to clarify the nature,
requirements, content or consequences of jus cogens and had been
content to simply refer to jus cogens. | 然而，在早期的案件中，国际法院只是提到强制法，并没有试图明确强制法的性质、要求、内容或效力。 |
| A
typical example in this regard is the Court’s observations on the
prohibition on the use of force in the Military and Paramilitary
Activities case. | 这方面的一个典型事例是国际法院在军事和准军事活动案中关于禁止使用武力的意见。 |
| The
Court referred to the fact that the prohibition on the use of force is
often referred to by states as being “a fundamental or cardinal
principle of [customary international] law”, that the Commission has
referred to “the law of the Charter concerning the prohibition” as a
“conspicuous example of a rule of international law having the
character of jus cogens”, and that both parties to the dispute referred
to its jus cogens status. | 法院提到，禁止使用武力经常被国家称为“[习惯国际]法的基本或核心原则”，国际法委员会将《宪章》关于禁止使用武力的法律”称为“国际法中典型的具有强制法性质的规则”，且争端双方都提到了其强制法地位。 |
| The
Court itself, however, did not state expressly that it viewed the
prohibition on the use of force as constituting a norm of jus cogens. | 不过，法院本身并没有明确表示将禁止使用武力视为强制法规范。 |
| 11.
In more recent cases, however, the Court has been more willing to
characterise certain norms as jus cogens and to engage more with the
intricacies of jus cogens. | 11. 然而，在近期的案件中，国际法院更加愿意将某些规范描述为强制法，并进一步研究强制法的复杂问题。 |
| In
Questions Relating to the Obligation to Extradite or Prosecute, for
example, the Court states that “the prohibition of torture is part of
customary international law and it has become a peremptory norm (jus
cogens)”. | 例如，在与起诉或引渡义务有关的问题案中，法院称“禁止酷刑是习惯国际法的一部分，已成为一项强制规范(强制法)”。 |
| Further,
the Court indicated that the prohibition was “grounded in a widespread
international practice and on the opinio juris of States,” that it
appeared “in numerous international instruments of universal
application”, that “it has been introduced into the domestic law of
almost all States”, and that “acts of torture are regularly denounced
within national and international fora”. | 法院进一步指出，禁止酷刑“根植于广泛的国际实践和国家确信中”，出现在“大量普遍适用的国际文书中”，“已被引入几乎所有国家的国内法”，且“酷刑行为经常遭到国内和国际社会的谴责。 ” |
| 12.
In the Jurisdictional Immunities of the State case, the Court
considered various aspects of jus cogens, including its relationship
with sovereign immunity from jurisdiction. | 12. 在国家管辖豁免案中，国际法院审议了强制法的诸多方面，包括强制法与主权管辖豁免的关系。 |
| It
held that, because rules of immunities and possible jus cogens norms of
the law of armed conflict “address different matters”, there was no
conflict between them. | 法院主张，鉴于豁免规则与武装冲突法可能的强制法规范“涉及不同问题”，二者不存在冲突。 |
| According
to the Court, immunities are procedural in nature, regulating the
exercise of national jurisdiction in respect of particular conduct, and
not the lawfulness of the conduct being proscribed by jus cogens. | 法院认为，豁免本质上是程序性的，规范国家对特定行为的管辖权的行使，而不涉及强制法所禁止行为的合法性。 |
| There could, therefore, be no conflict between immunity and jus cogens. | 因此，豁免与强制法不可能存在冲突。 |
| The
Court draws a firm distinction between the substantive prohibition on
state conduct constituting jus cogens and the procedural immunity
states enjoy from national jurisdiction, holding that they operate on
different planes such that they cannot be in conflict even in cases
where “a means by which a jus cogens rule might be enforced was
rendered unavailable”. | 法院严格区分构成强制法的、对国家行为的实质禁止与国家享受的程序性的管辖豁免，主张二者在不同的平面上运作，即使是在“执行强制法规则的途径可能因此而不存在”的情况下，它们也不可能存在冲突。 |
| In
addition to addressing the issue of the relationship between immunity
and jus cogens, the Court’s judgment also suggests that the prohibition
of crimes against humanity constitutes jus cogens. | 除了豁免与强制法的关系外，法院判决还表明，禁止危害人类罪构成强制法。 |
| A
similar view of the relationship between jus cogens and procedural
rules is adopted by the Court in Armed Activities on the Territory of
the Congo (DRC v. Rwanda), where the Court found that the fact that a
matter related to a jus cogens norm, in that case the prohibition on
genocide, “cannot of itself provide a basis for the jurisdiction of the
Court to entertain the dispute”. | 国际法院在刚果境内武装活动案(刚果民主共和国诉卢旺达)中，对强制法与程序性规则的关系持类似观点，法院判定，与强制法规范有关的事项――在该案中为禁止种族灭绝――“本身无法为法院处理该争端的管辖权提供基础”。 |
| The
Court’s reasoning in these cases could be interpreted as suggesting
that international rules unrelated to the legality of the underlying
conduct are not affected by the fact that the prohibition of that
conduct is jus cogens. | 国际法院在这些案件中的推理可理解为，与所涉行为合法性无关的国际规则不因强制法禁止该行为而受到影响。 |
| In
any event, these recent cases address the issue of the relationship
between jus cogens and other rules of international law in a way that
could assist the Commission in systematising the rules of international
law in this area. | 不论如何，近期这些案件对强制法与国际法其他规则关系的处理有助于国际法委员会系统分析这方面的国际法规则。 |
| 4. Legal Issues to be studied | 4. 有待研究的法律问题 |
| 13.
The Commission could make a useful contribution to the progressive
development and codification of international law by analysing the
state of international law on jus cogens and providing an authoritative
statement of the nature of jus cogens, the requirements for
characterising a norm as jus cogens and the consequences or effects or
jus cogens. | 13. 委员会可以通过分析国际法在强制法方面的现状，对强制法的性质、规范具有强制法性质的要求，以及强制法的影响或效力作出权威说明。 |
| The Commission could also provide an illustrative list of existing jus cogens norms. | 委员会还可以列举现有的强制法规范。 |
| The consideration of the topic by the Commission could, therefore, focus on the following elements: | 因此，委员会对该专题的审议可侧重以下要点： |
| (a) the nature of jus cogens; | (a) 强制性的性质； |
| (b) requirements for the identification of a norm as jus cogens; | (b) 确认某一规范为强制法的要求； |
| (c) an illustrative list of norms which have achieved the status of jus cogens; | (c) 列举已具有强制法地位的规范； |
| (d) consequences or effects of jus cogens. | (d) 强制法的影响或效力。 |
| 14.
With respect to the nature of jus cogens, the Vienna Convention
conceptualises jus cogens as a norm of positive law, founded on consent. | 14. 关于强制法的性质，《维也纳公约》将强制法视为基于同意的实在法规范。 |
| This
was also borne out by the judgments of the ICJ, including the Belgium
v. Senegal case where, when justifying its conclusion that the
prohibition against torture is a norm of jus cogens, the Court noted
that the prohibition was grounded on “widespread international practice
and on the opinio juris of States”, noting further that it “appears in
numerous international instruments of universal application” and that
“it has been introduced into the domestic law of almost all States”. | 国际法院的判决，包括与起诉或引渡义务有关的问题案(比利时诉塞内加尔)的判决也证明了这一点，法院在证明禁止酷刑是强制法规范这一结论时指出，禁止酷刑根植于“广泛的国际实践和国家确信中”，“出现在大量普遍适用的国际文书中”，且“已被引入几乎所有国家的国内法。 |
| The Court also added that torture “is regularly denounced within national and international fora”. | ” 法院还补充道，酷刑行为“经常遭到国内和国际社会的谴责。 |
| The
conceptualisation of jus cogens in positive law terms, as based on
acceptance of states, may be a departure from an earlier understanding
rooted in natural law thinking. | ” 将强制法置于基于国家同意的实在法范畴内，可能有别于先前根植于自然法的理解。 |
| The
study of the nature of jus cogens could also permit the Commission to
consider the type of norms that thus far have acquired the status of
jus cogens in order to determine whether norms of jus cogens have
common attributes. | 通过研究强制法的性质，委员会还可以审议已具有强制法地位的规范的类型，以确定强制法规范是否有共同特征。 |
| A
study of the nature of jus cogens would also touch upon, for example,
the relationship between jus cogens and customary international law as
well as the distinction between jus cogens and other possibly related
concepts such as non-derogable rights found in international human
rights treaties and erga omnes obligations. | 对强制法性质的研究还可以涉及，例如强制法与习惯国际法的关系，以及强制法与其他有关概念，例如，国际人权条约中的不可克减权利和普遍义务的区别。 |
| 15. The requirements for a norm to achieve the status of jus cogens are spelt out in Article 53 of the Vienna Convention. | 15. 《维也纳公约》第五十三条阐述了一项规范达到强制法地位的要求。 |
| However,
there is room for the Commission to provide elements that could be used
to indicate that a norm, beyond being a norm of general international
law, has achieved the status of jus cogens. | 不过，委员会还可以提供用于显示某规范，除了是一般国际法的规范外，已达到强制法地位的要素。 |
| A
study of those cases in which courts or tribunals found the existence
of jus cogens could assist the Commission in identifying the mode of
formation as well as criteria for identifying norms of jus cogens. | 研究法院或仲裁法庭认定存在强制法的案件可帮助委员会确定强制法规范的形成模式，以及识别强制法规范的标准。 |
| The
reasons advanced by the Court in Belgium v. Senegal for the proposition
that torture qualifies as jus cogens, for example, could provide useful
guidance in the search for specific requirements for the identification
of jus cogens. | 例如，国际法院在与起诉或引渡义务有关的问题案(比利时诉塞内加尔)中提出的将禁止酷刑视为强制法的理由可为探索强制法的具体要求提供有用的指导。 |
| Statements
by States, to the extent that they do more than suggest that this or
that norm is a norm of jus cogens, could also assist the Commission in
this exercise. | 国家的相关声明，只要不是简单地说某项规范是或者不是强制法规范，都有助于委员会在这方面的工作。 |
| A
related matter concerns the process through which norms of jus cogens
are replaced by subsequent norms of jus cogens as defined in article 53
of the Vienna Convention. | 一个相关问题涉及强制法规范被《维也纳公约》第五十三条规定的以后的强制法规范所取代的过程。 |
| 16. The proposal also entails producing an illustrative list of norms that currently qualify as jus cogens. | 16. 建议还包括列举目前具有强制法性质的规范。 |
| Such
a list would be based on an assessment of the judgments of the ICJ and
other courts and tribunals as well as the previous work of the
Commission, in particular the commentaries to Draft Article 50 of the
1966 Draft Articles, commentaries to Article 26 of the Articles on the
Responsibility of States and commentaries to Guideline 3.1.5.4 of the
Guide to Practice on Reservations. | 这样一份清单将基于对国际法院及其他法院和仲裁法庭裁决的研究，以及委员会之前的工作，特别是对1966年《条约法条款草案》第50条草案的评注、国家责任条款第26条的评注，以及《关于对条约的保留的实践指南》指南3.1.5.4的评注。 |
| It would be important for any list produced by the Commission to specify clearly that it is not a closed list. | 委员会提供任何清单都应当说明清单具有开放性。 |
| There may well be fears that a list, even with most careful drafting, could lead to the conclusion that it is exclusive. | 人们可能担心，即使起草得再仔细，也不能保证清单详尽无遗。 |
| While this is always possible, this concern should not be overstated. | 确有可能不够详尽，但是不应夸大这种担忧。 |
| It
only serves to emphasise that not only should the illustrative list be
carefully drafted but also that the commentary should be sufficiently
clear so as to avoid misunderstanding. | 这只是为了强调不仅应当认真起草该说明性清单，而且评注也应当足够清楚，以避免误解。 |
| 17. Finally, the study should also address the effects and consequences of jus cogens. | 17. 研究还应当涉及强制法的效力和影响。 |
| This would include the legal effect of jus cogens on other rules of international law. | 这包括强制法对国际法其他规则的法律效力。 |
| While
Articles 53 and 64 spell out consequences of jus cogens for the
validity of treaties, the legal effects of jus cogens on other rules
are not addressed. | 第五十三条和第六十四条阐述了强制法对条约有效性的影响，但是没有涉及强制法对其他规则的法律效力。 |
| Recent
decisions of the Court, in particular, Jurisdictional Immunities of the
State case and the Armed Activities in the Congo case address the
relationship between jus cogens and procedural and secondary rules of
international law. | 国际法院近期的判决，特别是国家管辖豁免案和刚果境内武装活动案的判决涉及强制法与国际法的程序性规则和次要规则的关系。 |
| In
addition to state and official immunity, international tribunals have
addressed other possible consequences, such as immunity of
international organizations, the relationship with Security Council
resolutions, the effect of statutes of limitations, and the effect on
extradition treaties. | 除国家或官员豁免外，国际仲裁法庭还处理了其他可能影响，例如，国际组织的豁免、与安全理事会决议的关系、对时效的影响、以及对引渡条约的影响。 |
| Previous
work of the Commission, in particular the commentary to Article 26 of
the Articles on State Responsibility as well as Section E of the Report
of the Study Group Fragmentation, also provide relevant insights for
studying the effects of jus cogens on other rules of international law. | 委员会先前的工作，特别是对国家责任条款第26条的评注，以及研究组关于国际法不成体系问题的报告E部分也为研究强制法对国际法其他规则的效力提供了相关见解。 |
| The
consideration of the effects and consequences of jus cogens is likely
to be the most challenging part of the study and will require careful
analysis of the jurisprudence of both international and domestic courts. | 审议强制法的效力和影响很可能是这项研究中最具挑战的部分，将需要认真分析国际和国内法院的判例。 |
| 5. The Topic Meets the Requirement for Selection of New Topics | 5. 本专题符合选择新专题的标准 |
| 18.
The topic meets the requirements for selection of new topics set by the
Commission. These requirements are that new topics should reflect the
needs of states in respect of codification and progressive development,
should be significantly advanced in terms of state practice to permit
progressive development, and codification and should be concrete and
feasible. | 18. 本专题符合委员会设定的选择新专题的标准，即新专题应反映各国在逐渐发展和编纂国际法方面的需要，在国家实践方面应足够成熟，从而允许逐渐发展和编纂，以及专题应当具体和可行。 |
| 19. The topic is important for states by promoting greater clarity on jus cogens, its formation and effects. | 19. 本专题对国家至关重要，有助于进一步阐明强制法、其形成及效力。 |
| Several recent disputes between States have implicated jus cogens or potential jus cogens norms. | 近期的一些国家间争端牵涉到强制法或潜在的强制法规范。 |
| While
States have often agreed that the specific norms in question qualified
as jus cogens, the dispute has often related to the effect of the jus
cogens norms on other rules of international law. | 各国对构成强制法规范的具体规范通常没有异议，争论点集中在强制法规范对其他国际法规则的效力。 |
| Clarifying some of the legal aspects of jus cogens could facilitate the resolution of international disputes. | 澄清强制法的某些法律问题有助于解决国际争端。 |
| As
with the topic on customary international law, clarifying the rules on
jus cogens would be particularly useful for domestic judges and other
lawyers not experts in international law who may be called upon to
apply international law, including jus cogens. | 与习惯国际法专题一样，澄清关于强制法的规则对国内法官及非国际法领域的律师尤为重要，因为他们也可能需要适用国际法，包括强制法。 |
| In
particular, the study could provide useful guidelines for national
courts on how to identify norms of jus cogens and how such norms
interact with other rules of international law. | 特别是，这项研究可为国内法院识别强制法规范、了解这类规范与其他国际法规则的关系提供有用的指导。 |
| As
is evident from the recent practice described above, the topic is
sufficiently advanced in terms of practice to permit codification and
progressive development and is concrete and feasible. | 从上文所述的近期实践可以看出，本专题在国家实践方面足够成熟，从而允许逐渐发展和编纂，而且是具体和可行的。 |
| 6. Conclusion | 6. 结论 |
| 20. That jus cogens forms part of the body of modern international law is not seriously in dispute. | 20. 关于强制法是当代国际法主体的一部分这一点，基本没有争议。 |
| Nonetheless, the precise contours, content and effects of jus cogens remains in dispute. | 不过，强制法的确切范围、内容和效力仍然存在争议。 |
| The
Commission could make a meaningful contribution to the codification and
progressive development of international law by addressing the elements
identified. | 委员会可以通过处理上述问题，为国际法的编纂和逐渐发展做出重大贡献。 |
| 21. The outcome of the work of the Commission on this topic can take any one of a number of forms. | 21. 委员会关于本专题的工作结果可有多种形式。 |
| However, Draft Conclusions with commentaries appear, at this stage, the most appropriate form. | 不过，附带评注的结论草案似乎是现阶段最适合的形式。 |
| The
conclusions, while containing minimum normative content, would also
have to be drafted in such a way as not to arrest the development of
jus cogens or “cool down” its normative effect. | 结论包含的规范性内容虽然很少，但是起草结论时亦需谨慎，不得遏制强制法的发展或“削弱”其规范效果。 |
| Selected reading list | 精选参考书目 |
| A. ILC Documents | A. 国际法委员会文件 |
| Draft Articles on the Law of Treaties, with commentaries, 1966, Vol II Yearbook of the International Law Commission, 38 | 《条约法条款草案》，含评注，《1966年国际法委员会年鉴》第二卷，第38页 |
| Draft
Articles on the Responsibility of States for Wrongful Acts, with
commentaries, 2001, Vol II, Part Two, Yearbook of the International Law
Commission, 31 | 《国家对国际不法行为的责任条款草案》，含评注，《2011年国际法委员会年鉴》第二卷，第二部分，第31页 |
| Conclusions
of the Work of the Study Group on Fragmentation of International Law: A
Difficulties arising from the Diversification and Expansion of
International Law (contained in GA Res A/61/10), 2006 | “国际法不成体系问题：国际法多样化和扩展引起的困难”研究组工作的结论(载于GA Res A/61/10)，2006年 |
| Report
of the Study Group of the International Law Commission on the
Fragmentation of International Law: Difficulties Arising from the
Diversification and Expansion of International Law (finalised by Martti
Koskenniemi) 13 April 2006 (A/CN.4/L.682) | 国际法委员会研究组的报告：《国际法不成体系问题：国际法多样化和扩展引起的困难》(马尔蒂·科斯肯涅米定稿)，2006年4月13日(A/CN.4/L.682) |
| Guide
to Practice on Reservation to Treaties, Report of the International Law
Commission, Sixty-third session (contained in GA Res A/66/10), 2011 | 《关于对条约的保留的实践指南》，国际法委员会第六十三届会议报告(载于GA Res A/66/10)，2011年 |
| B. Select cases | B. 精选案件 |
| 1. International Court of Justice | 1. 国际法院案件 |
| Armed Activities in the Territory of Congo (New Application 2002: DRC v. Rwanda), ICJ Reports 2006, 6 | 刚果境内武装活动案(2002年新申诉：刚果民主共和国诉卢旺达)，《2006年国际法院案例汇编》，第6页 |
| Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 (Democratic Republic of Congo v. Belgium), ICJ Reports 2002, 3 | 2000年4月11日逮捕证案(刚果民主共和国诉比利时)，《2002年国际法院案例汇编》，第3页 |
| Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company Ltd (Second Phase), ICJ Reports 1970, 3 | 巴塞罗那电车、电灯及电力有限公司案(第二阶段)，《1970年国际法院案例汇编》，第3页 |
| Jurisdictional of the State (Germany v. Italy: Greece Intervening), ICJ Reports 2012, 99 | 国家管辖豁免案(德国诉意大利：希腊参与诉讼)，《2012年国际法院案例汇编》，第99页 |
| Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States) (Merits), ICJ Reports 1986, 14 | 尼加拉瓜境内和针对尼加拉瓜的军事和准军事活动案(尼加拉瓜诉美利坚合众国)(案情)，《1986年国际法院案例汇编》，第14页 |
| Questions Relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal), ICJ Reports 2012, 422 | 与起诉或引渡义务有关的问题案(比利时诉塞内加尔)，《2012年国际法院案例汇编》，第422页 |
| 2. Other Courts and Tribunals | 2. 其他法院和仲裁法庭案件 |
| Al-Adsani v. UK (Application No. 35763/97), 21 November 2001 (European Court of Human Rights) | Al-Adsani诉英国(申诉号：35763/97)，2001年11月(欧洲人权法院) |
| Aloeboetoe, Judgment of 10 September 1993, (Ser. C) No. 15 (1993) (Inter-American Court of Human Rights) | Aloeboetoe案，1993年9月10日的判决，(C辑)第15号(1993年) (美洲人权法院) |
| Arbitral Award in the Matter between the Government of Kuwait and American Independent Oil Company, (1982) 21 ILM 976 | 科威特政府诉美国独立石油公司案的仲裁裁决，(1982年)《国际法材料》第21卷，第976页 |
| Azanian People’s Organisation (AZAPO) v. Truth and Reconciliation 1996 (4) SA 562 (C) (South Africa) | 阿扎尼亚人民组织诉真相与和解委员会，1996 (4) SA 562 (C) (南非) |
| Blake, Merits, Judgment of 24 January 1998, (Ser. C) No. 36 (1998) | Blake案，案情，1998年1月24日的判决，(C辑)第36号(1998年) |
| Delimitation of Maritime Boundary between Guinea-Bissau and Senegal, Arbitral Award, 31 July 1989, Vol XX UNRIAA, 119 | 几内亚比绍和塞内加尔海洋疆界划界案，仲裁裁决，1989年7月31日，《国际仲裁裁决汇编》，第二十卷，第119页 |
| Giraldo v. Drummond Co., 493 Fed. Appx. 106 (D.C. Cir. 2012) (United States) | Giraldo诉Drummond公司，493 Fed. Appx. 106 (D.C. Cir. 2012) (美国) |
| Matar v. Dichter, 563 F.3d 9 (2d Cir. 2009) (United States) | Matar诉Dichter, 563 F.3d 9 (2d Cir. 2009) (美国) |
| Prosecutor v. Furundžija (IT-95-17/1), 10 December 1998 (ICTY) | 检方诉Furundžija (IT-95-17/1)，1998年12月10日(前南问题国际法庭) |
| Southern
African Litigation Centre and Another v. National Director of Public
Prosecutions and Others, High Court of South Africa (Case 77150/09,
unreported), judgment of 8 May 2012 (South Africa) | 南部非洲诉讼中心及另一机构诉国家总检察院及其他机构，南非高等法院(案件号：77150/09，未报道)，2012年5月8日的判决(南非) |
| Stichting Mothers of Srebrenica and Others v. Netherlands, App No. 65542/12 (ECHR 2013) | 斯雷布雷尼察母亲基金会及其他组织诉荷兰，申诉号：65542/12 (欧洲人权法院，2013年) |
| Ye v. Zemin, 383 F.3d 620 (7th Cir. 2004) (United States) | Ye诉Zemin, 383 F.3d 620 (7th Cir. 2004) (美国) |
| Yousuf v. Samantar, 699 F.3d 763, 776–77 (4th Cir. 2012) (United States) | Yousuf诉Samantar, 699 F.3d 763,第776-77页(4th Cir. 2012) (美国) |
| C. Select bibliography | C. 精选参考文献 |
| Bassiouni, C “International Crimes: Jus Cogens and Obligatio Erga Omnes” (1996) 59 Law and Contemporary Problems 63 | Bassiouni, C “International Crimes: Jus Cogens and Obligatio Erga Omnes” (1996) 59 Law and Contemporary Problems 63 |
| Benneh, EY “Sovereignty Immunity and International Crimes” (2002–2004) 22 Ghana Law Journal 112 | Benneh, EY “Sovereignty Immunity and International Crimes” (2002–2004) 22 Ghana Law Journal 112 |
| Bianchi, A “Human Rights and the Magic of Jus Cogens” (2008) 19 European Journal of International Law 491 | Bianchi, A “Human Rights and the Magic of Jus Cogens” (2008) 19 European Journal of International Law 491 |
| Brunnée,
J “The Prohibition on Torture: Driving Jus Cogens Home? ” (2010) 104
Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Society of
International Law 454 | Brunnée, J “The Prohibition
on Torture: Driving Jus Cogens Home?” (2010) 104 Proceedings of the
Annual Meeting of the American Society of International Law 454 |
| Byers,
M “Conceptualising the Relationship Between Jus Cogens and Erga Omnes
Rules” (1997) 66 Nordic Journal of International Law 211 | Byers,
M “Conceptualising the Relationship Between Jus Cogens and Erga Omnes
Rules” (1997) 66 Nordic Journal of International Law 211 |
| Cançado Trindade, A “Jus Cogens in Contemporary International Law”, UN Audiovisual Library, (http://www.un.org/law/avl) | Cançado Trindade, A “Jus Cogens in Contemporary International Law”, UN Audiovisual Library, (http://www.un.org/law/avl) |
| Cassese, A “For an Enhanced Role of Jus Cogens’ in Cassese, A (ed) Realizing Utopia (2012) | Cassese, A “For an Enhanced Role of Jus Cogens’ in Cassese, A (ed) Realizing Utopia (2012) |
| Charlesworth,
H “Law-Making and the Sources” in Crawford, J and Koskenniemi (Eds.)
The Cambridge Companion to International Law (2012) | Charlesworth,
H “Law-Making and the Sources” in Crawford, J and Koskenniemi (Eds.)
The Cambridge Companion to International Law (2012) |
| Chinkin,
C “Jus Cogens, Article 103 of the UN Charter and other Hierarchical
Techniques of Conflict Solution” (2006) Finnish Yearbook of
International Law 63 | Chinkin, C “Jus Cogens,
Article 103 of the UN Charter and other Hierarchical Techniques of
Conflict Solution” (2006) Finnish Yearbook of International Law 63 |
| Czaplinski,
Wladyslaw “Concepts of Jus Cogens and Obligations Erga Omnes in
International Law in the Light of Recent Developments” (1997–1998) 23
Polish Yearbook of International Law 87 | Czaplinski,
Wladyslaw “Concepts of Jus Cogens and Obligations Erga Omnes in
International Law in the Light of Recent Developments” (1997–1998) 23
Polish Yearbook of International Law 87 |
| Danilenko, G “International Jus Cogens: Issues of Law-Making” (1991) 2 European Journal of International Law 42 | Danilenko, G “International Jus Cogens: Issues of Law-Making” (1991) 2 European Journal of International Law 42 |
| D’Amato, A. “It’s a Bird, It’s a Plane, It’s Jus Cogens” (1990) 6 Connecticut Journal of International Law 1 | D’Amato, A. “It’s a Bird, It’s a Plane, It’s Jus Cogens” (1990) 6 Connecticut Journal of International Law 1 |
| de
Hoog, AJJ “The Relationship between Jus Cogens, Obligations Erga Omnes
and International Crimes: Peremptory Norms in Perspective” (1991) 42
Österreichische Zeitschrift für öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht 183 | de
Hoog, AJJ “The Relationship between Jus Cogens, Obligations Erga Omnes
and International Crimes: Peremptory Norms in Perspective” (1991) 42
Österreichische Zeitschrift für öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht 183 |
| de Wet, E “Jus Cogens and Obligations Erga Omnes” in D Shelton (Ed) Oxford Handbook on Human Rights (forthcoming) | de Wet, E “Jus Cogens and Obligations Erga Omnes” in D Shelton (Ed) Oxford Handbook on Human Rights (forthcoming) |
| de Wet, E and Vidmar (eds), J Hierarchy in International Law: The Place of Human Rights (2012) | de Wet, E and Vidmar (eds), J Hierarchy in International Law: The Place of Human Rights (2012) |
| Dupuy,
P “Some Reflections on Contemporary International Law and the Appeal to
Universal Values: a Response to Marti Koskenniemi” (2005) 16 European
Journal of International Law 131 | Dupuy, P “Some
Reflections on Contemporary International Law and the Appeal to
Universal Values: a Response to Marti Koskenniemi” (2005) 16 European
Journal of International Law 131 |
| Focarelli
C, “Promotional Jus Cogens: A Critical Appraisal of Jus Cogens’ Legal
Effects” (2008) 77 Nordic Journal of International Law 429 | Focarelli
C, “Promotional Jus Cogens: A Critical Appraisal of Jus Cogens’ Legal
Effects” (2008) 77 Nordic Journal of International Law 429 |
| Glennon, MJ “De l’Absurdité du Droit Impératif (Jus Cogens)” (2006) 110 Revue Générale de Droit International Public 529 | Glennon, MJ “De l’Absurdité du Droit Impératif (Jus Cogens)” (2006) 110 Revue Générale de Droit International Public 529 |
| Gómez Robledo, A El Ius Cogens Internacional (Estudio Histórico Crítico) (1982) | Gómez Robledo, A El Ius Cogens Internacional (Estudio Histórico Crítico) (1982) |
| Gómez
Robledo, A “Le Jus Cogens International: Sa Genése, sa Nature, ses
Fonctions” (1982) 172, Recueil des Cours de l’Académie de Droit
International de la Haye 9 | Gómez Robledo, A “Le
Jus Cogens International: Sa Genése, sa Nature, ses Fonctions” (1982)
172, Recueil des Cours de l’Académie de Droit International de la Haye 9 |
| Hannikainen, L Peremptory norms (jus cogens) in international law: historical development, criteria, present status (1988) | Hannikainen, L Peremptory norms (jus cogens) in international law: historical development, criteria, present status (1988) |
| Janis, MW “The Nature of Jus Cogens” (1988) 3 Connecticut Journal of International Law 359 | Janis, MW “The Nature of Jus Cogens” (1988) 3 Connecticut Journal of International Law 359 |
| Kawasaki,
A “A Brief Note on the Legal Effects of Jus Cogens in International Law
in International Law” (2006) 34 Hitotsubashi Journal of Law and
Politics 27 | Kawasaki, A “A Brief Note on the Legal
Effects of Jus Cogens in International Law in International Law” (2006)
34 Hitotsubashi Journal of Law and Politics 27 |
| Kolb, R Théorie du Jus cogens International: Essai de Relecture du Concept (2001) | Kolb, R Théorie du Jus cogens International: Essai de Relecture du Concept (2001) |
| Kolb,
R “Jus Cogens, Intangibilité, Intransgressibilité, Dérogation
‘Positive’ et ‘Négative’” (2005) 109 Revue Générale de Droit
International Public 305 | Kolb, R “Jus Cogens,
Intangibilité, Intransgressibilité, Dérogation ‘Positive’ et
‘Négative’” (2005) 109 Revue Générale de Droit International Public 305 |
| Kolb, R “Observations sur l’Evolution du Concept de Jus Cogens” (2009) 113 Revue Générale de Droit International Public 837 | Kolb, R “Observations sur l’Evolution du Concept de Jus Cogens” (2009) 113 Revue Générale de Droit International Public 837 |
| Komicker
Uhlmann, EM “The State Community Interests, Jus Cogens and the
Protection of the Global Environment: Developing Criteria for
Peremptory Norms” (1998) 11 Georgetown International Environmental Law
Review 101 | Komicker Uhlmann, EM “The State
Community Interests, Jus Cogens and the Protection of the Global
Environment: Developing Criteria for Peremptory Norms” (1998) 11
Georgetown International Environmental Law Review 101 |
| Meron, T “On Hierarchy of International Human Rights” (1986) 80 American Journal of International Law 1 | Meron, T “On Hierarchy of International Human Rights” (1986) 80 American Journal of International Law 1 |
| Nieto-Navia, R International Peremptory Norms (Jus Cogens) and International Humanitarian Law (2011) | Nieto-Navia, R International Peremptory Norms (Jus Cogens) and International Humanitarian Law (2011) |
| O’Connell,
ME “Jus Cogens: International Law’s Higher Ethical Norms” in Childress,
DE III (ed), The Role of Ethics in International Law (2012) | O’Connell,
ME “Jus Cogens: International Law’s Higher Ethical Norms” in Childress,
DE III (ed), The Role of Ethics in International Law (2012) |
| Orakhelashvili, A Peremptory Norms in International Law (2006) | Orakhelashvili, A Peremptory Norms in International Law (2006) |
| Pellet,
A “Comments in Response to Christine Chinkin and in Defense of Jus
Cogens as the Best Bastion against the Excesses of Fragmentation”
(2006) Finnish Yearbook of International Law 83 | Pellet,
A “Comments in Response to Christine Chinkin and in Defense of Jus
Cogens as the Best Bastion against the Excesses of Fragmentation”
(2006) Finnish Yearbook of International Law 83 |
| Paust, J “The Reality of Jus Cogens” (1991) 7 Connecticut Journal of International Law 81 | Paust, J “The Reality of Jus Cogens” (1991) 7 Connecticut Journal of International Law 81 |
| Saul,
M “Identifying Jus Cogens Norms: The Interaction of Scholars and
International Judges” (2014) Asian Journal of International Law
(forthcoming) | Saul, M “Identifying Jus Cogens
Norms: The Interaction of Scholars and International Judges” (2014)
Asian Journal of International Law (forthcoming) |
| Shelton, D “Normative Hierarchy of International Law” (1986) 80 American Journal of International Law 1 | Shelton, D “Normative Hierarchy of International Law” (1986) 80 American Journal of International Law 1 |
| Suy,
E “Article 53: Treaties Conflicting with a Peremptory Norm of General
International Law (‘jus cogens’)” in Corten, O and Klein, P (Eds.) The
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties: A Commentary Volume II (2011) | Suy,
E “Article 53: Treaties Conflicting with a Peremptory Norm of General
International Law (‘jus cogens’)” in Corten, O and Klein, P (Eds.) The
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties: A Commentary Volume II (2011) |
| Tomuschat,
C and Thouveinin, JM (eds.) The Fundamental Rules of the International
Legal Order: Jus Cogens and Obligations Erga Omnes (2006) | Tomuschat,
C and Thouveinin, JM (eds.) The Fundamental Rules of the International
Legal Order: Jus Cogens and Obligations Erga Omnes (2006) |
| Verdross,
A “Forbidden Treaties in International Law: Comments on Professor
Garner’s Report on ‘The Law of Treaties’” (1937) 31 American Journal of
International Law 571 | Verdross, A “Forbidden
Treaties in International Law: Comments on Professor Garner’s Report on
‘The Law of Treaties’” (1937) 31 American Journal of International Law
571 |
| Verdross, A “Jus Dispositivum and Jus Cogens in International Law” (1966) 60 American Journal of International Law 55 | Verdross, A “Jus Dispositivum and Jus Cogens in International Law” (1966) 60 American Journal of International Law 55 |
| Verhoeven, J “Sur les ‘bons’ et les ‘mauvais’ emplois du Jus Cogens” (2008) Annuario Brasileiro de Direito Internacional 133 | Verhoeven, J “Sur les ‘bons’ et les ‘mauvais’ emplois du Jus Cogens” (2008) Annuario Brasileiro de Direito Internacional 133 |
| Vidmar, J “Rethinking Jus Cogens after Germany v. Italy: Back to Article 53? ” (2013) 60 Netherlands International Law Review 1 | Vidmar, J “Rethinking Jus Cogens after Germany v. Italy: Back to Article 53?” (2013) 60 Netherlands International Law Review 1 |
| Virally, M “Réflexions sur le Jus Cogens” (1966) 12 Annuaire Français de Droit International 5 | Virally, M “Réflexions sur le Jus Cogens” (1966) 12 Annuaire Français de Droit International 5 |
| Weil, P “Towards Relative Normativity in International Law” (1983) 77 American Journal of International Law 413 | Weil, P “Towards Relative Normativity in International Law” (1983) 77 American Journal of International Law 413 |
| Whiteman,
MM “Jus Cogens in International Law: With a Projected List” (1977) 7
Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law 609 | Whiteman,
MM “Jus Cogens in International Law: With a Projected List” (1977) 7
Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law 609 |
| Yee,
S Jus Cogens in the International Court of Justice, Collected Courses
of the Hague Academy of International Law (2012 forthcoming). | Yee,
S Jus Cogens in the International Court of Justice, Collected Courses
of the Hague Academy of International Law (2012 forthcoming). |
| Mr. L. Caflisch, Mr. E.J.A. Candioti, Mr. M. Kamto, Mr. B.H. Niehaus, Mr. E. Petrič and Mr. N. Wisnumurti. | 卡弗利施先生、坎迪奥蒂先生、卡姆托先生、尼豪斯先生、彼得里奇先生和维斯努穆尔蒂先生。 |
| Ms.
C. Escobar Hernández, Mr. J.M. Gómez-Robledo, Ms. M. G. Jacobsson, Mr.
M. Kamto, Mr. S. Murase, Mr. S.D. Murphy, Mr. G. Nolte, Mr. E.
Valencia-Ospina and Mr. M. Wood. | 埃斯科瓦尔·埃尔南德斯女士、戈麦斯－罗夫莱多先生、雅各布松女士、卡姆托先生、村濑先生、墨菲先生、诺尔特先生、巴伦西亚－奥斯彼纳先生和伍德先生。 |
| Yearbook of the International Law Commission, 1996, vol. II (Part Two), Annex II. | 《1996年…年鉴》，第二卷(第二部分)，附件二。 |
| See
e.g. “established practice of the organization” in article 2 (b) on the
Draft articles on the responsibility of international organizations,
Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-sixth Session,
Supplement No. 10 (A/66/10), commentary at p. 78, paras. 16 and 17; | 例如见：《关于国际组织的责任条款草案》第2条(b)中“组织确立的惯例”，《大会正式纪录，第六十六届会议，补编第10号》(A/66/10)，第78页上的评注，第(16)和(17)段； |
| article
2, para. 1 (j) of the 1986 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
between States and International Organizations and between
International Organizations, A/CONF.129/15. | 1986年《关于国家和国际组织间或国际组织相互间条约法的维也纳公约》第2条第1款(j)项，A/CONF.129/15。 |
| Official Records of the General Assembly, Fifty-ninth Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/59/10), para. 364. | 《大会正式记录，第五十九届会议，补编第10号》(A/59/10)，第364段。 |
| The
Commission at its fiftieth session (1998) took note of the report of
the Planning Group identifying, inter alia, the topic “Expulsion of
aliens” for possible inclusion in the Commission’s long-term programme
of work (ibid., Fifty-third Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/53/10), para.
554) and, at its fifty-second session (2000), it confirmed that
decision (ibid., Fifty-fifth Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/55/10),
para. 729). | 委员会第五十届会议(1998年)注意到规划组的报告，该报告除其他外，明确了将
“驱逐外国人”这一专题纳入委员会长期工作方案的可能性(同上，《第五十三届会议，补编第10号》(A/53/10)，第554段)。
委员会第五十二届会议(2000年)确认了这一决定(同上，《第五十五届会议，补编第10号》(A/55/10)，第729段)。 |
| A
brief syllabus describing the possible overall structure of, and
approach to, the topic was annexed to that year’s report of the
Commission (ibid., annex). | 有关这一专题的可能总体框架和处理方针的简要提纲列入了委员会当年报告的附件(同上，附件)。 |
| In
paragraph 8 of resolution 55/152 of 12 December 2000, the General
Assembly took note of the inclusion of the topic in the long-term
programme of work. | 大会2000年12月12日第55/152号决议第8段注意到该专题已纳入长期工作方案。 |
| A/CN.4/554
(preliminary report), A/CN.4/573 and Corr.1 (second report), A/CN.4/581
(third report), A/CN.4/594 (fourth report), A/CN.4/611 and Corr.1
(fifth report), A/CN.4/ 625 and Add.1 and 2 (sixth report), A/CN.4/642
(seventh report) and A/CN.4/651 (eighth report). | A/CN.4/554
(初步报告)、A/CN.4/573和Corr.1(第二次报告)、A/CN.4/581(第三次报告)、A/CN.4/594(第四次报告)、
A/CN.4/611和Corr.1(第五次报告)、A/CN.4/625、A/CN.4/625/Add.1和A/CN.4/625/Add.2(第六
次报告)、A/CN.4/642(第七次报告)以及A/CN.4/651(第八次报告)。 |
| A/CN.4/617. | A/CN.4/617。 |
| A/CN.4/618. | A/CN.4/618。 |
| A/CN.4/565 and Corr.1 (memorandum by the Secretariat). | A/CN.4/565和Corr.1(秘书处的备忘录)。 |
| For the comments and observations received from Governments, see A/CN.4/604 and A/CN.4/628. | 关于各国政府提出的评述和意见，见A/CN.4/604和A/CN.4/628。 |
| Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-seventh Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/67/10), paras. 41 to 43. | 《大会正式记录，第六十七届会议，补充第10号》(A/67/10)，第41至43段。 |
| Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo), Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2010, p. 639. | 艾哈迈杜·萨迪奥·迪亚洛案(几内亚共和国诉刚果民主共和国)，案情实质，判决，《2010年国际法院案例汇编》，第639页。 |
| Some
treaties distinguish between aliens who are lawfully present and those
whose status is irregular, but they do not provide a definition of the
term “alien unlawfully present” (see, inter alia, the International
Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, United Nations, Treaty Series,
vol. 999, No. 14668, art. 13; | 有些条约对有正常身份的外国人和无正常身份的外国人进行了区分，但没有提出“非法在境内的外国人”一词的定义。 (尤其是见《公民及政治权利国际公约》(第13条)，联合国，《条约汇编》，第999卷，第14668号； |
| the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 189, No. 2545, art. 32); | 《关于难民地位的公约》(第32条)，联合国，《条约汇编》，第189卷，第2545号； |
| the Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 360, p. 117, art. 31; | 《关于无国籍人地位的公约》(第31条)，联合国，《条约汇编》，第360卷，第117页； |
| and the 1955 European Convention on Establishment. | 1955年《欧洲居留公约》。 |
| See also A/CN.4/565, para. 755, footnotes 1760 to 1763). | 另见A/CN.4/565，第755段，脚注1760-1763)。 |
| Some
national legislation provides elements of a definition of this category
of aliens, although the terms used to refer to them vary from country
to country. | 在一些国家的国内法可以找到这类外国人的定义要素，但这些法律提及法外国人时所用的词语各有不同。 |
| An
alien with irregular status can be understood to mean a person whose
presence in the territory of the receiving State is in violation of the
legislation of that State concerning the admission, stay or residence
of aliens. | 所谓无正常身份的外国人，是指违反该国关于外国人准予入境、逗留或居留的法律在容留国境内逗留的外国人。 |
| First of all, an alien’s status may be illegal by virtue of the conditions under which he or she entered the State. | 首先，可根据入境条件确定外国人身份的非法性。 |
| Hence,
any alien who crosses the frontier of the expelling State in violation
of its rules concerning the admission of aliens will be considered to
have irregular status. | 因此，违反外国人入境规则而进入驱逐国境内的外国人被视为无正常身份。 |
| Second,
the irregular status may be the result not of the conditions of entry
but of the conditions of stay in the territory of the expelling State. | 第二，外国人地位的非正常身份非由入境条件引起，而是由在驱逐国境内的逗留条件引起。 |
| In
such cases, although the alien has crossed the frontier of the State
legally and has therefore been lawfully admitted, he or she
subsequently fails to comply with the conditions of stay stipulated by
the laws of the receiving State. | 在这类情况中，外国人虽然合法进入该国边界即被该国合法接纳，但其后不满足容留国法律规定的逗留条件。 |
| This
occurs, for example, when a lawfully admitted alien remains in the
territory of the State beyond the period set by the competent
authorities of that State. | 例如，被合法接纳的外国人超过该国主管当局规定的期限在境内滞留。 |
| Third,
an alien’s presence in the expelling State may also be illegal for both
of the aforementioned reasons, as would be the case if an alien had
entered the receiving State illegally and had not subsequently had his
or her status regularized, thus failing to comply with both the
conditions of admission and the conditions of stay. | 第三，造成外国人在驱逐国境内非法逗留的可同时有两项缘由。 例如，外国人非法进入容留国边界，其后身份也未获得合法化，这样就既不满足入境条件，也不满足逗留条件。 |
| See below, draft articles 6–7, 26–27 and 29 and the commentary thereto. | 见下文第6-7条、第26-27条和第29条草案及其评注。 |
| See below, para. (5) of the commentary to draft article 2. | 见下文第2条草案的评注第(5)段。 |
| See
in particular the rules set out in the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic
Relations (Vienna, 18 April 1961, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol.
500, No. 7310, p. 95), the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations of
1963 (Vienna, 24 April 1963, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 596,
No. 8638, p. 261) and the Convention on Special Missions (New York, 8
December 1969, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1400, No. 23431, p.
235). | 尤其见下列公约载述的规则：《维也纳外交关系公约》(维也纳，1961年4月18日，联合国，
《条约汇编》，第500卷，第7310号，第95页)、1963年《维也纳领事关系公约》(维也纳，1963年4月24日，联合国，《条约汇编》，第
596卷，第8638号，第261页)和《特别使团公约》(纽约，1969年12月8日，联合国，《条约汇编》，第1400卷，第23431号，第235
页)。 |
| See in particular the rules
set out in the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees,
(Geneva, 28 July 1951, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 189, No.
2545, p. 150), the Convention relating to the Status of Stateless
Persons (New York, 28 September 1954, United Nations, Treaty Series,
vol. 360, No. 5158, p. 117) and the International Convention on the
Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their
Families (New York, 18 December 1990, United Nations, Treaty Series,
vol. 2220, No. 39481, p. 3). | 尤其见下列公约载述的规则：1951《关于难民
地位的关系》，(日内瓦，1951年7月28日，联合国，《条约汇编》，第189卷，第2545号，第150页)，《关于无国籍人地位的公约》(纽约，
1954年9月28日，联合国，《条约汇编》，第360卷，第5158号，第117页)和《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》(纽约，1990
年12月18日，联合国，《条约汇编》，第2220卷，第39481号，第3页)。 |
| In
this sense, see below the “without prejudice” clauses concerning
refugees and stateless persons contained in draft articles 6 and 7. | 在这个意义上，参见下文第6和第7条草案所包含的涉及难民和无国籍人的“不影响”条款。 |
| If
a displaced person is by force of circumstances in a foreign territory,
outside his or her State of origin or nationality, he or she would be
in a situation comparable to that of a refugee. | 如果流离失所者是因外力在其原籍国或国籍国以外的外国领土逗留，则其处境与与难民处境相似。 |
| However, displaced persons cannot be assimilated to refugees, even though they generally have the same need for protection. | 不过，即使流离失所者一般有与难民相同的保护需要，但不得等同于难民。 |
| The distinction between the two situations lies in the reasons for taking refuge in a foreign country. | 区分两种情况的要素在于到国外避难的原因。 |
| Displaced
persons who are outside the territory of their country of origin or
nationality are in that situation for reasons other than those set out
in the definition of “refugee” in international law: they are outside
their country because of natural or man-made disasters. | 流离失所者之所以在其原籍国或国籍国之外流离失所，其原因与国际法对难民的定义所述的原因不同。 这些人在本国境外逗留是由于自然或人为引起的灾害。 |
| The
category of displaced persons essentially consists of victims of such
disasters, who are commonly known as “ecological” or “environmental”
refugees. | 这类人的主要构成是遭遇此类灾害者，即通常所讲的“生态难民”或“环境难民”。 |
| It is these persons whom the General Assembly has had in mind since 1977 when referring to “refugees and displaced persons. | 1977年以来大会谈及“难民和流离失所者”时所指的就是这类人。 |
| ” See, e.g., General Assembly resolution 59/170 of 20 December 2004, para. 10. | 例如见大会2004年12月20日第59/170号决议，第10段。 |
| In
the domestic law of most States, expulsion is a legal act by the State,
taking the form of a administrative act, since it is a decision of
administrative authorities. | 在大多数国家的国内法中，驱逐是国家采取的形式上为行政行为的法律行为，因为它是行政机关的决定。 |
| It is a formal act that may be contested before the courts of the expelling State, since expulsion is a procedural process. | 驱逐是一种正式行为，对这种行为，可向驱逐国的法院提出抗辩，因为驱逐是一个程序性过程。 |
| One
should also consider that expulsion occurs even in the absence of a
formal legal act, as discussed below in the commentary to draft article
10. | 人们还应考虑不通过正式法律行为而发生驱逐的情况，见下文第10条草案的评注里的讨论。 |
| See Yearbook … 2001, vol. II (Part Two), pp. 38–54. | 参见《2001年…年鉴》，第二卷(第二部分)，第38-54页。 |
| See below, draft article 10 and the commentary thereto. | 见下文第10条草案及其评注。 |
| Expulsion
is never an act or event requested by the expelled person, nor is it an
act or event to which the expelled person consents. | 驱逐决不会是被驱逐者要求的行为或事件，也不会是被驱逐者同意的行为或事件。 |
| It
is a formal measure or a situation of irresistible force that compels
the person in question to leave the territory of the expelling State. | 驱逐是强迫当事人离开驱逐国领土的一项正式措施或一种不可抗力情况。 |
| The
formal measure ordering the expulsion is an injunction and hence a
legal constraint, while the execution of expulsion is a constraint in
that it is physically experienced as such. | 责令驱逐的正式措施是一种禁令，因此是一种法律约束，而驱逐的执行是一种人身能如此感觉到的约束。 |
| This
element of constraint is important in that it distinguishes expulsion
from normal or ordinary departure of the alien from the territory. | 这一强制因素是区分驱逐与外国人正常或普通离境的关键。 |
| This
is the element that arouses the attention or interest not only of the
State of destination of the expelled person but also of third States
with respect to the situation thus created, to the extent that the
exercise of this incontestable right of a State places at issue the
protection of fundamental human rights. | 这一因素不仅引起被驱逐者的目的地国对所造成的情况的关注或兴趣，而且引起第三国对此种情况的关注或兴趣，因为国家在行使这一当然权利时影响到了对基本人权的保护。 |
| See below, paragraphs (3) to (7) of the commentary to draft article 10. | 见下文第10条草案的评注第(3)至(7)段。 |
| See above, paragraphs (2) and (3) of the commentary to draft article 1. | 见上文第1条草案的评注第(2)和第(3)段。 |
| Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, Geneva, 28 July 1951, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 189, No. 2545, p. 150. | 《关于难民地位的公约》，日内瓦，1951年7月28日，联合国，《条约汇编》，第189卷，第2545号，第150页。 |
| With regard to stateless persons, see draft article 7 below. | 对于无国籍人，参见下文第7条草案。 |
| See,
for example, Lacoste v. Mexico (Mexican Commission), Award of 4
September 1875, in John Bassett Moore, History and Digest of the
International Arbitrations to Which the United States Has Been a Party,
vol. IV, pp. 3347–3348; | 例如参见Lacoste诉墨西哥(墨西哥委员会)，1875年9月4日的裁决，见于John Bassett Moore,《美利坚合众国曾作为当事方的国际仲裁历史和摘要》，第四卷，第3347-3348页； |
| the
Maal case, Mixed Claims Commission Netherlands-Venezuela, 1 June 1903,
United Nations, Reports of International Arbitral Awards, vol. X, p.
731; | Maal案，荷兰－委内瑞拉混合索赔委员会，1903年6月1日，联合国，《国际仲裁裁决汇编》，第十卷，第731页； |
| the
Boffolo case, Mixed Claims Commission Italy-Venezuela, 1903, United
Nations, Reports of International Arbitral Awards, vol. X, pp. 528,
529, 531 and 532; | Boffolo案，意大利－委内瑞拉混合索赔委员会，1903年，联合国，《国际仲裁裁决汇编》，第十卷，第528、529、531和532页； |
| the
Oliva case, Mixed Claims Commission Italy-Venezuela, 1903, United
Nations, Reports of International Arbitral Awards, vol. X, p. 608
(Ralston, Umpire); | Oliva案，意大利－委内瑞拉混合索赔委员会，1903年，联合国，《国际仲裁裁决汇编》，第十卷，第608页(仲裁人Ralston)； |
| the
Paquet case, Mixed Claims Commission Belgium-Venezuela, 1903, United
Nations, Reports of International Arbitral Awards, vol. IX, p. 325
(Filtz, Umpire); | Paquet案，比利时－委内瑞拉混合索赔委员会，1903年，联合国，《国际仲裁裁决汇编》，第九卷，第325页(仲裁人Filtz)； |
| and
Yeager v. The Islamic Republic of Iran, Iran-United States Claims
Tribunal, Award of 2 November 1987, Iran-United States Claims Tribunal
Reports, vol. 17, pp. 92–113. | 以及Yeager诉伊朗伊斯兰共和国，伊朗伊斯兰共和国－美利坚合众国索赔法庭，1987年11月2日的裁决，《伊朗伊斯兰共和国－美利坚合众国索赔法庭裁决汇编》，第17卷，第92-113页。 |
| With
respect to the European Court of Human Rights, see in particular
Moustaquim v. Belgium, Judgment (Merits and Just Satisfaction), 18
February 1991, Application No. 12313/86, para. 43. | 对于欧洲人权法院，尤其参见Moustaquim诉比利时，判决(案情实质和公正抵偿)，1991年2月18日，第12313/86号申诉，第43段。 |
| See
also Vilvarajah and others v. United Kingdom, Judgment (Merits), 30
October 1991, Applications Nos. 13163/87, 13164/87, 13165/87 and
13448/87, para. 102; | 另参见Vilvarajah等人诉大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国，判决(案情实质)，1991年10月30日，第13163/87、13164/87、13165/87和13448/87号申诉，第102段； |
| Chahal v. United Kingdom, Judgment (Merits and Just Satisfaction), 15 November 1996, Application No. 22414/93, para. 73; | Chahal诉大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国，判决(案情实质和公正抵偿)，1996年11月15日，第22414/93号申诉，第73段； |
| Ahmed v. Austria, Judgment (Merits and Just Satisfaction), 17 December 1996, Application No. 25964/94, para. 38; | Ahmed诉奥地利，判决(案情实质和公正抵偿)，1996年12月17日，第25964/94号申诉，第38段； |
| Bouchelkia v. France, Judgment (Merits), 29 January 1997, Application No. 23078/93, para. 48; | Bouchelkia诉法国，判决(案情实质)，1997年1月29日，第23078/93号申诉，第48段； |
| and H.L.R. v. France, Judgment (Merits), 29 April 1997, Application No. 24573/94, para. 33. | 以及H.L.R.诉法国，判决(案情实质)，1997年4月29日，第24573/94号申诉，第33段。 |
| With
regard to the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, see in
particular communication No. 159/96, Union Interafricaine des Droits de
l’Homme, Fédération Internationale des Ligues des Droits de l’Homme,
Rencontre Africaine des Droits de l’Homme, Organisation Nationale des
Droits de l’Homme au Sénégal et Association Malienne des Droits de
l’Homme v. Angola, Eleventh Annual Activity Report, 1997–1998, para. 20. | 关
于非洲人权和人民权利委员会，尤其参见第No.159/96号来文，Union Interafricaine des Droits de
l’Homme, Fédération Internationale des Ligues des Droits de l’Homme,
Rencontre Africaine des Droits de l’Homme, Organisation Nationale des
Droits de l’Homme au Sénégal et Association Malienne des Droits de
l’Homme诉安哥拉，第十一次年度活动报告，1997-1998年，第20段。 |
| The
two maxims of Roman law that apply in this case are: for the State’s
own rules, patere legum or patere regulam quam fecisti, and for the
rules of international law, pacta sunt servanda. | 在这种情况下适用的是两个罗马法格言：对于一国自己的规则而言，patere legum或patere regulam quam fecisti (国家必须遵守自己的规则)； |
| See,
for example, article 14, paragraph 5, of the Czech Republic’s Charter
of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms, article 58, paragraph 2, of the
Constitution of Hungary, article 23, paragraph 5, of the Constitution
of the Slovak Republic or section 9 of the Constitution of Finland. | 对于国际法规则而言，pacta sunt servanda(条约必须遵守)。 例如见《捷克共和国基本权利和自由宪章》第14条第5款、《匈牙利宪法》第58条第2款、《斯洛伐克共和国宪法》第23条第5款及《芬兰宪法》第9节。 |
| The
provision reads as follows: “An alien lawfully in the territory of a
State party to the present Covenant may be expelled therefrom only in
pursuance of a decision reached in accordance with law … ”
(International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, New York, 16
December 1966, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 999, No. 14668, p.
171). | 这一条规定读作：“合法处在本盟约缔约国领土内的外侨，只有按照依法作出的决定才可以被驱逐出境…”(《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》，纽约，1966年12月16日，联合国，《条约汇编》，第999卷，第14668号，第171页)。 |
| The
provision reads as follows: “Migrant workers and members of their
families may be expelled from the territory of a State Party only in
pursuance of a decision taken by the competent authority in accordance
with law” (International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of
All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, New York, 18
December 1990, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 2220, No. 39481, p.
3). | 这一款读作：“只有按照主管当局依法作出的决定，方可将移徙工人及其家庭成员从缔约国境内驱逐出境”(《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》，纽约，1990年12月18日，联合国，《条约汇编》，第2220卷，第39481号，第3页)。 |
| The
provision states, in particular, that the expulsion of a refugee
lawfully in the territory of a Contracting State “shall only be in
pursuance of a decision reached in accordance with due process of law …
” (Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, Geneva, 28 July 1951,
United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 189, No. 2545, p. 150). | 这一款尤其规定，缔约国驱逐难民[合法在其境内的难民]出境“只能以按照合法程序作出的判决为根据…”(《关于难民地位的公约》，日内瓦，1951年7月28日，联合国，《条约汇编》，第189卷，第2545号，第150页)。 |
| This
provision has essentially the same wording, mutatis mutandis, as the
provision quoted in the preceding footnote concerning refugees
(Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons, New York, 28
September 1954, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 360, No. 5158, p.
117). | 这一款所用的措辞基本上与上一脚注所引用的关于难民的措辞相同(《关于无国籍人地位的公约》，纽约，1954年9月28日，联合国，《条约汇编》，第360卷，第5158号，第117页)。 |
| The
provision reads as follows: “A non-national legally admitted in a
territory of a State Party to the present Charter, may only be expelled
from it by virtue of a decision taken in accordance with the law”
(African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, Nairobi, 27 June 1981,
United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1520, No. 26363, p. 217). | 这一款读作：“合法地处于本宪章各缔约国之內的非本国国民，惟按照依法作出的决定方可被驱逐出境”(《非洲人权和人民权利宪章》，内罗毕，1981年6月27日，联合国，《条约汇编》，第1520卷，第26363号，第217页)。 |
| The
provision reads as follows: “An alien lawfully in the territory of a
State party to this Convention may be expelled from it only pursuant to
a decision reached in accordance with law” (American Convention on
Human Rights (Pact of San José), San José, Costa Rica, 22 November
1969, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1144, No. 17955, p. 143). | 这一款读作：“合法地处在本公约的一个缔约国领土內的外国人，只有在执行按照法律达成的决定时，才能被驱逐出境”(《美洲人权公约》(《圣何塞公约》)，圣何塞，哥斯达黎加，1969年11月22日，联合国，《条约汇编》，第1144卷，第17955号，第143页)。 |
| The
provision reads as follows: “An alien lawfully resident in the
territory of a State shall not be expelled therefrom except in
pursuance of a decision reached in accordance with law … ” (Protocol
No. 7 to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and
Fundamental Freedoms, Strasbourg, 22 November 1984, European Treaty
Series, No. 117). | 这一款读作：“合法地处在本公约的一个缔约国领土內的外国人，只有在执行按照法律达成的决定时，才能被驱逐出境…”(《保护人权和基本自由公约第7号议定书》，斯特拉斯堡，1984年11月22日，《欧洲条约汇编》，第117号)。 |
| The
provision reads as follows: “No State party may expel a person who does
not hold its nationality but is lawfully in its territory, other than
in pursuance of a decision reached in accordance with law … ” (Charter
adopted by the Summit of the League of Arab States at its sixteenth
regular session (Tunis, May 2004); | 这一款读作：“对于虽未持有其护照但合法地处在其境内的外国人，任何缔约国只有在执行按照法律达成的决定时，才可将其驱逐出境…”(阿拉伯国家联盟第十六届会议通过的宪章(突尼斯，2004年5月)； |
| entered into force on 15 March 2008; | 2008年3月15日生效； |
| translation from the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights; | 英文译文来自联合国人权事务高级专员办事处； |
| English version available at http://www.unicef.org/ tdad/arabcharterhumanrights.doc). | 英文本可在下列网址上查阅：http://www.unicef.org/tdad/arabcharterhumanrights.doc)。 |
| In this sense, see draft article 26, para. 4, below. | 在这个意义上，参见下文第26条草案第4款。 |
| See,
in that sense, the opinion of the Steering Committee for Human Rights
of the Council of Europe when it states, in connection with article 1,
paragraph 1, of Protocol 7 to the European Convention on Human Rights,
that expulsion decisions must be taken “by the competent authority in
accordance with the provisions of substantive law and with the relevant
procedural rules” (Council of Europe, Explanatory Report on Protocol
No. 7 to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and
Fundamental Freedoms, para. 11). | 在这个意义上，参见欧洲人权委员会指导委员会的意见，该意见就《欧洲人权公约第7号议定书》第1条第1款指出，驱逐决定必须“由主管当局依照实质法规定和有关程序规则作出”(欧洲委员会，关于《保护人权和基本自由公约第7号议定书》的解释性报告，第11段)。 |
| Ahmadou
Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo),
Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2010, p. 639, at p. 663, para. 65. | 艾哈迈杜·萨迪奥·迪亚洛案(几内亚共和国诉刚果民主共和国)，案情实质，判决，《2010年国际法院案例汇编》，第639页起，见第663页，第65段。 |
| Referring
to the procedural guarantees conferred on aliens by Congolese law and
aimed at protecting the persons in question against the risk of
arbitrary treatment, the Court concluded that the expulsion of Mr.
Diallo had not been decided “in accordance with law” (ibid., p. 666,
para. 73). | 对于刚果法律给予外国人的旨在保护有关外国人不受任意待遇危险的程序保障，法院的结论是，对Diallo先生的驱逐不是“依照法律”决定的(同上，第666页，第73段)。 |
| Human
Rights Committee, communication No. 58/1979 Anna Maroufidou v. Sweden,
Views adopted on 9 April 1981, Official Records of the General
Assembly, Thirty-sixth Session, Supplement No. 40 (A/36/40), p. 165,
para. 10.1. | 人权事务委员会，第58/1979号来文，Anna 3oufidou诉瑞典，1981年4月9日通过的意见，《大会正式记录，第三十六届会议，补编第40号》(A/36/40)，第165页，第10.1段。 |
| Ahmadou
Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo),
Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2010, p. 639, and Bozano v. France,
Judgment of 18 December 1986, Application No. 9990/82, para. 58: “Where
the Convention refers directly back to domestic law, as in article 5,
compliance with such law is an integral part of Contracting States
‘engagements’ and the Court is accordingly competent to satisfy itself
of such compliance where relevant (article 19); | 艾哈迈
杜·萨迪奥·迪亚洛案(几内亚共和国诉刚果民主共和国)，案情实质，判决，《2010年国际法院案例汇编》，第639页，及Bozano诉法国，1986
年12月18日的判决，第9990/82号申诉，第58段：“如果《公约》直接提及国内法，像第5条那样，那么遵守这种法律是缔约国‘承诺’的不可分割部
分，法院因而有权在相关时确知法律得到这样的遵守(第19条)； |
| the
scope of its task in this connection, however, is subject to limits
inherent in the logic of the European system of protection, since it is
in the first place for the national authorities, notably the courts, to
interpret and apply domestic law (see, inter alia and mutatis mutandis,
the Winterwerp judgment of 24 October 1979, Series A, No. 33, p. 10, §
46).” | 然而其在这方面的任务范围须受到欧洲保护制度的逻辑所固有的限制，因为首先是由国家当局，特别是其法院来解释并适用国内法律的(除其他外，例如参照1979年10月24日的Winterwerp判决，A辑，第33号，p.10,§ 46)。 |
| Règles
internationales sur l’admission et l’expulsion des étrangers
[International Regulations on the Admission and Expulsion of Aliens],
adopted on 9 September 1892 at the Geneva session of the Institute of
International Law, art. 30. | ” Règles internationals sur l’admission et l’expulsion des étrangers [关于接纳和驱逐外国人的国际规则]，1892年9月9日国际法学会日内瓦会议通过，第30条。 |
| Ahmadou
Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo),
Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2010, p. 639, at p. 669, para. 81. | 艾哈迈杜·萨迪奥·迪亚洛案(几内亚共和国诉刚果民主共和国)，案情实质，判决，《2010年国际法院案例汇编》，第639页起，见第669页，第81段。 |
| African
Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, Communication No. 212/98,
Amnesty International v. Zambia, Twelfth Annual Activity Report,
1998–1999, paras. 32 and 33. | 非洲人权和人民权利委员会第212/98号来文，大赦国际诉赞比亚，第十二次年度活动报告，1998-1999年，第32和33段。 |
| See above, para. (5) of the commentary to draft article 4. | 见上文第4条草案的评注第(5)段。 |
| However,
see below, draft article 6, subparagraph (a), and draft article 7,
which limit the grounds for expulsion of refugees and stateless persons
to “grounds of national security or public order”, thus reproducing the
rules contained in the relevant treaty instruments. | 然而见下文第6条草案(a)项和第7条草案，这两处案文限制以“国家安全或公共秩序的理由”来驱逐难民和无国籍人，因而重述了有关条约文书中的规定。 |
| On
the lawfulness of grounds for expulsion under international law, see
also, below, draft article 11 (Prohibition of expulsion for the purpose
of confiscation of assets) and draft article 12 (Prohibition of resort
to expulsion in order to circumvent an ongoing extradition procedure). | 关于国际法中驱逐理由的合法性问题，另参见下文第11条草案(禁止以没收财产为目的驱逐外国人)和第12条草案(禁止为规避正在进行的引渡程序而诉诸驱逐)。 |
| Convention
relating to the Status of Refugees, Geneva, 28 July 1951, United
Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 189, No. 2545, p. 150, art. 1. | 《关于难民地位的公约》，日内瓦，1951年7月28日，联合国，《条约汇编》，第189卷，第2545号，第150页，第一条。 |
| Protocol
relating to the Status of Refugees, New York, 31 January 1967, United
Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 606, No. 8791, p. 267, art. 1. | 《关于难民地位的议定书》，纽约，1967年1月31日，联合国，《条约汇编》，第606卷，第8791号，第267页，第一条。 |
| See
UNHCR, Handbook on Procedures for Determining Refugee Status, Geneva,
UNHRC, 1979, paragraph 28 of which reads as follows: “Recognition of
his refugee status does not therefore make him a refugee but declares
him to be one. | 见难民署，《确定难民身份的程序手册》，日内瓦，难民署，1979年，其中第28段内容如下：“因此，对其难民身份的承认不能使其成为难民，而只是宣称他为难民。 |
| He does not become a refugee because of recognition, but is recognized because he is a refugee.” | 他不会因承认而成为难民，他因是难民而得到承认。 ” |
| “OAU
Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in
Africa, Addis Ababa, 10 September 1969, United Nations, Treaty Series,
vol. 1001, No. 14691, p. 45. | 《非洲统一组织关于非洲难民问题特定方面的公约》，亚的斯亚贝巴，1969年9月10日，联合国，《条约汇编》，第1001卷，第14691号，第45页。 |
| This
provision reads as follows: “The provisions of this Convention shall
not apply to any person with respect to whom there are serious reasons
for considering that: | 这项规定的案文是：“本公约规定不适用于存在着重大理由足以认为有下列情事的任何人： |
| (a)
He has committed a crime against peace, a war crime, or a crime against
humanity, as defined in the international instruments drawn up to make
provision in respect of such crimes; | (甲) 该人犯了国际文件中已作出规定的破坏和平罪、战争罪、或危害人类罪； |
| (b)
He has committed a serious non-political crime outside the country of
refuge prior to his admission to that country as a refugee; | (乙) 该人在以难民身分进入避难国以前，曾在避难国以外犯过严重的非政治性罪行； |
| (c) He has been guilty of acts contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations.” | (丙) 该人曾有违反联合国宗旨和原则的行为并经认为有罪。 |
| This
provision reads as follows: “The expulsion of such a refugee [namely, a
refugee lawfully in the territory of the expelling State] shall be only
in pursuance of a decision reached in accordance with due process of
law. | ” 这项规定的案文是：“驱逐难民[即合法地在驱逐国境内的难民]出境只能以按照合法程序作出的判决为根据。 |
| Except
where compelling reasons of national security otherwise require, the
refugee shall be allowed to submit evidence to clear himself, and to
appeal to and be represented for the purpose before competent authority
or a person or persons specially designated by the competent authority.” | 除因国家安全的重大理由要求另作考虑外，应准许难民提出有利于其自己的证据，向主管当局或向由主管当局特别指定的人员申诉或者为此目的委托代表向上述当局或人员申诉。 ” |
| This
provision reads as follows: “The Contracting States shall allow such a
refugee a reasonable period within which to seek legal admission into
another country. | 这项规定的案文是：“缔约各国应给予上述难民一个合理的期间，以便取得合法进入另一国家的许可。 |
| The Contracting States reserve the right to apply during that period such internal measures as they may deem necessary.” | 缔约各国保留在这期间内适用它们所认为必要的内部措施的权利。 |
| See,
in particular, Elihu Lauterpacht and Daniel Bethlehem, “Complementary
forms of protection”, Global Consultations on International Protection,
UNHCR document EC/GC/01/18 of 4 September 2001, para. 11 (g). | ” 尤其见Elihu Lauterpacht和Daniel Bethlehem，“补充保护形式”，《关于国际保护的全球磋商》，难民署文件EC/GC/01/18，2001年9月4日，第11(g)段。 |
| French practice is particularly interesting in this regard. | 在这方面，法国的做法尤其令感兴趣。 |
| Unlike
the 1951 Convention, which simply says that the Contracting States may
not expel or return (refouler) a refugee “in any manner whatsoever to
the frontiers of territories where his life or freedom would be
threatened,” according to the French Constitutional Council, the fourth
preambular paragraph of the French Constitution of 27 October 1946, to
which the Constitution in force, of 4 October 1958, refers, implies, in
general terms, that an alien claiming refugee status is allowed to
remain provisionally in French territory until a ruling has been made
on his or her application (Constitutional Council, Decision No. 93-325
DC of 13 August 1993, Journal officiel, 18 August 1993, pp. 11722 et
seq. | 1951年公约只是说，缔约国不得以任何方式将难民驱逐或遣返(推回)至“其生命或自由受威胁的领
土边界，”而与此不同的是，根据法国宪法委员会，现行的1958年10月4日宪法所提及的1946年10月27日法国宪法序言部分第四段，总体而言其含义
是，申请难民身份的外国人被允许暂时留在法国领土内，直到对他或她的申请作出裁决(宪法委员会，1993年年8月13日第93-325
DC号决定，政府公报，1993年8月18日，第11722页起)。 |
| ).
This solution is directly inspired by the one used by the Assembly of
the French Council of State which, on two occasions, has recognized
that an asylum seeker claiming refugee status should be allowed to
remain provisionally in French territory until the French Office for
the Protection of Refugees and Stateless Persons or, where applicable,
the Refugee Appeals Commission, has ruled on his or her application
(Council of State, Assembly, 13 December 1991, M. Nkodia and Prefect of
Hérault v. Dakoury, Revue française de droit administratif,
January–February 1992, pp. 90–103). | 该解决办法的灵感来自法国最高行
政法院大会使用的办法，最高行政法院大会曾两次承认，申请难民身份的寻求庇护者应被允许暂时留在法国领土内，直到法国保护难民和无国籍人事务局以及适当
时，难民上诉委员会对他或她的申请作出裁决(最高行政法院大会，1991年12月13日，M. Nkodia and Prefect of
Hérault v. Dakoury, Revue française de droit
administratif，1992年1-2月，第90-103页)。 |
| See supra note 53. | 见上文注53。 |
| See above draft article 2, subpara. (a), in fine. | 见上文第2条草案(a)项末尾。 |
| Convention
relating to the Status of Stateless Persons, New York, 28 September
1954, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 360, No. 5158, p. 117. | 《关于无国籍人地位的公约》，纽约，1954年9月28日，联合国，《条约汇编》，第360卷，第5158号，第117页。 |
| This provision reads as follows: | 这条规定全文如下： |
| “Article 1 – Definition of the term stateless person | “第一条 ‘无国籍人’的定义 |
| 1.
For the purpose of this Convention, the term ‘stateless person’ means a
person who is not considered as a national by any State under the
operation of its law. | 一. 本公约所称‘无国籍人’一词是指任何国家根据它的法律不认为它的国民的人。 |
| 2. This Convention shall not apply: | 二. 本公约不适用于： |
| (i)
To persons who are at present receiving from organs or agencies of the
United Nations other than the United Nations High Commissioner for
Refugees protection or assistance so long as they are receiving such
protection or assistance; | (一) 目前从联合国难民事务高级专员以外的联合国机关或机构获得保护或援助的人，只要他仍在获得此项保护或援助； |
| (ii)
To persons who are recognized by the competent authorities of the
country in which they have taken residence as having the rights and
obligations which are attached to the possession of the nationality of
that country; | (二) 被其居住地国家主管当局认为具有附着于该国国籍的权利和义务的人； |
| (iii) To persons with respect to whom there are serious reasons for considering that: | (三) 存在着重大理由足以认为有下列情事的人： |
| (a)
They have committed a crime against peace, a war crime, or a crime
against humanity, as defined in the international instruments drawn up
to make provisions in respect of such crimes; | (甲) 该人犯了国际文件中已作出规定的破坏和平罪、战争罪、或危害人类罪； |
| (b)
They have committed a serious non-political crime outside the country
of their residence prior to their admission to that country; | (乙) 该人在进入居住地国以前，曾在该国以外犯过严重的非政治性罪行； |
| (c) They have been guilty of acts contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations.” | (丙) 该人曾有违反联合国宗旨和原则的罪行，并经认为有罪。 |
| This
provision reads as follows: “The expulsion of such a stateless person
[namely, a stateless person lawfully in the territory of the expelling
State] shall be only in pursuance of a decision reached in accordance
with due process of law. | ” 这项规定的案文是：“驱逐无国籍人[即合法地在驱逐国境内的无国籍人]出境只能以按照合法程序作出的判决为根据。 |
| Except
where compelling reasons of national security otherwise require, the
stateless person shall be allowed to submit evidence to clear himself,
and to appeal to and be represented for the purpose before competent
authority or a person or persons specially designated by the competent
authority.” | 除因国家安全的重大理由要求另作考虑外，应准许无国籍人提出可以为自己辩白的证据，向主管当局或向由主管当局特别指定的人员申诉或者为此目的委托代表向上述当局或人员申诉。 ” |
| This
provision reads as follows: “The Contracting States shall allow such a
stateless person a reasonable period within which to seek legal
admission into another country. | 这项规定的案文是：“缔约各国应给予上述无国籍人一个合理的期间，以便取得合法进入另一国家的许可。 |
| The Contracting States reserve the right to apply during that period such internal measures as they may deem necessary.” | 缔约各国保留在这期间内适用它们所认为必要的内部措施的权利。 |
| General Assembly resolution 217 (III) A of 10 December 1948. | ” 大会1948年12月10日第217(III)A号决议。 |
| Article 15 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights reads as follows: “1. Everyone has the right to a nationality. 2. | 《世界人权宣言》第十五条规定如下：“(一) 人人有权享有国籍。 |
| No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality nor denied the right to change his nationality. | (二) 任何人的国籍不得任意剥夺，亦不得否认其改变国籍的权利。 |
| ”
See also art. 20, para. 3, of the American Convention on Human Rights
(“No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality or of the
right to change it.”), as well as art. 29, para. 1, of the Arab Charter
on Human Rights (“Everyone has the right to nationality. | ”另见《美洲人权公约》第20条第3款(“任何人的国籍或其改变国籍的权利不得任意剥夺。 ”)，以及《阿拉伯人权宪章》第29条第1款(“人人有权享有国籍。 |
| No one shall be arbitrarily or unlawfully deprived of his nationality”). | 任何人的国籍不得任意或非法剥夺”)。 |
| See
Vedran Andric v. Sweden, Decision as to the admissibility of
Application No. 45917/99, 23 February 1999, para. 1: “The Court finds
that collective expulsion is to be understood as any measure compelling
aliens, as a group, to leave a country, except where such a measure is
taken on the basis of a reasonable and objective examination of the
particular case of each individual alien of the group. | 见
韦德兰·安德里奇诉瑞典，关于第45917/99号申诉是否可受理的决定，1999年2月23日，第1段：“本院认为，集体驱逐应被理解为强迫外国人作为
一个群体离开一个国家的任何措施，除非该措施是在对该群体中每个外国人的具体情况进行了合理和客观审查的基础上而采取的。 |
| Moreover,
the fact that a number of aliens receive similar decisions does not
lead to the conclusion that there is a collective expulsion when each
person concerned has been given the opportunity to put arguments
against his expulsion to the competent authorities on an individual
basis … | 此外，当每一个有关的个人已被给予机会可单独地向主管部门就驱逐决定提出反对意见时…若干外国人收到类似决定这一事实不能导致得出发生了集体驱逐的结论。 |
| ”
See also Čonka v. Belgium, Judgment (Merits and Just Satisfaction), 5
February 2002, Application No. 51564/99, para. 59: “The Court
reiterates its case-law whereby collective expulsion, within the
meaning of Article 4 of Protocol No. 4, is to be understood as any
measure compelling aliens, as a group, to leave a country, except where
such a measure is taken on the basis of a reasonable and objective
examination of the particular case of each individual alien of the
group (see Andric, cited above)”. | ”另见Čonka诉比利时案，判决
(案情实质和公正抵偿)，2002年2月5日，第51564/99号申诉，第59段：“法院重申其判例法，据此，第4号议定书第4条意义上的集体驱逐，应
被理解为强迫外国人作为一个群体离开一个国家的任何措施，除非该措施是在对该群体中每个外国人的具体情况进行了合理和客观审查的基础上而采取的。 |
| See
also Case of Georgia v. Russia (I), Judgment (Merits), 3 July 2014,
Application No. 13255/07, para. 167: “The Court reiterates its case-law
according to which collective expulsion, within the meaning of Article
4 of Protocol No. 4, is to be understood as any measure compelling
aliens, as a group, to leave a country, except where such a measure is
taken following, and on the basis of, a reasonable and objective
examination of the particular case of each individual alien of the
group’ (see Čonka, cited above, § 59). | ”(见本注前面引述的安德
里奇案)。
另见格鲁吉亚诉俄罗斯案(一)，判决(案情实质)，2014年7月3日，第13255/07号申诉，第167段：“法院重申其判例法，据此，第4号议定书
第4条意义上的集体驱逐，应被理解为强迫外国人作为一个群体离开一个国家的任何措施，除非该措施是在对该群体中每个外国人的具体情况进行了合理和客观审查
的基础上而采取的。 ’(见本注前面引述的 Čonka案，§ 59)。 |
| The
Court has subsequently specified that ‘the fact that a number of aliens
are subject to similar decisions does not in itself lead to the
conclusion that there is a collective expulsion if each person
concerned has been given the opportunity to put arguments against his
expulsion to the competent authorities on an individual basis’ (see,
among other authorities, Sultani [v. France, Judgment, 20 September
2007, Application No. 45223/05] § 81, and Hirsi Jamaa and Others [v.
Italy, Judgment, 23 February 2012, Application No. 27765/09], §184). | 法
院随后又具体说明，‘当每一个有关的个人已被给予机会可单独地向主管部门就驱逐决定提出反对意见时…若干外国人收到类似决定这一事实本身不能导致得出发生
了集体驱逐的结论。 ’(除其他判决外，例如可参见 Sultani [诉法国，判决，2007年9月20日，第45223/05号申诉] §
81，和Hirsi Jamaa 等人[诉意大利，判决，2012年2月23日，第27765/09号申诉]，§184)。 |
| That
does not mean, however, that where there has been a reasonable and
objective examination of the particular case of each individual ‘the
background to the execution of the expulsion orders plays no further
role in determining whether there has been compliance with Article 4 of
Protocol No. 4’ (see Čonka, cited above, ibid.). | 然而，这不意味着在对每一个人特定案件进行合理和客观审查之后，‘执行驱逐令的背景对于确定是否遵守了第4号认定书第4条便不再起进一步作用’(见前面引述的Čonka案，同上)。 |
| ” | ” |
| In
it, the Special Rapporteur states the following: “Any measure that
compels non-citizens, as a group, to leave a country is prohibited
except where such a measure is taken on the basis of a reasonable and
objective examination of the particular case of each individual
non-citizen in the group. | 在报告里，特别报告员发表了以下意见：“迫使非公民作为一个群体离开一个国家的任何措施是受禁止的，除非这样的措施是在对该群体里每一个非公民的具体情况进行了合理和客观审查的基础上而采取的。 |
| ”
The rights of non-citizens, Final report of the Special Rapporteur, Mr.
David Weissbrodt, submitted in accordance with Sub-Commission decision
2000/103, Commission resolution 2000/104 and Economic and Social
Council decision 2000/283 (E/CN.4/Sub.2/2003/23), 26 May 2003, para. 11
(citing the European Court of Human Rights, Čonka v. Belgium, op. cit.
). | 非公民权利特别报告员戴维·魏斯布罗德先生的最后报告，根据小组委员会第2000/103号决定、委员
会第2000/104号和经济及社会理事会第2000/283号决定(E/CN.4/Sub.2/2003/23)提交，2003年5月26日，第11段
(援引欧洲人权法院，Čonka诉比利时，同前)。 |
| In its case-law, the European Court of Human Rights speaks of a “reasonable and objective examination”. | 在其判例法中，欧洲人权法院谈到“合理和客观的审查”。 |
| This
phrase was not used in the final version of draft article 9 in order to
keep the concomitant expulsion of more than one alien under the general
legal regime on expulsion established by the present draft articles. | 这句话没有用在第9条草案的最终版本里，以维持根据本条款草案确立的关于驱逐的一般法律制度同时驱逐两个以上外国人的可能。 |
| Protocol No. 4 to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, European Treaty Series, No. 46. | 《欧洲保护人权与基本自由公约第4号议定书》，《欧洲条约汇编》，第46号。 |
| Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 15: The position of aliens under the Covenant, 11 April 1986, para. 10. | 人权事务委员会，第15号一般性意见：“《公约》规定的外侨的地位”，1986年4月11日，第10段。 |
| See above, paragraph (4) of the commentary to draft article 5. | 见上文第5条草案的评注第(4)段。 |
| See,
inter alia, Ruth L. Cove, “State Responsibility for Constructive
Wrongful Expulsion of Foreign Nationals”, Fordham International Law
Journal, vol. 11, 1987–1988, pp. 802–838. | 除其他外，见Ruth L. Cove，“对外国国民的推断性不法驱逐所引起的国家责任”，《福德姆国际法杂志》，第11卷，1987-1988年，第802-838页。 |
| See
in particular draft articles 4 and 5 above, concerning the requirement
for conformity with law and grounds for expulsion, respectively. | 具体见上文第4和第5条草案，分别涉及符合法律规定的要求和驱逐的理由。 |
| D.J.
Harris, Cases and Materials on International Law, 7th ed. (London,
Sweet & Maxwell, 2010), p. 470 (commenting on the Iran-United
States Claims Tribunal cases relating to disguised expulsion). | D.J. Harris，《国际法案件和材料》，第7版 (伦敦，Sweet & Maxwell，2010年)，第470页(评论伊朗－美国索赔法庭关于变相驱逐的案件)。 |
| Concerning
this case-law, see also Giorgio Gaja “Expulsion of Aliens: Some Old and
New Issues in International Law”, Cursos Euromediterráneos Bancaja de
Derecho Internacional, vol. 3, 1999, pp. 283–314, particularly pp.
289–290, which refer to the following decisions of the Tribunal: Short
v. Islamic Republic of Iran, Award of 14 July 1987, Iran-United States
Claims Tribunal Reports, vol. 16 (1987-III), pp. 85–86; | 关
于这种判例，另见乔治·加亚 “驱逐外国人：国际法中的一些老问题和新问题”，Cursos Euromediterráneos Bancaja
de Derecho
Internacional，第3卷，1999年，第283-314页，尤其是第289至290页，其中提到该法庭的以下裁决：Short诉伊朗伊斯兰共
和国，1987年7月14日的裁决，《伊朗－美国索赔法庭报告》，第16卷(1987-III)，第85至86页； |
| International
Technical Products Corporation v. Islamic Republic of Iran, Award of 19
August 1985, Iran-United States Claims Tribunal Reports, vol. 9
(1985-II), p. 18; | 国际技术产品公司诉伊朗伊斯兰共和国，1985年8月19日的裁决，《伊朗－美国索赔法庭报告》，第9卷(1985-II)，第18页； |
| and
Rankin v. Islamic Republic of Iran, Award of 3 November 1987,
Iran-United States Claims Tribunal Reports, vol. 17 (1987-IV), pp.
147–148. | 以及Rankin诉伊朗伊斯兰共和国，1987年11月3日的裁决，《伊朗－美国索赔法庭报告》，第17卷(1987-IV)，第147至148页。 |
| See
also Peter Malanczuk, Akehurst’s Modern Introduction to International
Law, 7th rev. ed. (London/New York, Routledge, 1997), p. 262; | 另见Peter Malanczuk, Akehurst’s Modern Introduction to International Law，第7修订版 (伦敦/纽约，Routledge，1997年)，第262页； |
| John
R. Crook, “Applicable Law in International Arbitration: The Iran-U.S.
Claims Tribunal Experience”, American Journal of International Law,
vol. 83, 1989, pp. 278–311 at pp. 308 and 309; | John R. Crook，“国际仲裁中适用的法律：伊朗伊斯兰共和国－美国索赔法庭的经验”，《美国国际法杂志》，第83卷，1989年，第278-311页，见第308和309页； |
| and R. Cove, op. cit., pp. 802–838. | 及R. Cove，同前，第802-838页。 |
| Partial
Award, Civilians Claims, Ethiopia’s Claim 5, Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims
Commission, The Hague, 17 December 2004, paras. 91–95, United Nations,
Reports of International Arbitral Awards, vol. XXVI, pp. 277–278. | 部分裁决，平民索赔，埃塞俄比亚的申诉5，厄立特里亚－埃塞俄比亚索赔委员会，海牙，2004年12月17日，第91至95段，联合国，《国际仲裁裁决汇编》，第二十六卷，第277至278页。 |
| Ibid.,
pp. 285–286 [citing Charles N. Brower & Jason D. Brueschke, The
Iran-United States Claims Tribunal, pp. 343–365 (1998); | 同上，第285至286段[引述Charles N. Brower & Jason D. Brueschke，《伊朗－美国索赔法庭》，第343-365页(1998年)； |
| George H. Aldrich, The Jurisprudence of the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal, pp. 464–471 (1996)]. | George H. Aldrich，《伊朗－美国索赔法庭的判例》，第464-471页(1996年)]。 |
| See
in this connection the Declaration of Principles of International Law
on Mass Expulsion by the International Law Association. | 在这方面，参见国际法协会《关于大规模驱逐的国际法原则宣言》。 |
| The
definition of the term “expulsion” contained in the Declaration also
covers situations in which the forcible departure of individuals is
achieved by means other than a formal decision by the authorities of
the State. | 《宣言》中所载“驱逐”一词的定义也涵盖以国家当局正式决定或命令以外的其他方法强制个人离开的情况。 |
| It
encompasses situations in which a State aids, abets or tolerates acts
committed by its citizens with the intention of provoking the departure
of individuals from the territory of the State. | 该定义包括如下情况：国家帮助、唆使或容忍其公民从事旨在促使个人离开国境的行为。 |
| According to the Declaration, | 该《宣言》指出： |
| “‘expulsion’
in the context of the present Declaration may be defined as an act, or
failure to act, by a State with the intended effect of forcing the
departure of persons, against their will from its territory for reason
of race, nationality, membership of a particular social group or
political opinion; | “在本宣言的范围内，‘驱逐’的定义可界定为一国旨在实现如下效果的作为或不作为：基于种族、国籍、参加某一特定社会群组或政治意见的原因，强迫人们非自愿地离开其领土； |
| …
‘a failure to act’ may include situations in which authorities of a
State tolerate, or even aid and abet, acts by its citizens with the
intended effect of driving groups or categories of persons out of the
territory of that State, or where the authorities create a climate of
fear resulting in panic flight, fail to assure protection to those
persons or obstruct their subsequent return”. | …‘不作为’可包括如下情况：国家当局容忍，乃至帮助和唆使其公民采取旨在把某些群体或类别的人逐出国境的行为； 或者，当局制造恐惧气氛，导致惊慌外逃； 或者，不保护这些人或阻碍他们其后回返。 |
| International
Law Association, Declaration of Principles of International Law on Mass
Expulsion, 62nd Conference of the International Law Association, Seoul,
24–30 August 1986, Conference Report 1986, p. 13. | ” 国际法协会，《关于大规模驱逐的国际法原则宣言》，国际法协会第62届大会，1986年8月24日至30日，首尔，《1986年大会报告》，第13页。 |
| Yearbook … 2001, vol. II (Part Two). | 《2001年…年鉴》，第二卷(第二部分)。 |
| Text
reproduced as it appears in the annex to General Assembly resolution
56/83 of 12 December 2001, and corrected by document A/56/49 (Vol.
I)/Corr.4. | 案文原载于大会2001年12月12日第56/83号决议附件，后经A/56/49 (Vol. I)/Corr.4号文件更正。 |
| Guy S. Goodwin-Gill, International Law and the Movement of Persons between States (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1978), p. 209. | Guy S. Goodwin-Gill，《国际法与各国之间人员的流动》(牛津，克拉伦登出版社，1978年)，第209页。 |
| See,
inter alia, the examples cited in: Franck Paul Weber, “Expulsion:
genèse et pratique d’un contrôle en Allemagne”, Cultures et Conflits,
No. 23 (1996), pp. 107–153; | 除其他外，参阅下列著作中所提到的实例：Franck Paul Weber, “Expulsion:genèse et pratique d’un contrôle en Allemagne”，《文化与冲突》，第23号(1996年)，第107-153页； |
| Anne
Bazin, “Les décrets Beneš et l’intégration de la République tchèque
dans l’Union européenne”, Questions d’Europe, No. 59, 22 September 2002; | Anne
Bazin, “Les décrets Beneš et l’intégration de la République tchèque
dans l’Union européenne”，Questions d’Europe，第59号，2002年9月22日； |
| and
Louis B. Sohn and Richard R. Baxter, “Responsibility of States for
Injuries to the Economic Interests of Aliens”, American Journal of
International Law, vol. 55, 1961, p. 566. | 以及 Louis B. Sohn和Richard R. Baxter，“国家对外国人经济利益所受损害的责任”，《美国国际法杂志》，第55卷，1961年，第566页。 |
| See Goodwin-Gill, op. cit., supra note 79, pp. 216–217 and 307–308. | 见S. Goodwin-Gill，同前，上文注79，第216-217页和第307-308页。 |
| Resolution
40/144, Declaration on the Human Rights of Individuals Who are not
Nationals of the Country in which They Live, 13 December 1985, annex,
art. 9. | 第40/144号决议，《非居住国国民个人人权宣言》，1985年12月13日，附件，第9条。 |
| See also draft article 20 below, concerning the protection of the property of an alien subject to expulsion. | 另见下文关于保护拟被驱逐的外国人财产的第20条草案。 |
| See
European Court of Human Rights, Bozano v. France, Judgment of 18
December 1986, Application No. 9990/82, paras. 52–60, especially the
Court’s conclusion in paragraph 60 of its judgment: “Viewing the
circumstances of the case as a whole and having regard to the volume of
material pointing in the same direction, the Court consequently
concludes that the applicant’s deprivation of liberty in the night of
26 to 27 October 1975 was neither ‘lawful’, within the meaning of
article 5 § 1 (f) (art. 5-1-f), nor compatible with the ‘right to
security of person’. | 见欧洲人权法院，第9990/82号申诉，1986年12月18
日的判决，Bozano诉法国，第52至60段，尤其是该法院在判决第60段得出的结论：“根据案件整体情况并考虑到大量相吻合的材料，法院就此得出结
论：1975年10月26日至27日夜剥夺申诉人的自由，既不符合第5条第(1)款(f)项下‘合法’的含义，也不符合‘人身安全权利’。 |
| ”
Depriving Mr. Bozano of his liberty in this way amounted in fact to a
disguised form of extradition designed to circumvent the negative
ruling of 15 May 1979 by the Indictment Division of the Limoges Court
of Appeal, and not to ‘detention’ necessary in the ordinary course of
‘action … taken with a view to deportation’. | 以这种方式剥夺博萨诺先生的自由，其实无异于变相形式的引渡，目的是为规避1979年5月15日利摩日上诉法院起诉庭的否定裁决，而不是正常的‘为递解出境采取…行动’所需的‘拘留’。 |
| The
findings of the presiding judge of the Paris tribunal de grande
instance — even if obiter — and of the Limoges Administrative Court,
even if that court had only to determine the lawfulness of the order of
17 September 1979, are of the utmost importance in the Court’s view; | 法院认为，巴黎大审法庭庭长的结论(虽是附带之言)和利摩日行政法院的结论(虽然该法院只确定1979年9月17日命令的合法性)都是极其重要的； |
| they illustrate the vigilance displayed by the French courts. | 它们说明了法国法院表现出的警惕。 |
| There has accordingly been a breach of article 5 § 1 (art. 5–1) of the Convention.” | 因此，违反公约第5条第(1)款的情况成立。 |
| General
Assembly resolution 40/144, Declaration on the Human Rights of
Individuals Who are not Nationals of the Country in which They Live, 13
December 1985, annex. | ” 大会第40/144号决议，《非居住国国民个人人权宣言》，1985年12月13日，附件。 |
| See,
for example, article 7 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights,
article 2 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights,
article 2 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, article 14 of
the European Convention on Human Rights and its Protocol No. 12 or
article 28 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights. | 例如见《世界人权宣言》第7条、《国际公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第2条、《儿童权利》第2条，《欧洲人权公约》第14条及其第12号议定书以及《非洲人权和人民权利宪章》第28条。 |
| Rankin
v. Islamic Republic of Iran, Iran-United States Claims Tribunal, Award
of 3 November 1987, Iran-United States Claims Tribunal Reports, vol.
17, p. 142, para. 22. | Rankin诉伊朗伊斯兰共和国，伊朗－美国索赔法庭，1987年11月3日的裁决，《伊朗－美国索赔法庭报告》，第17卷，第142页，第22段。 |
| Communication
No. R 9/35, Shirin Aumeeruddy-Cziffra and 19 other Mauritian women v.
Mauritius, Views adopted on 9 April 1981, Official Records of the
General Assembly, Thirty-sixth Session, Supplement No. 40 (A/36/40),
pp. 139–142, para. 9.2. | 第R 9/35号来文，Shirin Aumeeruddy-Cziffra和另外19名毛里求斯妇女诉毛里求斯，1981年4月9日通过的意见，《大会正式记录，第三十六届会议，补编第40号》(A/36/40)，第139至142页，第9.2段。 |
| European Court of Human Rights, Abdulaziz, Cabales and Balkandali v. United Kingdom, Judgment of 28 May 1985, Series A, No. 94; | 欧洲人权法院，Abdulaziz、Cabales和Balkandali诉联合王国，1985年5月28日的判决，A辑，第94号； |
| relevant
parts of the judgment are recalled by Marc Bossuyt in his commentary on
article 14 in L.-E. Pettiti, E. Decaux and P.-H. Imbert (eds.), La
Convention européenne des droits de l’homme. Commentaire article par
article (Paris, Economica, 1999), pp. 482–483. | 马克·博
叙伊在他关于第14条的评注中回顾了该判决的一些相关部分，其评注载于L.-E. Pettiti、E. Decaux和P.-H. Imbert
(编)，La Convention européenne des droits de l’homme. Commentaire article
par article (巴黎，Economica，1999年)，第482-483页。 |
| Ibid., para. 78. | 同上，第78段。 |
| Ibid., para. 82. | 同上，第82段。 |
| Ibid., para. 85. | 同上，第85段。 |
| Communication
No. 488/1992, Nicholas Toonen v. Australia, Views adopted on 31 March
1994, Official Records of the General Assembly, Forty-ninth Session,
Supplement No. 40 (A/49/40), vol. II, p. 235, para. 8.7. | 第488/1992号来文，Nicholas Toonen诉澳大利亚，1994年3月31日通过的意见，《大会正式记录，第四十九届会议，补编第40号》(A/49/40)，第二卷，第235页，第8.7段。 |
| For
the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights, see, inter alia,
Salgueiro Da Silva Mouta v. Portugal, Judgment of 21 December 1999,
Application No. 33290/96, para. 28, and E.B. v. France, Judgment of 22
February 2008, Application No. 43546/02, para. 50. | 对于欧洲人权法院的判例法，除其他外，Salgueiro Da Silva Mouta诉葡萄牙，1999年12月21日的判决，第33290/96号申诉，第28段，以及E.B.诉法国，2008年2月22日的判决，第43546/02号申诉，第50段。 |
| The European Court of Human Rights dealt with this issue in the case of a Moroccan national who was expelled from Belgium. | 欧洲人权法院在审理从比利时驱逐的摩洛哥国民一案时处理了这一问题。 |
| The
Court said that “[a]s for the preferential treatment given to nationals
of the other member States of the Communities, there is objective and
reasonable justification for it as Belgium belongs, together with those
States, to a special legal order. | 法院说：“关于对共同体其他成员国给予优惠待遇的问题，比利时有客观和合理的理由这样做，因为它连同那些国家一起，属于一种特殊的法律秩序。 |
| ”(Moustaquim v. Belgium, Judgment (Merits and Just Satisfaction), 18 February 1991, Application No. 12313/86, para. 49). | ”(Moustaquim诉比利时，判决(案情实质和公正抵偿)，1991年2月18日，第12313/86号申诉，第49段)。 |
| Convention on the Rights of the Child, New York, 20 November 1989, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1577, No. 27531, p. 3. | 《儿童权利公约》，1989年11月20日，纽约，联合国，《条约汇编》，第1577卷，第27531号，第3页。 |
| Article
3 reads as follows: “In all actions concerning children, whether
undertaken by public or private social welfare institutions, courts of
law, administrative authorities or legislative bodies, the best
interests of the child shall be a primary consideration.” | 第3条规定如下：“关于儿童的一切行动，不论是由公私社会福利机构、法院、行政当局或立法机构执行，均应以儿童的最大利益为一种首要考虑。 |
| See
in particular European Court of Human Rights, Case of Mubilanzila
Mayeka and Keniki Mitunga v. Belgium, Judgment, 12 October 2006,
Application No. 13178/03, para. 55. | ” 具体见欧洲人权法院，Mubilanzila Mayeka和Keniki Mitunga诉比利时案，判决，2006年10月12日，第13178/03号申诉，第55段。 |
| See
in particular article 3 of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human
Rights and article 6 of the International Covenant on Civil and
Political Rights. | 具体见1948年《世界人权宣言》第三条和《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第六条。 |
| See article 2 of the European Convention on Human Rights; | 见《欧洲人权公约》第2条； |
| article 2 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union; | 《欧洲联盟基本权利宪章》第2条； |
| article 3 of the American Convention on Human Rights; | 《美洲人权公约》第3条； |
| article 4 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights; | 《非洲人权和人民权利宪章》第4条； |
| and article 5 of the Arab Charter on Human Rights. | 以及《阿拉伯人权宪章》第5条。 |
| See,
inter alia, article 5 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights,
article 7 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights,
preambular paragraph 4 of the Convention against Torture and Other
Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, article 5 of the
African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, article 5, paragraph 2,
of the American Convention on Human Rights and article 3 of the
European Convention on Human Rights. | 尤其见《世界人权宣言》第五条、《公约权利和政治权利国际公约》第七条、《禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚公约》序言第4段、《非洲人权和人民权利宪章》第五条、《美洲人权公约》第五条第2款以及《欧洲人权公约》第三条。 |
| General Assembly resolution 40/144 of 13 December 1985, annex, art. 6. | 大会1985年12月13日第40/144号决议，附件，第6条。 |
| Ahmadou
Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo),
Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2010, p. 639, at p. 671, para. 87; | 艾哈迈杜·萨迪奥·迪亚洛案(几内亚共和国诉刚果民主共和国)，案情实质，判决，《2010年国际法院案例汇编》，第639页起，见第671页，第87段。 |
| See also paragraph (1) of the commentary to article 24 below. | 另见下文第24条评注第(1)段。 |
| See, in this regard, the points made in para. (4) of the commentary to article 24 below. | 在这方面，见下文第24条评注第(4)段提出的观点。 |
| See,
for example, Czech Republic, Act No. 326 of 30 November 1999 on
Residence of Aliens in the Territory of the Czech Republic and
Amendment to Some Acts (as amended through Act No. 140 Sb. of 3 April
2001 and Act. No. 427 of 21 December 2010), art. 9(3); | 例如见捷克共和国关于外国人在捷克共和国境内居留及修订某些法律的1999年11月30日第326号法律(后经2001年4月3日第140 Sb.号法律和2010年12月21日第427号法律修订)，第9条第3款； |
| Spain,
Organic Law 4/2000 (11 January 2000) concerning the rights and
liberties of foreigners in Spain and their social integration, modified
by the Organic Law 2/2009 (11 December 2009), arts. 57.5. b) and 64.2
a); | 西班牙关于外国人在西班牙的权利和自由及其社会融合的第4/2000号基本法(2000年1月11日)，后经第2/2009号(2009年12月11日)基本法修订，第57条第5款(b)项和第64条第2款(a)项； |
| Sweden, Aliens Act (SFS 2005:716), arts. 8:15, 8:13 and 8a:2; | 瑞典《外国人法》(SFS2005:716)，第8:15、8:13和8a:2条； |
| and
Switzerland, Federal Act on Foreign Nationals (No. 142.20) of 16
December 2005, Art. 3 (2), and Chapter 7: Family Reunification (Art
42-52); | 以及瑞士2005年12月16日《联邦外国人法》(第142.20号)，第3条第2款，以及第7章； 家族团聚(第42-52条)； |
| see
also Re Ratzlaff, Belgian State, Cour de Cassation, 21 September 1959,
International Law Reports, volume 47, 1974, E. Lauterpacht (ed.), pp.
263–264; | 另见Re Ratzlaff，比利时国，上诉法院，1959年9月21日，《国际法案例汇编》，第47卷，1974年，E. Lauterpacht(编)，第263-264页； |
| Cazier
v. Belgian State (Minister of Justice), Conseil d’État, 13 July 1953,
International Law Reports, 1953, H. Lauterpacht (ed.), pp. 335–336; | Cazier诉Belgian State (Minister of Justice)，Conseil d’État，1953年7月13日，《国际法案例汇编》，1953年，H. Lauterpacht (编)，第335-336页； |
| K.A.
v. State of the Netherlands, District Court of the Hague, 12 July 1979,
International Law Reports, volume 74, E. Lauterpacht, C.J. Greenwood
(eds.), pp. 444–448; | K.A.诉荷兰国，海牙地区法院，1979年7月12日，《国际法案例汇编》，第74卷，E. Lauterpacht, C.J. Greenwood (编)，第444-448页； |
| Deportation to U. Case, ibid., pp. 613–617; | Deportation to U. Case，同上，第613-617页； |
| In
Re Paul B, Federal Republic of Germany, Federal Constitutional Court
(Supreme Senate), 1 March 1966, International Law Reports, volume 45,
E. Lauterpacht (ed.), pp. 371–376; | In Re Paul B，德意志联邦共和国联邦宪法法院(最高参议院)，1966年3月1日，《国际法案例汇编》，第45卷，E. Lauterpacht(编)，第371-376页； |
| Expulsion Order Case, ibid., pp. 436–443; | 驱逐令案，同上，第436-443页； |
| Expulsion
of Alien Case, Federal Republic of Germany, Administrative Court of
Appeals of Bavaria, 12 January 1966, International Law Reports, volume
57, E. Lauterpacht, C. J. Greenwood (eds.), pp. 313–315; | 驱逐外国人案，德意志联邦共和国巴伐利亚行政上诉法院，1966年1月12日，《国际法案例汇编》，第57卷，E. Lauterpacht, C. J. Greenwood (编)，第313-315页； |
| Residence Prohibition Order Case (1), ibid., pp. 431–433; | 禁止居住令案(1)，同上，第431-433页； |
| Expulsion
of Alien (Germany) Case, German Federal Republic, Federal
Administrative Supreme Court, 25 October 1956, International Law
Reports, 1956, H. Lauterpacht (ed.), pp. 393–395; | 驱逐外国人(德国)案，德意志联邦共和国联邦最高行政法院，1956年10月25日，《国际法律报告》，1956年，H. Lauterpacht (编)，第393–395页； |
| Expulsion
of Foreign National (Germany) Case, Federal Republic of Germany,
Administrative Court of Appeal of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia,
16 May 1961, International Law Reports, volume 32, E. Lauterpacht
(ed.), pp. 255–257; | 驱逐外国国民(德国)案，德意志联邦共和国北莱茵-威斯特法伦州行政上诉法院，1961年5月16日，《国际法案例汇编》，第32卷，E. Lauterpacht (编)，第255-257页； |
| In
re Barahona, Supreme Court of Costa Rica, 10 August 1939, Annual Digest
and Reports of Public International Law Cases, 1938–1940, H.
Lauterpacht (ed.), Case No. 138, pp. 386–388; | In re Barahona，哥斯达黎加最高法院，1939年8月10日，《国际公法案件年度摘要和报告》，1938-1940年，H. Lauterpacht (编)，第138号案件，第386-388页； |
| Louie
Yuet Sun v. The Queen, Ontario High Court of Justice, 22 March 1960,
Supreme Court, 28 November 1960, International Law Reports, volume 32,
E. Lauterpacht (ed.), pp. 252–255; | Louie Yuet Sun诉女王，安大略高等法院，1960年3月22日，最高法院，1960年11月28日，《国际法案例汇编》，第32卷，E. Lauterpacht (编)，第252-255页； |
| Seyoum Faisa Joseph v. U.S. Immigration & Naturalization Service, ibid.; | Seyoum Faisa Joseph诉美国移民归化局，同上； |
| Fernandes
v. Secretary of State for the Home Department, Court of Appeal of
England, 20 November 1980, International Law Reports, volume 78, E.
Lauterpacht, C.J. Greenwood (eds.), pp. 371–378; | Fernandes诉内务部国务秘书，英格兰上诉法院，1980年11月20日，《国际法案例汇编》，第78卷，E. Lauterpacht, C. J. Greenwood (编)，第371-378页； |
| Harisiades v. Shaughnessy, ibid., pp. 345–350 (expelled despite having a wife and children who were citizens). | Harisiades诉Shaughnessy，同上，第345-350页(尽管其妻子及子女为公民，仍被驱逐)。 |
| See also the memorandum of the Secretariat on expulsion of aliens (A/CN.4/565), paras. 466–467. | 另见秘书处关于驱逐外国人问题的备忘录 (A/CN.4/565)，第466-467段。 |
| General Assembly resolution 40/144 of 13 December 1985, annex. | 大会1985年12月13日第40/144号决议，附件。 |
| European
Convention on Establishment (with Protocol), Paris, 13 December 1955,
United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 529, No. 7660, p. 141. | 《欧洲居留公约》(附有议定书)，巴黎，1955年12月13日，联合国，《条约汇编》，第529卷，第7660号，第141页。 |
| This requirement is set out in general terms in draft article 4, above. | 这一要求包含在上文第4条草案的一般规定之中。 |
| Moustaquim
v. Belgium, Judgment (Merits and Just Satisfaction), European Court of
Human Rights, 18 February 1991, Application No. 12313/86, paras. 41 to
46. | Moustaquim诉比利时，判决(案情实质和公正抵偿)，欧洲人权法院，1991年2月18日，第12313/86号申诉，第41至46段。 |
| Ibid., para. 46. | 同上，第46段。 |
| Nasri v. France, Judgment (Merits and Just Satisfaction), 13 July 1995, Application No. 19465/92, specifically para. 46. | 纳斯里诉法国，判决(案情实质和公正抵偿)，1995年7月13日，第19465/92号申诉，尤其是第46段。 |
| Cruz Varas and Others v. Sweden, Judgment (Merits), 20 March 1991, Application No. 15576/89, specifically para. 88. | 克鲁兹·巴拉斯等人诉瑞典，判决(案情实质)，1991年3月20日，第15576/89号申诉，特别是第88段。 |
| Boultif v. Switzerland, Judgment (Merits and Just Satisfaction), 2 August 2001, Application No. 54273/00. | 布尔提夫诉瑞士，判决(案情实质和公正抵偿)，2001年8月2日，第54273/00号申诉。 |
| In
more general terms, the Court set forth, in the Case of Boultif v.
Switzerland, a list of criteria to be applied in order to determine
whether the interference in family life resulting from an expulsion is
“necessary in a democratic society”. | 法院在布尔提夫诉瑞士案中，更广泛地列出了须运用的标准，以确定因驱逐出境而对家庭生活的干预是否“在民主社会中有必要”的。 |
| Such
criteria include the nature and the seriousness of the offence
committed by the applicant, the duration of the applicant’s stay in the
territory of the State, the time at which the offence was committed as
well as many different factors relating to the family ties of the
applicant, including children: | 这些标准包括：申诉人所犯罪行性质和严重性，申诉人在该国境内逗留时间，犯罪的时间以及涉及申诉人家庭关系(包括子女)的许多不同因素： |
| “The
Court has only a limited number of decided cases where the main
obstacle to expulsion was that it would entail difficulties for the
spouses to stay together and, in particular, for one of them and/or the
children to live in the other’s country of origin. | “有时驱逐出境的主要障碍是配偶难以团聚，尤其是配偶一方和(或)子女难以在另一方原籍国生活； 法院在这方面只有为数有限的已裁定案件。 因此，需要法院制定指导方针，以便审查所述措施在民主社会中有无必要。 |
| It
is therefore called upon to establish guiding principles in order to
examine whether the measure in question was necessary in a democratic
society. | 在此种案件中评估有关标准时，法院将审议申诉人所犯罪行的性质和严重性； |
| In
assessing the relevant criteria in such a case, the Court will consider
the nature and seriousness of the offence committed by the applicant; | 申诉人在其要被逐出的国家的居留时间； 实施犯罪已有多久及其间申诉人的表现； |
| the duration of the applicant’s stay in the country from which he is going to be expelled; | 各有关个人的国籍； 申诉人的家庭状况，如婚龄； |
| the time which has elapsed since the commission of the offence and the applicant’s conduct during that period; | 下列其他因素：夫妻双方有无真实、实际的家庭生活； |
| the nationalities of the various persons concerned; | 配偶在组成家庭关系时是否了解犯罪之事； |
| the applicant’s family situation, such as the length of the marriage; | 婚后有无子女，如有，子女年龄。 |
| other
factors revealing whether the couple lead a real and genuine family
life; whether the spouse knew about the offence at the time when he or
she entered into a family relationship; | 还有一点也很重要，即法院还将审议配偶在申诉人原籍国可能面临的困难的严重性，不过，某人在陪伴配偶时可能面临某些困难这一点本身并不能阻止驱逐出境。 |
| and whether there are children in the marriage and, if so, their age. | ”(欧洲人权法院，布尔提夫诉瑞士案，同前，第48段)。 |
| Not
least, the Court will also consider the seriousness of the difficulties
which the spouse would be likely to encounter in the applicant’s
country of origin, although the mere fact that a person might face
certain difficulties in accompanying her or his spouse cannot in itself
preclude expulsion. | 委员会认为，“如果在本案情形下提交人与其家庭分离及对他产生的影响与驱逐目标不相称，用驱逐的手段使一个人与其家庭分离可被视为任意干涉家庭并且违反第十七条”。 |
| ” (European Court of Human Rights, Case of Boultif v. Switzerland, op.cit., para. 48). | (第558/1993号来文，1997年4月3日通过的意见，国际人权报告，第5卷(1998年)，第76页，第11.4段)。 |
| According
to the Committee, “the separation of a person from his family by means
of his expulsion could be regarded as an arbitrary interference with
the family and as a violation of article 17 if in the circumstances of
the case the separation of the author from his family and its effects
on him were disproportionate to the objectives of removal”
(communication No. 558/1993, Views adopted on 3 April 1997,
International Human Rights Reports, vol. 5 (1998), p. 76, para. 11.4). | 在
以往的案件中，委员会发现，“与Stewart先生的家庭关系的干扰，这将是他被驱逐出境的必然结果不能被视为任何非法或任意时驱逐令依法为促进一国的正
当利益为并适当考虑是在递解出境程序给予被遣返的家庭关系“(第1993分之538号来文，通过观看1996年年11月1日，国际人权报告，第4卷
(1997)，第429页，上文第12.3至12.5)在一个先前的案件中，委员会认为：“干涉Stewart先生的家庭关系将是其递解出境的不可避免的
结果。 |
| In a previous case, the
Committee found that “the interference with Mr. Stewart’s family
relation that will be the inevitable outcome of his deportation cannot
be regarded as either unlawful or arbitrary when the deportation order
was made under law in furtherance of a legitimate State interest and
due consideration was given in the deportation proceedings to the
deportee’s family connections” (communication No. 538/1993, Views
adopted on 1 November 1996, International Human Rights Reports, vol. 4
(1997), p. 429, para. 12.10). | 但是递解出境是依法作出的，为的是促进正当的
国家利益，且在递解出境诉讼中对被递解出境人的家庭联系给予了应有的考虑，所以递解出境不应视为非法或任意”(第538/1993号来文，1996年11
月1日通过的意见，国际人权报告，第4卷(1997年)，第429页，第12.10段)。 |
| See,
in this regard, Commission on Human Rights, Migrant Workers, Report of
the Special Rapporteur, Ms. Gabriela Rodriguez Pizarro, submitted
pursuant to Commission on Human Rights resolution 2002/62
(E/CN.4/2003/85), 30 December 2002, para. 43: “Administrative detention
should never be punitive in nature.” | 关于这一点，见人权委员会，移徙工人，特别报告员加布里埃拉·罗德里格斯·皮萨罗女士根据人权委员会第2002/62号决议提交的报告(E/CN.4/2003/85)，2002年12月30日，第43段：“行政拘留绝不应当具有惩罚性质。 |
| Article 9 of the Covenant provides: “1. Everyone has the right to liberty and security of person. | ” 《公约》第九条规定：“1. 人人有权享有人身自由和安全。 |
| No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest or detention. | 任何人不得加以任意逮捕或拘禁。 |
| No one shall be deprived of his liberty except on such grounds and in accordance with such procedure as are established by law. | 除非依照法律所确定的根据和程序，任何人不得被剥夺自由。 |
| 2.
Anyone who is arrested shall be informed, at the time of arrest, of the
reasons for his arrest and shall be promptly informed of any charges
against him. 3. | 2. 任何被逮捕的人，在被逮捕时应被告知逮捕他的理由，并应被迅速告知对他提出的任何指控。 |
| Anyone
arrested or detained on a criminal charge shall be brought promptly
before a judge or other officer authorized by law to exercise judicial
power and shall be entitled to trial within a reasonable time or to
release. | 3. 任何因刑事指控被逮捕或拘禁的人，应被迅速带见审判官或其他经法律授权行使司法权力的官员，并有权在合理的时间内受审判或被释放。 |
| It
shall not be the general rule that persons awaiting trial shall be
detained in custody, but release may be subject to guarantees to appear
for trial, at any other stage of the judicial proceedings, and, should
occasion arise, for execution of the judgement. | 等候审判的人受监禁不应作为一般规则，但可规定释放时应保证在司法程序的任何其他阶段出席审判，并在必要时报到听候执行判决。 |
| 4.
Anyone who is deprived of his liberty by arrest or detention shall be
entitled to take proceedings before a court, in order that that court
may decide without delay on the lawfulness of his detention and order
his release if the detention is not lawful. | 4. 任何因逮捕或拘禁被剥夺自由的人，有资格向法庭提起诉讼，以便法庭能不拖延地决定拘禁他是否合法以及如果拘禁不合法时命令予以释放。 |
| 5.
Anyone who has been the victim of unlawful arrest or detention shall
have an enforceable right to compensation.” Article 10 of the Covenant
provides: “1. | 5. 任何遭受非法逮捕或拘禁的受害者，有得到赔偿的权利。 ” |
| All
persons deprived of their liberty shall be treated with humanity and
with respect for the inherent dignity of the human person. | 《公约》第十条规定：“1. 所有被剥夺自由的人应给予人道及尊重其固有的人格尊严的待遇。 |
| 2.
(a) Accused persons shall, save in exceptional circumstances, be
segregated from convicted persons and shall be subject to separate
treatment appropriate to their status as unconvicted persons; | 2. (甲) 除特殊情况外，被控告的人应与被判罪的人隔离开，并应给予适合于未判罪者身分的分别待遇； |
| (b) Accused juvenile persons shall be separated from adults and brought as speedily as possible for adjudication. 3. | (乙) 被控告的少年应与成年人分隔开，并应尽速予以判决。 |
| The
penitentiary system shall comprise treatment of prisoners the essential
aim of which shall be their reformation and social rehabilitation. | 3. 监狱制度应包括以争取囚犯改造和社会复员为基本目的的待遇。 |
| Juvenile offenders shall be segregated from adults and be accorded treatment appropriate to their age and legal status.” | 少年罪犯应与成年人隔离开，并应给予适合其年龄及法律地位的待遇。 ” |
| Human Rights Committee, general comment No. 15: The position of aliens under the Covenant, 11 April 1986, para. 9. | 人权事务委员会，第15号一般性意见：《公约》规定的外侨的地位，1986年4月11日，第9段。 |
| Ahmadou
Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo),
Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2010, p. 639, at p. 668, para. 77. | 艾哈迈杜·萨迪奥·迪亚洛案(几内亚共和国诉刚果民主共和国)，案情实质，判决，《2010年国际法院案例汇编》，第639页起，见第668页，第77段。 |
| The
prohibition of excessive duration of detention was affirmed by the
European Court of Human Rights with respect to article 5 of the
European Convention on Human Rights; | 欧洲人权法院在关于《欧洲人权公约》第5条的判决中确认，禁止时间过长的拘留； |
| see
in particular Chahal v. United Kingdom, Judgment (Merits and Just
Satisfaction), 15 November 1996, Application No. 22414/93, para. 113:
“The Court recalls, however, that any deprivation of liberty under art.
5, para. 1 (f) will be justified only for as long as deportation
proceedings are in progress. | 尤其见Chahal诉联合王国，判决(案情和合理补偿)，1996年11月15日，第22414/93号申诉，第113段：“但法院指出，只有驱逐程序的进行，可根据第5条第1款(f)项使剥夺自由有理由。 |
| If
such proceedings are not prosecuted with due diligence, the detention
will cease to be permissible under art. 5, para. 1 (f) … | 如果程序没有按必要认真进行，拘留在第5条第1款(f)项上不再有理由。 |
| It is thus necessary to determine whether the duration of the deportation proceedings was excessive.” | 应即决定驱逐程序的进程是否过长。 ” |
| See
also: Commission on Human Rights, Migrant Workers, Report of the
Special Rapporteur, Ms. Gabriela Rodriguez Pizarro, submitted pursuant
to Commission on Human Rights resolution 2002/62 (E/CN.4/2003/85), 30
December 2002, para. 35 (“Administrative deprivation of liberty should
last only for the time necessary for the deportation/expulsion to
become effective. | 另见：人权委员会，移徙工人，特别报告员加布里埃拉·罗德里格斯·皮萨罗女士根据人权委员会第2002/62号决议提交的报告(E/CN.4/2003/85)，2002年12月30日，第35段(“行政剥夺自由的时间只应为递解出境/驱逐出境付诸实施所必要的时间。 |
| Deprivation
of liberty should never be indefinite”) and para. 75 (g) ([the
recommendation of] “[e]nsuring that the law sets a limit on detention
pending deportation and that under no circumstance is detention
indefinite”). | 绝不应无限期剥夺自由”)和第75(g)段([建议]“确保法律对遣返之前的拘留作出限制，在任何情况下拘留都不应是无限期的”)。 |
| See,
for example, Brazil, Federal Supreme Court, 29 October 1934, Annual
Digest and Reports of Public International Law Cases, 1933–1934, H.
Lauterpacht (ed.), Case No. 139, pp. 333–334; | 例如见巴西，联邦最高法院，1934年10月29日，《国际公法案件年度摘要和报告》，1933-1934，H. Lauterpacht (编)，第139号案件，第333-334页； |
| Kestutis Zadvydas, Petitioner, v. Christine G. Davis United States Supreme Court, 533. U.S. 678, 28 June 2001; | 请愿人Kestutis Zadvydas诉Christine G. Davis，美利坚合众国最高法院，533. U.S. 678，2001年6月28日； |
| In
re Flaumembaum, Cámara Criminal de la Capital, 24 June 1941, Annual
Digest and Reports of Public International Law Cases, 1941–1942, H.
Lauterpacht (ed.), Case No. 94, pp. 313–315; | In re Flaumembaum, Cámara Criminal de la Capital，1941年6月24日，《国际公法案件年度摘要和报告》，1941-1942，H. Lauterpacht (编)，第94号案件，第313-315页； |
| Constitutional
Court of the Russian Federation, Ruling No. 6, Case of the review of
the constitutionality of a provision in the second part of article 31
of the USSR Act of 24 July 1981, “On the legal status of aliens in the
USSR” in connection with the complaint of Yahya Dashti Gafur, 17
February 1998; | 俄罗斯联邦宪法法院，第6号裁决，审查1981年7月24日法律第31条第二部分规定是否符合宪法案件，与Yahya Dashti Gafur申诉相关的“外国人在苏联境内的法律地位问题”，1998年2月17日； |
| In
re Cantor, Federal Supreme Court (Argentina), 6 April 1938, Annual
Digest and Reports of Public International Law Cases, 1938–1940, H.
Lauterpacht (ed.), Case No. 143, pp. 392–393; | In re Cantor，联邦最高法院(阿根廷)，1938年4月6日，《国际公法案件年度摘要和报告》，1938-1940，H. Lauterpacht (编)，第143号案件，第392-393页； |
| In re Hely, Venezuelan Federal Court of Cassation, 16 April, 1941 (Per ILR, 1941–42, p. 313); | In re Hely，委内瑞拉联邦上诉法院，1941年4月16日(Per ILR，1941-42，第313页)； |
| Re
Janoczka, Manitoba Court of Appeal (Canada), 4 August 1932, Annual
Digest of Public International Law Cases, 1931–1932, H. Lauterpacht
(ed.), Case No. 154, pp. 291–292; | Re Janoczka，马尼托巴上诉法院(加拿大)，1932年8月4日，《国际公法案件年度摘要》，1931-1932，H. Lauterpacht (编)，第154号案件，第291-292页； |
| United
States Ex Rel. Janivaris v. Nicolls, United States, District Court,
District of Massachusetts, 20 October 1942, Annual Digest and Reports
of Public International Law Cases, 1941–1942, H. Lauterpacht (ed.),
Case No. 95, pp. 316–318. | 美利坚合众国Ex Rel. 1ivaris诉Nicolls，美利坚合众国，地区法院，马萨诸塞地区，1942年10月20日，《国际公法案件年度摘要和报告》，1941-1942，H. Lauterpacht (编)，第95号案件，第316-318页。 |
| See in particular Shamsa v. Poland, Judgment, 27 November 2003, Applications Nos. 45355/99 and 45357/99, para. 59. | 尤其见Shamsa诉波兰，2003年11月27日的判决，第45355/99和第45357/99号申诉，第59段。 |
| The
Court referred to “the right of habeas corpus” contained in art. 5,
para. 4, of the Convention to “support the idea that detention extended
beyond the initial period as envisaged in paragraph 3 calls for the
intervention of a court as a guarantee against arbitrariness”. | 法院提到《公约》第5条第4款所载的“获得人身保护令的权利”，以“支持这样的概念：超过第3款所设想的初次拘留期限的延长拘留必须由‘法院’介入，以避免任意性。 ” |
| Commission
on Human Rights, Migrant Workers, Report of the Special Rapporteur, Ms.
Gabriela Rodriguez Pizarro, submitted pursuant to Commission on Human
Rights resolution 2002/62 (E/CN.4/2003/85), 30 December 2002, para. 75
(g). | 人权委员会，移徙工人，特别报告员加布里埃拉·罗德里格斯·皮萨罗女士根据人权委员会第2002/62号决议提交的报告(E/CN.4/2003/85)，2002年12月30日，第75(g)段。 |
| This recommendation states: | 该项建议指出： |
| “(g) | “(g) |
| … The decision to detain should be automatically reviewed periodically on the basis of clear legislative criteria. | …应当根据明确的法律标准对拘留决定作出定期自动审查。 |
| Detention should end when a deportation order cannot be executed for other reasons that are not the fault of the migrant.” | 因并非移徙者本人的过错而无法执行遣返令时，应当终止拘留。 ” |
| Protocol
No. 1 to the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and
Fundamental Freedoms of 4 November 1950, Paris, 20 March 1952, United
Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 213, No. 2889, article 1, p. 262. | 1950年11月4日《欧洲保护人权与基本自由公约第1号议定书》，巴黎，1952年3月20日，联合国，《条约汇编》，第213卷，第2889号，第1条，第262页。 |
| In
the Hollander case, the United States claimed compensation from
Guatemala for the summary expulsion of one of its citizens and pointed
out that Mr. Hollander “… was literally hurled out of the country,
leaving behind wife and children, business, property, everything dear
to him and dependent upon him, [and claimed that] [t]he Government of
Guatemala, whatever its laws may permit, had not the right in time of
peace and domestic tranquillity to expel Hollander without notice or
opportunity to make arrangements for his family and business, on
account of an alleged offense committed more than three years before …
” (John Bassett Moore, History and Digest of the International
Arbitrations to which the United States has been Party, vol. IV, p.
107). | 在Hollander一案中，美国对危地马拉即决驱逐一名美国公民提出索赔，并指出
Hollander先生“…简直是被掷出国境，妻子儿女、生意、财产，所有他珍惜的事物和所有依靠他的事物均留在身后。
[并声称]危地马拉政府，不论其法律是否准许，都无权根据三年多前犯罪的指控，在和平及国内平静时期未经通知或给予机会对家庭及生意作出安排的情况下将
Hollander驱逐出境…”(John Bassett Moore，《美利坚合众国曾作为当事方的国际仲裁历史和摘要》，第四卷，第107页)。 |
| See
also D.J Harris, Cases and Materials on International Law, 7th ed.
(London, Sweet & Maxwell, 2010), p. 470, Letter from U.S. Dept. of
State to Congressman, 15 December 1961, 8 Whiteman 861 (case of Dr.
Breger): “As to Dr. Breger’s expulsion from the island of Rhodes in
1938, it may be pointed out that under generally accepted principles of
international law, a State may expel an alien whenever it wishes,
provided it does not carry out the expulsion in an arbitrary manner,
such as by using unnecessary force to effect the expulsion or by
otherwise mistreating the alien or by refusing to allow the alien a
reasonable opportunity to safeguard property. | 另见
D.J. Harris，《国际法案件和材料》，第7版，(伦敦，Sweet & Maxwell，2010年)，第470页。
美国国务院给国会议员的信，1961年12月15日，8 Whiteman
861(Breger博士案)：“对于Breger博士1938年从罗德岛被驱逐一事，可指出的是，按照公认的一般国际法原则，一国可随时驱逐一外国人，
但条件是它不得任意地实施此种驱逐，例如使用不必要的武力实施驱逐或以其他方式不当地对待外国人或不让外国人有合理的机会维护其财产。 |
| In
view of Dr. Breger’s statement to the effect that he was ordered by the
Italian authorities to leave the island of Rhodes within six months, it
appears doubtful that international liability of the Italian Government
could be based on the ground that he was not given enough time to
safeguard his property.” | 鉴于Breger博士说意大利当局命令他在六个月内离开罗德岛，以没有获得足够时间保障其财产的理由来断定意大利政府应负国际赔偿责任，看来是成疑问的。 ” |
| Règles
internationales sur l’admission et l’expulsion des étrangers
[International Regulations on the Admission and Expulsion of Aliens],
Geneva session, 1892, resolution of 9 September 1892, art. 41. | Règles internationales sur l’admission et l’expulsion des étrangers[《接纳和驱逐外国人国际条例》]，日内瓦会议，1892年，1892年9月9日的决议，第41条。 |
| Rankin v. The Islamic Republic of Iran, Award of 3 November 1987, Iran-US Claims Tribunal Reports, vol. 17, p. 147, para. 30 e. | Rankin诉伊朗伊斯兰共和国，1987年11月3日的判决，《伊朗－美国索赔法庭报告》，第17卷，第147页，第30 e段。 |
| See the above-cited memorandum by the Secretariat (A/CN.4/565), para. 714. | 另见上文引述过的秘书处备忘录(A/CN.4/565)，第714段。 |
| For an overview, see ibid., para. 481. | 关于概述，同上，第481段。 |
| Ahmadou
Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo),
Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2010, p. 639, at p. 681, para. 121. | 艾哈迈杜·萨迪奥·迪亚洛案(几内亚共和国诉刚果民主共和国)，案情实质，判决，《2010年国际法院案例汇编》，第639页起，见第681页，第121段。 |
| Eritrea-Ethiopia
Claims Commission, Partial Award, Civilians Claims, Eritrea’s Claims
15, 16, 23 & 27–32, decision of 17 December 2004, paras. 124–129,
133, 135–136, 140, 142, 144–146 and 151–152, and ibid., Ethiopia’s
Claim 5, decision of 17 December 2004, paras. 132–135; | 厄
立特里亚－埃塞俄比亚索赔委员会，部分裁决，民事索赔，厄立特里亚第15、16、23和27至32例索赔，2004年12月17日的决定，第124至
129、133、135-136、140、142、144至146和151至152段，及同上，埃塞俄比亚第5例索赔，2004年12月17日的决定，第
132至135段； |
| United Nations, Reports of International Arbitral Awards, vol. XXVI, pp. 195–247 and 249–290. | 联合国，《国际仲裁裁决汇编》，第二十六卷，第195-247和249-290页。 |
| The
voluntary departure of the alien facing expulsion permits greater
respect for human dignity while being easier to manage administratively. | 被驱逐外国人若自愿离境，人的尊严能够得到更好的尊重，行政上也更便于管理。 |
| The
implementation of this expulsion process is negotiated between the
expelling State and the alien subject to the expulsion order. | 如何执行驱逐，由驱逐国和成为驱逐对象的外国人协商确定。 |
| In
2005, the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe placed the
emphasis on voluntary departure, saying that “The host state should
take measures to promote voluntary returns, which should be preferred
to forced returns. | 2005年，欧洲委员会部长理事会强调采用自愿离境，指出“东道国应采取鼓励自愿离境的措施，侧重采用自愿离境，而非强制遣返。 |
| ”
(Twenty guidelines of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of
Europe on forced return, 925th meeting, 4 May 2005, documents of the
Committee of Ministers CM(2005) 40 final, 9 May 2005). | ”(欧洲委员会部长理事会关于强制遣返问题的二十项指导原则，第925次会议，2005年5月4日，部长理事会文件CM(2005)40 final，2005年5月9日)。 |
| Similarly,
in its proposal for a directive on return of 1 September 2005, the
Commission of the European Communities indicated that the return
decision shall provide for “an appropriate period for voluntary
departure of up to four weeks, unless there are reasons to believe that
the person concerned might abscond during such a period. | 同样，欧洲共同体委员会在2005年9月1日关于遣返问题的指令提案中指出，遣返决定须规定“适当的自愿离境时间，最长不超过四个星期，除非有理由认为当事人可能在此期间潜逃”。 |
| ”
(Proposal for a directive of the European Parliament and of the
Council, 1 September 2005, on common standards and procedures in Member
States for returning illegally staying third-country nationals,
COM(2005) 391 final). | (欧洲议会和欧洲理事会2005年9月1日关于成员国对非正常居留的第三国国民遣回适用的共同规范和程序的指令提案，COM(2005)391 final)。 |
| Lacoste
v. Mexico (Mexican Commission), Award of 4 September 1875, in John
Bassett Moore, History and Digest of the International Arbitrations to
Which the United States Has Been a Party, vol. IV, pp. 3347–3348. | Lacoste诉墨西哥(墨西哥仲裁委员会)，1875年9月4日的裁定，见John Bassett Moore,《美利坚合众国曾作为当事方的国际仲裁历史和摘要》，第四卷，第3347-3348页。 |
| Boffolo
case, Mixed Claims Commission Italy-Venezuela, 1903, United Nations,
Reports of International Arbitral Awards, vol. X, p. 528 (Ralston,
Umpire). | Boffolo案，意大利－委内瑞拉混合索赔委员会，1903年，联合国，《国际仲裁裁决汇编》，第十卷，第528页(仲裁人Ralston)。 |
| Maal
case, Mixed Claims Commission Netherlands-Venezuela, 1 June 1903,
United Nations, Reports of International Arbitral Awards, vol. X, p.
732. | Maal案，荷兰－委内瑞拉混合索赔委员会，1903年6月1日，联合国，《国际仲裁裁决汇编》，第十卷，第732页。 |
| Convention
on International Civil Aviation, Chicago, 7 December 1944, United
Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 15, No. 102, p. 295, and annex 9,
Facilitation; | 《国际民航公约》，芝加哥，1944年12月7日，联合国，《条约汇编》，第十五卷，第102号，第295页，以及附件九，简化手续； |
| the text is also available on the ICAO website: http://www.icao.int. | 案文还可见ICAO网站：http://www.icao.int。 |
| See above, para. (3) of the commentary to draft article 20. | 见上文第20条草案的评注的第(3)段。 |
| See,
inter alia, the Convention regarding the Status of Aliens in the
respective Territories of the Contracting Parties, adopted by the VIth
International Conference of American States, signed at Havana on 20
February 1928. League of Nations, Treaty Series, vol. CXXXII,
1932–1933, No. 3045, p. 306. | 除其他外，尤其参见《关于外国人地位的公约》，第六届美洲国际会议上通过，1928年2月20日在哈瓦那签署，国际联盟，《条约汇编》，第一百三十二卷，1932–1933年，第3045号，第306页。 |
| Article
6, paragraph 2, reads: “States are required to receive their nationals
expelled from foreign soil who seek to enter their territory. | 第6条第2款规定：“各国有义务接收被外国驱逐而寻求入境的国民。 |
| ”
See also, Institute of International Law, Règles internationales sur
l’admission et l’expulsion des étrangers, Geneva session, 9 September
1892, Annuaire de l’Institut de droit international, vol. XII,
1892–1894, art. 2: “In principle, a State must not prohibit access into
or a stay in its territory either to its subjects or to those who,
after having lost their nationality in said State, have acquired no
other nationality. | ”另参见国际法学会，Règles
internationales sur l’admission et l’expulsion des
étrangers，日内瓦会议，1892年9月9日，Annuaire de l’Institut de droit
international，第十二卷，1892-1894年，第2条：“原则上，一国不得禁止其臣民或那些失去了该国国籍但尚未取得其他国籍的人进入其
领土或在其领土内逗留。 |
| ” See also article 32, paragraph 3, of the Refugee Convention. | ”另见《难民公约》第32条第3款。 |
| See
in particular article 22, paragraph 7, of the International Convention
on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of
Their Families (United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 2220, No. 39481, p.
3), which reads as follows: “Without prejudice to the execution of a
decision of expulsion, a migrant worker or a member of his or her
family who is subject to such a decision may seek entry into a State
other than his or her State of origin. | 具体见《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》(联合国，《条约汇编》，第2220卷，第39481号，第3页)第22条第7款规定：“在不影响一宗驱逐判决的执行的情况下，该一判决所涉的某一移徙工人或其一家庭成员可寻求进入非其原籍国的国家”。 |
| ”
See also article 32, paragraph 3, of the Convention Relating to the
Status of Refugees (Geneva, 28 July 1951, United Nations, Treaty
Series, vol. 189, No. 2545). | 另见《关于难民地位的公约》第32条第3款(日内瓦，1951年7月28日，联合国，《条约汇编》，第189卷，第2545号)。 |
| For
examples of the first hypothesis, see Robert Jennings and A. Watts, in
Oppenheim’s International Law, 9th ed., pp. 898–899 (referring to,
inter alia, the Treaty establishing the EEC, 1957; | 关于第一个假设的事例，见Robert Jennings和A. Watts，同前，第898-899页(除其他外，提及1957年设立欧共体的条约； |
| the
Protocol between the Governments of Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden
concerning the exemption of nationals of these countries from the
obligation to have a passport or residence permit while resident in a
Scandinavian country other than their own (United Nations, Treaty
Series, vol. 199, p. 29) [concluded on 22 May 1954] (Iceland acceded in
1955); | 《丹麦、芬兰、挪威和瑞典四国政府之间关于豁免这些国家国民在非本国的一个斯堪的纳维亚国家居住期间持有护照或居留许可证的义务的议定书》(联合国，条约汇编，第199卷，第29页)[1954年5月22日缔结](冰岛于1955年加入)； |
| the
Convention between Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden concerning the
waiver of passport control at the intra-Nordic frontiers, 1957 (United
Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 322, p. 245) (Iceland became a party
effective from 1966), as modified by a further agreement in 1979: RG,
84 (1980), p. 376; | 1957年《丹麦、芬兰、挪威和瑞典之间关于在北欧内部边境免除护照管制手续的公约》(联合国，条约汇编，第322卷，第245页)(冰岛从1966年起成为缔约方)，1979年由一项进一步协定修改：RG, 84(1980年)，第376页； |
| and
the Convention between the Kingdom of Belgium, the Grand Duchy of
Luxembourg and the Kingdom of the Netherlands on the transfer of
controls of persons to the external frontiers of Benelux territory,
1960 (United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 374, p. 3)). | 1960年《比利时王国、卢森堡大公国同荷兰王国之间关于移交对前往比、荷、卢三国外部边界人员的管制的公约》(联合国，条约汇编，第374卷，第3页))。 |
| Human Rights Committee, general comment No. 27, Freedom of movement (art. 12), adopted on 18 October 1999, para. 20. | 第27号一般性意见：迁徙自由(第十二条)，1999年10月18日通过，第20段。 |
| See above, paragraph (4) of the commentary to draft article 14. | 见上文第14条草案的评注第(4)段。 |
| See,
in this regard, Human Rights Committee, Communication No. 829/1998,
Judge v. Canada, Views adopted on 5 August 2003, Official Records of
the General Assembly, Fifty-eighth Session, Supplement No. 40, vol. II
(A/58/40 (Vol. II)), p. 93, para. 10.6: “For these reasons, the
Committee considers that Canada, as a State party which has abolished
the death penalty, irrespective of whether it has not yet ratified the
Second Optional Protocol to the Covenant Aiming at the Abolition of the
Death Penalty, violated the author’s right to life under article 6,
paragraph 1, by deporting him to the United States, where he is under
sentence of death, without ensuring that the death penalty would not be
carried out. | 在这方面，见人权事务委员会，第829/1998号来文，法官诉加拿大，2003
年8月5日通过的意见，《大会正式纪录，第五十八届会议，补编第40号》，第二卷(A/58/40(Vol.
II))，第93页，第10.6段：“鉴于这些原因，委员会认为，加拿大作为一个已废除死刑的缔约国，不论其是否已批准《公约旨在废除死刑的第二号任择议
定书》，在未获得不执行死刑的保证的情况下将提交人驱逐到已将其判处死刑的美国，侵犯了提交人根据第六条第一款应享有的生命权。 |
| The Committee recognizes that Canada did not itself impose the death penalty on the author. | 委员会承认，加拿大本身并未判处提交人死刑。 |
| But
by deporting him to a country where he was under sentence of death,
Canada established the crucial link in the causal chain that would make
possible the execution of the author.” | 但是，将他驱逐到已将其判处死刑的国家，加拿大已为有关因果提供了关键的联系，而这种联系有可能使提交人被处决。 |
| Convention
against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or
Punishment, New York, 10 December 1984, United Nations, Treaty Series,
vol. 1465, No. 24841, p. 85. | ” 《禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇》，纽约，1984年12月10日，联合国，《条约汇编》，第1465卷，第24841号，第85页。 |
| Article 3 of the Convention states: | 《公约》第3条规定： |
| “1.
No State party shall expel, return (refouler) or extradite a person to
another State where there are substantial grounds for believing that he
would be in danger of being subjected to torture. | “1. 如有充分理由相信任何人在另一国家将有遭受酷刑的危险，任何缔约国不得将该人驱逐、遣返或引渡至该国。 |
| 2.
For the purpose of determining whether there are such grounds, the
competent authorities shall take into account all relevant
considerations including, where applicable, the existence in the State
concerned of a consistent pattern of gross, flagrant or mass violations
of human rights.” | 2. 为了确定这种理由是否存在，有关当局应考虑到所有有关的因素，包括在适当情况下，考虑到在有关国家境内是否存在一贯严重、公然、大规模侵犯人权的情况。 |
| See,
inter alia, S.V. et al v. Canada, Committee against Torture,
Communication No. 49/1996, 15 May 2001, U.N. Doc. CAT/C/26/D/49/1996; | ” 除其他外，参见S.V.等人诉加拿大，禁止酷刑委员会，第49/1996号来文，2001年5月15日，联合国文件CAT/C/26/D/49/1996； |
| B.S. v. Canada, Committee against Torture, Communication No. 166/2000, 14 November 2001, U.N. Doc. CAT/C/27/D/166/2000; | B.S.诉加拿大，禁止酷刑委员会，第166/2000号来文，2001年11月14日，联合国文件CAT/C/27/D/166/2000； |
| and T.M. v. Sweden, Committee against Torture, Communication No. 228/2003, 18 November 2003, U.N. Doc. CAT/C/31/D/228/2003; | 以及T.M.诉瑞典，禁止酷刑委员会，第228/2003号来文，2003年11月18日，联合国文件CAT/C/31/D/228/2003； |
| see
also Manfred Nowak, Elizabeth McArthur (eds.), The United Nations
Convention Against Torture: A Commentary, New York, O.U.P., 2008, pp.
165–166. | 另见Manfred Nowak、Elizabeth McArthur(编)，《联合国禁止酷刑公约：评注》，纽约，O.U.P.，2008年，第165-166页。 |
| Human
Rights Committee, forty-fourth Session, 1992, Compilation of general
comments and general recommendations adopted by human rights treaty
bodies, U.N. Doc. HRI/GEN/1/Rev.6, general comment No. 20, para. 9. | 人权事务委员会，第四十二届会议，1992年，《各人权条约机构通过的一般性意见和一般性建议汇编》，联合国文件HRI/GEN/1/Rev.6，第20号一般性意见，第9段。 |
| Maksudov
et al. v. Kyrgyzstan, Human Rights Committee, Communications Nos.
1461/2006, 1462/2006, 1476/2006 and 1477/2006, 31 July 2006, U.N. Doc.
CCPR/C/93/D/1461, 1462, 1476 and 1477/2006, para. 12.4. | Maksudov
等人诉吉尔吉斯斯坦，人权事务委员会，第1461/2006、1462/2006、1476/2006和1477/2006号来文，2006年7月31
日，联合国文件CCPR/C/93/D/1461、1462、1476和1477/2006，第12.4段。 |
| See
the recommendation of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial
Discrimination to States parties to the International Convention on the
Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (New York, 21
December 1965, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 660, No. 9464, p.
212) to “[e]nsure that non-citizens are not returned or removed to a
country or territory where they are at risk of being subject to serious
human rights abuses, including torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading
treatment or punishment” (general recommendation No. 30: Discrimination
against non-citizens, 64th session, 23 February–12 March 2004,
CERD/C/64/Misc.11/Rev.3, para. 27). | 见消除种族歧视委员会给《消除一
切形式种族歧视国际公约》缔约国的建议(纽约，1965年12月21日，联合国，《条约汇编》，第660卷，第9464号，第212页)，即“确保非公民
不被送回或转移到他们可能遭受严重人权侵犯，包括酷刑和残忍、不人道或有辱人格待遇或处罚的国家或领土”(第30号一般性建议：对非公民的歧视，第64届
会议，2004年2月23日至3月12日，CERD/C/64/Misc.11/Rev.3，第27段)。 |
| See,
in particular, Chahal v. United Kingdom, Judgment (Merits and Just
Satisfaction), 15 November 1996, Application No. 22414/93, paras.
72–107. | 具体见Chahal诉大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国，判决(案情实质和公正抵偿)，1996年11月15日，第22414/93号申诉，第72–107段。 |
| In
paragraph 80, the Court states: “The prohibition provided by Article 3
against ill-treatment is equally absolute in expulsion cases. | 在第80段中，法院指出：“关于禁止虐待的第3条所规定的禁止在驱逐案件上也同样是绝对的。 |
| Thus,
whenever substantial grounds have been shown for believing that an
individual would face a real risk of being subjected to treatment
contrary to Article 3 if removed to another State, the responsibility
of the Contracting State to safeguard him or her against such treatment
is engaged in the event of expulsion. | 因此，只要有充分理由证明足以相信，一个人如果转移到另一国将面临遭受违反第3条的待遇的真实危险，该缔约国则在进行驱逐时，有责任防止他或她受这样的待遇。 |
| In
these circumstances, the activities of the individual in question,
however undesirable or dangerous, cannot be a material consideration. | 在这种情况下，有关个人的活动不论多么不受欢迎或具有危险性，都不能是一个重要考虑因素。 |
| The
protection afforded by Article 3 is thus wider than that provided by
Articles 32 and 33 of the United Nations 1951 Convention on the Status
of Refugees …” | 因此第3条提供的保护比联合国1951年《关于难民地位的公约》第32和第33条提供的保护更宽…” 。 |
| Lori
Berenson-Mejía v. Peru, Inter-American Court of Human Rights, judgment
of 25 November 2004, Series C, No. 119, para. 100 (footnote omitted). | 洛瑞·贝伦森－梅西亚诉秘鲁，美洲人权法院，2004年11月25日的判决，C辑，第119号，第100段（脚注略）。 |
| See,
inter alia, Mutombo v. Switzerland, Committee against Torture,
Communication No. 13/1993, 27 April 1994, U.N. Doc. CAT/C/12/D/13/1993; | 除其他外，见Mutombo诉瑞士，禁止酷刑委员会，第13/1993号来文，1994年4月27日，联合国文件CAT/C/12/D/13/1993； |
| Khan v. Canada, Committee against Torture, Communication No. 15/1994, 15 November 1994, U.N. Doc. A/50/44; | Khan诉加拿大，禁止酷刑委员会，第15/1994号来文，1994年11月15日，联合国文件A/50/44； |
| Kisoki v. Sweden, Committee against Torture, Communication No. 41/1996, 8 May 1996, U.N. Doc. CAT/C/16/D/41/1996; | Kisoki诉瑞典，禁止酷刑委员会，第41/1996号来文，1996年5月8日，联合国文件CAT/C/16/D/41/1996； |
| Tala v. Sweden, Committee against Torture, Communication No. 43/1996, 15 November 1996, U.N. Doc. CAT/C/17/D/43/1996; | Tala诉瑞典，禁止酷刑委员会，第43/1996号来文，1996年11月15日，联合国文件CAT/C/17/D/43/1996； |
| Paez v. Sweden, Committee against Torture, Communication No. 39/1996, 28 April 1997, U.N. Doc. CAT/C/18/D/39/1996; | Paez诉瑞典，禁止酷刑委员会，第39/1996号来文，1997年4月28日，联合国文件CAT/C/18/D/39/1996； |
| Aemei v. Switzerland, Committee against Torture, Communication No. 34/1995, 9 May 1997, U.N. Doc. CAT/C/18/D/34/1995; | Aemei诉瑞士，禁止酷刑委员会，第34/1995号来文，1997年5月9日，联合国文件CAT/C/18/D/34/1995； |
| A.F. v. Sweden, Committee against Torture, Communication No. 89/1997, 3 September 1997, U.N. Doc. CAT/C/20/D/89/1997; | A.F.诉瑞典，禁止酷刑委员会，第89/1997号来文，1997年9月3日，联合国文件CAT/C/20/D/89/1997； |
| Ayas v. Sweden, Committee against Torture, Communication No. 97/1997, 12 November 1998, U.N. Doc. CAT/C/21/D/97/1997; | Ayas诉瑞典，禁止酷刑委员会，第97/1997号来文，1998年11月12日，联合国文件CAT/C/21/D/97/1997； |
| Korban v. Sweden, Committee against Torture, Communication No. 88/1997, 16 November 1998, U.N. Doc. CAT/C/21/D/88/1997; | Korban诉瑞典，禁止酷刑委员会，第88/1997号来文，1998年11月16日，联合国文件CAT/C/21/D/88/1997； |
| Haydin v. Sweden, Committee against Torture, Communication No. 101/1997, 20 November 1998, U.N. Doc. CAT/C/21/D/101/1997; | Haydin诉瑞典，禁止酷刑委员会，第101/1997号来文，1998年11月20日，联合国文件CAT/C/21/D/101/1997； |
| Elmi v. Australia, Committee against Torture, Communication No. 120/1998, 14 May 1999, U.N. Doc. CAT/C/22/D/120/1998; | Elmi诉澳大利亚，禁止酷刑委员会，第120/1998号来文，1999年5月14日，联合国文件CAT/C/22/D/120/1998； |
| A.S. v. Sweden, Committee against Torture, Communication No. 149/1999, 6 November 1999, U.N. Doc. CAT/C/25/D/149/1999; | A.S.诉瑞典，禁止酷刑委员会，第149/1999号来文，1999年11月6日，联合国文件CAT/C/25/D/149/1999； |
| Arana v. France, Committee against Torture, Communication No. 63/1997, 9 November 1999, U.N. Doc. CAT/C/23/D/63/1997; | Arana诉法国，禁止酷刑委员会，第63/1997号来文，1999年11月9日，联合国文件CAT/C/23/D/63/1997； |
| Karoui v. Sweden, Committee against Torture, Communication No. 185/2001, 8 May 2002, U.N. Doc. 1/57/44; | Karoui诉瑞典，禁止酷刑委员会，第185/2001号来文，2002年5月8日，联合国文件1/57/44； |
| Ríos v. Canada, Committee against Torture, Communication No. 133/1999, 17 December 2004, U.N. Doc. CAT/C/33/D/133/1999; | Ríos诉加拿大，禁止酷刑委员会，第133/1999号来文，2004年12月17日，联合国文件CAT/C/33/D/133/1999； |
| T.A. v. Sweden, Committee against Torture, Communication No. 226/2003, 27 May 2005, U.N. Doc. CAT/C/34/D/226/2003; | T.A.诉瑞典，禁止酷刑委员会，第226/2003号来文，2005年5月27日，联合国文件CAT/C/34/D/226/2003； |
| Agiza v. Sweden, Committee against Torture, Communication No. 233/2003, 24 May 2005, U.N. Doc. CAT/C/34/D/233/2003; | Agiza诉瑞典，禁止酷刑委员会，第233/2003号来文，2005年5月24日，联合国文件CAT/C/34/D/233/2003； |
| Brada v. France, Committee against Torture, Communication No. 195/2002, 24 May 2005, U.N. Doc. CAT/C/34/D/195/2002; | Brada诉法国，禁止酷刑委员会，第195/2002号来文，2005年5月24日，联合国文件CAT/C/34/D/195/2002； |
| Dadar v. Canada, Committee against Torture, Communication No. 258/2004, 5 December 2005, U.N. Doc. CAT/C/35/D/258/2004. | Dadar诉加拿大，禁止酷刑委员会，第258/2004号来文，2005年12月5日，联合国文件CAT/C/35/D/258/2004。 |
| Committee
against Torture, general comment on the implementation of article 3 of
the Convention in the context of article 22 (general comment No. 1),
adopted on 21 November 1997. | 禁止酷刑委员会，关于参照《公约》第22条执行第3条的一般性意见(第1号一般性意见)，1997年11月21日通过。 |
| Ibid., para. 8. | 同上，第8段。 |
| Ibid.,
para. 6: “Bearing in mind that the State party and the Committee are
obliged to assess whether there are substantial grounds for believing
that the author would be in danger of being subjected to torture were
he/she to be expelled, returned or extradited, the risk of torture must
be assessed on grounds that go beyond mere theory or suspicion. | 同上，第6段：“铭记缔约国和委员会有义务评估是否有充足理由认为撰文人如被驱逐、遣返或引渡可能遭受酷刑，在评估遭受酷刑的危险时，绝不能仅仅依据理论或怀疑。 |
| However, the risk does not have to meet the test of being highly probable.” | 但是，不必证明这种危险极有可能发生。 |
| Ibid.,
para. 1: “Article 3 is confined in its application to cases where there
are substantial grounds for believing that the author would be in
danger of being subjected to torture as defined in article 1 of the
Convention. | ” 同上，第1段：“第3条仅适用于有充足理由认为撰文人可能遭受《公约》第1条定义的酷刑的案件”。 |
| ”
See also: Committee against Torture, communication No. 13/1993, Mutombo
v. Switzerland, Views adopted on 27 April 1994, Official Records of the
General Assembly, Forty-ninth Session, Supplement No. 44 (A/49/44), p.
52, para. 9.3. | 也见：禁止酷刑委员会，第13/1993号来文，Mutombo诉瑞士，1994年4月27日通过的意见，《大会正式记录，第四十九届会议，补编第44号》(A/49/44)，第52页，第9.3段。 |
| See,
for example, A.D. v. The Netherlands, Committee against Torture,
Communication No. 96/1997, 12 November 1999, U.N. Doc.
CAT/C/23/D/96/1997; | 例如见A.D.诉荷兰，禁止酷刑委员会，第96/1997号来文，1999年11月12日，联合国文件CAT/C/23/D/96/1997； |
| U.S. v. Finland, Committee against Torture, Communication No. 197/2002, U.N. Doc. CAT/C/30/D/197/2002. | 美国诉芬兰，禁止酷刑委员会，第197/2002号来文，联合国文件CAT/C/30/D/197/2002。 |
| See,
on this point, the above-cited general comment No. 1 of the Committee
against Torture, para. 2: “The Committee is of the view that the phrase
‘another State’ in article 3 refers to the State to which the
individual concerned is being expelled, returned or extradited, as well
as to any State to which the author may subsequently be expelled,
returned or extradited” . | 关于这一点，见上文引述的禁止酷刑委员会第1号一般性意见，第2段：“委员会认为，第3条中的“另一国家”指所涉个人正在被驱逐、遣返或引渡的国家以及撰文人今后可能被驱逐、遣返或引渡的国家”。 |
| See,
for example, Paez v. Sweden, Committee against Torture, Communication
No. 39/1996, 28 April 1997, U.N. Doc. CAT/C/18/D/39/1996 and Dadar v.
Canada, Committee against Torture, Communication No. 258/2004, 5
December 2005, U.N. Doc. CAT/C/35/D/258/2004. | 例如见
Paez诉瑞典，禁止酷刑委员会，第39/1996号来文，1997年4月28日，联合国文件CAT/C/18/D/39/1996以及Dadar诉加拿
大，禁止酷刑委员会，第258/2004号来文，2005年12月5日，联合国文件CAT/C/35/D/258/2004。 |
| See para. (3) of the commentary to draft article 17 above. | 见上文第17条草案的评注第(3)段。 |
| Committee
against Torture, general comment on the implementation of article 3 of
the Convention in the context of article 22 (general comment No. 1)
(A/53/44), annex IX, adopted on 21 November 1997, para. 3. | 禁止酷刑委员会，关于参照《公约》第22条执行第3条的一般性意见(第1号一般性意见)(A/53/44)附件九，1997年11月21日，第3段。 |
| See
also Committee against Torture, communication No. 258/2004, Mostafa
Dadar v. Canada, Decision adopted on 23 November 2005, Official Records
of the General Assembly, Sixty-first Session, Supplement No. 44
(A/61/44), p. 241, para. 8.4; | 也见酷刑委员会，第258/2004号来文，Mostafa Dadar诉加拿大，2005年11月23日通过的决定，《大会正式记录，第六十一届会议，补编第44号》(A/61/44)，第241页，第8.4段； |
| communication
No. 177/2001, H.M.H.I. v. Australia, Decision adopted on 1 May 2002,
ibid., Fifty-seventh Session, Supplement No. 44 (A/57/44), p. 171,
para. 6.4; and communication No. 191/2001, S.S. v. The Netherlands,
Decision adopted on 5 May 2003, ibid., Fifty-eighth Session, Supplement
No. 44 (A/58/44), p. 123, para. 6.4: “The issue whether the State party
has an obligation to refrain from expelling a person who might risk
pain or suffering inflicted by a non-governmental entity, without the
consent or acquiescence of the Government, falls outside the scope of
article 3 of the Convention, unless the non-governmental entity
occupies and exercises quasi-governmental authority over the territory
to which the complainant would be returned.” | 第177/2001
号来文，H.M.H.I.诉澳大利亚，2002年5月1日通过的决定，同上，《第五十七届会议，补编第44号》(A/57/44)，第171页，第6.4
段，以及第191/2001号来文，S.S.诉荷兰，2003年5月5日通过的决定，同上，《第五十八届会议，补编第44号》(A/58/44)，第
123页，第6.4段：“缔约国是否有义务不将某个有可能遭受某个非政府实体在没有得到政府的同意或默许情况下施行的身心伤害行为的人驱逐这一问题，不属
于《公约》第3条的范围，除非此种非政府实体占领申诉人将被送回的区域并对该区域行使准政府管辖职能”。 |
| See
also communication No. 237/2003, Ms. M.C.M.V.F. v. Sweden, Decision
adopted on 14 November 2005, ibid., Sixty-first Session, Supplement No.
44 (A/61/44), p. 194, para. 6.4: | 也见第237/2003号来文，M.C.M.V.F.女士诉瑞典，2005年11月14日通过的决定，同上，《第六十一届会议，补编第44号》(A/61/44)，第194页，第6.4段： |
| “The
Committee has not been persuaded that the incidents that concerned the
complainant in 2000 and 2003 were linked in any way to her previous
political activities or those of her husband, and considers that the
complainant has failed to prove sufficiently that those incidents be
attributable to state agents or to groups acting on behalf of or under
the effective control of state agents”; | “委员会不相信在2000年和2003年围绕申诉人所发生的事件与申诉人以前的政治活动或她丈夫的政治活动有任何联系，并认为申诉人未能充分证明这些事件归咎于国家官员、或代表国家官员或在国家官员实际控制下的团体”； |
| and
communication No. 120/1998, S.S. Elmi v. Australia, Views adopted on 14
May 1999, ibid., Fifty-fourth Session, Supplement No. 44 (A/54/44), pp.
119–120, paras. 6.5–6.8: | 以及第120/1998号来文，S.S. Elmi诉澳大利亚，1999年5月14日通过的意见，同上，《第五十四届会议，补编第44号》(A/54/44)，第119-120页，第6.5-6.8段： |
| “The
Committee does not share the State party’s view that the Convention is
not applicable in the present case since, according to the State party,
the acts of torture the author fears he would be subjected to in
Somalia would not fall within the definition of torture set out in
article 1 (i.e. pain or suffering inflicted by or at the instigation of
or with the consent or acquiescence of a public official or other
person acting in an official capacity, in this instance for
discriminatory purposes). | “委员会不同意缔约国的如下看法，即公约不适用于本案，因为据缔约国说，撰文人担心他将在索马里遭受的酷刑行为不属于第1条中阐明的酷刑定义范围(即由公职人员或以官方身份行使职权的其他人造成的、或在其唆使同意或默许下造成的伤痛或苦难，在本案中是出于歧视)。 |
| The
Committee notes that for a number of years Somalia has been without a
central government, that the international community negotiates with
the warring factions and that some of the factions operating in
Mogadishu have set up quasi-governmental institutions and are
negotiating the establishment of a common administration. | 委员会注意到，索马里没有中央政府已有多年。 国际社会与交战各方谈判，在摩加迪沙活动的几派建立了准政府机构并正在商谈建立共同管理机构。 |
| It
follows then that, de facto, those factions exercise certain
prerogatives that are comparable to those normally exercised by
legitimate governments. | 委员会接着指出，事实上，这些派别行使某些特权，这些特权与通常由合法政府行使的相似。 |
| Accordingly,
the members of those factions can fall, for the purposes of the
application of the Convention, within the phrase ‘public officials or
other persons acting in an official capacity’ contained in article 1. | 因此，为了公约的适用，这些派别的成员可列入第1条中包含的公职人员或以官方身份行使职权的其他人这一短语内。 |
| The
State party does not dispute the fact that gross, flagrant or mass
violations of human rights have been committed in Somalia. | 缔约国对索马里存在着严重、公然或大规模侵犯人权这一事实没有异议。 |
| Furthermore,
the independent expert on the situation of human rights in Somalia,
appointed by the Commission on Human Rights, described in her report
the severity of those violations, the situation of chaos prevailing in
the country, the importance of clan identity and the vulnerability of
small, unarmed clans such as the Shikal, the clan to which the author
belongs. | 此外，人权委员会指定的索马里人权状况独立专家在她最近的报告中描述了这些侵犯情况的严重性、该国的普遍混乱情况、部落身份的重要性和撰文人所属的Shikal等较小的非武装部落的易受攻击性。 |
| The
Committee further notes, on the basis of the information before it,
that the area of Mogadishu where the Shikal mainly reside, and where
the author is likely to reside if he ever reaches Mogadishu, is under
the effective control of the Hawiye clan, which has established
quasi-governmental institutions and provides a number of public
services. | 委员会根据它审理中的资料进一步指出，Shikal部落主要居住摩加迪沙地区的和撰文人如果抵达摩加迪沙可能居住的地区处在哈维耶部落的有效控制下，该部落建立了准政府机构，并提供一些公共服务。 |
| Furthermore,
reliable sources emphasize that there is no public or informal
agreement of protection between the Hawiye and the Shikal clans and
that the Shikal remain at the mercy of the armed factions. | 此外，可靠人士强调哈维耶部落与Shikal部落之间没有公开的或非正式的保护协定，Shikal部落仍然任凭武装派别的支配。 |
| In
addition to the above, the Committee considers that two factors support
the author’s case that he is particularly vulnerable to the kind of
acts referred to in article 1 of the Convention. | 除了上述情况外，委员会认为有两个因素支持撰文人的这种理由陈述，即他特别易受公约第1条中提到的这类行为的伤害。 |
| First,
the State party has not denied the veracity of the author’s claims that
his family was particularly targeted in the past by the Hawiye clan, as
a result of which his father and brother were executed, his sister
raped and the rest of the family was forced to flee and constantly move
from one part of the country to another in order to hide. | 首先，缔约国不否认撰文人的如下断言的真实性，即过去他的家庭是哈维耶部落的特别攻击目标，结果他的父亲和兄弟被处决，他的姐姐被强奸，其余家人被迫逃离，为了躲藏不断地从该国的一个地方搬到另一个地方。 |
| Second,
his case has received wide publicity and, therefore, if returned to
Somalia the author could be accused of damaging the reputation of the
Hawiye.” | 其次，他的案件得到了广泛宣传，因此如果返回索马里，撰文人可能被指控败坏哈维耶部落的声誉。 ” |
| H.L.R. v. France, Judgment (Merits), 29 April 1997, Application No. 24573/94, para. 40. | H.L.R.诉法国，判决(案情实质)，1997年4月29日，第24573/94号申诉，第40段。 |
| In general, priority is given to direct return, without transit stops in the ports or airports of other States. | 一般情况下应优先考虑直接遣返，不在其他国家的港口或机场中转停留。 |
| However,
the return of illegal residents may require use of the airports of
certain States in order to make the connection to the third destination
State (paragraph 3.3. of the Green Paper on a community return policy
on illegal residents, European Commission, 10 April 2002, COM(2002) 175
final). | 但遣返非法居留者可能需要使用某些国家的机场，转机前往目的地第三国。 (共同体遣返非法居留者政策的《绿皮书》第3.3.段，欧洲联盟委员会，2002年4月10日，COM (2002)175 final)。 |
| Règles
internationales sur l’admission et l’expulsion des étrangers,
[International Regulations on the Admission and Expulsion of Aliens]
adopted on 9 September 1892, at the Geneva session of the Institute of
International Law, art. 30. | Règles internationales sur l’admission et l’expulsion des étrangers, [关于接收和驱逐外国人的国际条例]，1892年9月9日通过，国际法学会日内瓦会议，第30条。 |
| [French original] | [原文为法文] |
| Ibid., art. 31. | 同上，第31条。 |
| See the above-cited memorandum by the Secretariat (A/CN.4/565), para. 649. | 见上文提到的秘书处备忘录(A/CN.4/565)，第649段。 |
| See
Human Rights Committee, communication No. 193/1985, Pierre Giry v.
Dominican Republic, Views adopted on 20 July 1990, Official Records of
the General Assembly, Forty-fifth Session, Supplement No. 40, vol. II
(A/45/40 (Vol. II)), pp. 40–41, para. 5.5. | 见人权理事会，第193/1985号来文，Pierre Giry诉多米尼加共和国，1990年7月20日通过的意见，《大会正式记录，第四十五届会议，补编第40号，第二卷》(A/45/40(第二卷))，第40-41页，第5.5段。 |
| The
Committee found that the Dominican Republic had violated article 13 of
the Covenant by not taking its decision “in accordance with law” and by
also omitting to afford the person concerned an opportunity to submit
the reasons against his expulsion and have his case renewed by a
competent authority. | 委员会认为，多米尼加共和国因没有“依照法律”作出决定，并且没有让当事人有机会提出反对驱逐的理由及由主管当局复审案件，因而违反了《公约》第十三条。 |
| See,
for example, France, Code on the Entry and Stay of Aliens and on the
Right to Asylum, arts. L.522-1 and L522-2; and Sweden, Aliens Act (SFS
2005:716), chapter 14. | 例如见法国《外国人入境和逗留以及庇护权法典》，第L.522-1和第L522-2条：及瑞典《外国人法》(SFS 2005:716)，第14章。 |
| See also the above-cited memorandum by the Secretariat (A/CN.4/565), para. 618. | 另见上文提到的秘书处备忘录(A/CN.4/565)，第618段。 |
| Concluding
observations of the Human Rights Committee: Sweden, 1 November 1995,
Official Records of the General Assembly, Fifty-first Session,
Supplement No. 40, vol. I (A/51/40 (Vol. I)), para. 88. | 人权事务委员会的结论性意见，瑞典，1995年11月1日，《大会正式记录，第五十一届会议，补编第40号》，第一卷(A/5140 (Vol. I))，第88段。 |
| See,
for example, France, Code on the Entry and Stay of Aliens and on the
Right to Asylum, arts. L. 213-2,L.512-1, L.522-1 and L.524-1; and
Sweden, Aliens Act (SFS 2005:716), article 13.3; | 例如见法国《外国人入境和逗留以及庇护权法典》，第L. 213-2、L.512-1、L.522-1 和 L.524-1条：及瑞典《外国人法》(SFS 2005:716)，第13.3条。 |
| See also the above-cited memorandum by the Secretariat (A/CN.4/565), para. 618. | 另见上文提到的秘书处备忘录(A/CN.4/565)，第618段。 |
| Manfred
Nowak, U.N. Covenant on Civil and Political Rights CCPR Commentary, 2nd
revised ed. (Kehl am Rhein, N.P. Engel Publisher, 2005), p. 297 (citing
communications No. 173/1984, M.F. v. The Netherlands, para. 4; | Manfred Nowak,《对联合国＜公民权利和政治权利国际公约＞的评注》，第2次修订版(Kehl am Rhein, N.P. Engel Publisher, 2005)，第297页(援引了第173/1984号来文，M.F.诉荷兰，第4段； |
| No. 236/1987, V.M.R.B. v. Canada; | 第236/1987号来文，V.M.R.B.诉加拿大； |
| No. 155/1983, Eric Hammel v. Madagascar, paras. 19.2 and 20; | 第155/1983号来文，Eric Hammel诉马达加斯加，第19.2段和20段； |
| and No. 193/1985, Pierre Giry v. Dominican Republic, paras. 5.5 and 6). | 以及第193/1985号来文，Pierre Giry诉多米尼加共和国，第5.5段和第6段)。 |
| Human
Rights Committee, communication No. 193/1985, Pierre Giry v. Dominican
Republic, Views adopted on 20 July 1990, para. 5.5. (The Committee
found that the Dominican Republic had violated article 13 of the
Covenant by omitting to afford the person concerned an opportunity to
have his case reviewed by a competent authority.) | 人权事务委员会，第193/1985号来文，Pierre Giry诉多米尼加共和国，1990年7月20日通过的意见，第5.5段(委员会认为多米尼加共和国违反了《公约》第十三条，未向有关个人提供机会，以使案件得到主管当局的复审)。 |
| Human Rights Committee, general comment No. 15: The position of aliens under the Covenant, 11 April 1986, para. 10. | 人权事务委员会，第15号一般性意见：《公约》所规定的外侨地位，1986年4月11日，第10段。 |
| In
Eric Hammel v. Madagascar (communication No. 155/1983, Views adopted on
3 April 1987, Official Records of the General Assembly, Forty-second
Session, Supplement No. 40 (A/42/40), p. 138, para. 19.2), the
Committee considered that the claimant had not been given an effective
remedy to challenge his expulsion. | 在Eric Hammel诉马达加斯加案(第155/1983号来文，1987年4月3日通过的意见，《大会正式记录，第四十二届会议，补编第40号》(A/42/40)，第138页，第19.2段)中，委员会认为，申诉人没有得到有效的补救，以对驱逐他的决定提出异议。 |
| See
also Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of
the Congo), Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2010, p. 639, at pp.
666–667, para. 74. | 另参见艾哈迈杜·萨迪奥·迪亚洛案(几内亚共和国诉刚果民主共和国)，案情实质，判决，《2010年国际法院案例汇编》，第639页起，见第666-667页，第74段。 |
| Concluding
observations of the Human Rights Committee: Syrian Arab Republic, 5
April 2001 Official Records of the General Assembly, Fifty-sixth
Session, Supplement No. 40, vol. I (A/56/40 (Vol. I)), para. 82 (22),
p. 75. | 人权事务委员会的结论性意见：阿拉伯叙利亚共和国，2001年4月5日，《大会正式记录，第五十六届会议，补编第40号》，第一卷(A/56/40 (Vol. I))，第82(22)段，第75页。 |
| In contrast, the applicability of article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights in cases of expulsion is less clear. | 相反，在驱逐情况下如何适用《欧洲人权公约》第六条，较不清楚。 |
| “When
no right under the Convention comes into consideration, only the
procedural guarantees that concern remedies in general are applicable. | “如果不考虑《公约》规定的任何权利，则惟有涉及一般补救办法的程序保障可以适用。 |
| While
Article 6 only refers to remedies concerning ‘civil rights and
obligations’ and ‘criminal charges’, the Court has interpreted the
provision as including also disciplinary sanctions. | 第六条仅提到关于‘公民权利和义务’及‘刑事指控’的补救办法，但法院将此规定理解为包括纪律惩处。 |
| Measures
such as expulsion that significantly affect individuals should also be
regarded as covered” (Giorgio Gaja, “Expulsion of Aliens: Some Old and
New Issues in International Law”, Cursos Euromediterráneos Bancaja de
Derecho Internacional, vol. 3, 1999, pp. 309–310). | 诸
如驱逐等对个人影响很大的措施，也应被视为在该规定涵盖范围内”(乔治·加亚，“驱逐外国人：国际法中的一些老问题和新问题”，Cursos
Euromediterraneos Bancaja de Derecho Internacional，第3卷，1999年，第309-310页)。 |
| European
Court of Human Rights, Chahal v. United Kingdom, Judgment (Merits and
Just Satisfaction), 15 November 1996, Application No. 22414/93, para.
151. | 欧洲人权法院，Chahal诉联合王国，判决(案情实质和公正抵偿)，1996年11月15日，第22414/93号申诉，第151段。 |
| European
Convention on the Legal Status of Migrant Workers, Strasbourg, 24
November 1977, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1496, No. 25700, p.
7. | 《欧洲移徙工人法律地位公约》，斯特拉斯堡，1977年11月24日，联合国，《条约汇编》，第1496卷，第25700号，第7页。 |
| Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, General Recommendation No. 30, para. 25. | 消除种族歧视委员会，第30号一般性建议，第25段。 |
| See
also the Committee’s concluding observations concerning France, 1 March
1994, Official Records of the General Assembly, Forty-ninth Session,
Supplement No. 18 (A/49/18), para. 144 (right of appeal). | 也见委员会关于法国的结论性意见，1994年3月1日，《大会正式记录，第四十九届会议，补编第18号》(A/49/18)，第144段(上诉权)。 |
| African
Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, communication No. 159/96,
Union Interafricaine des Droits de l’Homme, Fédération Internationale
des Ligues des Droits de l’Homme, Rencontre Africaine des Droits de
l’Homme, Organisation Nationale des Droits de l’Homme au Sénégal and
Association Malienne des Droits de l’Homme v. Angola, Eleventh Annual
Activity Report, 1997–1998, para. 20. | 非洲人权和人民权利委员会，
第159/96号来文，Union Interafricaine des Droits de l’Homme, Fédération
Internationale des Ligues des Droits de l’Homme, Rencontre Africaine
des Droits de l’Homme, Organisation Nationale des Droits de l’Homme au
Sénégal and Association Malienne des Droits de
l’Homme诉安哥拉，《第十一次年度活动报告》，1997-1998年，第20段。 |
| African
Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, communication No. 212/98,
Amnesty International v. Zambia, Twelfth Annual Activity Report,
1998–1999. | 非洲人权和人民权利委员会，第212/98号来文，大赦国际诉赞比亚，《第十二次年度活动报告》，1998-1999年。 |
| See,
for example, France, Code on the Entry and Stay of Aliens and on the
Right to Asylum, articles L111-8, L221-4, L512-2, L522-2; | 例如见法国《外国人入境和逗留以及庇护权法典》，第L111-8、L221-4、L512-2、L522-2条； |
| Spain,
Organic Law 4/2000 (11 January 2000) concerning the rights and
liberties of foreigners in Spain and their social integration, modified
by Organic Law 2/2009 (11 December 2009), art. 63.3; | 西班牙关于外国人在西班牙的权利和自由及其社会融合的第4/2000号基本法(2000年1月11日)，后经第2/2009号基本法修订(2009年12月11日)，第63.3条； |
| and
Sweden, Administrative Act (SFS 1986:223), art. 8 and Alien Act (SFS
2005:716), art. 13:11 See also the above-cited memorandum by the
Secretariat (A/CN.4/565), para. 645. | 及瑞典《行政法》(SFS 1986:223)，第8条和《外国人法》(SFS 2005:716)，第13:11条。 另见上文提到的秘书处备忘录(A/CN.4/565)，第645段。 |
| Concluding observations of the Committee on the Rights of the Child: Spain, 7 June 2002, (CRC/C/15/Add.185), para. 45 (a). | 儿童权利委员会的结论性意见：西班牙，2002年6月7日，(CRC/C/15/Add.185)，第45(a)段。 |
| With
respect to the right of the expellee to be granted legal aid, see,
inter alia, the relevant legislation of the European Union, in
particular Council Directive 2003/109/EC of 25 November 2003, dealing
with the situation of third country nationals who are long-term
residents. Article 12 of the Directive provides: | 关于被驱逐者获得法律援助的权利，可参考欧洲联盟的相关立法，特别是欧洲理事会2003年11月25日关于长期居住第三国国民地位的第2003/109/EC号指令，其中第12条规定： |
| “4.
Where an expulsion decision has been adopted, a judicial redress
procedure shall be available to the long-term resident in the Member
State concerned. | “4. 驱离决定下达后，长期居住者可在有关成员国提出司法申诉。 |
| “5.
Legal aid shall be given to long-term residents lacking adequate
resources, on the same terms as apply to nationals of the State where
they reside. | “5. 应以与居住国国民相同的条件，向缺乏充足资源的长期居住者提供司法援助。 |
| ”
(European Union, Council Directive 2003/109/EC of 25 November 2003
concerning the status of third country nationals who are long-term
residents, Official Journal L 16, pp. 44–53). | ”(欧洲联盟2003年11月25日关于长期居住第三国国民地位的第2003/109/EC号指令，《官方报告》L 16，第44-53页)。 |
| See draft article 4 above and the commentary thereto. | 见上文第4条草案及其评注。 |
| See the above-cited memorandum by the Secretariat (A/CN.4/565), para. 631. | 见上文提到的秘书处备忘录(A/CN.4/565)，第631段。 |
| See also the first addendum to the Special Rapporteur’s sixth report (A.CN.4/625/Add.1), paras. 97–102. | 另见特别报告员第六次报告的第一份增编(A.CN.4/625/Add.1)，第97-102段。 |
| Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, 24 April 1963, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 596, No. 8638, p. 261. | 《维也纳条约法公约》，1963年4月24日，联合国,《条约汇编》，第596卷，第8638号，第261页。 |
| This
provision reads: “Any alien shall be free at any time to communicate
with the consulate or diplomatic mission of the State of which he or
she is a national or, in their absence, with the consulate or
diplomatic mission of any other State entrusted with the protection of
the interests of the State of which he or she is a national in the
State where he or she resides.” | 这一款规定：“任何外侨应可在任何时候与他具有国民身分的国家的领事馆或外交使团自由联系，如果没有该国领事馆或外交使团，则可与受托在他所居留国家内保护他具有国民身分的国家的利益的任何其他国家的领事馆或外交使团自由联系。 ” |
| LaGrand (Germany v. United States of America), Judgment , I.C.J. Reports 2001, p. 466, at pp. 489–498 paras. 64–91; | 拉格朗案(德国诉美国)，判决，《2001年国际法院案例汇编》，第466页起，见第489-498页，第64-91段； |
| Avena
and other Mexican Nationals (Mexico v. United States of America),
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2004, p. 12, at pp. 39-57 paras. 49–114. | 阿韦纳和其他墨西哥国民案(墨西哥诉美国)，判决，《2004年国际法院案例汇编》，第12页起，见第39-57页，第49-114段。 |
| LaGrand (Germany v. United States of America), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2001, p. 466, at p. 494 para. 77. | 拉格朗案(德国诉美国)，2001年6月27日的判决，《2001年国际法院案例汇编》，第77段。 |
| Ibid. | 同上。 |
| Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2004, p. 12, at p. 46, para. 76. | 判决，《2004年国际法院案例汇编》，第12页起，见第46页，第76段。 |
| Ahmadou
Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo),
Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2010, p. 672, para. 95. | 艾哈迈杜·萨迪奥·迪亚洛案(几内亚共和国诉刚果民主共和国)，案情实质，判决，《2010年国际法院案例汇编》，第672页，第95段。 |
| Ibid., p. 673, paras. 96 and 97. | 同上，第673页，第96和97段。 |
| See
the discussion of this point in the first addendum to the Special
Rapporteur’s sixth report (A.CN.4/625/Add.1), paras. 17–40. | 见特别报告员第六次报告第一份增编中进行的讨论(A.CN.4/625/Add.1)，第17-40段。 |
| European
Court of Human Rights, Čonka v. Belgium, Judgment (Merits and Just
Satisfaction), 5 February 2002, Application No. 51564/99, para. 79; | 欧洲人权法院，Čonka诉比利时，判决(案情实质和公正抵偿)，2002年2月5日，第51564/99号申诉，第79段。 |
| See also European Court of Human Rights, A.C. and others v. Spain, Judgment, 22 April 2014, Application No. 6528/11, para. 88. | 另见欧洲人权法院，A.C.等人诉西班牙，判决，2014年4月22日，第6528/11号申诉，第88段。 |
| Parliamentary
Assembly of the Council of Europe, Recommendation 1624 (2003), Common
policy on migration and asylum, 30 September 2003, para. 9. | 欧洲委员会议会，第1624号建议(2003年)，关于移徙和庇护的共同政策，2003年9月30日，第9段。 |
| Parliamentary
Assembly of the Council of Europe, Appendix to Recommendation 769
(1975) on the legal status of aliens, 3 October 1975, paras. 9–10. | 欧洲委员会议会，第769号建议附录(1975年)，关于外国人的法律地位，1975年10月3日，第9-10段。 |
| See, for example, France, Code on the Entry and Stay of Aliens and on the Right to Asylum, art. L524-4. | 例如见法国《外国人入境和逗留以及庇护权法典》，第L524-4条。 |
| The
Inter-American Commission on Human Rights in effect recognized the
existence of this right in a case involving the arbitrary expulsion of
a foreign priest, in that it resolved: | 美洲人权委员会在涉及非法驱逐一名外国神父的案件中实际上承认存在此项权利，该委员会的决议说： |
| “To
recommend to the government of Guatemala: a) that Father Carlos Stetter
be permitted to return to the territory of Guatemala and to reside in
that country if he so desires; | “建议危地马拉政府：(a) 如果Carlos Stetter神父希望，准许他返回危地马拉，并在该国境内居住； |
| b) that it investigate the acts reported and punish those responsible for them; | (b) 调查所报行为并惩处应为此种行为负责的人； |
| and
c) that it inform the Commission in 60 days on the measures taken to
implement these recommendations” (Inter-American Commission on Human
Rights, Resolution 30/81, Case 73/78 (Guatemala), 25 June 1981, Annual
Report of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights 1980–1981,
OEA/Ser.L/V/II.54, doc. 9 rev.1, 16 October 1981). | (c)
在60天之内将其为执行上述建议而采取的措施通知委员会”(美洲人权委员会，第30/81号决议，第73/78号案(危地马拉)，1981年6月25日，
《1980-1981年美洲人权委员会年度报告》，OEA/Ser.L/V/II.54，第9 rev.1号文件，1981年10月16日)。 |
| See in this connection draft article 10 above, which prohibits all forms of disguised expulsion. | 关于这一点，见上文第10条草案，该条草案禁止任何形式的变相驱逐。 |
| The
provision reads: “If a decision of expulsion that has already been
executed is subsequently annulled, the person concerned shall have the
right to seek compensation according to law and the earlier decision
shall not be used to prevent him or her from re-entering the State
concerned” (emphasis added). | 这一条款的规定如下：“已经执行的驱逐判决如其后予以取消，当事人应有权依法要求赔偿，而以前的判决不得被用来阻止当事人再次进入有关国家”(强调是后加的)。 |
| See Yearbook … 2001, vol. II (Part Two), pp. 86–116. | 参见《2001年…年鉴》，第二卷(第二部分)，第86-116页。 |
| See
para. (5) of the general commentary to the Commission’s articles on the
responsibility of States for internationally wrongful acts; | 参见委员会对国家对国际不法行为的责任条款的总评注第(5)段； |
| Yearbook … 2001, vol. II (Part Two), p. 32. | 《2001年…年鉴》，第二卷(第二部分)，第32页。 |
| Article
31 reads as follows: “Article 31 – Reparation: 1. The responsible State
is under an obligation to make full reparation for the injury caused by
the internationally wrongful act. 2. | 第31条案文如下：“第31条－赔偿：1. 责任国有义务对国际不法行为所造成的损害提供充分赔偿； |
| Injury includes any damage, whether material or moral, caused by the internationally wrongful act of a State.” | 2. 损害包括一国国际不法行为造成的任何损害，无论是物质损害还是精神损害。 |
| Article
34 reads as follows: “Article 34 – Forms of reparation: Full reparation
for the injury caused by the internationally wrongful act shall take
the form of restitution, compensation and satisfaction, either singly
or in combination, in accordance with the provisions of this chapter.” | ” 第34条案文如下：“第34条－赔偿方式：对国际不法行为造成的损害的充分赔偿，应按照本章的规定，单独或合并地采取恢复原状、补偿和抵偿的方式。 ” |
| See,
for example, Paquet Case (Expulsion), Mixed Claims Commission
Belgium-Venezuela, 1903, United Nations, Reports of International
Arbitral Awards, vol. IX, pp. 323–325, at p. 325 (Filtz, Umpire); | 例如见Paquet案(驱逐)，比利时-委内瑞拉混合索赔委员会，1903年，联合国，《国际仲裁裁决汇编》，第九卷，第323-325页，见第325页(仲裁人Filtz)； |
| Oliva
Case, Mixed Claims Commission Italy-Venezuela, 1903, United Nations,
Reports of International Arbitral Awards, vol. X, pp. 600–609; | Oliva案，意大利－委内瑞拉混合索赔委员会，1903年，联合国，《国际仲裁裁决汇编》，第十卷，第600–609页； |
| Maal
Case, Mixed Claims Commission Netherlands-Venezuela, 1 June 1903,
United Nations, Reports of International Arbitral Awards, vol. X, pp.
730–733; | Maal案，荷兰－委内瑞拉混合索赔委员会，1903年6月1日，联合国，《国际仲裁裁决汇编》，第十卷，第730-733页； |
| Daniel
Dillon (U.S.A.) v. United Mexican States, Mexico-U.S.A. General Claims
Commission, Award of 3 October 1928, United Nations, Reports of
International Arbitral Awards, vol. IV, pp. 368–371; | Daniel Dillon (美国)诉墨西哥合众国，墨西哥－美国一般索赔委员会，1928年10月3日的裁决，联合国，《国际仲裁裁决汇编》，第四卷，第368-371页； |
| Yeager
v. The Islamic Republic of Iran, Iran-United States Claims Tribunal,
Award of 2 November 1987, Iran-United States Claims Tribunal Reports,
vol. 17, pp. 92–113; | Yeager诉伊朗伊斯兰共和国，伊朗－美国索赔法庭，1987年11月2日的裁决，《伊朗－美国索赔法庭报告》，第17卷，第92-113页； |
| Case
of Moustaquim v. Belgium, Judgment (Merits and Just Satisfaction),
European Court of Human Rights, 18 February 1991, Application No.
12313/86; | Moustaquim诉比利时案，判决(案情实质和公正抵偿)，欧洲人权法院，1991年2月18日，第12313/86号申诉； |
| Case
of Conka v. Belgium, Judgment (Merits and Just Satisfaction), European
Court of Human Rights, 5 February 2002, Application No. 51564/99. | Conka诉比利时案，判决(案情实质和公正抵偿)，欧洲人权法院，2002年2月5日，第51564/99号申诉。 |
| International
responsibility: sixth report by F.V. García Amador, Special Rapporteur
(Responsibility of the State for injuries caused in its territory to
the person or property of aliens – Reparation of the injury), Yearbook
… 1961, vol. II, A/CN.4/134 and Add.1, para. 99. | 国际责任：特别报告员F.V. 加西亚·阿马多尔的第六次报告(国家对其领土内的外国人或其财产造成损害所须承担的责任―― 损害赔偿)，《1961年…年鉴》，第二卷，A/CN.4/134和增编一，第99段。 |
| Ibid., para. 99, footnote 159. | 同上，第99段，脚注159。 |
| These
cases are mentioned by John Bassett Moore in A Digest of International
Law, Washington, Government Printing Office, vol. IV, 1906, pp. 99–101. | John Basset Moore在《国际法文摘》，华盛顿，政府印刷局，第四卷，1906年，第99-101页中也提到这些案件。 |
| Lampton
and Wiltbank had been expelled by the Government of Nicaragua and then
allowed to return to Nicaragua at the request of the United States. | Lampton和Wiltbank被尼加拉瓜政府驱逐出境，后来应美国的要求，又获准返回尼加拉瓜。 |
| As
for the four British subjects, Great Britain had demanded “the
unconditional cancellation of the decrees of expulsion” and Nicaragua
had replied that “there was no occasion for the revocation of the
decree of expulsion, as all the persons guilty of taking part in the
Mosquito rebellion had been pardoned”. | 对于四名英国国民，英国要求“无条件撤销驱逐令”，尼加拉瓜答复说“没有必要撤销驱逐令，因为所有参加米斯基托岛叛乱被判有罪的人都已经得到赦免”。 |
| “The
Inter-American Commission on Human Rights resolves: … 3. To recommend
to the Government of Guatemala: (a) that Father Carlos Stetter be
permitted to return to the territory of Guatemala and to reside in that
country if he so desires; | “美洲人权委员会决议：…3. 建议危地马拉政府：(a) 如果Carlos Stetter神父希望，准许他返回危地马拉，并在该国境内居住； |
| (b) that it investigate the acts reported and punish those responsible for them; | (b) 调查所报行为并惩处应为此种行为负责的人； |
| and
(c) that it inform the Commission in 60 days on the measures taken to
implement these recommendations” (Inter-American Commission on Human
Rights, Resolution 30/81, Case 7378 (Guatemala), 25 June 1981, Annual
Report of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights 1980–1981,
OEA/Ser.L/V/II.54, doc. 9, rev. 1, 16 October 1981). | (c)
在60天之内将其为执行上述建议而采取的措施通知委员会。
”(美洲人权委员会，第30/81号决议，第7378号案(危地马拉)，1981年6月25日，《1980-1981年美洲人权委员会年度报告》，
OEA/Ser.L/V/II.54，第9 rev.1号文件，1981年10月16日)。 |
| See,
on this issue, for example, Case of Emre v. Switzerland, application
No. 5056/10, European Court of Human Rights, 22 May 2008, or Case of
the “Mapiripán Massacre”, Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Series
C, No. 134, 7 March 2005, and Pueblo Bello See also, in this
connection, the Judgment of 19 June 2012 rendered by the International
Court of Justice in the Ahmadou Sadio Diallo case, which is discussed
in para. (6) below. | 关于这个问题，例如见Emre诉瑞士案，第5056/10号申诉，
欧洲人权法院，2008年5月22日，或“Mapiripán屠杀”案，美洲人权法院，C辑，第134号，2005年3月7日，以及Pueblo
Bello。 还见以下第(6)段讨论的2012年6月19日国际法庭对艾哈迈杜·萨迪奥·迪亚洛案做出的判决。 |
| See,
inter alia, the judgments rendered in the following cases: Loayza
Tamayo v. Peru, Judgment of 27 November 1998 (Reparations and costs),
Series C, No. 42, paras. 144–154; | 除其他外，参见下述案件的判决：Loayza Tamayo 诉秘鲁，1998年11月27日的判决(赔偿和费用)，C辑，第42号，第144至154段； |
| Cantoral Benavides, Judgment of 3 December 2001 (Reparations and costs), Series C, No. 88, paras. 60 and 80; | Cantoral Benavides, 2001年12月3日的判决(赔偿和费用)，C辑，第88号，第60和80段； |
| Gutiérrez Soler v. Colombia, Judgment of 12 September 2005 (Merits, reparations and costs), Series C, No. 132, paras. 87–89. | Gutiérrez Soler 诉哥伦比亚，2005年9月12日的判决，(实质问题、赔偿和费用)，C辑，第132号，第87至89段。 |
| Paquet
case, Belgium-Venezuela Mixed Claims Commission, 1903, United Nations,
Reports of International Arbitral Awards, vol. IX, p. 325. | Paquet案，比利时－委内瑞拉混合索赔委员会，1903年，联合国，《国际仲裁裁决汇编》，第九卷，第325页。 |
| Oliva
case, Italy-Venezuela Mixed Claims Commission, 1903, United Nations,
Reports of International Arbitral Awards, vol. X, pp. 607 to 609
(Ralston, umpire), containing details about the calculation of damages
in the particular case. | Oliva案，意大利－委内瑞拉混合索赔委员会，1903年，联合国，《国际仲裁裁决汇编》，第十卷，第607至609页(仲裁人Ralston)，其中载有该案计算损失的详细办法。 |
| Oliva case, ibid., p. 602 (Agnoli, commissioner). | Oliva案，同上，第602页(仲裁人Agnoli)。 |
| Maal
case, Netherlands-Venezuela Mixed Claims Commission, 1 June 1903,
United Nations, Reports of International Arbitral Awards, vol. X, pp.
732 and 733 (Plumley, umpire). | Maal案，荷兰－委内瑞拉混合索赔委员会，1903年6月1日，联合国,《国际仲裁裁决汇编》，第十卷，第732至733页(仲裁人Plumley)。 |
| Daniel
Dillon (United States of America ) v. United Mexican States,
Mexico-U.S.A. General Claims Commission, Award of 3 October 1928,
United Nations, Reports of International Arbitral Awards, vol. IV, p.
369. | Daniel Dillon (美国)诉墨西哥合众国，墨西哥－美国一般索赔委员会，1928年10月3日的裁决，联合国，《国际仲裁裁决汇编》，第四卷，第369页。 |
| Yeager
v. The Islamic Republic of Iran, Iran-United States Claims Tribunal,
Award of 2 November 1987, Iran-United States Claims Tribunal Reports,
vol. 17, pp. 107 to 109, paras. 51–59. | Yeager诉伊朗伊斯兰共和国，伊朗－美国索赔法庭，1987年11月2日的裁决，《伊朗－美国索赔法庭报告》，第17卷，第107至109页，第51至59段。 |
| Ibid., p. 110, paras. 61–63. | 同上，第110页，第61至63段。 |
| Moustaquim v. Belgium, Judgment (Merits and Just Satisfaction), 18 February 1991, Application No. 12313/86, paras. 52 to 55. | Moustaquim诉比利时，1991年2月18日的判决(案情实质和公正抵偿)，第12313/86号申诉，第52至55段。 |
| Čonka v. Belgium, Judgment (Merits and Just Satisfaction), 5 February 2002, Application No. 51564/99, para. 42. | Čonka诉比利时，2002年2月5日的判决(案情实质和公正抵偿)，第51564/99号申诉，第42段。 |
| Beldjoudi
v. France, Judgment (Merits and Just Satisfaction), 26 March 1992,
Application No. 12083/86, para. 86: “The applicants must have suffered
non-pecuniary damages, but the present judgment provides them with
sufficient compensation in this respect. | Beldjoudi诉法国案，1992年3月26日的判决(案情实质和公正抵偿)，第12083/86号申诉，第86段：“申诉人必定蒙受非金钱的损失，但本判决书在这方面给予他们足够的补偿”。 |
| ”
The Court added that there would have been a violation of article 8 of
the Convention “if the decision to expel Mr. Beldjoudi [had been]
implemented” (operative para. 1). | 法院补充说，“将Beldjoudi先生递解出境的决定如果执行”，将违反公约第8条(执行部分第1段)。 |
| Chahal
v. United Kingdom, Judgment (Merits and Just Satisfaction), 15 November
1996, Application No. 22414/93, para. 158: “In view of its decision
that there has been no violation of Article 5, para. 1 …, the Court
makes no award for non-pecuniary damages in respect of the period of
time Mr. Chahal has spent in detention. | Chahal诉联合王国案，1996年11月15日的判决(案情实质和公正抵偿)，第22414/93号申诉，第158段：“本院断定并未发生违反第5条第1款规定的情况…，因此，本院对Chahal先生在拘留中度过的那段时间，不给予非金钱损失的赔偿。 |
| As
to the other complaints, the Court considers that the findings that his
deportation, if carried out, would constitute a violation of Article 3
and that there have been breaches of Articles 5, para. 4, and 13
constitute sufficient just satisfaction.” | 至于其他的控诉，本院认为，裁决将他递解出境一事，如果执行，将构成违反第3条的行为，并裁决已经发生违反第5条第4款和第13条的情况，这两项裁决构成足够的合理补偿。 ” |
| Ahmed v. Austria, Judgment (Merits and Just Satisfaction), 17 December 1996, Application No. 25964/94. | Ahmed诉奥地利案，1996年12月17日的判决(案情实质和公正抵偿)，第25964/94号申诉。 |
| The
Court disallowed a claim for compensation for loss of earnings because
of the lack of a causal connection between the alleged damage and the
Court’s conclusion with regard to article 3 of the Convention (para.
50). | 法院拒绝收入损失的索赔要求，因为声称的损失与法院有关公约第3条的结论没有关联(第50段)。 |
| The
Court then stated: “The Court considers that the applicant must have
suffered non-pecuniary damage but that the present judgment affords him
sufficient compensation in that respect” (para. 51). | 法院接着说：“本院认为申诉人必定蒙受非金钱的损失，但本判决书在这方面给予他足够的补偿”(第51段)。 |
| The
Court then held: “… for as long as the applicant faces a real risk of
being subjected in Somalia to treatment contrary to Article 3 of the
Convention there would be a breach of that provision in the event of
the decision to deport him there being implemented” (operative para. 2). | 法院最后认为：“…只要申诉人面临在索马里遭受违反公约第3条的待遇的实际危险，如果执行将他递解到该国的决定，将违反该条的规定”(执行部分第2段)。 |
| Para. (6) of the commentary to art. 37; | 第37条的评注第(6)段； |
| Yearbook … 2001, vol. II (Part Two), pp. 106–107. | 《2001年…年鉴》，第二卷(第二部分)，第106-107页。 |
| Bámaca-Velásquez v. Guatemala, Judgment of 22 February 2002, (Reparations), paras. 73 and 106. | Bámaca-Velásquez诉危地马拉，2002年2月22日的判决，(赔偿)，第73和106段。 |
| Ahmadou
Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v . Democratic Republic of the Congo),
Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2010, p. 639, at p. 691, para. 160. | 艾哈迈杜·萨迪奥·迪亚洛案(几内亚共和国诉刚果民主共和国)，案情实质，判决，《2010年国际法院案例汇编》，第639页起，见第691页，第160段。 |
| Judgment No. 13 (Merits), 1928, P.C.I.J. Series A, No. 17, p. 47. | 1928年第13号判决(案情实质)，《常设国际法院案例汇编》A辑，第17号，第47页。 |
| Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay), Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2010, pp. 103–104, para. 273. | 乌拉圭河纸浆厂案(阿根廷诉乌拉圭)，案情实质，判决，《2010年国际法院案例汇编》，第103-104页，第273段。 |
| Ahmadou
Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo),
Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2010, p. 691, p. 639, at para. 161. | 艾哈迈杜·萨迪奥·迪亚洛案(几内亚共和国诉刚果民主共和国)，案情实质，判决，《2010年国际法院案例汇编》，第639页起，见第691页，第161段。 |
| Ahmadou
Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo),
Compensation, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012, p. 324. | 艾哈迈杜·萨迪奥·迪亚洛案(几内亚共和国诉刚果民主共和国)，关于补偿的判决，《2012年国际法院案例汇编》，第324页。 |
| Ibid., pp. 333–335, paras. 18–25. | 同上，第333-335页，第18至25段。 |
| Ibid., pp. 335–338 and 343, paras. 26–36 and 55. | 同上，第335-338页和第343页，第26至36和55段。 |
| Ibid., pp. 338–342, paras. 37–50. | 同上，第338-342页，第37至50段。 |
| For
the text of the articles on diplomatic protection and the commentaries
thereto, see the report of the Commission on the work of its
fifty-eighth session (2006), Official Records of the General Assembly,
Sixty-first Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/61/10), para. 50. | 关于外交保护的条款案文及其评注，见国际法委员会第五十八届会议工作报告(2006年)，《大会正式纪录，第六十一届会议，补编第10号》(A/61/10)，第50段。 |
| Ahmadou
Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo),
Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2007, p. 582, at p.
599, para. 40. | 艾哈迈杜·萨迪奥·迪亚洛案(几内亚共和国诉刚果民主共和国)，初步反对意见，判决，《2007年国际法院案例汇编》，第582页起，见第599页，第40段。 |
| See A/CN.4/598, A/CN.4/645 and Corr.1, A/CN.4/629, A/CN.4/643 and Corr.1, A/CN.4/652, and A/CN.4/662. | 见A/CN.4/598、A/CN.4/645和Corr.1、A/CN.4/629、A/CN.4/643和Corr.1、A/CN.4/652以及A/CN.4/662。 |
| Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-fifth Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/65/10), para. 330. | 《大会正式记录，第六十五届会议，补编第10号》(A/65/10)，第330段。 |
| Ibid., Sixty-sixth Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/66/10), para. 228. | 同上，《第六十六届会议，补编第10号》(A/66/10)，第228段。 |
| Ibid., Sixty-eighth Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/68/10), para. 61. | 同上，《第六十八届会议，补编第10号》(A/68/10)，第61段。 |
| Draft article 14 bis read as follows: | 第14条草案之二案文如下： |
| Protection of relief personnel, equipment and goods | 保护救灾人员、设备和物资 |
| The
affected State shall take all necessary measures to ensure the
protection of relief personnel, equipment and goods present in its
territory for the purpose of providing external assistance. | 受灾国须采取一切必要措施，确保对进入本国境内以便提供外部援助的救灾人员、设备和物资提供保护。 |
| Draft article 17 read as follows: | 第17条草案案文如下： |
| Relationship with special rules of international law | 与国际法特别规则的关系 |
| The
present draft articles do not apply to the extent that they are
inconsistent with special rules of international law applicable in
disaster situations. | 本条款草案若与发生灾害时适用的国际法特别规则不符，则不适用。 |
| Draft article 18 read as follows: | 第18条草案案文如下： |
| Matters related to disaster situations not regulated by the present draft articles | 与本条款草案未明文规定的灾害情况有关的事项 |
| The
applicable rules of international law continue to govern matters
related to disaster situations to the extent that they are not
regulated by the present draft articles. | 关于与灾害情况有关的事项，在本条款草案没有明文规定的情况下，仍应遵守适用的国际法规则。 |
| Draft article 19 read as follows: | 第19条草案案文如下： |
| Relationship to the Charter of the United Nations | 与《联合国宪章》的关系 |
| The present draft articles are without prejudice to the Charter of the United Nations. | 本条款草案不妨碍《联合国宪章》。 |
| Draft article 3 bis read as follows: | 第3条草案之二案文如下： |
| Use of terms | 用语 |
| For the purposes of the present articles: | 为本条款的目的： |
| (a) “Affected State” means the Stat e upon whose territory persons or property are affected by a disaster; | (a) “受影响国”是指境内人员或财产受灾害影响的国家； |
| (b) “Assisting State” means a State providing assistance to an affected State at its request or with its acceptance; | (b) “援助国”是指应受影响国请求或为受影响国所接受向该受影响国提供援助的国家； |
| (c)
“Other assisting actor” refers to an international organization,
non-governmental organization, or any other entity or person, external
to the affected State, which is engaged in disaster risk reduction or
the provision of disaster relief assistance; | (c) “其他援助行为体”是指受影响国以外参与减少灾害风险或提供救灾援助的国际组织、非政府组织或任何其他实体或人员； |
| (d)
“External assistance” refers to relief personnel, equipment and goods,
and services provided to an affected State by assisting States or other
assisting actors, with the objective of preventing, or mitigating the
consequences of disasters or meeting the needs of those affected by a
disaster; | (d) “外部援助”是指援助国或其他援助行为体为防灾或减轻灾害后果或满足受灾害影响的人的需求向受影响国提供的救灾人员、设备和物资以及服务； |
| (e)
“Equipment and goods” includes supplies, tools, machines, specially
trained animals, foodstuffs, drinking water, medical supplies, means of
shelter, clothing, bedding, vehicles and other objects necessary for
the provision of disaster relief assistance and indispensable for the
survival and the fulfilment of the essential needs of the victims of
disasters; | (e) “设备和物资”包括供应品、工具、机器、经过特别训练的动物、食品、饮用水、医疗用品、栖身手段、衣物、床具、车辆以及提供救灾援助所需及受灾者生存和满足基本需要必不可少的其他物件； |
| (f)
“Relevant non-governmental organization” means any organization,
including private and corporate entities, other than a State or
governmental or intergovernmental organization, working impartially and
with strictly humanitarian motives, which because of its nature,
location or expertise, is engaged in disaster risk reduction or the
provision of disaster relief assistance; | (f) “相关非政府组织”是指除国家、政府组织或政府间组织之外的任何组织，包括私有和公司实体，由于其性质、地点或知识专长，以公正的工作方式和纯粹的人道主义动机参与减少灾害风险或提供救灾援助工作； |
| (g)
“Relief personnel” means specialized personnel, including military
personnel, engaged in the provision of disaster relief assistance on
behalf of an assisting State or other assisting actor, as appropriate,
having at their disposal the necessary equipment and goods; | (g) “救灾人员”是指酌情代表援助国和其他援助行为体参与提供救灾援助工作并掌握必要设备和物资的包括军事人员在内的专业人员； |
| (h)
“Risk of disasters” means the probability of harmful consequences or
losses with regard to human life or health, livelihood, property and
economic activity, or damage to the environment, resulting from a
disaster. | (h) “灾害风险”是指灾害对人类生命或健康、生计、财产和经济活动可能造成的危害性后果或损失或对环境可能造成的破坏。 |
| The numbers of the draft articles, as previously provisionally adopted by the Commission, are indicated in square brackets. | 委员会先前暂时通过的条款草案编号列于方括号内。 |
| The numbers of the draft articles, as previously provisionally adopted by the Commission, are indicated in square brackets. | 委员会先前暂时通过的条款草案编号列于方括号内。 |
| United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 999, No. 14668, p. 171 and vol. 1057, p. 407. | 联合国，《条约汇编》，第999卷，第14668号，第171页和第1057卷，第407页。 |
| See too: Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC) Operational Guidelines on Human Rights and Natural Disasters, 2006. | 另见机构间常设委员会《人权和自然灾害业务准则》，2006年。 |
| See also paras. (2) and (3) of the commentary to draft art. 6 [8]. | 另见第6[8]条草案的评注第(2)和第(3)段。 |
| International
Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, Guidelines for the
Domestic Facilitation and Regulation of International Disaster Relief
and Initial Recovery Assistance (“IFRC Guidelines”), 2007. | 红十字会与红新月会国际联合会，《国内便利和管理国际救灾和初期恢复援助工作导则》(“红十字与红新月联会《导则》”)，2007年。 |
| Resolution
on Humanitarian Assistance, adopted by the Institute of International
Law, 2 September 2003, Bruges, Belgium (“Resolution on Humanitarian
Assistance”). | 国际法学会通过的关于人道主义援助的决议，2003年9月2日，比利时布鲁日(“关于人道主义援助的决议”)。 |
| Supra, note 246, art. 2 (8) (“[t]he State upon whose territory persons or property are affected by a disaster”). | 上文注246, 第2条第8款(“在其领土内人员或财产受到灾害影响的国家”)。 |
| General Assembly resolution 62/68 of 6 December 2007, annex, art. 2. | 大会2007年12月6日第62/68号决议，附件，第2条。 |
| See below para. (7) of the commentary to draft art. 3 [3]. | 见下文第3[3]条的评注第(7)段。 |
| Ibid., para. (4). | 同上，第(4)段。 |
| United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 2172, No. 38131, p. 213, art. 1 (f) (“Framework Convention on Civil Defence Assistance”). | 联合国，《条约汇编》，第2172卷，第38131号，第213页，第1条(f)(《民防援助框架公约》)。 |
| See below para. (4) of the commentary to draft art. 16 [12]. | 见下文第16[12]条草案的评注第(4)段。 |
| See below para. (4) of the commentary to draft art. 19 [15]. | 见下文第19[15]条草案的评注第(4)段。 |
| ASEAN
Agreement on Disaster Management and Emergency Response, 26 July 2005
(“ASEAN Agreement”), ASEAN Documents Series 2005, p. 157, art. 1 (1)
(definition of “assisting entity”). | 《东盟灾害管理与紧急应对协定》(《东盟协定》)(2005年7月26日)，2005年东盟文件汇编，第157页，第1条第1款(“援助实体”的定义)。 |
| See below para. (2) of the commentary to draft art. 15 [13]. | 见下文第15[13]条草案的评注第(2)段。 |
| Ibid. | 同上。 |
| See art. 1 (d) (definition of “assistance”). | 见第1条(d)项(“援助”的定义)。 |
| See para. (7) of the commentary to draft art. 9 [5 bis]. | 见第9[5之二]条草案的评注第(7)段。 |
| Agreement
between the Government of the Hellenic Republic and the Government of
the Russian Federation on Cooperation in the Field of Prevention and
Response to Natural and Man-Made Disasters, of 21 February 2000, art. 1
(definition of “team for providing assistance”). | 《希腊共和国政府与俄罗斯联邦共和国政府关于在预防和应对自然和人为灾害方面开展合作的协定》，2000年2月21日，第1条(“救援队”的定义)。 |
| See para. (4) of the commentary to draft art. 17 [14]. | 见第17[14]条草案的评注第(4)段。 |
| See
Articles on the responsibility of States for internationally wrongful
acts, 2001, General Assembly resolution. 56/83 of 12 December 2001,
annex, arts. 4–9, and Articles on the responsibility of international
organizations, 2011, General Assembly resolution 66/98 of 9 December
2011, annex, arts. 6–7. | 见国家对国际不法行为的责任条款，2001年，大会2001年12月12日第56/83号决议，附件，第4-9条，和关于国际组织的责任的条款，2011年，大会2011年12月9日第66/98号决议，附件，第6-7条。 |
| See para. (5) of the commentary to draft art. 17 [14]. | 见第17[14]条草案的评注第(5)段。 |
| International
Convention on the Simplification and Harmonization of Customs
Procedures (“Kyoto Convention”) of 18 May 1973, United Nations, Treaty
Series, vol. 950, No. 13561, p. 269, as revised by the Protocol of
Amendment to the International Convention on the Simplification and
Harmonization of Customs Procedures of 26 June 1999, United Nations,
Treaty Series, vol. 2370, No. 13561, p. 27 (definition of “relief
consignments”). | 1973年5月18日《关于简化和协调海关手续的国际公约》(“京都公
约”)，联合国，《条约汇编》，第950卷，第13561号，第269页，后经1999年6月26日《关于简化和协调海关制度的国际公约修正案议定书》修
订，联合国，《条约汇编》，第2370卷，第13561号，第27页(“救济物资”的定义)。 |
| Preambular paragraphs; | 序言部分； |
| art. 10, para. 1. | 第十条第1款。 |
| United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 993 , No. 14668, p. 3, preambular paragraphs; | 联合国，《条约汇编》，第993卷，第14668号，第3页，序言部分； |
| art. 13, para. 1. | 第十三条第1款。 |
| Ibid., vol. 660, No. 9464, p. 195, preambular paragraphs. | 同上，第660卷，第9464号，第195页，序言部分。 |
| Ibid., vol. 1249, No. 20378, p. 13, preambular paragraphs. | 同上，第1249卷，第20378号，第13页，序言部分。 |
| Ibid., vol. 1465, Nol 24841, p. 85, preambular paragraphs. | 同上，第1465卷，第24841号，第85页，序言部分。 |
| Ibid., vol. 1577, No.27531, p. 3, preambular paragraphs; | 同上，第1577卷，第27531号，第3页，序言部分； |
| arts. 23, para. 1; | 第23条第1款； |
| 28, para. 2; | 第28条第2款； |
| 37; | 第37条； |
| 39 and 40. | 第39条和第40条。 |
| Geneva
Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and
Sick in Armed Forces in the Field, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol.
75, No. 970, p. 31; | 《改善战地武装部队伤者病者境遇的日内瓦公约》，联合国，《条约汇编》，第75卷，第31页； |
| Geneva
Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and
Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea, United Nations, Treaty
Series, vol. 75, No. 971, p. 85; | 《改善海上武装部队伤者病者及遇船难者境遇的日内瓦公约》，联合国，《条约汇编》，第 75卷，第971号，第 85页； |
| Geneva Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 75, No. 972, p. 135; | 《关于战俘待遇的日内瓦公约》，联合国，《条约汇编》，第75卷，第972号，第 135页； |
| and
Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in
Time of War, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 75, No. 973, p. 287
(“1949 Geneva Conventions”), common art. 3, para. 1 (noting the
prohibition on “outrages upon personal dignity, in particular
humiliating and degrading treatment”). | 及《关于战时保护平民的日内瓦公约》，联合国，《条约汇编》，第75卷，第973号，第 287页(“1949年日内瓦四公约”)，共同第三条第一款(注意禁止“损害个人尊严，特别如侮辱与降低身份的待遇”的规定)。 |
| Protocol
Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to
the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol
I), 1977, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1125, No. 17512, p. 3,
art. 75, para. 2 (b), (noting the prohibition on “outrages upon
personal dignity, in particular humiliating and degrading treatment,
enforced prostitution and any form of indecent assault”); | 1949
年8月12日日内瓦四公约《关于保护国际性武装冲突受害者的附加议定书》(第一号议定书)，1977年，联合国，《条约汇编》，第1125卷，第
17512号，第3页，第七十五条第二(二)款，(注意：禁止“对人身尊严的侵犯，特别是侮辱性和降低身份的待遇，强迫卖淫和任何形式的非礼侵犯”)； |
| art.
85, para. 4 (c) (noting that when committed wilfully and in violation
of the Conventions or the Protocol, “practices of apartheid and other
inhuman and degrading practices involving outrages upon personal
dignity, based on racial discrimination” are regarded as grave breaches
of the Protocol). | 第八十五条第四(三)款(注意：当行为属故意并违反各公约和本议定书时，“以种族歧视为依据侵犯人身尊严的种族隔离和其他不人道和侮辱性办法”应视为严重破坏议定书的行为)。 |
| Protocol
Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to
the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts
(Protocol II), 1977, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1125, No.
17512, p. 609, art. 4, para. 2 (e) (noting the prohibition on “outrages
upon personal dignity, in particular humiliating and degrading
treatment, rape, enforced prostitution and any form or indecent
assault”). | 1949年8月12日日内瓦四公约《关于保护非国际性武装冲突受害者的附加议定书》
(第二号议定书)，1977年，联合国，《条约汇编》，第1125卷，第17512号，第609页，第四条第二(五)款(注意：禁止“对人身尊严的侵犯，
特别是侮辱性和降低身分的待遇、强奸、强迫卖淫和任何形式的非礼侵犯”)。 |
| IFRC Guidelines, art. 4, para. 1. | 红十字与红新月联会《导则》，第4条第1款。 |
| General Assembly resolution 45/100 of 14 December 1990, preambular paragraph. | 1990年12月14日大会第45/100号决议，序言部分。 |
| Resolution on humanitarian assistance, art. II, para. 1. | 关于人道主义援助的决议，第二条第1款。 |
| Convention
on the Rights of the Child, art. 37 (c) (noting inter alia that
“[e]very child deprived of liberty shall be treated with humanity and
respect for the inherent dignity of the human person”). | 《儿童权利公约》，第37条(c)项(注意：“所有被剥夺自由的儿童应受到人道待遇，其人格固有尊严应受尊重”)。 |
| American
Convention on Human Rights, Organization of American States, Treaty
Series, No. 36, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1144, No. 17955, p.
123, art. 5, para. 2 (noting inter alia that “[a]ll persons deprived of
their liberty shall be treated with respect for the inherent dignity of
the human person”). | 《美洲人权公约》，美洲国家组织，《条约集》第36号，联合国，《条约汇编》，第1144卷，第17955号，第123页，第五条第二款(应注意之处之一：“所有被剥夺自由的人都应受到尊重人类固有的尊严的待遇”)。 |
| See Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-first session, Supplement No. 10 (A/61/10), Annex C, para. 28. | 见《大会正式记录，第六十一届会议，补编第10号》(A/61/10)，附件C, 第28段。 |
| Guidelines
on the Use of Military and Civil Defence Assets in Disaster Relief
(“Oslo Guidelines”), revised on 1 November 2007, para. 20 (noting that
“[t]he dignity and rights of all victims must be respected and
protected”). | 《在救灾中使用军事和民防资源的准则》(《奥斯陆准则》)，2007年11月1日修订，第20段(注意：“必须尊重和保护所有受害人的尊严和权利”)。 |
| J.M.
Ebersole, “The Mohonk Criteria for Humanitarian Assistance in Complex
Emergencies” (“Mohonk Criteria”), Human Rights Quarterly, vol. 17, No.
1 (February 1995), p. 196 (“noting that “[t]he dignity and rights of
all victims must be respected and protected”). | J.M. Ebersole, “关于复杂紧急情况下提供人道主义援助的莫洪克标准”(“莫洪克标准”)，《人权季刊》，第17卷，第1号(1995年2月)，第196页(注意：“必须尊重和保护所有受害人的尊严和权利”)。 |
| E/CN.4/1998/53/Add.2,
annex, principle 26 (noting inter alia that “[p]ersons engaged in
humanitarian assistance, their transport and supplies shall be
respected and protected”). | E/CN.4/1998/53/Add.2, 附件，原则26(尤其注意：“应尊重并保护参加人道主义援助的人员及其运输手段和物资”。 |
| Guiding
Principles on the Right to Humanitarian Assistance, adopted by the
Council of the International Institute of Humanitarian Law in April
1993, principle 10 (noting that “[h]umanitarian assistance can, if
appropriate, be made available by way of ‘humanitarian corridors’ which
should be respected and protected by competent authorities of the
parties involved and if necessary by the United Nations authority”). | 国际人道主义法研究所理事会1993年4月通过的《人道主义援助权利指导原则》，原则10(注意：“可酌情通过‘人道主义走廊’提供人道主义援助，有关各方的主管当局应予以尊重和保护，必要时由联合国授权”)。 |
| See discussion in the Secretariat Memorandum, A/CN.4/590, para. 11. | 见秘书处备忘录中的讨论部分，A/CN.4/590, 第11段。 |
| General Assembly resolution 46/182 of 19 December 1991, annex, para. 2. | 1991年12月19日大会第46/182号决议，附件，第2段。 |
| See,
e.g., Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the
Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field, 12 August 1949, art. 3,
para. 1 (noting that “[p]ersons taking no active part in the
hostilities, including members of armed forces who have laid down their
arms and those placed hors de combat by sickness, wounds, detention, or
any other cause, shall in all circumstances be treated humanely,
without any adverse distinction founded on race, colour, religion or
faith, sex, birth or wealth, or any other similar criteria”). | 例
如见《改善战地武装部队伤者病者境遇之日内瓦公约》，1949年8月12日，第三条第一款(注意：“不实际参加战事之人员，包括放下武器之武装部队人员及
因病、伤、拘留、或其他原因而失去战斗力之人员在内，在一切情况下应予以人道待遇，不得基于种族、肤色、宗教或信仰、性别、出身或财力或其他类似标准而有
所歧视”)。 |
| Corfu Channel case (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland v. Albania), I.C.J. Reports 1949, p. 4 at p. 22. | 科孚海峡案(大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国诉阿尔巴尼亚)，《1949年国际法院案例汇编》，第4页起，见第22页。 |
| Jean
Pictet, The Fundamental Principles of the Red Cross Proclaimed by the
Twentieth International Conference of the Red Cross, Vienna, 1965:
Commentary (Geneva, Henry Dunant Institute, 1979), pp. 21–27; | 让·皮克泰，《1965年在维也纳召开的第二十次国际红十字会议通过的红十字会基本原则：评注》(日内瓦，亨利·杜南学院，1979年)，第21至27页； |
| also available from www.icrc.org. | 另可查阅www.icrc.org。 |
| Oslo Guidelines, para. 20; | 《奥斯陆准则》，第20段； |
| Mohonk Criteria, p. 196. | 《莫洪克标准》，第196页。 |
| Ibid. | 同上。 |
| See
Claude Pilloud et al., Commentary on the Additional Protocols of 8 June
1977 to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 (Geneva: International
Committee of the Red Cross, 1987), paragraph 2800–2801 (citing the
“Proclamation of the Fundamental Principles of the Red Cross”, adopted
by resolution IX of the 20th International Conference of the Red Cross,
Vienna 1965), and Pictet, Commentary, pp. 33–51. | 见Claude
Pilloud等人，“对1949年8月12日〈日内瓦公约〉的1977年6月8日附加议定书的评论”(日内瓦、红十字国际委员会，1987年)，第
2800至2801段(引用1965年在维也纳召开的第二十次国际红十字会议第九号决议通过的“红十字会基本原则”)，以及皮克泰，评注，第33至51
页。 |
| Peter MacAlister-Smith, Draft
international guidelines for humanitarian assistance operations
(Heidelberg, Germany: Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law
and International Law, 1991), para. 6 (a). | Peter MacAlister-Smith, 人道主义援助行动国际指南草案(德国海德堡：马克斯·普朗克比较公法和国际法研究所，1991年)，第6(a)段。 |
| See inter alia the 1949 Geneva Conventions, common art. 3, para. 1; | 尤其见1949年日内瓦四公约，共同第三条第一款； |
| Universal Declaration of Human Rights, General Assembly resolution 217 (III) of 10 December 1948, art. 2; | 《世界人权宣言》，联合国大会1948年12月10日第217(III)号决议，第二条； |
| International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, art. 2, para. 1; | 《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》，第二条第一款； |
| International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, art. 2, para. 2. | 《经济、社会和文化权利国际公约》，第二条第二款等。 |
| Resolution on Humanitarian Assistance, art. II, para. 3. | 关于人道主义援助的决议，第二条第3款。 |
| IFRC Guidelines, 2007, art. 4, para. 2 (b). | 红十字与红新月联会《导则》，2007年，第4条第2(b)款。 |
| Ibid., art. 4, para. 3 (a). | 同上，第4条第3(a)款。 |
| Resolution on humanitarian assistance, art. II, para. 3. | 关于人道主义援助的决议(见脚注567)，第二条第3款。 |
| General Assembly resolution 2625 (XXV) of 24 October 1970, annex, para. 1. | 大会1970年10月24日第2625(XXV)号决议，附件，第1段。 |
| General Assembly resolution 2200 A (XXI) of 16 December 1966, annex, arts. 11, 15, 22 and 23. | 大会1966年12月16日第2200A(XXI)号决议，附件，第11、15、22和23条。 |
| See,
in particular, general comments No. 2 (E/1990/23), No. 3 (E/1991/23),
No. 7 (E/1998/22), No. 14 (E/C.12/2000/4) and No. 15 (E/C.12/2002/11). | 具体内容见下列一般性意见：第2号(E/1990/23)、第3号 (E/1991/23)、第7号(E/1998/22)、第14号(E/C.12/2000/4)和第15号(E/C.12/2002/11)。 |
| General Assembly resolution 61/106 of 13 December 2006, annex I, art. 11. | 大会2006年12月13日第61/106号决议附件一，第11条。 |
| Annex, para. 5. | 附件，第5段。 |
| See A/CN.4/590/Add.2 for a comprehensive list of relevant instruments. | 相关文书的详细一览表见A/CN.4/590/Add.2。 |
| For
a further typology of instruments for the purposes of international
disaster response law, see H. Fischer, “International disaster response
law treaties: trends, patterns, and lacunae” in IFRC, International
disaster response laws, principles and practice: reflections, prospects
and challenges (2003), at pp. 24–44. | 为国际救灾法目的制订的更多文书类型见H. Fischer, “国际灾害应对法条约：趋势、格局以及缺陷”，载于红十字会与红新月会国际联合会《国际灾害应对法律、原则和实践：思考、前景及挑战》(2003年)，见第24-44页。 |
| Agreement
between the Government of the French Republic and the Government of
Malaysia on Cooperation in the Field of Disaster Prevention and
Management and Civil Security, 25 May 1998, preambular paragraph 4. | 1998年5月25日《法兰西共和国政府与马来西亚政府关于灾害预防及管理和公共安全合作的协定》，序言第4段。 |
| Resolution 46/182 of 19 December 1991, annex, para. 4. | 1991年12月19日第46/182号决议，附件，第4段。 |
| See also Hyogo Declaration, 2005, A/CONF.206/6 and Corr.1, chap. 1, resolution 1, para. 4. | 另见2005年《兵库宣言》，A/CONF. 206/6和Corr.1, 第一章，第1号决议，第4段。 |
| Annex, para. 5. | 附件，第5段。 |
| Resolution 2008/36 of 25 July 2008, para. 7. | 2008年7月25日第2008/36号决议，第7段。 |
| See below para. (2) of the commentary to art. 21. | 见下文第21条草案的评注第(2)段。 |
| General Assembly resolution 63/124 of 11 December 2008, annex. | 大会2008年12月11日第63/124号决议，附件。 |
| Ibid. | 同上。 |
| ASEAN Documents Series 1976. | 1976年东盟文件汇编。 |
| Para. 27. | 第27段。 |
| See above commentary to draft article 8 [5], para. (6). | 见上文第8[5]条草案的评注第(6)段。 |
| See, e.g., ASEAN Agreement, art. 18, para. 1. | 例如见《东盟协定》)，第18条第1款。 |
| See,
e.g., Tampere Convention on the Provision of Telecommunication
Resources for Disaster Mitigation and Relief Operations, United
Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 2296, p. 5 (“Tampere Convention”), art. 3
(calling for “the deployment of terrestrial and satellite
telecommunication equipment to predict, monitor and provide information
concerning natural hazards and disasters,” and “the sharing of
information about natural hazards, health hazards and disasters among
the States Parties and with other States, non-State entities and
intergovernmental organizations, and the dissemination of such
information to the public, particularly to at-risk communities”); | 例
如见《关于向减灾和救灾行动提供电信资源的坦佩雷公约》，联合国，《条约汇编》，第2296卷，第5页，第3条(呼吁“部署地面和卫星电信设备来预测和监
测各种自然危险、健康危险或灾害以及提供有关的信息，”以及“在缔约国之间以及同其他国家、非国家实体和政府间组织分享关于自然危险、健康危险和灾害的信
息，并将这种信息传播给公众，特别是传播给面临危险的社区”)； |
| Oslo Guidelines, para. 54. | “奥斯陆准则”，第54段。 |
| See also discussion in Secretariat Memorandum, A/CN.4/590, paras. 159–72. | 另见秘书处备忘录中的讨论，A/CN.4/ 590, 第159-72段。 |
| See
Yokohama Strategy for a Safer World: Guidelines for Natural Disaster
Prevention, Preparedness and Mitigation and Plan of Action,
A/CONF.172/9, chap. I, resolution I, annex I. | 见《建立更安全的世界的横滨战略：预防、防备和减轻自然灾害的指导方针》及《行动计划》，A/CONF.172/9, 第一章，决议一，附件一。 |
| Hyogo
Framework for Action 2005-2015: Building the Resilience of Nations and
Communities to Disasters (“Hyogo Framework for Action”), A/CONF.206/6
and Corr.1, chap. I, resolution 2. | 《2005-2015年兵库行动框架：建立国家和社区的抗灾复原能力》(“兵库行动框架”)，A/ CONF.206/6和Corr.1, 第一章，决议2。 |
| European Court of Human Rights, Öneryildiz v. Turkey, Case No. 48939, Grand Chamber, Judgment, 30 November 2004. | 欧洲人权法院，厄内尔伊尔迪兹诉土耳其，案件号48939, 大审判庭，2004年11月30日的判决。 |
| European
Court of Human Rights, Budayeva and Others v. Russia, Chamber (First
Section), Case Nos. 15339/02, 21166/02, 20058/02, 11673/02 and
15343/02, Judgment, 20 March 2008. | 欧洲人权法院，布达耶娃等人诉俄罗斯，第一庭，案件号15339/02、21166/02、20058/02、11673/02和15343/02, 2008年3月20日的判决。 |
| The
Agreement is the first international treaty concerning disaster risk
reduction to have been developed after the adoption of the Hyogo
Framework for Action. | 该协定是在《兵库行动框架》获得通过之后制订的第一个关于减少灾害风险的国际条约。 |
| For the text of the Declaration, see http:://www.preventionweb.net/files/16327_ finalincheondeclaration1028.pdf. | 宣言的全文见http://www.preventionweb.net/files/16327_finalincheondeclaration1028.pdf。 |
| Extended
Programme of Action for the Implementation of the Africa Regional
Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction (2006–2015), Introduction. | 《减少灾害风险非洲区域战略延长的行动方案(2006-2015)》，导言。 |
| UNISDR, “Africa seeks united position on disaster risk reduction”, 13 February 2013. | 联合国国际减灾战略署，“非洲针对减灾问题寻求统一的立场”，2013年2月13日。 |
| Available from http://www.unisdr.org/archive/31224. | 可查阅http://www.unisdr.org/archive/31224。 |
| For the text of the Strategy, see http://www.unisdr.org/files/18903_17934asdrrfinalenglishjanuary20111.pdf. | 该项战略的全文见http://www.unisdr.org/files/18903_17934asdrrfinalenglishjanuary 20111.pdf。 |
| For the text of the Communiqué, see http://www.unisdr.org/files/18603_communiquenayarit.pdf. | 公报全文见http://www.unisdr.org/files/18603_communiquenayarit.pdf。 |
| Hyogo Framework for Action, priority 1, core indicator 1.1. | 兵库行动框架，优先事项1, 核心指标1.1。 |
| For a list of States that have adopted national platforms, see http://www.unisdr.org/partners/countries. | 建立了国家平台的国家名单见http://www.unisdr.org/partners/countries。 |
| Algeria, Risk Prevention and Disaster Management Act of 25 December 2004. | 阿尔及利亚，预防灾害和灾害管理法，2004年12月25日。 |
| Cameroon,
Arrêté No. 037/PM du 19 mars 2003 portant création, organisation et
fonctionnement d’un Observatoire National des Risques. | 喀麦隆，Arrêté No. 037/PM du 19 mars 2003 portant création, organisation et fonctionnement d’un Observatoire National des Risques。 |
| China, Disaster Prevention and Response Act (2002). | 中国，防灾救灾法(2002年)。 |
| Dominican
Republic, Decree No. 874-09 approving the Regulation for the
application of Law No. 147-02 on Risk Management and repealing Chapters
1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 of Decree No. 932-03 (2009). | 多米尼加共和国，第No. 874-09号法令，该法令批准关于风险管理的第147-02号法律实施条例并废除第932-03号法令(2009年)中的第1、2、3、4和5章。 |
| El Salvador, Law on Civil Protection, Disaster Prevention and Disaster Mitigation (2005). | 萨尔瓦多，民防、防灾、减灾法(2005年)。 |
| Estonia, Emergency Preparedness Act (2000). | 爱沙尼亚，防备紧急情况法(2000年)。 |
| France, Law No. 2003-699 regarding the prevention of technological and natural risks and reparation of damages (2003). | 法国，关于预防技术和自然风险和损害赔偿法的第2003-699号法律(2003年)。 |
| Guatemala, Decree No. 109-96, Law on the National Coordinator for the Reduction of Natural or Man-made Disasters (1996). | 危地马拉，第109-96号法令，减轻自然灾害和人为灾害全国协调员法(1996年)。 |
| Haiti, National Risk and Disaster Management Plan (1988). | 海地，全国风险和灾害管理计划(1988年)。 |
| Hungary,
Act LXXIV on the management and organization for the prevention of
disasters and the prevention of major accidents involving dangerous
substances (1999). | 匈牙利，第七十四号法，预防灾害和预防涉及危险物质重大事故的管理和组织法(1999年)。 |
| India, Disaster Management Act, No. 53 (2005). | 印度，第53号灾害管理法(2005年)。 |
| Indonesia, Law No. 24 of 2007 Concerning Disaster Management. | 印度尼西亚，2007年关于灾害管理的第24号法律。 |
| Italy, Decree of the Prime Minister to establish a national platform for disaster risk reduction (2008). | 意大利，关于建立国家减灾平台的总理令(2008年)。 |
| Madagascar,
Decree No. 2005-866 setting out the manner of application of Law No.
2003-010 of 5 September 2003 on the national risk and disaster
management policy (2005). | 马达加斯加，第2005-866号法令，该法令规定了实施2003年9月5日关于全国风险和灾害管理的第2003-010号法律的方式(2005年)。 |
| Namibia, Disaster Risk Management Act (2012). | 纳米比亚，灾害风险管理法(2012年)。 |
| New Zealand, National Civil Defence Emergency Management Plan Order 2005 (SR 2005/295), | 新西兰，2005年全国民防应急管理计划令(SR 2005/295)，第3部分。 |
| part 3. Pakistan, National Disaster Management Act (2010). | 巴基斯坦，全国灾害管理法(2010年)。 |
| See
also the official statement of the Government of Pakistan at the third
session of the Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction, in 2011,
available from http://www.preventionweb.net/files/globalplatform/
pakistanofficialstatement.pdf. | 也见巴基斯坦政府在2011年第三届全球减灾平台会议上的正式声明，可从下述网址查阅：http://www.preventionweb.net/files/globalplatform/pakistan-officialstatement.pdf。 |
| Peru, Law No. 29664 creating the National System for Disaster Risk Management (2011). | 秘鲁，第29664号法律，该法律创立了全国灾害风险管理系统(2011年)。 |
| The Philippines, Philippine Disaster Risk Management Act (2006). | 菲律宾，菲律宾灾害风险管理法(2006年)。 |
| Republic of Korea, National Disaster Countermeasures Act (1995); | 大韩民国，全国灾害应对法(1995年)； |
| National Disaster Management Act (2010). | 全国灾害管理法(2010年)。 |
| Slovenia, Act on the Protection against Natural and Other Disasters (2006). | 斯洛文尼亚，自然灾害和其他灾害防护法(2006年)。 |
| South Africa, Disaster Management Act No. 57 of 2002. | 南非，2002年第57号灾害管理法。 |
| Thailand, Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Act (2007). | 泰国，预防和减轻灾害法(2007年)。 |
| United States, Disaster Mitigation Act (2000). | 美利坚合众国，减轻灾害法(2000年)。 |
| The
Commission notes the existence of a linguistic difference involving the
United Nations official translation into French of the term “Disaster
Risk Reduction” (DRR). | 委员会指出，联合国在将“Disaster Risk Reduction”(减少灾害风险)正式译成法文时存在着语言上的差异。 |
| See http://www.unisdr.org/we/inform/terminology. | 见http://www.unisdr.org/we/inform/terminology。 |
| The
Commission is conscious of the discrepancy in the concordance between
the English and French versions of the official United Nations use of
the term “mitigation”. | 委员会意识到在联合国正式英文和法文本中对“mitigation”(减轻)一词的使用存在着差别。 |
| Charter
of the United Nations, Art. 2, para. 1 (“The Organization is based on
the principle of the sovereign equality of all its members”); | 《联合国宪章》，第二条第一款(“本组织系基于各会员国主权平等之原则”)； |
| Art.
2, para. 7 (“Nothing contained in the present Charter shall authorize
the United Nations to intervene in matters which are essentially within
the domestic jurisdiction of any state or shall require the Members to
submit such matters to settlement under the present Charter; | 第二条第七款(“本宪章不得认为授权联合国干涉在本质上属于任何国家国内管辖之事件，且并不要求会员国将该项事件依本宪章提请解决； |
| but this principle shall not prejudice the application of enforcement measures under Chapter VII”). | 但此项原则不妨碍第七章内执行办法之适用”)。 |
| See,
e.g., the Declaration on Principles on International Law Concerning
Friendly Relations and Cooperation among States in accordance with the
Charter of the United Nations, General Assembly resolution 2625 (XXV)
of 24 October 1970, annex (noting inter alia that “[a]ll States enjoy
sovereign equality. | 例如见《关于各国依照联合国宪章建立友好关系和合作的国际法原则宣言》，大会1970年10月24日第2625(XXV)号决议附件(注意：“各国一律享有主权平等。 |
| They
have equal rights and duties and are equal members of the international
community”, that “[t]he use of force to deprive peoples of their
national identity constitutes a violation of their inalienable rights
and of the principle of non-intervention”, and that “States shall
conduct their international relations in the economic, social,
cultural, technical and trade fields in accordance with the principles
of sovereign equality and non-intervention”). | 它们均有平等权利与责任，并为国际社会之平等会员国”； 使用武力剥夺各民族之民族特性构成侵犯其不可移让之权利及不干涉原则之行为； 各国应依照主权平等及不干涉原则处理其在经济、社会、文化、技术及贸易方面之国际关系)。 |
| The
International Court of Justice has held that “[b]etween independent
States, respect for territorial sovereignty is an essential foundation
of international relations”; Corfu Channel case (United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Northern Ireland v. Albania), Judgment, Merits,
I.C.J. Reports 1949, p. 4, at p. 35. | 国际法院称，“在各个独立国家间，尊重领土主权是国际关系的一个重要基础”：科孚海峡案(大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国诉阿尔巴尼亚)，判决，案情实质，《1949年国际法院案例汇编》，第4页起，见第35页。 |
| General Assembly resolution 46/182 of 19 December 1991, annex, para. 3. | 大会1991年12月19日第46/182号决议，附件，第3段。 |
| Corfu Channel case, Separate Opinion by Judge Álvarez, p. 43. | 科孚海峡案，阿尔瓦雷斯法官的个别意见，第43页。 |
| See
also the opinion expressed by Max Huber, Arbitrator, in the Island of
Palmas case, Award of 4 April 1928, Reports of International Arbitral
Awards, vol. II, p. 839 (“Territorial sovereignty, as has already been
said, involves the exclusive right to display the activities of a State. | 另参阅仲裁官Max Huber在帕尔马斯岛仲裁案中表达的意见，1928年4月4日裁决，《国际仲裁裁决汇编》，第二卷，第839页(“领土主权，正如已经说过的，涉及一国展示其活动的专属权。 |
| This right has as corollary a duty: the obligation to protect within the territory the rights of other States … ”). | 这一权利必要产生一项义务：有义务保护在该领土内其他国家的权利…”)。 |
| General Assembly resolution 46/182 of 19 December 1991, annex, para. 4. | 大会1991年12月19日第46/182号决议，附件，第4段。 |
| Tampere
Convention (noting that “[n]othing in this Convention shall interfere
with the right of a State Party, under its national law, to direct,
control, coordinate and supervise telecommunication assistance provided
under this Convention within its territory”). | 《坦佩雷公约》(注意：“本公约的任何规定不应干涉缔约国根据本国法律拥有的指导、协调和监督依本公约在其领土上提供的电信援助的权力”)。 |
| See,
e.g., the ASEAN Agreement, art. 3, para. 2 (noting that “[t]he
Requesting or Receiving Party shall exercise the overall direction,
control, co-ordination and supervision of the assistance within its
territory”); | 例如见《东盟协定》，第3条第2款(注意：“请求或接受援助的缔约国应全面指导、控制、协调和监督其境内的援助”)； |
| the
Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or
Radiological Emergency, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1457, No.
24643, p. 133, art. 3 (a) (noting inter alia that unless otherwise
agreed, “the overall direction, control, co-ordination and supervision
of the assistance shall be the responsibility within its territory of
the requesting State”). | 《核事故或辐射紧急情况援助公约》，联合国，《条约汇编》，第1457卷，第24643号，第133页，第3(a)条(注意：除另有协定，“请求援助国应在其境内负责援助的全盘指导、控制、协调和监督”)。 |
| See the examples listed in document A/CN.4/598, para. 26. | 见A/CN.4/598号文件里(第26段)所列的例子。 |
| See Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 6 (The Right to Life), 30 April 1982, para. 5. | 参阅人权事务委员会，第6号一般性意见(生命权)，1982年4月30日，第5段。 |
| International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966, art. 6 (1). | 《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》，1966年，第6条第1款。 |
| Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 29 (States of Emergency (art. 4)), 24 July 2001, para. 5. | 人权事务委员会，第29号一般性意见(紧急状态(第4条))，2001年7月24日，第5段。 |
| International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 1966, art. 11. | 《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》，1966年，第11条。 |
| Committee
on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment No. 12 (The
right to adequate food (art. 11)), 1999, para. 17. | 经济、社会、文化权利委员会，第12号一般性意见(充足食物权(第11条))，1999年，第17段。 |
| African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child, 1990, OAU Doc. | 《非洲儿童权利和福利宪章》，1990年，非统组织文件。 |
| CAB/LEG/24.9/49 (1990). | CAB/LEG/24.9/49(1990)。 |
| United
Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, General
Assembly resolution 61/106 of 13 December 2006, annex I. | 《联合国残疾人权利公约》，大会2006年12月13日第61/106号决议，附件一。 |
| Ibid., art. 11. | 同上，第11条。 |
| Corfu
Channel case (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland v.
Albania, Judgment, Merits, I.C.J. Reports 1949, p. 4, at p. 22 (noting
that “[t]he obligations incumbent upon the Albanian authorities
consisted in notifying, for the benefit of shipping in general, the
existence of a minefield in Albanian territorial waters and in warning
the approaching British warships of the imminent danger to which the
minefield exposed them. | 科孚海峡案科孚海峡案(大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国诉阿尔
巴尼亚)，判决，案情实质，《1949年国际法院案例汇编》，第4页起，见第22页(请注意，“阿尔巴尼亚当局义不容辞的义务包括为了一般航行，通知在阿
尔巴尼亚领海有一个雷区和警告接近的英国军舰注意雷区使它们暴露在迫在眉睫的危险之中。 |
| Such
obligations are based, not on the Hague Convention of 1907, No. VIII,
which is applicable in time of war, but on certain general and
well-recognized principles, namely: elementary considerations of
humanity, even more exacting in peace than in war … | 这些义务不是根据适用于战争时期的《1907年第八号海牙公约》的规定，而是根据某些一般公认的原则，即：基本的人道考虑，在和平时期比战争时期还要严格…”)。 |
| ”). Resolution on humanitarian assistance, art. III, para. 3. | 关于人道主义援助的决议，第3条，第3段。 |
| IFRC Guidelines, guideline 3 (2). | 红十字与红新月联会《导则》，导则3(2)。 |
| General Assembly resolution 46/182 of 19 December 1991, annex, para. 5. | 大会1991年12月19日第46/182号决议，附件，第5段。 |
| Oslo Guidelines, para. 58. | 《奥斯陆准则》，第58段。 |
| General Assembly resolution 2625 (XXV) of 24 October 1970, annex. | 大会1970年12月24日第2625(XXV)号决议，附件。 |
| Ibid. | 同上。 |
| Ibid. | 同上。 |
| Ibid. | 同上。 |
| General Assembly resolution 46/182 of 19 December 1991, annex, para. 3. | 大会1991年12月19日第46/182号决议，附件，第3段。 |
| Tampere Convention, art. 4, para. 5. | 《坦佩雷公约》，第4条第5款。 |
| ASEAN Agreement, art. 3, para. 1. | 《东盟协定》，第3条第1款。 |
| See International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights , art. 6, para. 1. | 参阅《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》，第6条第1款。 |
| Human
Rights Committee, General Comment No. 6 (The Right to Life), para. 5
(“The expression ‘inherent right to life’ cannot properly be understood
in a restrictive manner, and the protection of this right requires that
States adopt positive measures.”). | 人权事务委员会，第6号一般性意见(生命权)，第5段：“‘固有生命权’一语不能以狭隘的方式加以理解，保护这一权利要求各国采取积极措施。 |
| General Assembly resolution 43/131 of 8 December 1988, preambular paragraph 8; | ” 大会1988年12月8日第43/131号决议，第8序言段； |
| General Assembly resolution 45/100 of 14 December 1990, preambular paragraph 6. | 大会1990年12月14日第45/100号决议，第6序言段。 |
| E/CN.4/1998/53/Add.2. | E/CN.4/1998/53/Add.2。 |
| A/59/2005, para. 210. | A/59/2005, 第210段。 |
| E/CN.4/1998/53/Add.2, Principle 25, para. 2. | E/CN.4/1998/53/Add.2, 原则25, 第2段。 |
| Institute
of International Law, Resolution on the protection of human rights and
the principle of non-intervention in the internal affairs of States, 13
September 1989, Santiago de Compostela, art. 5, para. 2. | 国际法学会，关于保护人权和不干涉各国内部事务的决议，1989年9月13日，圣地亚哥·德·孔波斯特拉，第5条第2段。 |
| The
French text is presented in mandatory language, while the English
translation reads: “States in whose territories these emergency
situations exist should not arbitrarily reject such offers of
humanitarian assistance. | 在法文本中包括明确的强制性语言，而英文译本是这样：
“States in whose territories these emergency situations exist should
not arbitrarily reject such offers of humanitarian
assistance”(在其领土上存在这些紧急情况的国家不应该任意拒绝此种人道主义援助的提议)。 |
| ”
The explanatory text “où la population est gravement menacée dans sa
vie ou sa santé” is drawn from art. 5, para. 1 of that resolution. | 解释性文字“où la population est gravement menacée dans sa vie ou sa santé(人民的生命或健康受到严重威胁)”摘自该决议第5条第1段。 |
| Resolution on humanitarian assistance, art. VIII, para. 1. | 关于人道主义援助的决议，第八条第1款。 |
| General Assembly resolution 43/131 of 8 December 1988, preambular paragraphs 9 and 10. | 大会1988年12月8日第43/131号决议，第9和第10序言段。 |
| General Assembly resolution 45/100 of 14 December 1990, preambular paragraphs 8 and 9. | 大会1990年12月14日第45/100号决议，第8和第9序言段。 |
| Framework Convention on Civil Defence Assistance, art. 3, para. (e). | 《民防援助框架公约》，第3条(e)项。 |
| See,
e.g., General Assembly resolution 2625 (XXV) of 24 October 1970, annex,
para. 1 (noting inter alia that “[e]very State has the duty to fulfil
in good faith” obligations assumed by it “in accordance with the
Charter of the United Nations”, “obligations under the generally
recognized principles and rules of international law”, and “obligations
under international agreements valid under the generally recognized
principles and rules of international law”). | 例如见大会1970年10月24日第2625(XXV)号决议，附件，第1段(尤其注意：“每一国家有义务诚意履行”、“按照联合国宪章”承担的义务、“普遍承认的国际法原则和规则下的义务”和“根据普遍承认的国际法原则和规则缔结的有效国际协定所规定的义务”)。 |
| See, e.g., the Inter-American Convention to Facilitate Disaster Assistance, 1991, arts. VIII and XI (d); | 例如见《美洲便利灾难援助公约》，1991年，第八条和第十一条(d)项； |
| and the Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency, 1986, art. 8 (7). | 《核事故或辐射紧急情况援助公约》，1986年，第8条第7款。 |
| Ibid; | 同上； |
| Agreement
among the Governments of the Participating States of the Black Sea
Economic Cooperation (BSEC) on Collaboration in Emergency Assistance
and Emergency Response to Natural and Man-made Disasters, 1998, arts. 5
and 9. | 《黑海经济合作组织(黑海经合组织)参加国政府关于就自然灾害和人为灾害提供紧急援助做出紧急反应的合作协定》，1998年，第5条和第9条。 |
| See,
e.g., Convention on the Transboundary Effects of Industrial Accidents,
17 March 1992, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 2105, p. 457, annex
X (1) (“The personnel involved in the assisting operation shall act in
accordance with the relevant laws of the requesting Party.”). | 例如见《关于工业事故越界影响的公约》，1992年3月17日，联合国，《条约汇编》，第2105卷，第457页，附件十(1)：“参加援助行动的人员需依据求助国家的相关法律开展活动。 |
| See,
e.g., ASEAN Agreement, art. 13 (2) (“The Head of the assistance
operation shall take all appropriate measures to ensure observance of
national laws and regulations.”). | ” 例如见《东盟协定》，第13条第(2)款：“援助行动负责人应采取一切适当措施，确保遵守国内法律和规章。 ” |
| See,
e.g. Peter MacAlister-Smith, Draft international guidelines for
humanitarian assistance operations, para. 22 (b) (“At all times during
humanitarian assistance operations the assisting personnel shall…
[c]ooperate with the designated competent authority of the receiving
State.”). | 例如见Peter MacAlister-Smith, 人道主义援助行动国际指南草案，第22(b)段：“在人道主义援助行动的任何时候，援助人员都应…与受援国的指定主管部门合作。 |
| See,
e.g., Tampere Convention, article 4 (2) (“A State Party requesting
telecommunication assistance shall specify the scope and type of
assistance required.”). | ” 例如见《坦佩雷公约》，第4条第2款(“请求提供电信援助的缔约国应具体说明所需援助的范围和类型。 ”)。 |
| Art. 5. | 第5条。 |
| See,
for example, the Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the
Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field, 1949,
art. 3 (2). | 例如见1949年《改善战地武装部队伤者病者境遇之日内瓦公约》，第三条第(二)款。 |
| Protocol
Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to
the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts
(Protocol II), 1977, art. 18 (1). | 《一九四九年八月十二日日内瓦四公约关于保护非国际性武装冲突受难者的附加议定书》(第二议定书)，1977年，第十八条第一款。 |
| See General Assembly resolution 43/131 of 8 December 1988, paras. 4–5. | 见大会1988年12月8日第43/131号决议，第4-5段。 |
| See,
e.g., the Framework Convention on Civil Defence Assistance, art. 4 (5)
(“The Beneficiary State shall, within the framework of national law,
grant all privileges, immunities, and facilities necessary for carrying
out the assistance.”). | 例如见《民防援助框架公约》，第4条第5款(“受援国应在其国内法律框架内提供开展援助所需要的所有特权、豁免和便利。 ”)。 |
| The
League of Red Cross Societies has long noted that entry requirements
and visas serve as a “time-consuming procedure which often delays the
dispatch of such delegates and teams,” thus delaying the vital
assistance the affected State has a duty to provide. | 红十字会协会早就指出，入境要求和签证是一项“耗时的程序，经常耽误派遣这类代表和团队，”因此延误受灾国有义务提供的重要援助。 |
| Resolution
adopted by the League of Red Cross Societies Board of Governors at its
33rd session, Geneva, 28 October–1 November, 1975. | 红十字会协会理事会第三十三届会议通过的决议，1975年10月28日至11月1日，日内瓦。 |
| See
Model Rules for Disaster Relief Operations, 1982, United Nations
Institute for Training and Research, Policy and Efficacy Studies No. 8
(Sales No. E.82.XV.PE/8), annex A, rule 16, which states that an
affected State must permit assisting “personnel freedom of access to,
and freedom of movement within, disaster stricken areas that are
necessary for the performance of their specifically agreed functions.” | 见《救灾行动示范规则》，1982年，联合国训练研究所，政策和效能研究丛书第8号(销售编号E.82.XV.PE/8)，附件A, 规则16称受灾国必须允许援助“人员自由进入履行其专门商定的职责而必须进入的灾区，并在灾区内自由通行。 ” |
| This is stressed in various international treaties. | 各项国际条约强调了这一点。 |
| See, for example, Tampere Convention, art. 9 (4); | 例如见《坦佩雷公约》第9条第4款； |
| see also ASEAN Agreement, art. 14 (b). | 另见《东盟协定》，第14条(b)项。 |
| 27 February 2013. | 2013年2月27日。 |
| See below para. (2) of the commentary to draft art. 15 [13]. | 见下文第15[13]条草案的评注第(2)段。 |
| IFRC Guidelines, 2007, art. 12, and annotations thereto. | 红十字与红新月联会《导则》，2007年，第12条，及有关说明。 |
| At
its 2865th meeting, on 4 August 2005 (Official Records of the General
Assembly, Sixtieth Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/60/10), para. 500). | 2005年8月4日第2865次会议(《大会正式记录，第六十届会议，补编第10号》(A/60/10)，第500段)。 |
| The
General Assembly, in paragraph 5 of resolution 60/22 of 23 November
2005, endorsed the decision of the Commission to include the topic in
its programme of work. | 大会在2005年11月23日第60/22号决议第5段中赞同委员会决定将此专题列入其工作方案。 |
| The
topic had been included in the long-term programme of work of the
Commission at its fifty-sixth session (2004), on the basis of the
proposal annexed to that year’s report (Official Records of the General
Assembly, Fifty-ninth Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/59/10), paras.
362–363). | 委员会第五十六届会议(2004年)以该年度委员会报告所附的建议为基础，将该专题列入委员会长期工作方案(《大会正式记录，第五十九届会议，补编第10号》(A/59/10)，第362至363段)。 |
| A/CN.4/571 (preliminary report); | A/CN.4/571(初次报告)； |
| A/CN.4/585 and Corr.1 (second report); | A/CN.4/585和Corr.1(第二次报告)； |
| A/CN.4/603 (third report); | A/CN.4/603(第三次报告)； |
| and A/CN.4/648 (fourth report). | 及A/CN.4/648(第四次报告)。 |
| During
its sixtieth session, at its 2988th meeting on 31 July 2008, the
Commission decided to establish a working group on the topic under the
chairmanship of Mr. Alain Pellet, with a mandate and membership to be
determined at the sixty-first session (Official Records of the General
Assembly, Sixty-third Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/63/10), para. 315). | 委员会在第六十届会议期间，在2008年7月31日第2988次会议上，决定在阿兰·佩莱先生的主持下建立一个关于本专题的工作组，其任务和成员由第六十一届会议决定(《大会正式记录，第六十三届会议，补编第10号》(A/63/10)，第315段)。 |
| For
the proposed general framework prepared by the Working Group, see
ibid., Sixty-fourth Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/64/10), para. 204. | 工作组编写的拟议总框架，见同上，《第六十四届会议，补编第10号》(A/64/10)，第204段。 |
| At
its 3071st meeting, on 30 July 2010, the Commission took note of the
oral report of the temporary Chairman of the Working Group (ibid.,
Sixty-fifth Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/65/10), paras. 337–340). | 在2010年7月30日第3071次会议上，委员会注意到由工作组临时主席提出的口头报告。 (同上，《第六十五届会议，补编第10号》(A/65/10)，第337至340段)。 |
| Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012, p. 422. | 与起诉或引渡义务有关的问题(比利时诉塞内加尔)，《2012年国际法院判决汇编》，第422页。 |
| At
its 3152nd meeting, on 30 July 2012, the Commission took note of the
oral report of the Chairman of the Working Group (Official Records of
the General Assembly., Sixty-seventh Session, Supplement No. 10
(A/67/10), paras. 208–221) and at its 3189th meeting, on 31 July 2013,
the Commission took note of the report of the Working Group (Official
Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-eighth Session, Supplement No.
10 (A/68/10), para. 149). | 在2012年7月30日第3152次会议上，委员会注
意到工作组主席提出的口头报告。
(《大会正式记录，第六十七届会议，补编第10号》(A/67/10)，第208至221段)，在2013年7月31日第3189次会议上，委员会注意到
工作组的报告(《大会正式记录，第六十八届会议，补编第10号》(A/68/10)，第149段)。 |
| Ibid., Sixty-eighth Session, Supplement 10 (A/68/10), annex A. | 同上，《第六十八届会议，补编第10号》(A/68/10)，附件A。 |
| See,
e.g., General Assembly resolution 2840 (XXVI) of 18 December 1971
entitled “Question of the punishment of war criminals and of persons
who have committed crimes against humanity”; General Assembly
resolution 3074 (XXVIII) of 3 December 1973 on the “Principles of
international cooperation in the detection, arrest, extradition and
punishment of persons guilty of war crimes and crimes against
humanity”; and principle 18 of Economic and Social Council resolution
1989/65 of 24 May 1989 entitled “Effective prevention and investigation
of extra-legal, arbitrary and summary executions”. | 例
如参阅题为“战争罪犯及危害人类罪犯的惩治问题”的大会1971年12月18日第2840
(XXVI)号决议、“关于侦察、逮捕、引渡和惩治战争罪犯和危害人类罪犯的国际合作原则”的大会1973年12月3日第3074(XXVIII)号决议
以及题为“法外、任意和即决处决的有效防止和调查”的经济及社会理事会1989年5月24日第1989/65号决议中的原则18。 |
| General Assembly resolution 67/1 of 24 September 2012. | 大会2012年9月24日第67/1号决议。 |
| Ibid., para. 22. | 同上，第22段。 |
| See Part 3 below. | 见下文第3部分。 |
| In
the case concerning Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute
or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal), the International Court of Justice
states: “… Extradition and prosecution are alternative ways to combat
impunity in accordance with Art. 7, para 1 [of the Convention against
Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
of 1984]. …. ” (Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or
Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012, p. 422,
at p. 443, para. 50). | 在与起诉或引渡义务有关的问题案(比利时诉塞内加尔)中，国际
法院指出：“引渡和起诉是根据[1984年《禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚公约》]第7条第1款同有罪不罚做斗争的两种交互使用的方
式…”(与起诉或引渡义务有关的问题案(比利时诉塞内加尔)，判决，《2012年国际法院案例汇编》，第422页起，见第443页，第50段)。 |
| The
Court adds that the States parties to the Convention against Torture
have “a common interest to ensure, in view of their shared values, that
acts of torture are prevented and that, if they occur, their authors do
not enjoy impunity” (ibid., p. 449, para. 68). | 法院补充说，《禁止酷刑公约》缔约国“鉴于其共同的价值，在确保酷刑行为得到预防、在发生时使行为人不得有罪不罚方面拥有共同利益”(同上，第449页，第68段)。 |
| The
Court reiterates that the object and purpose of the Convention are “to
make more effective the struggle against torture by avoiding impunity
for the perpetrators of such acts” (ibid., p. 451, para. 74 and cf.
also para. 75). | 法院重申公约的目标和宗旨是“避免让此种行为的责任者有罪不罚，从而使同酷刑的斗争更为有效”(同上，第451页，第74段，另参阅第75段)。 |
| Special
Rapporteur Zdzislaw Galicki’s fourth report dealt at length with the
issue of the duty to cooperate in the fight against impunity. | 特别报告员兹齐斯拉夫·加利茨基的第四次报告详细论述了在与有罪不罚做斗争时的合作义务问题。 |
| He
cited the following examples of international instruments which provide
a legal basis for the duty to cooperate: Art. 1 (3) of the Charter of
the United Nations, the Declaration on Principles of International Law
concerning Friendly Relations and Cooperation among States in
accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, the preamble to the
1998 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, and guideline
XII of the Guidelines of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of
Europe on eradicating impunity for serious human rights violations,
adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 30 Mar. 2011, A/CN.4/648,
paras. 26–33. | 他列举了为合作义务提供了法律根据的下列国际文书：《联合国宪章》第一条第三
款，《关于各国依联合国宪章建立友好关系和合作的国际法原则宣言》，1998年《国际刑事法院罗马规约》序言，以及2011年3月30日欧洲委员会部长理
事会通过的“欧洲委员会部长理事会关于消除对严重侵犯人权行为有罪不罚现象的准则”第十二条，A/CN.4/648, 第26-33段。 |
| For example, Belgium (A/CN.4/612, para. 33); | 例如比利时(A/CN.4/612, 第33段)； |
| Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden (A/C.6/66/SR.26, para. 10); | 丹麦、芬兰、冰岛、挪威和瑞典(A/C.6/66/SR.26, 第10段)； |
| Switzerland (ibid., para. 18); | 瑞士(同上，第18段)； |
| El Salvador (ibid., para. 24); | 萨尔瓦多(同上，第24段)； |
| Italy (ibid., para. 42); | 意大利(同上，第42段)； |
| Peru (ibid., para. 64); | 秘鲁(同上，第64段)； |
| Belarus (A/C.6/66/SR. 27, para. 41); | 白俄罗斯(A/C.6/66/SR.27, 第41段)； |
| Russian Federation (ibid., para. 64); | 俄罗斯联邦(同上，第64段)； |
| and India (ibid., para. 81). | 以及印度(同上，第81段)。 |
| Hugo
Grotius, De Jure Belli ac Pacis, Book II, chapter XXI, section IV
(English translation by Francis W. Kelsey (Oxford/London: Clarendon
Press/Humphrey Milford, 1925), pp. 527–529 at 527). | 雨果·格劳秀斯，《战争与和平法》第二册，第二十一章第四节(Francis W.Kelsey英译本，(牛津－伦敦，Clarendon Press-Humphrey Milford, 1925年)，第527-529页，见第527页)。 |
| United Nations, The Work of the International Law Commission, Eighth edition (New York: United Nations 2012), vol. 1, p. 37. | 联合国，《国际法委员会的工作》，第八版(纽约：联合国2012)，第1卷，第37页。 |
| “Without
prejudice to the jurisdiction of an international criminal court, the
State Party in the territory of which an individual alleged to have
committed a crime set out in article 17 [genocide], 18 [crimes against
humanity], 19 [crimes against United Nations and associated personnel]
or 20 [war crimes] is found shall extradite or prosecute that
individual”. | “在不妨碍国际刑事法院的管辖权的情形下，在其领土上发现据指控有第17[灭绝种族罪行]、第18[危害人类罪行]、第19[危害联合国人员和有关人员罪行]或第20条[战争罪行]所述罪行之个人的缔约国应引渡或起诉该个人。 |
| See
also the Commission’s commentary on this article (Official Records of
the General Assembly, Fifty-first Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/51/10),
chap. II). | ”另见委员会对此条的评注(《大会正式记录，第五十一届会议，补编第10号》(A/51/10)，第二章)。 |
| Draft code of crimes against the peace and security of mankind, art. 8, para. (3) (ibid.). | 《危害人类和平及安全治罪法草案》，第8条，第(3)段(同上)。 |
| Official Records of the General Assembly, Forty-ninth Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/49/10), p. 80, para. 142. | 《大会正式记录，第四十九届会议，补编第10号》(A/49/10)，第80页，第142段。 |
| Draft
code of crimes against the peace and security of mankind, art. 8,
paras. (3), (4) and (8) and art. 9, para. (2) (ibid., Fifty-first
Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/51/10)). | 《危害人类和平及安全治罪法草案》，第8条，第(3)、(4)和(8)段以及第9条第(2)段(同上，《第五十一届会议，补编第10号》(A/51/10))。 |
| At the first reading in 1991, the draft code comprised the following 12 crimes: aggression; | 1991年在进行一读时，治罪法草案所涵盖的罪行有下述12项：侵略； |
| threat of aggression; | 侵略的威胁； |
| intervention; | 干涉； |
| colonial domination and other forms of alien domination; | 殖民统治和其他形式的外国统治； |
| genocide; | 种族灭绝； |
| apartheid; | 种族隔离； |
| systematic or mass violations of human rights; | 有计划或大规模侵害人权行为； |
| exceptionally serious war crimes; | 特别严重的战争罪行； |
| recruitment, financing and training of mercenaries; | 招募、使用、资助和训练雇佣军； |
| international terrorism; | 国际恐怖主义行为； |
| illicit traffic in narcotic drugs; | 非法贩运麻醉品； |
| and wilful and severe damage to the environment. | 以及故意和严重损害环境行为。 |
| At
its sessions in 1995 and 1996, the Commission reduced the number of
crimes in the final draft code to four crimes: aggression; | 在1995和1996年会议上，委员会在治罪法草案定稿中将罪行减为四项：侵略罪行； 灭绝种族罪行； |
| genocide; | 战争罪行； |
| war crimes; | 危害人类罪行。 |
| and
crimes against humanity, adhering to the Nuremberg legacy as the
criterion for the choice of the crimes covered by the draft code. | 这样做坚守了《纽伦堡宪章》等遗产，并将之作为选定治罪法草案涵盖的罪行的标准。 |
| The
primary reason for this approach appeared to have been the unfavourable
comments by 24 Governments to the list of 12 crimes proposed in 1991. | 这样做的主要原因似是24国政府对1991年所提议的12种罪行所持的不赞同意见。 |
| A
fifth crime, crimes against United Nations and associated personnel,
was added at the last moment on the basis of its magnitude, the
seriousness of the problem of attacks on such personnel and “its
centrality to the maintenance of international peace and security”
(A/CN.4/448 and Add.1). | 第五种罪行，即危害联合国人员和有关人员罪行，是在最后一刻加上的，这是考虑到其规模、对这类人员的攻击事件的严重性以及这类人员“对维护国际和平与安全所起的中心作用”(A/CN.4/448和Add.1)。 |
| The crime of aggression was not subject to the provision of art. 9 of the draft code. | 侵略罪行不受治罪法草案第9条规定的约束。 |
| In
the Commission’s opinion, “[t]he determination by a national court of
one State of the question of whether another State had committed
aggression would be contrary to the fundamental principle of
international law par in parent imperium non habet. … [and] the
exercise of jurisdiction by the national court of a State which entails
consideration of the commission of aggression by another State would
have serious implications for international relations and international
peace and security. | 委员会认为，“由一国国内法院确定另一国是否犯有侵略罪的问题，这有违“平等者之间无管辖权”这一国际法基本原则。 ”一国国内法院行使管辖权从而导致认为另一国犯有侵略罪，这将对国际关系与国际和平与安全产生严重的影响。 |
| ”
(Draft code of crimes against the peace and security of mankind,
Official Records of the General Assembly, Fifty-first Session,
Supplement No. 10 (A/51/10), p. 30, para. 14). | ”(《危害人类和平及安全治罪法草案》，《大会正式记录，第五十一届会议，补编第10号》(A/51/10)，第30页，第14段)。 |
| A/CN.4/603, paras. 36–37. | A/CN.4/603, 第36-37段。 |
| In
his preliminary report, the Special Rapporteur discussed various Latin
formulas relevant to this topic; namely: aut dedere aut punire; | 在初次报告里，特别报告员讨论了与这一专题有关的各种拉丁语说法，即aut dedere aut punire； |
| judicare aut dedere; | judicare aut dedere； |
| aut dedere aut prosequi; | aut dedere aut prosequi； |
| aut dedere, aut judicare, aut tergiversari; | aut dedere, aut judicare, aut tergiversari； |
| and aut dedere aut poenam persequi (A/CN.4/571, paras. 5–8). | 以及aut dedere aut poenam persequi (A/CN.4/571, 第5-8段)。 |
| See
also: Raphäel van Steenberghe, “The Obligation to Extradite or
Prosecute: Clarifying its Nature” (Journal of International Criminal
Justice, vol. 9 (2011), p. 1089 at pp. 1107–8, on the formulas aut
dedere aut punire, aut dedere aut prosequi, and aut dedere aut judicare. | 另
见 Raphäel van Steenberghe,
“引渡或起诉的义务：澄清其性质”(《国际刑事司法杂志》，第9卷(2011年)，第1089页起，见第1107-8页，该文论及aut dedere
aut punier、aut dedere aut prosequi、aut dedere aut judicare等说法。 |
| A/CN.4/630. | A/CN.4/630。 |
| E.g., (a) 1936 Convention for the Suppression of the Illicit Traffic in Dangerous Drugs; | 例如(a) 1936年《取缔非法贩卖危险药品公约》； |
| (b) the 1937 Convention for the Prevention and Punishment of Terrorism; | (b) 1937年《防止和惩治恐怖主义公约》； |
| (c) the 1950 Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others; | (c) 1950年《禁止贩卖人口及取缔意图营利使人卖淫的公约》； |
| (d) the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs; | (d) 1961年《麻醉品单一公约》； |
| and (e) the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances. | 以及(e) 1971年《精神药物公约》。 |
| These
instruments include: (a) the 1928 Convention on Private International
Law, also known as the “Bustamante Code”, under Book IV (International
Law of Procedure), Title III (Extradition); | 这些文书包括：(a) 1928年《国际私法公约》，另外也称作“布斯塔曼特法典”，见第四卷(国际程序法)，第三章(引渡)； |
| (b) the 1933 Convention on Extradition; | (b) 1933年《引渡公约》； |
| (c) the 1981 Inter-American Convention on Extradition; | (c) 1981年《美洲引渡公约》； |
| (d) the 1957 European Convention on Extradition; | (d) 1957年《欧洲引渡公约》； |
| (e) the 1961 General Convention on Judicial Cooperation (Convention générale de coopération en matière de justice); | (e) 1961年《司法合作总公约》(Convention générale de coopération en matière de justice)； |
| (f) the 1994 Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Convention on Extradition; | (f) 1994年《西非国家经济共同体引渡公约》； |
| and (g) the London Scheme for Extradition within the Commonwealth. | 以及(g)《英联邦内伦敦引渡计划》。 |
| It
may also be recalled that General Assembly has adopted the Model Treaty
on Extradition (resolution 45/116, annex) and the Model Treaty on
Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters (resolution 45/117). | 还可回顾，大会通过了《引渡示范条约》(第45/116号决议，附件)和《刑事事件互助示范条约》(第45/117号决议)。 |
| See
also the 2004 Model Law on Extradition prepared by the United Nations
Office on Drugs and Crime, Available at
http://www.unodc.org/pdf/model_law_extradition.pdf. | 参见2004年联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室拟订的《引渡示范法》，可查阅http://www.unodc.org/pdf/model_law_extradition.pdf.。 |
| See
also Revised Manuals on the Model Treaty on Extradition and on the
Model Treaty on Extradition and on the Model Treaty on Mutual
Assistance in Criminal Matters, available at:
http://www.unodc.org/pdf/model_treaty_extradition_revised_manual.pdf
(visited on 3 June 2014). | 参见《引渡示范条约》手册(修订)和《刑事事件互助示范条约》，可查阅：http://www.unodc.org/pdf/model_treaty_extradition_ revised_manual.pdf。 (2014年6月3日访问)。 |
| Arts. 49, 50, 129, and 146, respectively, of the First, Second, Third, and Fourth Geneva Conventions. | 分别是第一、第二、第三、第四《日内瓦公约》第49、50、129、146条。 |
| The
reason these Geneva Conventions use the term “hand over” instead of
“extradite” is explained in the Secretariat’s Survey (2010) at para. 54. | 这些《日内瓦公约》使用“送交”而不用“引渡”的原因在在秘书处的调查(2010年)里有解释，见第54段。 |
| According
to Claus Kreβ (“Reflection on the Iudicare Limb of the Grave Breaches
Regime” Journal of International Criminal Justice, vol. 7 (2009), p.
789), what the judicare limb of the grave breaches regime actually
entails is a duty to investigate and, where so warranted, to prosecute
and convict. | 根据Claus Kreβ(“对严重破坏公约行为之制度的审判方面的思考”，《国际刑事司法杂志》，第7卷(2009年)，第789页)，严重破坏公约行为之制度的审判方面实际上意味着有义务调查以及在必要时起诉并定罪。 |
| See
Jean S. Pictet (ed), The Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949:
Commentary, vol. IV (International Committee of the Red Cross 1958) p.
593. | 见Jean S. Pictet(编)《对1949年8月12日日内瓦四公约的评论》，第四卷，(日内瓦，红十字国际委员会，1958年)，第593页。 |
| Art. 85 (1), (3) and art. 88 (2) of Additional Protocol I of 1977. | 1977年《第一附加议定书》第85条第(1)和第(3)款，以及第88条第(2)款。 |
| These
include, inter alia,: (a) the 1971 Organization of American States
(OAS) Convention to Prevent and Punish the Acts of Terrorism Taking the
Form of Crimes Against Persons and Related Extortion that are of
International Significance; | 除其他外，这些公约包括：(a) 1971年《美洲国家组织防止和惩治以侵害个人罪行和相关勒索罪行形式进行的具有国际影响的恐怖主义行为公约》； |
| (b) the 1971 Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation; | (b) 1971年《关于制止危害民用航空安全的非法行为的公约》； |
| (c)
the 1973 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against
Internationally Protected Persons, including Diplomatic Agents; | (c) 1973年《关于防止和惩处侵害应受国际保护人员包括外交代表的罪行的公约》； |
| (d) the 1977 European Convention on the Suppression of Terrorism; | (d) 1977年《欧洲制止恐怖主义公约》； |
| (e) 1977 Organization of African Unity Convention for the Elimination of Mercenarism in Africa; | (e) 1977年非洲统一组织《消除非洲雇佣军制度公约》； |
| (f) the 1979 International Convention against the Taking of Hostages; | (f) 1979年《反对劫持人质国际公约》； |
| (g) the 1979 Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material; | (g) 1979年《核材料实物保护公约》； |
| (h) the 1984 Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment; | (h) 1984年《禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚公约》； |
| (i) the 1985 Inter-American Convention to Prevent and Punish Torture; | (i) 1985 年《美洲防止和惩处酷刑公约》； |
| (j)
the 1987 South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)
Regional Convention on Suppression of Terrorism and the 2004 Additional
Protocol thereto; | (j) 1987年《南亚区域合作联盟制止恐怖主义区域公约》及其2004年附加议定书； |
| (k)
the 1988 Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts of Violence at
Airports Serving International Civil Aviation, Supplementary to the
Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of
Civil Aviation; | (k) 1988年《制止在用于国际民用航空的机场发生的非法暴力行为以补充〈制止危害民用航空安全的非法行为的公约〉的议定书》； |
| (l) the 1988 Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation; | (l) 1988年《制止危害航海安全的非法行为公约》； |
| (m) the 1988 United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances; | (m) 1988年《联合国禁止非法贩运麻醉药品和精神药物公约》； |
| (n) the 1989 International Convention Against the Recruitment, Use, Financing and Training of Mercenaries; | (n) 1989年《反对招募、使用、资助和训练雇佣军国际公约》； |
| (o) the 1994 Inter-American Convention on the Forced Disappearance of Persons; | (o) 1994年《美洲被迫失踪人士公约》； |
| (p) the 1994 Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated Personnel and its 2005 Optional Protocol; | (p) 1994年《联合国人员和有关人员安全公约》及其2005年任择议定书； |
| (q) the 1996 Inter-American Convention against Corruption; | (q) 1996 年《美洲国家反腐败公约》； |
| (r)
the 1997 Inter-American Convention against the Illicit Manufacturing of
and Trafficking in Firearms, Ammunition, Explosives, and Other Related
Materials; | (r) 1997年《美洲国家禁止非法制造和贩运火器、弹药、爆炸物及其他相关材料公约》； |
| (s)
the 1997 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in
International Business Transactions; | (s) 1997年《经济合作与发展组织禁止在国际商业交易中贿赂外国公职人员公约》； |
| (t) the 1997 International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings; | (t) 1997年《制止恐怖主义爆炸的国际公约》； |
| (u) the 1998 Convention on the Protection of the Environment through Criminal Law; | (u) 1998年《通过刑法保护环境公约》； |
| (v) the 1999 Criminal Law Convention on Corruption; | (v) 1999年《反腐败刑法公约》； |
| (w) the 1999 Second Protocol to the Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict; | (w) 1999年《关于发生武装冲突时保护文化财产的公约第二号议定书》； |
| (x) the 1999 International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism; | (x) 1999年《制止向恐怖主义提供资助的国际公约》； |
| (y)
the 2000 Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child
on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography; | (y) 2000年《儿童权利公约关于买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品问题的任择议定书》； |
| (z) the 2000 United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and its Protocols; | (z) 2000年《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》及其议定书； |
| (aa) the 2001 Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime; | (aa) 2001年《欧洲委员会打击网络犯罪公约》； |
| (bb) the 2003 African Union Convention on Preventing and Combating Corruption; | (bb) 2003年《非洲联盟防治腐败公约》； |
| (cc) the 2003 United Nations Convention against Corruption; | (cc) 2003年《联合国反腐败公约》； |
| (dd) the 2005 International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism; | (dd) 2005年《制止核恐怖主义行为国际公约》； |
| (ee) the 2005 Council of Europe Convention on the Prevention of Terrorism; | (ee) 2005年《欧洲委员会防止恐怖主义公约》； |
| (ff) the 2006 International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance; | (ff) 2006年《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》； |
| (gg) the 2007 Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Convention on Counter-Terrorism; | (gg) 2007年《东南亚国家联盟反恐怖主义公约》； |
| (hh) 2010 Protocol Supplementary to the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft; | (hh) 2010年《制止非法劫持航空器公约的补充议定书》； |
| and (ii) the 2010 Convention on the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Relating to International Civil Aviation. | 以及(ii) 2010年《制止与国际民用航空有关的非法行为的公约》。 |
| Separate
Opinion of Judge Yusuf in the case concerning Questions relating to the
Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal), Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2012, p. 422, at pp. 567–568, paras. 19–22. See also
Secretariat survey (2010), para. 126. | 优素福法官的个别意见，与起诉或引渡义务有关的问题案(比利时诉塞内加尔)，判决，《2012年国际法院案例汇编》，第422页起，见第567-568页，第19-22段，另见秘书处的调查(2010年)，第126段。 |
| Cf.
also Belgium’s comments submitted to the Commission in 2009, where
Belgium identified two types of treaties: (a) treaties which contain an
aut dedere aut judicare clause with the obligation to prosecute
conditional on refusal of a request for extradition of the alleged
perpetrator of an offence; | 另参阅比利时2009年提交国际法委员会的评论，比利时列出了两类条约：(a) 一类条约含有aut dedere aut judicare条款，把不接受对被指控犯罪者的引渡要求作为起诉义务的条件； |
| and
(b) treaties which contain a judicare vel dedere clause with the
obligation on States to exercise universal jurisdiction over
perpetrators of the offences under the treaties, without making this
obligation conditional on refusal to honour a prior extradition request
(A/CN.4/612, para. 15), quoted by Special Rapporteur Galicki in his
fourth report (A/CN.4/648, para. 85 and fn. 56). | (b)
另一类条约载有未求引渡也须起诉条款，规定各国须对犯有条约规定的罪行的犯罪者行使普遍管辖权，而这项义务并不以拒绝满足先前的引渡要求为条件
(A/CN.4/612, 第15段)，特别报告员加利茨基在其第四次报告中曾引用(A/CN.4/648, 第85段和脚注56)。 |
| As the Secretariat’s Survey (2010) concludes (A/CN.4/630, para. 153): | 秘书处的调查(2010年)的结论是(A/CN.4/630, 第153段)： |
| “…
The examination of conventional practice in this field shows that the
degree of specificity of the various conventions in regulating these
issues varies considerably, and that there exist very few conventions
that adopt identical mechanisms for the punishment of offenders
(including with respect to the relationship between extradition and
prosecution). | “…对相关公约实践的研究显示，各类公约在规范管理这些问题方面的独特程度大不相同，只有很少几项公约采用同样的惩罚罪犯机制(包括在引渡和起诉之间的联系方面)。 |
| The
variation in the provisions relating to prosecution and extradition
appears to be determined by several factors, including the
geographical, institutional and thematic framework in which each
convention is negotiated … and the development of related areas of
international law, such as human rights and criminal justice. | 与起诉和引渡有关的条款出现差异似乎有几个决定因素，包括：每一项公约商谈时的地域、体制和专题框架…人权或国际刑事司法等相关领域国际法的发展； |
| It
follows that, while it is possible to identify some general trends and
common features in the relevant provisions, conclusive findings
regarding the precise scope of each provision need to be made on a
case-by-case basis, taking into account the formulation of the
provision, the general economy of the treaty in which it is contained
and the relevant preparatory works.” | 等等。 此外，虽然在相关条款中可以确定一些普遍趋势和共同特点，但对于每一个条款的明确范围，需要考虑该条款的表述形式、所在条约的普遍安排和相关准备工作，逐案作出结论。 ” |
| Ibid., para. 91. | 同上，第91段。 |
| Ibid., para. 109. | 同上，第109段。 |
| The
2006 International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from
Enforced Disappearance follows the Hague formula, and refers to the
“extreme seriousness” of the offence, which it qualifies, when
widespread or systematic, as a crime against humanity. | 2006年《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》沿用了海牙套语，并提及犯罪的“极端严重性”，当危害人类罪呈普遍或有系统的特点时，便作如此描述。 |
| However,
outside of this, there appears to be a lack of international
conventions with the obligation to extradite or prosecute in relation
to crimes against humanity. | 然而除此之外，针对危害人类罪似乎缺乏含有引渡或起诉的义务的国际公约。 |
| The
underlying principle of the four Geneva Conventions of 1949 is the
establishment of universal jurisdiction over grave breaches of the
Conventions. | 1949年《日内瓦四公约》的基本原则是建立对严重破坏公约行为的普遍管辖权。 |
| Each
Convention contains an article describing what acts constitute grave
breaches that follows immediately after the extradite-or-prosecute
provision. | 每一项公约都在“引渡或起诉”规定之后有一条描述什么构成严重破坏公约行为。 |
| For
the First and Second Geneva Conventions, this article is identical
(arts. 50 and 51, respectively): “Grave breaches to which the preceding
Article relates shall be those involving any of the following acts, if
committed against persons or property protected by the Convention:
wilful killing, torture or inhuman treatment, including biological
experiments, wilfully causing great suffering or serious injury to body
or health, and extensive destruction and appropriation of property, not
justified by military necessity and carried out unlawfully and
wantonly.” | 在《日内瓦第一和第二公约》中，该条款完全相同(分别为第50条和第51条)：“上条
所述之严重破坏公约行为，应系对于受本公约保护之人或财产所犯之任何下列行为：故意杀害，酷刑及不人道待遇，包括生物学实验，故意使身体及健康遭受重大痛
苦或严重伤害，以及无军事上之必要而以非法与暴乱之方式对财产之大规模的破坏与征收。 |
| Art.
130 of the Third Geneva Convention stipulates: “Grave breaches to which
the preceding Article relates shall be those involving any of the
following acts, if committed against persons or property protected by
the Convention: wilful killing, torture or inhuman treatment, including
biological experiments, wilfully causing great suffering or serious
injury to body or health, compelling a prisoner of war to serve in the
forces of the hostile Power, or wilfully depriving a prisoner of war of
the rights of fair and regular trial prescribed in this Convention.” | ”
《日内瓦第三公约》第130条规定：“上条所述之严重破坏公约行为，应系对于受本公约保护之人或财产所犯之任何下列行为：故意杀害，酷刑及不人道待遇，包
括生物学实验，故意使身体及健康遭受重大痛苦或严重伤害，强迫战俘在敌国军队中服务，或故意剥夺战俘依本公约规定应享之公允及合法的审讯之权利。 ” |
| Art.
147 of the Fourth Geneva Convention provides: “Grave breaches to which
the preceding Article relates shall be those involving any of the
following acts, if committed against persons or property protected by
the present Convention: wilful killing, torture or inhuman treatment,
including biological experiments, wilfully causing great suffering or
serious injury to body or health, unlawful deportation or transfer or
unlawful confinement of a protected person, compelling a protected
person to serve in the forces of a hostile Power, or wilfully depriving
a protected person of the rights of fair and regular trial prescribed
in the present Convention, taking of hostages and extensive destruction
and appropriation of property, not justified by military necessity and
carried out unlawfully and wantonly.” | 《日内瓦第四公约》第147
条规定：“上条所述之严重破坏公约行为，应系对于受本公约保护之人或财产所犯之任何下列行为：故意杀害，酷刑及不人道待遇，包括生物学实验，故意使身体及
健康遭受重大痛苦或严重伤害，将被保护人非法驱逐出境或移送，或非法禁闭，强迫被保护人在敌国军队中服务，或故意剥夺被保护人依本公约规定应享之公允及合
法的审讯之权利，以人为质，以及无军事上之必要而以非法与暴乱之方式对财产之大规模的破坏与征收。 ” |
| The
four Conventions and the Additional Protocol I of 1977 do not establish
an obligation to extradite or prosecute outside of grave breaches. | 《日内瓦四公约》和1977年《第一附加议定书》在严重破坏公约行为范围之外，并没有确立引渡或起诉的义务。 |
| No other international instruments relating to war crimes have this obligation, either. | 与战争罪有关的其他国际文书也均未规定此种义务。 |
| I.C.J. Reports 2007, p. 43, at pp. 226–227 and 229, paras. 442, 449. | 《2007年国际法院案例汇编》，第43页起，见第226-227页和第229页，第442、449段。 |
| Art.
VI reads: “Persons charged with genocide or any of the other acts
enumerated in article III shall be tried by a competent tribunal of the
State in the territory of which the act was committed, or by such
international penal tribunal as may have jurisdiction with respect to
those Contracting Parties which shall have accepted its jurisdiction. | 第六条的案文是：“凡被诉犯灭绝种族罪或有第三条所列其他行为之一者，应交由行为发生地国家的主管法院，或缔约国接受其管辖权的国际刑事法庭审理之。 |
| ”
The Court at para. 442 did not exclude other bases when it observed
that “Article VI only obliges the Contracting Parties to institute and
exercise territorial criminal jurisdiction; | ”法院在第442段里没有排除其他基础，法院指出：“《灭绝种族公约》第六条只是规定缔约国有义务确立并行使属地刑事管辖权。 |
| while
it certainly does not prohibit States, with respect to genocide, from
conferring jurisdiction on their criminal courts based on criteria
other than where the crime was committed which are compatible with
international law, in particular the nationality of the accused, it
does not oblige them to do so.” | 法院当然不禁止各国在灭绝种族罪事项上依据犯罪发生地(这与国际法是相符的)以外的标准，例如被控告者的国籍，赋予刑事法院以管辖权，但没有规定必须这样做。 |
| Questions
relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v.
Senegal), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012, p. 422, at pp. 450–461, paras.
71–121. | 与起诉或引渡义务有关的问题案(比利时诉塞内加尔)，判决，《2012年国际法院案例汇编》，第422页起，见第450-461页，第71-121段。 |
| The
Court notes that art. 7 (1) of the Convention against Torture is based
on a similar provision contained in the 1970 Hague Convention (ibid.,
para. 90). | 法院指出，《禁止酷刑公约》第7条第1款基于1970年《海牙公约》所载的类似的规定(同上，第90段)。 |
| As Judge Donoghue puts it: “The dispositive paragraphs of today’s Judgment bind only the Parties. | 正如多诺霍法官所说：“今天判决书中的处置性段落只对当事方有约束力。 |
| Nonetheless,
the Court’s interpretation of a multilateral treaty (or of customary
international law) can have implications for other States. | 尽管如此，法院对一项多边条约(或习惯国际法)所作的解释对其他国家也会产生影响。 |
| The
far-reaching nature of the legal issues presented by this case is
revealed by the number of questions posed by Members of the Court
during oral proceedings. | 在口头诉讼过程中法院法官所提出了大量问题，这正揭示了本案所提出的法律问题的深远意义。 |
| …. | …。 |
| ”
(Declaration of Judge Donoghue in Questions relating to the Obligation
to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal), Judgment, I.C.J.
Reports 2012, p. 422, at p. 590, para. 21.) | ”(多诺霍法官发表的声明，与起诉或引渡义务有关的问题案(比利时诉塞内加尔)，判决，《2012年国际法院案例汇编》，第422页起，见第590页，第21段。 ) |
| Questions
relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v.
Senegal), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012, p. 422, at p. 457, para. 99. | 与起诉或引渡义务有关的问题案(比利时诉塞内加尔)，判决，《2012年国际法院案例汇编》，第422页起，见第457页，第99段。 |
| Ibid., p. 455, para. 91. | 同上，第455页，第91段。 |
| See also pp. 451–452 and 456, paras. 74–75, 78, 94. | 另见第451-452页和第456页，第74-75、78、94段。 |
| Ibid., pp. 454–456, paras. 90, 94. | 同上，第454-456页，第90、94段。 |
| Ibid., p. 456, para. 95. | 同上，第456页，第95段。 |
| Art. 7, para. 2 of the Convention against Torture and art. 7 of the Hague Convention of 1970, ibid. para. 90. | 《禁止酷刑公约》第7条第2款和1970年《海牙公约》第7条，同上，第90段。 |
| Report
of the AU-EU Technical ad hoc Expert Group on the Principle of
Universal Jurisdiction (8672/1/09/ Rev.1), annex, para. 11. | 非盟－欧盟普遍管辖权原则特设技术专家组的报告(8672/1/09/Rev.1)，附件，第11段。 |
| The
International Court of Justice in the case concerning Questions
relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v.
Senegal) holds that the performance by States parties to the Convention
against Torture of their obligation to establish universal jurisdiction
of their courts is a necessary condition for enabling a preliminary
inquiry and for submitting the case to their competent authorities for
the purpose of prosecution (Questions relating to the Obligation to
Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
2012, p. 422, at p. 451, para. 74). | 国际法院在与起诉或引渡义务有关
的问题案(比利时诉塞内加尔)的判决中认为，《禁止酷刑公约》缔约国履行其确立其法院的普遍管辖权的义务是必要的条件，有了此条件，方能进行初步调查并将
案件提交主管当局以便进行起诉。
(与起诉或引渡义务有关的问题案(比利时诉塞内加尔)，判决，《2012年国际法院案例汇编》，第422页起，见第451页，第74段)。 |
| According
to one author, “The principle of aut dedere aut judicare overlaps with
universal jurisdiction when a State has no other nexus to the alleged
crime or to the suspect other than the mere presence of the person
within its territory. | 一位学者认为，“除了嫌疑人身在一国境内这一点以外，当该国与指称的犯罪或嫌疑人没有联结时，aut dedere aut judicare 原则即与普遍管辖权相重叠。 |
| ”
(Mitsue Inazumi, Universal Jurisdiction in Modern International Law:
Expansion of National Jurisdiction for Prosecuting Serious Crimes under
International Law (Intersentia, 2005), p. 122). | ”(Mitsue Inazumi, 现代国际法中的普遍管辖权：为了依国际法对严重罪行进行起诉而将国家管辖权扩大(Intersentia 2005)，第122页。 ) |
| Arrest
Warrant of 11 April 2000 (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Belgium)
I.C.J. Reports 2002, p. 3, Joint Separate Opinion of Judges Higgins,
Kooijmans and Buergenthal, p. 75 para. 42. | 2000年4月11日逮捕证(刚果民主共和国诉比利时)案，《2002年国际法院案例汇编》，第3页，法官希金斯、科艾曼斯、比尔根塔尔的联合个别意见，第75页，第42段。 |
| It
should be recalled that the “Obligation to extradite or prosecute” in
art. 9 of the 1996 draft code is closely related to the “Establishment
of jurisdiction” under art. 8 of the draft code, which requires each
State party thereto to take such measures as may be necessary to
establish its jurisdiction over genocide, crimes against humanity,
crimes against United Nations and associated personnel, and war crimes,
irrespective of where or by whom those crimes were committed. | 应
该回顾的是，1996年治罪法草案第9条所提到的“引渡或起诉的义务”该治罪法草案第8条的“确立管辖权”密切相关，这要求每一缔约国都采取必要措施，确
立对灭绝种族罪行、危害人类罪行、危害联合国人员和有关人员罪行以及战争罪行的普遍管辖权，而不论犯罪发生在何地，由谁实施。 |
| The
Commission’s commentary to art. 8 makes it clear that universal
jurisdiction is envisaged (Official Record of the General Assembly,
Fifty-first Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/51/10), para. 7). | 委员会对第8条的评注也表明，考虑到了普遍管辖权(《大会正式记录，第五十一届会议，补编第10号》，(A/51/10)，第7段)。 |
| Questions
relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v.
Senegal), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012, p. 422, at pp. 451–452, paras.
76, 77. | 与起诉或引渡义务有关的问题案(比利时诉塞内加尔)，判决，《2012年国际法院案例汇编》，第422页起，见第451-452页，第76、77段。 |
| Ibid., p. 453, para. 84. | 同上，第453页，第84段。 |
| Ibid., p. 454, para. 86. | 同上，第454页，第86段。 |
| Ibid., p. 453, para. 83. | 同上，第453页，第83段。 |
| Ibid., pp. 453–454, paras. 85–86. | 同上，第453-454页，第85-86段。 |
| Ibid., p. 454, para. 88. | 同上，第454页，第88段。 |
| Ibid., p. 454, para. 86. | 同上，第454页，第86段。 |
| Ibid., pp. 453–454, para. 85. | 同上，第453-454页，第85段。 |
| Ibid., p. 453, para. 83. | 同上，第453页，第83段。 |
| Ibid., p. 453, para. 84. | 同上，第453页，第84段。 |
| Cf.
also Chili Komitee Nederland v. Pinochet, Court of Appeal of Amsterdam,
4 Jan. 1995 Netherlands Yearbook of International Law, vol. 28 (1997),
pp. 363–365, in which the Court of Appeal held that the Dutch Public
Prosecutor did not err in refusing to prosecute former Chilean
President Pinochet while visiting Amsterdam because Pinochet might be
entitled to immunity from prosecution and any necessary evidence to
substantiate his prosecution would be in Chile with which the
Netherlands had no cooperative arrangements regarding criminal
proceedings. | 另参见Chili Komitee
Nederland诉皮诺切特，阿姆斯特丹上诉法院，1995年1月4日《荷兰国际法年鉴》，第28卷(1997年)第363-365页，上诉法院认为，
荷兰公共检察官在智利前总统皮诺切特访问阿姆斯特丹时拒绝起诉他，这并没有错，因为皮诺切特或许有权享有不受起诉的豁免权，而为证明任何起诉所需要的证据
都会在智利，但荷兰与智利没有关于刑事诉讼程序的合作协议。 |
| See Kimberley N. Trapp, State Responsibility for International Terrorism (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2011), p. 88, fn. 132. | 见Kimberley N. Trapp, 国际恐怖主义的国家责任(牛津：牛津大学出版社2011年)，第88页，脚注132。 |
| Questions
relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v.
Senegal), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012, p. 422, at pp. 454 and 456,
paras. 90, 94. | 比利时诉塞内加尔案，第90、94段。 |
| Ibid., paras. 115, 117. | 同上，第115、117段。 |
| Ibid., paras. 114, 115. | 同上，第114、115段。 |
| Cf. Separate Opinion of Judge Çancado Trindade in that case at pp. 546–548, paras. 148, 151–153; | 参见坎萨多·特林达德法官对于此案发表的个别意见，第148、151-153段； |
| Dissenting Opinion of Judge ad hoc Sur in the same case at p. 620, para. 50; | 专案法官苏尔对于此案发表的不同意见，见第50段； |
| and Dissenting Opinion of Judge Xue, at p. 578, para. 28. | 以及薛法官的不同意见，见第28段。 |
| Questions
relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v.
Senegal), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012, p. 422, at p. 461, para. 120. | 与起诉或引渡义务有关的问题案(比利时诉塞内加尔)，判决，《2012年国际法院案例汇编》，第422页起，见第461页，第120段。 |
| Cf.
Draft article 12 of the draft articles on the expulsion of aliens
adopted by the Commission on second reading in 2014, see Official
Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-ninth Session, Supplement 10
(A/69/10), chap. IV and European Court of Human Rights, Bozano v.
France, Judgment of 18 December 1986, Application No. 9990/82, paras.
52–60, where the European Court of Human Rights has held that
extradition, disguised as deportation in order to circumvent the
requirements of extradition, is illegal and incompatible with the right
to security of person guaranteed under art. 5 of the European
Convention on Human Rights. | 参阅委员会2014年二读通过的驱逐外国人条款草
案第12条草案，见《大会正式记录，第六十九届会议，补编第10号》(A/69/10)，第四章，以及欧洲人权法院，Bonzano诉法国，1986年
12月18日的判决，第9990/82号请求书，第52-60段。
欧洲人权法院认为，为了避开引渡方面的要求而以驱逐为幌子的引渡是非法的，与《欧洲人权公约》第5条所保障的人身安全权不符。 |
| See
the reasoning in the case concerning Questions relating to the
Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal), Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2012, p. 422, at pp. 453–454, paras. 85–86. | 见对与起诉或引渡义务有关的问题案(比利时诉塞内加尔) 判决中的理由说明，判决，《2012年国际法院案例汇编》，第422页起，见第453-454页，第85-86段。 |
| Therefore,
the Court rules that financial difficulties do not justify Senegal’s
failure to comply with the obligations under the Convention against
Torture (ibid., para. 112). | 因此，法院裁定，财政困难并不能成为塞内加尔不履行其根据《禁止酷刑公约》承担的义务的理由(同上，第112段)。 |
| Likewise,
seeking guidance from the African Union does not justify Senegal’s
delay in complying with its obligation under the Convention (ibid.). | 同样，从非洲联盟寻求指导意见也不能成为塞内加尔拖延履行其根据公约承担的义务的理由(同上)。 |
| Ibid., para. 113. | 同上，第113段。 |
| Questions
relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v.
Senegal), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012, p. 422, at p. 461, para. 120. | 与起诉或引渡义务有关的问题案(比利时诉塞内加尔)，判决，《2012年国际法院案例汇编》，第422页起，见第461页，第120段。 |
| As also explained by Judge Cançado Trindade, | 另见坎萨多·特林达德法官的解释， |
| “…
The conduct of the State ought to be one which is conducive to
compliance with the obligations of result (in the cas d’espèce, the
proscription of torture). | “…国家的行为应当有助于履行结果义务(在本案，即禁止酷刑)。 |
| The
State cannot allege that, despite its good conduct, insufficiencies or
difficulties of domestic law rendered it impossible the full compliance
with its obligation (to outlaw torture and to prosecute perpetrators of
it); and the Court cannot consider a case terminated, given the
allegedly ‘good conduct’ of the State concerned. | 国家不能声称，尽管其行为良好，但国内法不足或困难致使它无法充分履行其义务(即将酷刑定为非法行为并起诉犯罪者)，而法院不能因有关国家据称‘行为良好’而认为案件已结。 |
| ”
(Separate Opinion of Judge Cançado Trindade in the case concerning
Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium
v. Senegal), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012, p. 422, at p. 508, para. 50
and see also his full reasoning at pp. 505–508, paras. 44–51.) | ”(坎萨多·特林达德法官的个别意见，与起诉或引渡义务有关的问题案(比利时诉塞内加尔)，判决，《2012年国际法院案例汇编》，第422页起，见第508页，第50段，另见他在第505-508页，第43-51段里详细陈述的理由。 |
| Questions
relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v.
Senegal), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012, p. 422, at pp. 457–458, paras.
100–102, citing art. 28 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of
Treaties, which reflects customary international law. | ) 与起诉或引渡义务有关的问题案(比利时诉塞内加尔)，判决，《2012年国际法院案例汇编》，第422页起，见第457-458页，第100-102段，其中援引了反映习惯国际法的《维也纳条约法公约》第二十八条。 |
| Ibid., p. 458, paras. 103–105. | 同上，第458页，第103-105段。 |
| Ibid., p. 451, para. 75. | 同上，第451页，第75段。 |
| Ibid., p. 458, paras. 102, 105. | 同上，第458页，第102、105段。 |
| Ibid., p. 456, para. 95. | 同上，第456页，第95段。 |
| Ibid., pp. 460–461, para. 117. | 同上，第460-461页，第117段。 |
| Art.
9 of the 1996 Draft code of Crimes against the Peace of Mankind
stipulates that the obligation to extradite or prosecute under that
article is “[w]ithout prejudice to the jurisdiction of an international
criminal court”. | 1996年危害人类和平治罪法草案第9条规定，该条所规定的引渡或起诉的义务“不妨碍国际刑事法院的管辖权”。 |
| “The
State party in the territory under whose jurisdiction a person alleged
to have committed an offence of enforced disappearance is found shall,
if it does not extradite that person or surrender him or her to another
State in accordance with its international obligations or surrender him
or her to an international criminal tribunal whose jurisdiction it has
recognized, submit the case to its competent authorities for the
purpose of prosecution.” | “缔约国在其管辖的领土上发现据称犯有强迫失踪罪的人，如果不按其国际义务将该人引渡或移交给另一国家，或移交该缔约国承认其司法权的某一国际刑事法庭，则该国应将案件提交本国的主管机关起诉。 ” |
| Dissenting Opinion of Judge Xue, at p. 582, para. 42 (dissenting on other points). | 薛法官的不同意见，见第582页，第42段(在其他问题上的不同意见)。 |
| Article 28 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. | 《维也纳条约法公约》第二十八条。 |
| This possibility was raised by Special Rapporteur Galicki in his preliminary report (A/CN.4/571), paras. 49–50. | 特别报告员加利茨基在其初次报告(A/CN.4/571)里提到这一可能性，第49-50段。 |
| Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-eighth Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/68/10), Annex B. | 《大会正式记录，第六十八届会议，补编第10号》，(A/68/10)，附件B。 |
| Ibid., Annex A, para. 20. | 同上，附件A, 第20段。 |
| A
study by the Chatham House suggested that the Commission’s future work
on this topic should concentrate on drafting a treaty obligation to
extradite or prosecute in respect of core international crimes and
emulate the extradite-or-prosecute mechanism developed in Article 7 of
the 1970 Hague Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of
Aircraft and incorporated in the 1984 UN Convention against Torture and
Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment and Punishment and, most
recently, in the 2006 International Convention for the Protection of
All Persons from Enforced Disappearance. | 查塔姆研究所的一项研
究建议，委员会今后关于该专题的工作应该重点起草一项就核心国际罪行引渡或起诉的条约义务，并效仿1970年《关于制止非法劫持航空器的海牙公约》第7条
规定的、已列入1984年联合国《禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚公约》及最近的2006年《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》的引渡
或起诉机制。 |
| See Miša Zgonec-Rožej and Joanne Foakes, “International criminals: Extradite or Prosecute? | 见Miša Zgonec-Rožej和Joanne Foakes, “国际罪犯：引渡还是起诉？ |
| ” Chatham House Briefing Paper, Doc. IL BP 2013/01, Jul. 2013. | ”，查塔姆研究所简报，Doc. IL BP 2013/01, 2013年7月。 |
| See
also the Commission’s commentary on this article in Official Records of
the General Assembly, Fifty-first Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/51/10),
chap. II. | 另见《大会正式记录，第五十一届会议，补编第10号》(A/51/10)，第二章中委员对于该条款的评注。 |
| Official
Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-eighth Session, Supplement No.
10 (A/68/10), Annex A, para. 16 and accompanying footnote 28. | 《大会正式记录，第六十八届会议，补编第10号》(A/68/10)，附件A, 第16段和所附脚注28。 |
| Ibid., paras. 21–22. | 同上，第21至22段。 |
| Chile, France, and Thailand. | 智利、法国和泰国。 |
| Canada and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. | 加拿大和大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。 |
| See
also the Council of Europe, Extradition, European Standards:
Explanatory notes on the Council of Europe convention and protocol and
minimum standards protecting persons subject to transnational criminal
proceedings (Council of Europe Publishing, Strasbourg, 2006), where it
is stated that: “… In the era of international criminal tribunals, the
principle [aut dedere aut judicare] may be interpreted lato sensu to
include the duty of the state to transfer the person to the
jurisdiction of an international organ, such as the International
Criminal Court” (ibid., p. 119, footnote omitted). | 另
见欧洲委员会，《引渡，欧洲标准：欧洲委员会保护跨国刑事诉讼当事人公约和议定书及最低标准解释性说明》(欧洲委员会出版物，2006年，斯特拉斯堡)，
其中指出：“…在国际刑事法庭时代，[引渡或起诉]原则在广义上可以解释为包括国家将个人移交诸如国际刑事法院等国际机构审理的义务”(同上，第119
页，脚注略)。 |
| The Extraordinary African
Chambers have jurisdiction to try the person or persons most
responsible for international crimes committed in Chad between 7 June
1982 and 1 December 1990. | 非洲特别法庭具有管辖权，可审判1982年6月7日至1990年12月1日间在乍得所犯国际罪行的最主要责任人。 |
| The
Trial Chamber and the Appeals Chamber are each composed of two
Senegalese judges and one non-Senegalese judge, who presides over the
proceedings. | 审判庭和上诉庭分别由两名塞内加尔法官和一名非塞内加尔法官组成，由非塞内加尔法官主持审理。 |
| The
Trial Chamber and the Appeals Chamber are each composed of two
Senegalese judges and one non-Senegalese judge, who presides over the
proceedings, see Statute of the Extraordinary African Chambers,
articles 3 and 11, International Legal Materials, vol. 52, (2013), pp.
1020–1036). | 见《非洲特别法庭规约》第三条和第十一条，《国际法律资料》，第52卷(2013年)，第1020至1036页。 |
| Mexico. | 墨西哥。 |
| Cuba and Belarus, respectively. | 分别是古巴和白俄罗斯。 |
| Secretariat Survey (2010), para. 132. | 秘书处的调查报告(2010年)，第132段。 |
| In
effect, these conventions appear to follow what was originally foreseen
by Hugo Grotius when he referred to the principle aut dedere aut punire. | 实际上，这些公约与雨果·格劳秀斯在提及“引渡或惩罚”原则时预想的思路如出一辙。 |
| Hugo
Grotius, De Jure Belli ac Pacis, Book II, chapter XXI, section IV
(English translation by Francis W. Kelsey, Oxford/London, Clarendon
Press/Humphrey Milford, 1925), pp. 527–529, at p. 527. | 雨果·格劳秀斯，《战争与和平法》第二册，第二十一章第四节(Francis W.Kelsey英译本，牛津－伦敦，Clarendon Press-Humphrey Milford, 1925年)，第527至529页，见第527页。 |
| E.g., the 1936 Convention for the Suppression of the Illicit Traffic in Dangerous Drugs; | 例如，1936年《取缔非法贩卖危险药品公约》； |
| the 1937 Convention for the Prevention and Punishment of Terrorism; | 1937年《防止和惩治恐怖主义公约》； |
| the 1950 Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others; | 1950年《禁止贩卖人口及取缔意图营利使人卖淫的公约》； |
| the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs; and the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances. | 1961年《麻醉品单一公约》和1971年《精神药物公约》。 |
| See also Secretariat Survey (2010), para. 29. | 另见秘书处的调查报告，(2010年)，第29段。 |
| The
overall structure of the mechanism for the punishment of offenders in
these conventions is based on the idea that the State in whose
territory the crime was committed will request the extradition of the
offender who has fled to another State and that extradition should, in
principle, be granted. | 这些公约所含罪犯惩罚机制的总体结构其实是基于这样一个思路，即罪行发生地国将请求引渡逃至另一国的罪犯，而这一请求原则上应予满足。 |
| These
conventions, however, recognise that States may be unable to extradite
in some cases (most notably when the individual is their national or
when they have granted asylum to him) and provide for the obligation to
prosecute as an alternative. | 但这些公约也确认缔约国在某些情况下可能无法进行引渡(特别是当事人为本国国民或者已向当事人提供庇护的情况)，因此规定将起诉义务作为备选办法。 |
| Secretariat
Survey (2010), para. 133 and fn. 327 citing Marc Henzelin, Le principe
de l’universalité en droit penal international. Droit et obligation
pour les Etats de poursuivre et de juger selon le principe de
l’universalité (Basel/Geneva/Munich/Brussels,
Helbing&Lichtenhahn/Faculté de droit de Genève/Bruylant, 2000), p.
286, who qualifies the system as primo dedere secundo prosequi. | 秘
书处的调查报告(2010年)第133段和脚注327引述了3c
Henzelin的观点，《国际法中的普遍性原则，各国依照普遍性原则进行起诉和审判的权利和义务》(巴塞尔/日内瓦/慕尼黑/布鲁塞尔，Helbing
& Lichtenhahn/日内瓦法学院/Bruylant, 2000年)，第286页，他将这一制度称为先引渡后起诉。 |
| E.g., the 1981 Inter-American Convention on Extradition; | 例如，1981年《美洲国家间引渡公约》； |
| the 1957 European Convention on Extradition; | 1957年《欧洲引渡公约》； |
| the 1961 General Convention on Judicial Cooperation (Convention générale de coopération en matière de justice); | 1961年《司法合作总共约》(Convention générale de coopération en matière de justice)； |
| the 1994 Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Convention on Extradition; | 1994年《西非国家经济共同体引渡公约》； |
| and the London Scheme for Extradition within the Commonwealth. | 和《英联邦内伦敦引渡计划》。 |
| These
conventions are based on the general undertaking by States Parties to
surrender to one another all persons against whom the competent
authorities of the requesting Party are proceeding for an offence or
who are wanted for the carrying out of a sentence or detention order. | 这些公约的基础是，缔约国普遍承诺相互移交正由请求国主管当局进行起诉或者为执行刑期或羁押令而遭到通缉的所有人。 |
| However,
the obligation to extradite is subject to a number of conditions and
exceptions, including when the request involves the national of the
requested State. | 但引渡义务也有若干例外，特别是被请求引渡人为被请求国国民的情况。 |
| When
extradition is refused, the conventions impose an alternative
obligation to prosecute the alleged offender as a mechanism to avoid
impunity. | 对于引渡请求遭拒，特别是以当事人为被请求国国民为由加以拒绝的情况，这些公约规定了对犯罪人进行起诉的义务，以此作为防止有罪不罚的机制。 |
| See also Secretariat Survey (2010), para. 134. | 另见秘书处的调查报告(2010年)，第134段。 |
| Secretariat Survey (2010), para. 127, and fn. 307. | 秘书处的调查报告(2010年)，第127段和脚注307。 |
| Those
opining that the accused must be present in the territory of the State
concerned as a precondition of the assertion of universal jurisdiction
include Judges Higgins, Kooijmans and Buergenthal (Joint Separate
Opinion in Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 (Democratic Republic of the
Congo v. Belgium), I.C.J .Reports 2002, p. 80, para. 57). | 认为被指控者必须处于有关国家境内，作为确定普遍管辖权的先决条件的人包括希金斯法官、科艾曼斯法官和比尔根塔尔法官(2000年4月11日逮捕令案(刚果民主共和国诉比利时)中的联合个别意见，《2002年国际法院案例汇编》，第80页，第57段)。 |
| See
also Separate Opinion of Judge Guillaume, ibid., para. 9 and Gilbert
Guillaume, “Terrorisme et droit international”, Recueil des cours de
l’Académie de droit international, vol. 215, 1990, pp. 368–369. | 另见“纪尧姆法官的个别意见”，同上，第9段和吉尔贝·纪尧姆，“恐怖主义与国际法”，《国际法学院教程汇编》，第215卷，1990年，第368至369页。 |
| However,
Marc Henzelin (supra note 502, p. 354) argues that the presence of the
alleged offender in the territory of the State is not required for
prosecution under the relevant provision of the 1949 Geneva Conventions. | 然而，3c Henzelin (上文注502, 第354页)认为，根据《1949年日内瓦四公约》相关条款，一国起诉被指称犯罪者并不需要该人处于该国境内。 |
| While
this provision appears to give a certain priority to prosecution by the
custodial State, it also recognises that this State has the discretion
to opt for extradition, provided that the requesting State has made out
a prima facie case. | 这项规定似乎给予羁押国一定的起诉优先权，但也确认羁押国可酌情选择引渡，前提是请求引渡国提出初步证据确凿的案件。 |
| Secretariat
Survey (2010), para. 128, citing Declan Costello, “International
Terrorism and the Development of the Principle Aut Dedere Aut
Judicare”, The Journal of International Law and Economics, vol. 10,
1975, p. 486; | 秘书处的调查报告(2010年)，第128段，引述Declan Costello, “国际恐怖主义与引渡或起诉原则的发展”，《国际法与经济学杂志》，第10卷，1975年，第486页； |
| M.
Cherif Bassiouni and Edward M. Wise, Aut Dedere Aut Judicare: The Duty
to Extradite or Prosecute in International Law
(Dordrecht/Boston/London, Martinus Nijhoff, 1995), p. 15; | M. Cherif Bassiouni和Edward M. Wise, 《引渡或起诉：国际法中的引渡或起诉义务》，(Martinus Nijhoff, 多德雷赫特/波士顿/伦敦，1995年)，第15页； |
| and
Christian Maierhöfer, “Aut dedere – aut judicare”. Herkunft,
Rechtsgrundlagen und Inhalt des völkerrechtlichen Gebotes zur
Strafverfolgung oder Auslieferung (Berlin, Duncker & Humblot,
2006), pp. 75–76. | Christian Maierhöfer, 《“引渡或起诉”：国际起源、法律依据和内容》，(柏林，Duncker & Humblot, 2006年)，第75至76页。 |
| Authors
who emphasize the priority attributed to prosecution in the 1949 Geneva
Conventions are said to include Luigi Condorelli, “Il sistemadella
repression dei crimini di Guerra nelle Convenzioni di Ginevra del 1949
e nel primo protocollo addizionale del 1977”, in P. Lamberti Zanardi
& G. Venturini, eds., Crimini di guerra e competenza delle
giurisdizioni nazionali: Atti del Convegno, Milano, 15–17 maggio 1997
(Milan, Giuffrè, 1998), pp. 35–36; | 强调1949年《日内瓦四公约》中
起诉的优先性的学者包括Luigi Condorelli,
“《1949年日内瓦四公约》和《1977年第一附加议定书》中惩治战争罪制度”，载于P. Lamberti Zanardi和G.
Venturini编著的《战争罪行和国家管辖：诉讼程序，米兰，1997年5月15至17日》，(米兰，Giuffrè，1998年)，第35至36
页； |
| and Henzelin, supra, p. 353 (who qualifies the model of the 1949 Geneva Conventions as primo prosequi secundo dedere). | 和Henzelin, 前注307,第353页(他将1949年《日内瓦四公约》的模式称为“先起诉后引渡”)。 |
| C.f.
also art. 88 (2) of Additional Protocol I to the 1949 Geneva
Conventions, which calls on States Parties to “give due consideration
to the request of the State in whose territory the alleged offence has
occurred”, thus implying that prosecution by the latter State would be
preferable. | 另参见《1949年日内瓦四公约第一附加议定书》第88条第2款，该条款要求缔约各国“应对被控罪行发生地国家的请求给予适当的考虑”，以此暗示由发生地国起诉更为可取。 |
| Art.
7 of the 1970 Hague Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure
of Aircraft provides that “[t]he Contracting State in the territory of
which the alleged offender is found shall, if it does not extradite
him, be obliged … to submit the case to its competent authorities for
the purpose of prosecution”. | 1970年《关于制止非法劫持航空器的海牙公约》第7条规定，“在其境内发现被指称的罪犯的缔约国，如不将此人引渡，则[…]应将此案件提交其主管当局以便起诉”。 |
| Art.
7 states: “The State Party in the territory under whose jurisdiction a
person alleged to have committed any offence referred to in article 4
is found shall in the cases contemplated in article 5, if it does not
extradite him, submit the case to its competent authorities for the
purpose of prosecution.” | 第7条规定：“缔约国如在其管辖领土上发现有被控犯有第4条所述任何罪行的人，在第5条所指的情况下，如不进行引渡，则应将该案提交主管当局以便起诉。 ” |
| Guengueng
et al. v. Senegal, Merits, Decision of the Committee Against Torture
under Art. 22 of the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel,
Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, 36th Sess., Doc
CAT/C/36/D/181/2001 dated 19 May 2006, para. 9.7. | Guengueng等诉塞内加尔，案情，禁止酷刑委员会根据《禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚公约》第22条作出的决定，第36届会议，2006年5月19日CAT/C/36/D/181/2001号文件，第9.7段。 |
| In
the case concerning Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute
or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012, p.
422, at p. 456, paras. 94–95. | 与起诉或引渡义务有关的问题案(比利时诉塞内加尔)，判决，《2012年国际法院案例汇编》，第422页起，见第456页，第94至95段。 |
| Ibid., p. 456, para. 95. | 同上，第456页，第95段。 |
| The
custodial State has an obligation “to take action to ensure that such
an individual is prosecuted either by the national authorities of that
State or by another State which indicated that it was willing to
prosecute the case by requesting extradition”. | 羁押国有义务“采取行动，以确保此类个人或受到该国国家当局的起诉，或受到表示愿意通过请求引渡起诉此案的另一国国家当局的起诉。 |
| Para. 3 of the commentary to art. 9, Yearbook of the International Law Commission 1996, vol. II (Part Two), p. 31. | ”第9条评注第(3)段，《1996年…年鉴》，第二卷(第二部分，第31页。 |
| Reference
should also be made to the commentary to art. 8 (whereby each State
party “shall take such measures as may be necessary to establish its
jurisdiction” over the crimes set out in the Draft Code “irrespective
of where or by whom those crimes were committed”). | 还应提到第8条评注(其中指出：各缔约国“应采取必要措施，以确立”对治罪法草案所列罪行的“管辖权”，“无论犯罪发生在何地，由谁实施”)。 |
| Mexico. | 墨西哥。 |
| Questions
relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v.
Senegal), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012, p. 422, at pp. 449–450, paras.
67–70. | 与起诉或引渡义务有关的问题案(比利时诉塞内加尔)，判决，《2012年国际法院案例汇编》，第422页起，见第449-450页，第67-70段。 |
| See
also Separate Opinion of Judge Cançado Trindade, pp. 527–529, paras.
104–108, and Declaration of Judge Donoghue, pp. 586–589, paras. 9–17. | 另见“坎萨多·特林达德法官的个别意见”，第527-529页，第104至108段，多诺霍法官的声明，第586-589页，第9-17段。 |
| C.f.
Dissenting Opinion of Judge Xue, pp. 571–577, paras. 2–23, and
Dissenting Opinion of Judge ad hoc Sur, pp. 608 and 610–611, paras. 13,
19–20. | 参见“薛法官的不同意见”，第571-577页，第2-23段，和“苏尔专案法官的不同意见”，第608页和第 610-611页，第13、19-20段。 |
| Cf. also the Separate Opinion of Judge Skotnikov, pp. 482–485, paras. 9–22. | 另参见“斯科特尼科夫法官的个别意见”，第482-485页，第9至22段。 |
| See, e.g., Council of Europe, note 496 above, Chap. 4: Material human rights guarantees as limitations to extradition; | 例如见欧洲委员会，上文注496, 第4章：重要人权保障作为限制引渡的因素； |
| Danai
Azaria, Code of Minimum Standards of Protection to Individuals Involved
in Transnational Proceedings, Report to the Committee of Experts on
Transnational Criminal Justice, European Committee on Crime Problems,
Council of Europe, PC-TJ/Docs 2005/PC-TJ (2005) 07 E. Azaria],
Strasbourg, 16 Sept. 2005. | Danai Azaria, 《跨国诉讼当事人最低保护标准准则》，提交欧洲委员会欧洲犯罪问题委员会跨国刑事司法问题专家委员会的报告，PC-TJ/Docs 2005/PC-TJ (2005) 07 E. Azaria]，斯特拉斯堡，2005年9月16日。 |
| A/CN.4/666, para. 60. | A/CN.4/666,第60段。 |
| A/CN.4/648, para. 95. | A/CN.4/648,第95段。 |
| The draft article read as follows: | 该条款草案如下： |
| “Article 4 | “第4条 |
| International custom as a source of the obligation aut dedere aut judicare | 国际习惯作为或引渡或起诉的义务的来源 |
| 1.
Each State is obliged either to extradite or to prosecute an alleged
offender if such an obligation is deriving from the customary norm of
international law. | 1. 如果引渡或起诉被指控犯罪人的义务来源于国际法的习惯性规范，则每个国家均负有该义务。 |
| 2.
Such an obligation may derive, in particular, from customary norms of
international law concerning [serious violations of international
humanitarian law, genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes]. | 2. 该义务尤其可能来源于关于[严重违反国际人道主义法的行为、灭绝种族罪、危害人类罪和战争罪]的国际法习惯性规范。 |
| 3.
The obligation to extradite or prosecute shall derive from the
peremptory norm of general international law accepted and recognized by
the international community of States (jus cogens), either in the form
of international treaty or international custom, criminalizing any one
of acts listed in paragraph 2.” | 3. 以国际条约或国际习惯形式存在、将第 2 款所列的任何一种行为定为犯罪且受到国家间国际社会接受和认可的一般国际法的强制性规范(强制法)应导致引渡或起诉义务。 ” |
| Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-sixth Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/66/10), paras. 320–326. | 《大会正式记录，第六十六届会议，补编第10号》(A/66/10)，第320至326段。 |
| In
particular, some States disagreed with the conclusion that the
customary nature of the obligation to extradite or prosecute could
necessarily be inferred from the existence of customary rules
proscribing specific international crimes. | 特别是有些国家不赞成这样的结论：可以根据存在禁止特定国际罪行的习惯规则，必然推断出引渡或起诉的义务的习惯性质。 |
| Topical
summary of the discussion held in the Sixth Committee of the General
Assembly during its Sixty-sixth Session, prepared by the Secretariat
(A/CN.4/650), para. 48. | 秘书处编写的关于大会第六十六届会议期间第六委员会讨论情况的专题摘要(A/CN.4/650)，第48段。 |
| See
also the positions of Argentina, in A/C.6/62/SR.22, para. 58 and the
Russian Federation, in A/CN.4/599, para. 54, respectively. | 另见阿根廷和俄罗斯联邦的立场，分别载于A/C.6/62/SR.22, 第58段和A/CN.4/599, 第54段。 |
| Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2012, p. 422, paras. 53–55, 122 (2), with Judge Abraham
and Judge ad hoc Sur dissenting on this point (ibid., Separate Opinion
of Judge Abraham, pp. 471–476, paras. 3–20; | 判决书，《2012年国际法院案例汇编》，第422页，第53至55段，第122段(2)分段，亚伯拉罕法官和苏尔专案法官对此持不同意见(同上，“亚伯拉罕法官的个别意见”，第471-476页，第3至20段； |
| Dissenting Opinion of Judge ad hoc Sur, p. 610, para. 17). | “苏尔专案法官的不同意见”，第610页，第17段)。 |
| Judge
Abraham and Judge ad hoc Sur concluded that the Court, if it had found
jurisdiction, would not have upheld Belgium’s claim of the existence of
the customary international law obligation to prosecute or extradite. | 亚伯拉罕法官和苏尔专案法官认为，法院如果认定具有管辖权，也不会支持比利时关于存在起诉或引渡的习惯国际法义务的主张。 |
| In
his Separate Opinion, Judge Abraham considered there was insufficient
evidence, based on State practice and opinio juris, of a customary
obligation for States to prosecute before their domestic courts
individuals suspected of war crimes or crimes against humanity on the
basis of universal jurisdiction, even when limited to the case where
the suspect was present in the territory of the forum State. (ibid.,
Separate Opinion of Judge Abraham, pp. 611–617, paras. 21, 24–25,
31–39). | 亚伯拉罕法官在其个别意见中指出，根据国家实践和法律确信，没有充分证据说明各国负有依据普
遍管辖权，向本国法院起诉战争罪或危害人类罪嫌疑人的习惯法义务，即便是仅限于嫌疑人身处法院所在国领土上的情况下。
(同上，“亚伯拉罕法官的个别意见”，第611-617页，第21、24至25、31至39段)。 |
| In
his Dissenting Opinion, Judge ad hoc Sur said that despite the silence
of the Court, or perhaps because of such silence, ‘it seems clear that
the existence of a customary obligation to prosecute or extradite, or
even simply to prosecute, cannot be established in positive law’
(ibid., Dissenting Opinion of Judge ad hoc Sur, p. 610, para. 18). | 苏尔专案法官在他的“不同意见”中指出，尽管法院保持沉默，抑或是由于这种沉默，“似乎显然无法在实在法中证明存在起诉或引渡的习惯法义务，或仅仅是起诉的义务”(同上，“苏尔专案法官的不同意见”，第610页，第18段)。 |
| By
contrast, the Separate Opinions of Judge Cançado Trindade (ibid.,
Separate Opinion of Judge Cançado Trindade, p. 544, para. 143) and of
Judge Sebutinde (ibid., Separate Opinion of Judge Sebutinde, p. 604,
paras. 41–42) both stressed that the Court only found that it had no
jurisdiction to address the merits of the customary international law
issues given the facts presented in the case. | 与此相反，
“坎卡多·特林达德法官的个别意见”(同上，“坎卡多·特林达德法官的个别意见”，第544页，第143段)和“塞布廷德法官的个别意见”(同上，“塞布
廷德法官的个别意见”，第604页，第41至42段)均强调，法院仅认定自己不具备管辖权，不能根据本案中提出的事实处理习惯国际法问题的实质内容。 |
| In
any case, any reference to the existence or non-existence of the
customary law obligation in the case concerning Questions relating to
the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal), was to
the obligation in the cases of crimes against humanity and war crimes
in internal armed conflicts. | 无论如何，凡提及在与起诉或引渡义务有关的问题案(比利时诉塞内加尔)中存在或不存在习惯法义务之处，所指均系危害人类罪和国内武装冲突中的战争罪案件中的义务。 |
| It
did not touch upon such obligation in the context of genocide, war
crimes in international armed conflicts, or other crimes of
international concern like acts of terrorism. | 它不涉及灭绝种族罪、国际武装冲突中的战争罪或恐怖主义行为等引起国际关切的其他罪行中的此类义务。 |
| For ease of reference, the 2009 General Framework is reproduced here. | 为便于参考，现将2009年总框架载录于此。 |
| It reads as follows: | 原文如下： |
| List of questions/issues to be addressed | 所要处理的问题/事项清单 |
| (a) The legal bases of the obligation to extradite or prosecute | (a) 引渡或起诉的义务的法律依据 |
| (i) The obligation to extradite or prosecute and the duty to cooperate in the fight against impunity; | (一) 引渡或起诉的义务和为打击有罪不罚现象进行合作的责任； |
| (ii) The obligation to extradite or prosecute in existing treaties: Typology of treaty provisions; | (二) 现有条约中的引渡或起诉的义务：条约规定的类型学； |
| differences and similarities between those provisions, and their evolution (cf. conventions on terrorism); | 这些规定的异同及其演变(参见关于恐怖主义的公约)； |
| (iii) Whether and to what extent the obligation to extradite or prosecute has a basis in customary international law;* | (三) 引渡或起诉的义务是否及在何种程度上在习惯国际法中有其依据； |
| (iv)
Whether the obligation to extradite or prosecute is inextricably linked
with certain particular “customary crimes” (e.g. piracy);* | (四) 引渡或起诉的义务是否不可分割地同某些特定的“习惯的罪行”(如海盗行为)联系在一起； |
| (v) Whether regional principles relating to the obligation to extradite or prosecute may be identified.* | (五) 是否能够查明有关引渡或起诉的义务的区域性原则。 |
| (b) The material scope of the obligation to extradite or prosecute | * (b) 引渡或起诉的义务的实质范围 |
| Identification
of the categories of crimes (e.g. crimes under international law;
crimes against the peace and security of mankind; | 根据以公约确立的国际法和/或习惯国际法，查明引渡或起诉义务所涵盖的罪行类别(如国际法下的罪行； |
| crimes of international concern; | 危害人类和平与安全罪； |
| other
serious crimes) covered by the obligation to extradite or prosecute
according to conventional and/or customary international law: | 引起国际关注的罪行； 其他严重罪行)： |
| (i)
Whether the recognition of an offence as an international crime is a
sufficient basis for the existence of an obligation to extradite or
prosecute under customary international law;* | (一) 承认某一犯罪为一种国际罪行，是否是存在习惯国际法中的引渡或起诉义务的充分依据； |
| (ii) If not, what is/are the distinctive criterion/criteria? | (二) 如果不是，什么才是独特的标准？ |
| Relevance of the jus cogens character of a rule criminalizing certain conduct?* | 将某些行为定为犯罪行为的规则的强制性规范性质的相关性？ |
| (iii) | * |
| Whether and to what extent the obligation also exists in relation to crimes under domestic laws? | (三) 这种义务是否、以及在何种程度上也相对于国内法下的罪行而存在？ |
| (c) The content of the obligation to extradite or prosecute | (c) 引渡或起诉义务的内容 |
| (i) Definition of the two elements; | (一) 两个要素的定义； |
| meaning of the obligation to prosecute; | 起诉义务的含义； |
| steps that need to be taken in order for prosecution to be considered “sufficient”; | 为使起诉被认为是“足够的”需要采取的步骤； |
| question of timeliness of prosecution; | 起诉的及时性问题； |
| (ii) Whether the order of the two elements matters; | (二) 两个要素的顺序是否重要； |
| (iii)
Whether one element has priority over the other – power of free
appreciation (pouvoir discrétionnaire) of the requested State? | (三) 其中一个要素是否优先于另一要素――被请求国有自由裁量权(pouvoir discrétionnaire)吗？ |
| (d) Relationship between the obligation to extradite or prosecute and other principles | (d) 引渡或起诉的义务和其他原则之间的关系 |
| (i)
The obligation to extradite or prosecute and the principle of universal
jurisdiction (does one necessarily imply the other?); | (一) 引渡或起诉的义务和普遍管辖权原则(有此必定意味着有彼吗？ |
| (ii)
The obligation to extradite or prosecute and the general question of
“titles” to exercise jurisdiction (territoriality, nationality); | )； (二) 引渡或起诉的义务和行使管辖“权”的一般问题(属地、国籍)； |
| (iii) The obligation to extradite or prosecute and the principles of nullum crimen sine lege and nulla poena sine lege;** | (三) 引渡或起诉的义务和法无明文不为罪和法无明文不罚原则； |
| (iv) The obligation to extradite or prosecute and the principle non bis in idem (double jeopardy);** | (四) 引渡或起诉的义务和一罪不二审(一罪不再次追诉)原则； |
| (v) The obligation to extradite or prosecute and the principle of non-extradition of nationals;** | (五) 引渡或起诉的义务和不引渡国民原则； |
| (vi)
What happens in case of conflicting principles (e.g.: non-extradition
of nationals v. no indictment in national law? obstacles to prosecute
v. risks for the accused to be tortured or lack of due process in the
State to which extradition is envisaged?); | (六) 互相冲突的原则情况下会发生什么(例如：不引渡本国国民相对于不在国内法中起诉？ 起诉的障碍相对于被告人受到酷刑的危险或设想引渡的目的地国缺乏正当程序？ |
| constitutional limitations.** | )； 宪法上的限制。 ** |
| (e) Conditions for the triggering of the obligation to extradite or prosecute | (e) 触发引渡或起诉义务的条件 (注521续) (一) |
| (i) Presence of the alleged offender in the territory of the State; | 在该国领土存在被指控的罪犯； |
| (ii) State’s jurisdiction over the crime concerned; | (二) 国家对有关罪行的管辖权； |
| (iii) Existence of a request for extradition (degree of formalism required); | (三) 存在引渡请求(需要一定程度的形式主义)； |
| Relations with the right to expel foreigners; | 与驱逐外国人的权利的关系； |
| (iv) Existence/consequences of a previous request for extradition that had been rejected; | (四) 先前提出的已被拒绝的引渡请求的存在/后果； |
| (v) Standard of proof (to what extent must the request for extradition be substantiated); | (五) 举证的标准(在何种程度上必须证实引渡的请求)； |
| (vi)
Existence of circumstances that might exclude the operation of the
obligation (e.g. political offences or political nature of a request
for extradition; | (六) 存在可能会排除义务的履行的情况(如政治犯罪或引渡要求的政治性质； |
| emergency situations; | 紧急情况； |
| immunities). | 豁免)。 |
| (f) The implementation of the obligation to extradite or prosecute | (f) 引渡或起诉的义务的履行 |
| (i) Respective roles of the judiciary and the executive; | (一) 司法和行政部门各自的作用； |
| (ii) How to reconcile the obligation to extradite or prosecute with the discretion of the prosecuting authorities; | (二) 如何调和引渡或起诉的义务与检察机关的自由裁量权； |
| (iii) Whether the availability of evidence affects the operation of the obligation; | (三) 证据的可获得性是否影响义务的履行； |
| (iv) How to deal with multiple requests for extradition; | (四) 如何处理多重引渡请求； |
| (v) Guarantees in case of extradition; | (五) 引渡情况下的保证； |
| (vi) Whether the alleged offender should be kept in custody awaiting a decision on his or her extradition or prosecution; | (六) 是否应当关押被指控的罪犯以等待予以引渡或起诉的决定； |
| or possibilities of other restrictions to freedom?; | 或有其他限制自由措施的可能性？ |
| (vii) Control of the implementation of the obligation; | (七) 监督义务的履行； |
| (viii) Consequences of non-compliance with the obligation to extradite or prosecute. | (八) 不遵守引渡或起诉义务的后果。 |
| (g)
The relationship between the obligation to extradite or prosecute and
the surrender of the alleged offender to a competent international
criminal tribunal (the “third alternative”) | (g) 引渡或起诉的义务和向主管国际刑事法庭交出被指控的罪犯(“第三种选择”)之间的关系 |
| To what extent the “third” alternative has an impact on the other two. | “第三种”选择在多大程度上影响其他两种选择。 |
| [*
It might be that a final determination on these questions will only be
possible at a later stage, in particular after a careful analysis of
the scope and content of the obligation to extradite or prosecute under
existing treaty regimes. | [* 可能需要到稍后阶段才能最后确定这些问题，尤其是审慎分析目前条约制度下的引渡或起诉义务的范围和内容以后。 |
| It might also be advisable to examine the customary nature of the obligation in relation to specific crimes. | 审查一下关于特定罪行的义务的习惯性质，可能也是可取的。 |
| **
This issue might need to be addressed also in relation to the
implementation of the obligation to extradite or prosecute (f).] | ** 这个问题的处理可能也需要考虑到引渡或起诉义务的履行(f)。 ] |
| At
the Sixth Committee debate in 2012, Austria, the Netherlands, and
Vietnam considered the 2009 General Framework a valuable supplement to
the work of the Commission. | 在第六委员会2012年的辩论过程中，奥地利、荷兰和越南认为2009年总框架对国际法委员会的工作做出了宝贵的补充。 |
| In
the Netherlands’ opinion, the work of the Commission should eventually
result in presenting draft articles based on that General Framework. | 荷兰认为，委员会最终的工作结果应该是依据总框架提出条款草案。 |
| At
the Sixth Committee debate in 2013, Austria reiterated the usefulness
of the 2009 General Framework to the work of the present Working Group. | 在第六委员会2013年的辩论过程中，奥地利重申了2009年总框架对于目前工作组工作的助益。 |
| Available at http://www.unodc.org/pdf/model_law_extradition.pdf. | 可参阅 http://www.unodc.org/pdf/model_law_extradition.pdf。 |
| See
also Revised Manuals on the Model Treaty on Extradition and on the
Model Treaty on Extradition and on the Model Treaty on Mutual
Assistance in Criminal Matters, available at:
http://www.unodc.org/pdf/model_treaty_extradition_revised_manual.pdf
(visited on 3 June 2014). | 另见《引渡示范条约和刑事事项互助示范条约修订手册》，可参阅http://www.unodc.org/pdf/model_treaty_extradition_ revised_manual.pdf (2014年6月3日访问的页面)。 |
| Secretariat Survey (2010), para. 139. | 秘书处的调查报告(2010年)，第139段。 |
| Ibid., para. 142. | 同上，第142段。 |
| A
good example is art. 1 of the Additional Protocol, dated 15 Oct. 1975,
to the 1957 European Convention on Extradition, which reads: | 1975年10月15日的1957年《欧洲引渡公约附加议定书》第一条便是一个很好的例子，该条规定： |
| “For
the application of Article 3 [on political offences] of the Convention,
political offences shall not be considered to include the following: | “为适用[关于政治罪行的]《公约》第三条，政治罪行不应被视为包括以下： |
| (a)
the crimes against humanity specified in the Convention on the
Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide adopted on 9
December 1948 by the General Assembly of the United Nations; | (a) 联合国大会1948年12月9日通过的《防止及惩治灭绝种族罪公约》中所列危害人类罪行； |
| (b)
the violations specified in Article 50 of the 1949 Geneva Convention
for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed
Forces in the Field, Article 51 of the 1949 Geneva Convention for the
Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked members
of Armed Forces at Sea, Article 130 of the 1949 Geneva Convention
relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War and Article 147 of the
1949 Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons
in Time of War; | (b)
1949年《改善战地武装部队伤者病者境遇之日内瓦公约》第五十条、1949年《改善海上武装部队伤者病者及遇船难者境遇之日内瓦公约》第五十一条、
1949年《关于战俘待遇之日内瓦公约》第一百三十条和1949年《关于战时保护平民之日内瓦公约》第一百四十七条所列违法行为； |
| (c)
any comparable violations of the laws of war having effect at the time
when this Protocol enters into force and of customs of war existing at
that time, which are not already provided for in the above-mentioned
provisions of the Geneva Conventions” (Council of Europe Treaty Series
No. 086). | (c) 任何违反本议定书生效时具有效力的战争法律和存在的战争惯例，在《日内瓦四公约》上述条款中未做出规定的类似行为”(《欧洲委员会条约汇编》，第086号)。 |
| At its 2997th meeting, on 8 August 2008. | 2008年8月8日第2997次会议。 |
| See Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-third Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/63/10), para. 353. | 见《大会正式记录，第六十三届会议，补编第10号》(A/63/10)，第353段。 |
| For
the syllabus of the topic, see ibid., annex A. The General Assembly, in
paragraph 6 of resolution 63/123 of 11 December 2008, took note of the
decision. | 关于本专题的提纲，见同上，附件A。 大会在2008年12月11日第63/123号决议第6段中注意到了这项决定。 |
| See Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-fourth Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/64/10), paras. 220–226. | 见《大会正式记录，第六十四届会议，补编第10号》(A/64/10)，第220至226段。 |
| Ibid., Sixty-fifth Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/65/10), paras. 344–354; | 同上，《第六十五届会议，补编第10号》(A/65/10)，第344至354段； |
| and ibid., Sixty-sixth Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/66/10), para. 337. | 和同上，《第六十六届会议，补编第10号》(A/66/10)，第337段。 |
| Ibid., Sixty-sixth Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/66/10), paras. 338–341; | 同上，《第六十六届会议，补编第10号》(A/66/10)，第338至341段； |
| and Sixty-seventh Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/67/10), paras. 230–231. | 和同上，《第六十七届会议，补编第10号》(A/67/10)，第230至231段。 |
| Ibid., Sixty-seventh Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/67/10), paras. 232–234. | 同上，《第六十七届会议，补编第10号》(A/67/10)，第232至234段。 |
| At
the sixty-third session (2011), the Chairman of the Study Group
presented nine preliminary conclusions, reformulated in the light of
the discussions in the Study Group (ibid., Sixty-sixth Session,
Supplement No. 10 (A/66/10), para. 344). | 在第六十三届会议上(2011年)，研究组主席提交了根据讨论情况重新拟订的九条初步结论(同上，《第六十六届会议，补编第10号》(A/66/10)，第344段)。 |
| At
the sixty-fourth session (2012), the Chairman presented the text of six
additional preliminary conclusions, also reformulated in the light of
the discussions in the Study Group (ibid., Sixty-seventh Session,
Supplement No. 10 (A/67/10), para. 240). | 在第六十四届会议上(2012年)，主席提交了同样根据研究组的讨论情况重新拟订的六条补充初步结论案文(同上，《第六十七届会议，补编第10号》(A/67/10)，第240段)。 |
| The
Study Group also discussed the format in which the further work on the
topic should proceed and the possible outcome of the work. | 研究组还讨论了今后该专题工作应采取的方式和可能的工作结果。 |
| A number of suggestions were formulated by the Chairman and agreed upon by the Study Group (ibid., paras. 235–239). | 主席拟写了若干建议并得到研究组的一致同意(同上，第235-239段)。 |
| Ibid., Sixty-seventh Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/67/10), paras. 226 and 239. | 同上，《第六十七届会议，补编第10号》(A/67/10)，第226和239段。 |
| Ibid., paras. 227. | 同上，第227段。 |
| Ibid., Sixty-eighth Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/68/10), paras. 33 to 39. | 同上，《第六十八届会议，补编第10号》(A/68/10)，第33至39段。 |
| The
Commission provisionally adopted draft conclusions 1 (General rule and
means of treaty interpretation); 2 (Subsequent agreements and
subsequent practice as authentic means of interpretation); 3
(Interpretation of treaty terms as capable of evolving over time); | 委员会暂时通过了结论1(条约解释通则和资料)、结论2(以嗣后协定和嗣后惯例作为作准的解释资料)、结论3(能够随时间演变的条约用语的解释)、结论4(嗣后协定和嗣后惯例的定义)和结论5(嗣后惯例的归属)的草案。 |
| 4 (Definition of subsequent agreement and subsequent practice); | 特别报告员提出的六条结论草案如下： |
| and 5 (Attribution of subsequent practice). | 结论草案6 |
| The six draft conclusions proposed by the Special Rapporteur read as follows: | 确定嗣后协定和嗣后惯例 |
| Draft
conclusion 6 Identification of subsequent agreements and subsequent
practice The identification of subsequent agreements and subsequent
practice under article 31 (3) and article 32 requires careful
consideration, in particular of whether the parties, by an agreement or
a practice, assume a position regarding the interpretation of a treaty,
or whether they are motivated by other considerations. | 确定第三十一条第三款和第三十二条所述嗣后协定和嗣后惯例时需要审慎考虑，特别是要考虑当事国是否通过协定或惯例对条约解释采取立场，或是否受到其他考虑的驱动。 |
| Draft conclusion 7 | 结论草案7 |
| Possible effects of subsequent agreements and subsequent practice in interpretation | 嗣后协定和嗣后惯例对条约解释可能产生的影响 |
| (1)
Subsequent agreements and subsequent practice under articles 31 (3) and
32 can contribute to the clarification of the meaning of a treaty, in
particular by narrowing or widening the range of possible
interpretations, or by indicating a certain scope for the exercise of
discretion which the treaty accords to the parties. | (1) 第三十一条第三款和第三十二条所述嗣后协定和嗣后惯例有助于澄清条约的含义，特别是通过缩小或扩大可能的解释范围，或通过指明条约赋予当事国行使酌处权的一定范围澄清含义。 |
| (2)
The value of a subsequent agreement or subsequent practice as a means
of interpretation may, inter alia, depend on their specificity. | (2) 嗣后协定和嗣后惯例作为解释资料的价值，除其他外，可能取决于其特定性。 |
| Draft conclusion 8 | 结论草案8 |
| Forms and value of subsequent practice under article 31 (3) (b) | 第三十一条第三款(乙)项所述嗣后惯例的形式和价值 |
| Subsequent
practice under article 31 (3) (b) can take a variety of forms and must
reflect a common understanding of the parties regarding the
interpretation of a treaty. | 第三十一条第三款(乙)项所述嗣后惯例可有各种形式，必须反映当事国对条约解释的共同理解。 |
| Its value as a means of interpretation depends on the extent to which it is concordant, common and consistent. | 嗣后惯例作为条约解释资料的价值取决于其在多大程度上一致、共同和连贯。 |
| Draft conclusion 9 | 结论草案9 |
| Agreement of the parties regarding the interpretation of a treaty | 与条约解释有关的当事国协定 |
| (1) An agreement under article 31 (3) (a) and (b) need not be arrived at in any particular form nor be binding as such. | (1) 第三十一条第三款(甲)项和(乙)项所述嗣后协定不必以任何特定形式达成，此种协定也不必具有约束力。 |
| (2)
An agreement under article 31 (3) (b) requires a common understanding
regarding the interpretation of a treaty of which the parties are aware. | (2) 第三十一条第三款(乙)项所述嗣后协定要求就当事国知悉的条约解释达成共同理解。 |
| The
number of parties that must actively engage in subsequent practice in
order to establish an agreement under article 31 (3) (b) may vary. | 为确定第三十一条第三款(乙)项所述协定而必须积极实施嗣后惯例的当事国的数目可能各不相同。 |
| Silence
on the part of one or more parties can, when the circumstances call for
some reaction, constitute acceptance of the subsequent practice. | 在有关情形要求作出某种反应时，一个或多个当事国的沉默可以构成对嗣后惯例的接受。 |
| (3)
A common subsequent agreement or practice does not necessarily indicate
an agreement between the parties regarding the interpretation of a
treaty, but may instead signify their agreement temporarily not to
apply the treaty or to establish a practical arrangement (modus
vivendi). | (注535续) (3) 共同嗣后协定或惯例不一定表示当事国之间达成与条约解释有关的协定，但可以表示它们商定暂不适用条约或订立实用安排(临时办法)。 |
| Draft conclusion 10 | 结论草案10 |
| Decisions adopted within the framework of a Conference of States Parties | 在缔约国大会框架内通过的决定 |
| (1)
A Conference of States Parties, under these draft conclusions, is a
meeting of States parties pursuant to a treaty for the purpose of
reviewing or implementing the treaty, except if they act as members of
an organ of an international organization. | (1) 根据这些结论草案，缔约国大会是缔约国根据条约为审查或执行条约举行的会议，但缔约国作为国际组织机构成员的情况不在此列。 |
| (2)
The legal effect of a decision adopted within the framework of a
Conference of States Parties depends primarily on the treaty and the
applicable rules of procedure. | (2) 在缔约国大会框架内通过的决定所具有的法律效力主要取决于条约和可适用的议事规则。 |
| Depending
on the circumstances, such a decision may embody a subsequent agreement
under article 31 (3) (a), or give rise to subsequent practice under
article 31 (3) (b) or article 32. | 根据情况，这种决定可体现第三十一条第三款(甲)项所述嗣后协定，或产生第三十一条第三款(乙)项或第三十二条所述嗣后惯例。 |
| (3)
A decision adopted within the framework of a Conference of States
Parties embodies a subsequent agreement or subsequent practice under
article 31 (3) in so far as it expresses agreement in substance between
the parties regarding the interpretation of a treaty, regardless of the
form and the procedure by which the decision was adopted. | (3) 在缔约国大会框架内通过的决定只要表达缔约国之间就条约解释达成的实质性协议，即体现第三十一条第三款项所述嗣后协定或嗣后惯例，无论决定获得通过所采取的形式和程序如何。 |
| Draft conclusion 11 | 结论草案11 |
| Scope for interpretation by subsequent agreements and subsequent practice | 嗣后协定和嗣后惯例的解释范围 |
| (1)
The scope for interpretation by subsequent agreements or subsequent
practice as authentic means of interpretation under article 31 (3) may
be wide. | (1) 嗣后协定或嗣后惯例作为第三十一条第三款所述作准解释资料的解释范围可以宽泛。 |
| (2)
It is presumed that the parties to a treaty, by a subsequent agreement
or subsequent practice, intend to interpret the treaty, not to modify
it. | (2) 推定条约缔约国通过嗣后协定或嗣后惯例意在解释条约而非修订条约。 |
| The possibility of modifying a treaty by subsequent practice of the parties has not been generally recognized. | 缔约国通过嗣后惯例修订条约的可能性没有得到普遍承认。 |
| See
draft conclusion 4, paras. 1–3, and commentary paras. 16–19, Official
Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-eighth Session, Supplement No.
10 (A/68/10, chap. IV. Sect. C.2). | 见结论草案4, 第1-3段，及评注的第(16)-(19)段，《大会正式记录，第六十八届会议，补编第10号》(A/68/10, 第四章C.2节)。 |
| According
to G. Haraszti, interpretation has “the elucidation of the text as to
its meaning as its objective” whereas application “implies the
specifying the consequences devolving on the contracting parties” (see
G. Haraszti, Some Fundamental Problems in the Law of Treaties
(Akadémiai Kiadó, 1973), p. 18); | 根据G. Haraszti的看法，解释“将阐明案文的意思视为其目标”，而适用“意味着说明给缔约各方带来的后果”(见G. Haraszti, 《条约法中的一些基本问题》(Akadémiai Kiadó，1973年)，第18页)； |
| he
recognizes, however, that “a legal rule manifesting itself in whatever
form cannot be applied unless its content has been elucidated” (ibid.). | 不过他承认，“不论以何形式呈现的法律规则，除非其内容得到阐明，否则不可能适用”(同上)。 |
| Harvard
Draft Convention on the Law of Treaties, American Journal of
International Law Supp., vol. 29, 1935, p. 778, at pp. 938–939; | 哈佛条约法草案，《美国国际法杂志(增刊)》，第29卷，1935年，第778页起，见第938-939页； |
| A. McNair, The Law of Treaties (Oxford, 1961), 372; | A. McNair, 《条约法》(1961年，牛津)，372； |
| I. Sinclair, The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, (2nd ed., Manchester University Press, 1984), 116; | I. Sinclair, 《维也纳条约法公约》，(第2版，曼彻斯特大学出版社)，1984)，116； |
| Report
of the Study Group of the International Law Commission on the
fragmentation of international law (A/CN.4/L.682 and Corr.1, para. 423); | 国际法委员会国际法不成体系问题研究组报告(A/CN.4/L.682和Corr.1,第423段； |
| R. Gardiner, Treaty Interpretation (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2008), pp. 27–29 and 213; | R. Gardiner, 《条约的解释》(牛津，牛津大学出版社，2008年)，第27-29页和第213页； |
| M.K.
Yasseen, “L’interprétation des traités d’après la Convention de Vienne
sur le droit des traités”, Recueil des cours de l’Académie de droit
international de La Haye, vol. 151, 1976), p. 47; | M. K. Yasseen, “根据《维也纳条约法公约》对条约进行解释”，《海牙国际法学院教程汇编》，第151卷，1976年)，第47页； |
| U. Linderfalk, “Is the hierarchical structure of articles 31 and 32 of the Vienna Convention real or not? | U. Linderfalk, “《维也纳公约》第三十一和第三十二条的等级结构是否真实？ |
| Interpreting the rules of interpretation”, Netherlands International Law Review, vol. 54, No. 1 (2007), pp. 141–144 and p. 147; | 对解释规则进行解释”，《荷兰国际法评论》，第54卷，第1号(2007年)，第141-144页和第147页； |
| G.
Distefano, “La pratique subséquente des États parties à un traité”,
Annuaire français de droit international, vol. 40, 1994, p. 44; | G. Distefano, “条约缔约国的嗣后惯例”，《法国国际法年鉴》，第40卷，1994年，第44页； |
| M.E. Villiger, “The rules on interpretation: misgivings, misunderstandings, miscarriage? | M. E. Villiger, “解释的规则：担心、误解及失败？ |
| The
‘crucible’ intended by the International Law Commission” in The Law of
Treaties beyond the Vienna Convention, E. Cannizzaro, ed. (Oxford,
Oxford University Press, 2011), p. 111. | 国际法委员会有意设置的‘熔炉’”，载于《维也纳公约之后的条约法》，E. Cannizzaro编(牛津，牛津大学出版社，2011)，第111页。 |
| Gardiner, supra note 538, p. 235; | Gardiner, 上文注538,第235页； |
| U.
Linderfalk, On the Interpretation of Treaties: The Modern International
Law as Expressed in the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
(Dordrecht, Springer, 2007), p. 162; | U. Linderfalk, 《论条约的解释：1969年<维也纳条约法公约>所表达的现代国际法》(Dordrecht, Springer, 2007)，第162页； |
| W.
Karl, Vertrag und spätere Praxis im Völkerrecht, vol. 84, Beiträge zum
ausländischen öffentlichen Recht und Völkerrecht (Berlin, Springer,
1983), pp. 114 and 118; O. Dörr, “Article 31. | W.
Karl, Vertrag und spätere Praxisim Völkerrecht, 第84卷，Beiträge zum
ausländischen öffentlichen Recht und Völkerrecht(柏林，Springer,
1983年)，第114和第118页； |
| General rule of
interpretation”, in Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties – A
Commentary, O. Dörr and K. Schmalenbach, eds. (Springer, 2012), p. 556,
paras. 80 and 82. | O. Dörr, “第三十一条. 一般解释规则”，载于《维也纳条约法公约—评注》，O Dörr和K. Schmalenbach编(Springer, 2012年)，第556页，第80和第82段。 |
| This
second alternative was introduced at the proposal of Pakistan, but its
scope and purpose was never addressed or clarified, see Official
Records of the United Nations Conference on the Law of Treaties,
Official Records, A/CONF.39/11, at p. 168, para. 53. | 这个第二项备选案文应巴基斯坦提议而提出，但其范围和目的从未得到讨论或澄清，见《联合国条约法会议，正式记录》，A/CONF.39/11, 见第168页，第53页。 |
| Linderfalk, supra note 539, pp. 164–165 and 167; | Linderfalk, 上文注539, 第164-165页和第167页； |
| see draft conclusions 1 (4) and 4 (3), supra note 536, p. 12. | 见结论草案1(4)和4(3)，上文注536, 第12页。 |
| See below draft conclusion 7 (1). | 见下文结论草案7(1)。 |
| See
L. Boisson de Chazournes, “Subsequent Practice, Practices, and ‘Family
Resemblance’: Towards Embedding Subsequent Practice in its Operative
Milieu” in G. Nolte (ed.), Treaties and Subsequent Practice (Oxford
University Press, 2013), p. 53, at pp. 54, 56 and 59–60. | 见L. Boisson de Chazournes, “嗣后惯例、惯例及‘家族相似性’：力求将嗣后惯例植入到实施场地中”，载于G. Nolte(编)，《条约与嗣后惯例》(牛津大学出版社，2013)，第53页，见第54、56及59-60页。 |
| In
the case concerning Application of the International Convention on the
Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian
Federation), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2011, p.
70, at p. 117, para. 105, the International Court of Justice denied
that certain conduct (statements) satisfied the burden of proof with
respect to the Russian Federation’s compliance with its obligations
under the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
Racial Discrimination between 1999 and July 2008, in particular because
the conduct was not found to specifically relate to the Convention. | 见
《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》的适用案(格鲁吉亚诉俄罗斯联邦)，初步反对意见，判决，《2011年国际法院案例汇编》，第70页，见第117页，第
105段，国际法院在这里否认某些行为(声明)已经满足了举证责任，能证明俄罗斯联邦在1999年至2008年期间履行了其按照《消除一切形式种族歧视国
际公约》所承担的义务，这特别是因为有关行为不是专门为了公约而实施的。 |
| According
to Judge Simma, the burden of proof had been met to some degree, see
ibid., Separate Opinion of Judge Simma, pp. 199–223, paras. 23–57. | 根据辛马法官的意见，举证责任已经在一定程度上得到履行，见同上，辛马法官的个别意见，第199-223页，第23-57段。 |
| In
the case concerning the Kasikili/Sedudu Island (Botswana/Namibia),
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1999, p. 1045, the International Court of
Justice analysed subsequent practice not only in the context of treaty
interpretation but also in the context of acquisitive prescription, see
p. 1092, para. 71, p. 1096, para. 79, and p. 1105, para. 97. | 卡西基里/塞杜杜岛案(博茨瓦纳诉纳米比亚)，判决，《1999年国际法院案例汇编》，第1045页，国际法院不仅从条约的解释角度而且从取得时效的角度分析了嗣后惯例，见第1092页，第71段，第1096页，第79段，及第1105页，第97段。 |
| Certain
Expenses of the United Nations, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1962,
p. 151, at pp. 201–202 (Separate Opinion of Judge Fitzmaurice) and pp.
189–195 (Separate Opinion of Judge Spender). | 联合国某些经费案，咨询意见，《1962年国际法院案例汇编》，第151页，见第201-202页(菲茨莫里斯法官的个别意见)及第189-195页(斯彭德法官的个别意见)。 |
| Ibid., p. 201. | 同上，第201页。 |
| Ibid. | 同上 |
| Maritime
Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain (Qatar
v. Bahrain), Jurisdiction and Admissibility, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
1995, p. 6, at p. 76, para. 28. | 卡塔尔和巴林之间的海洋划界和领土问题案(卡塔尔诉巴林)，管辖权和可否受理，判决，《1995年国际法院案例汇编》，第6页起，见第76页，第28段。 |
| See
A. Skordas, “General provisions: article 5”, in The 1951 Convention
relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol: A Commentary,
A. Zimmermann, ed. (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2011), p. 682,
para. 30; | 见A. Skordas, “一般规定：第五条”，载于《1951年＜关于难民地位的公约＞及其1967年议定书：评注》，A. Zimmermann(编) (牛津，牛津大学出版社，2011年)，第682页，第30段； |
| J. McAdam, Complementary Protection in International Refugee Law (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2007), p. 21. | J. McAdam, 《国际难民法律中的补充保护》(牛津，牛津大学出版社，2007年)，第21页。 |
| On the “weight” of an agreement or practice as a means of interpretation, see draft conclusion 8, paras. 1–3 below; | 关于协定或惯例作为解释手段的“权重”，见下文结论草案8,第1-3段； |
| an
example for the need, but also for the occasional difficulty of
distinguishing specific conduct by the parties regarding the
interpretation of a treaty and more general development see Maritime
Dispute (Peru v. Chile), I.C.J., Judgment of 27 January 2014,
http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/137/17931.pdf; | 区别当事方在解释条约方面的具体行为与一般性发展的必要性和困难性的实例见海洋争端案(秘鲁诉智利)，国际法院2014年1月27日判决，http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/137/17931.pdf； |
| paras. 103, 104–117 and 118–151 (see supra note 538). | 第103、104-117和118-151段(见上文注538)。 |
| Dispute
regarding Navigational and Related Rights (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua),
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2009, p. 213, at p. 234, para. 40; | 航行权和相关权利争端案(哥斯达黎加诉尼加拉瓜)，判决，《2009年国际法院案例汇编》，第213页起，见第234页，第40段； |
| see
also Kasikili/Sedudu Island (Botswana/Namibia), Judgment, I.C.J.
Reports 1999, p. 1045, at p. 1091, para. 68 where the Court implied
that one of the parties did not consider that certain forms of
practical cooperation were legally relevant for the purpose of the
question of boundary at issue and thus did not agree with a contrary
position of the other party. | 另参阅卡西基里/塞杜杜岛案(博茨瓦纳/纳米比亚)，判决，《1999年国际法院案例汇编》，第1045页起，见第1091页，第68段，法院在这里暗示，当事方之一某些实际合作的形式对于解决目前的边界问题有法律意义，因而不同意另一当事方的相反立场。 |
| Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1996, p. 226, at p. 248, paras. 55–56; | 以核武器相威胁或使用核武器的合法性，咨询意见，《1996年国际法院案例汇编》，第226页起，见第248页，第55-56段； |
| see
also Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of
America), Preliminary Objection, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1996, p. 803,
at p. 815, para. 30; | 另参阅石油平台案(伊朗伊斯兰共和国诉美利坚合众国)，初步反对意见，判决，《1996年国际法院案例汇编》，第803页起，见第815页，第30段； |
| Gardiner, supra note 538, pp. 232–235. | Gardiner, 上文注538, 第232-235页。 |
| Whaling
in the Antarctic (Australia v. Japan: New Zealand intervening), I.C.J,
Judgment of 31 March 2014, www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/148/18136.pdf,
para. 83. | 南极捕鲸案(澳大利亚诉日本：新西兰参加诉讼)，国际法院2014年3月31日判决，www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/148/18136.pdf, 第83段。 |
| Iran-United
States Claims Tribunal, Partial Award No. 382-B1-FT, The Islamic
Republic of Iran and the United States of America, Iran-USCTR, vol. 19
(1989), pp. 294–295. | 伊朗－美国索赔法庭，第382-B1-FT号部分裁决，伊朗伊斯兰共和国和美利坚合众国，Iran-USCTR, 第19卷(1989年)，第294-295页。 |
| Separate
Opinion of Judge Holtzmann, Concurring in Part, Dissenting in Part in
Iran-United States Claims Tribunal, Partial Award No. 382-B1-FT, The
Islamic Republic of Iran and the United States of America, Iran-USCTR,
vol. 19 (1989), p. 304. | 霍尔茨曼法官的个别意见，部分赞同、部分反对伊朗－美国索赔法庭，第382-B1-FT号部分裁决，伊朗伊斯兰共和国和美利坚合众国，Iran-USCTR, 第19卷(1989年)，第304页。 |
| See
Second Report on subsequent agreements and subsequent practice in
relation to the interpretation of treaties, A/CN.4/671 (“Second
Report”), p. 9, para. 15. | 见与条约解释相关的嗣后协定和嗣后惯例第二次报告，A/CN.4/671(“第二次报告”)，第9页，第15段。 |
| See, e.g., Soering v. the United Kingdom, Judgment, 7 July 1989, Application No. 14038/88, ECHR Series A, No. 161, para. 103; | 例如见Soering诉联合王国，判决，1989年7月7日，第14038/88号申诉，欧洲人权法院A辑，第161号，第103段； |
| Dudgeon v. the United Kingdom, Judgment, 22 October 1981, Application No. 7275/76, ECHR Series A, No. 45, para. 60; | Dudgeon诉联合王国，判决，1981年10月22日，第7275/76号申诉，《欧洲人权法院汇编》A辑，第45号，第60段； |
| Demir and Baykara v. Turkey, Judgment, 12 November 2008, Application No. 34503/97, ECHR 2008, para. 48; | Demir和Baykara诉土耳其，判决，2008年11月12日，第34503/97号申诉，欧洲人权法院2008, 第48段； |
| however,
by way of contrast, compare with Mamatkulov and Askarov v. Turkey [GC],
Judgment, 4 February 2005, Application No. 46827/99, ECHR 2005-I, para.
146; | 然而作为对照，请比较Mamatkulov和Askarov诉土耳其案[大审判庭]，判决，2005年2月4日，第46827/99号申诉，欧洲人权法院2005-I, 第146段； |
| Cruz Varas and others v. Sweden, Judgment, 20 March 1991, Application No. 15576/89, ECHR Series A, No. 201, para. 100. | Cruz Varas等人诉瑞典，判决，1991年3月20日，第15576/89号申诉，欧洲人权法院A辑，第201号，第100段。 |
| See supra note 558; | 见上文注558； |
| see further Marckx v. Belgium, Judgment, 13 June 1979, Application No. 6833/74, ECHR Series A, No. 31, para. 41; | 另见3ckx诉比利时，判决，1979年6月13日，第6833/74号申诉，欧洲人权法院A辑，第31号，第41段； |
| Jorgic v. Germany, Judgment, 12 July 2007, Application No. 74613/01, ECHR 2007-III, para. 69; | Jorgic诉德国，判决，2007年7月12日，第74613/01号申诉，欧洲人权法院2007-III, 第69段； |
| Mazurek v. France, Judgment, 1 February 2007, Application No. 34406/97, ECHR 2000-II, para. 52. | Mazurek诉法国，判决，2007年2月1日，第34406/97号申诉，欧洲人权法院2000-II, 第52段。 |
| See,
for example, Hilaire, Constantine and Benjamin and others v. Trinidad
and Tobago, Judgments (Merits, Reparations and Costs, Judgment), 21
June 2002, Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. Series C No. 94, para. 12. | 例如见Hilaire、Constantine和Benjamin等人诉特里尼达和多巴哥案，判决(案件实质、赔偿及费用，判决)，2002年6月21日，美洲人权法院C辑第94号，第12段。 |
| Bankovic et al. v. Belgium and 16 Other Contracting States (dec.) [GC], Application No. 52207/99, ECHR 2001.XII, para. 62. | Bankovic等人诉比利时及16个其他缔约国(裁决)[大审判庭]，第52207/99号申诉，欧洲人权法院2001.XII, 第62段。 |
| C.
Shields Delessert, Release and Repatriation of Prisoners of War at the
End of Active Hostilities (Schulthess, 1977), pp. 145–156 and pp.
171–175; | C. Shields Delessert, 《敌对活动结束后释放与遣返战俘》(Schulthess, 1977年)，第145-156页和第171-175页； |
| see
in general on the duty to repatriate, S. Krähenmann, “Protection of
prisoners in armed conflict”, in The Handbook of International
Humanitarian Law, 3rd ed. D. Fleck, ed. (Oxford, Oxford University
Press, 2013), pp. 409–410. | 关于一般遣返义务，见S. Krähenmann, “武装冲突中保护战俘”，载于《国际人道主义法手册》，第3版，D. Fleck编(牛津，牛津大学出版社，2013年)，第409-410页。 |
| Thus,
by its involvement, the International Committee of the Red Cross tries
to reconcile the interests in speedy repatriation and the respect of
the will of prisoners of war (see Krähenmann, ibid., pp. 409–410). | 因此，红十字国际委员会通过自己的介入，力求调和快速遣返与尊重战俘意愿这两种利益(见Krähenmann, 同上，第409-410页)。 |
| J.-M.
Henckaerts and L. Doswald-Beck, eds., Customary International
Humanitarian Law, vol. 1, Rules (Cambridge, International Committee of
the Red Cross and Cambridge University Press, 2005), p. 455. | J.-M. Henckaerts和L. Doswald-Beck编，《习惯国际人道主义法》，第1卷，Rules (剑桥，红十字国际委员会和剑桥大学出版社，2005年)，第455页。 |
| J.-M.
Henckaerts and L. Doswald-Beck, eds., Customary International
Humanitarian Law, vol. 2, Practice (Cambridge, International Committee
of the Red Cross and Cambridge University Press, 2005), pp. 2893–2894,
paras. 844–855 and online update for Australia, Israel, the Netherlands
and Spain, available from
www.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v2_rul_rule128_section d. | J.-M.
Henckaerts和L.
Doswald-Beck(编)，《国际人道主义习惯法》，第2卷，《惯例》(剑桥，红十字国际委员会与剑桥大学出版社，2005年)，第2893-
2894页，第844-855段，以及对澳大利亚、以色列、荷兰和西班牙的在线更新，可查阅www.icrc.org/customary-
ihl/eng/docs/v2_rul_rule128_section d。 |
| United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Ministry of Defence, The
Manual of the Law of Armed Conflict (Oxford, Oxford University Press,
2004), pp. 205–206, para. 8.170. | 大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国，国防部，《武装冲突法手册》(牛津，牛津大学出版社，2004年)，第205-206页，第8.170段。 |
| The
United States manual mentions only the will of prisoners of war who are
sick or wounded, see Henckaerts and Doswald-Beck, Customary
International Humanitarian Law, vol. 2, Practice, supra note 565, pp.
2893–2894, paras. 844–855; | 美国的手册只提到患病或受伤的战俘的意愿，见Henckaerts和Doswald-Beck, 《国际人道主义习惯法》，第2卷，《惯例》，上文注565, 第2893-2894页，第844-855段； |
| but
United States practice after the Second Gulf War was to have the
International Committee of the Red Cross establish the prisoner’s will
and to act accordingly (United States of America, Department of
Defense, Conduct of the Persian Gulf War: Final Report to Congress
(United States Government Printing Office, 1992), pp. 707–708,
available from
www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/operation_and_plans/PersianGulfWar/404.pdf). | 但
美国在第二次海湾战争之后的惯例是由红十字国际委员会来确定战俘的意愿并采取相应行动(美利坚合众国，国防部，《波斯湾战争行为：提交国会的最终报告》
(美国政府印刷局，1992年)，第707-707页，可查阅
www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/operation_and_plans/PersianGulfWar/404.pdf)。 |
| Second Report, supra note 557, pp. 6–11, paras. 11–18. | 第二次报告，上文注557,第6-11页，第11-18段。 |
| See
also L. Crema, “Subsequent agreements and subsequent practice within
and outside the Vienna Convention”, in Treaties and Subsequent
Practice, G. Nolte, ed. (Oxford University Press, 2013), pp. 25–26. | 另见L. Crema, “《维也纳公约》之内和之外的嗣后协定与嗣后惯例”，载于《条约与嗣后惯例》，G. Nolte (编)(牛津大学出版社，2013年)，第25-26页。 |
| See Second Report, supra note 557, p. 33, para. 71. | 见第二次报告，上文注557,第33页，第71段。 |
| Dispute
regarding Navigational and Related Rights (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua),
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2009, p. 213, at pp. 234–235, para. 40; | 关于航行权和相关权利的争端案(哥斯达黎加诉尼加拉瓜)，判决，《2009年国际法院案例汇编》，第213页起，见第243-235页，第40段； |
| Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2010, p. 14, at pp. 65–66, paras. 138–140; | 乌拉圭河纸浆厂案(阿根廷诉乌拉圭)，判决，《2010年国际法院案例汇编》，第14页起，见第65-66页，第138-140段； |
| J.
Crawford, “A consensualist interpretation of article 31 (3) of the
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties”, in Treaties and Subsequent
Practice, G. Nolte, ed. (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2013), p. 32; | J. Crawford, “对《维也纳条约法公约》第三十一条第三款的合意主义解释”，载于《条约与嗣后惯例》，G. Nolte (编) (牛津，牛津大学出版社，2013年)，第32页； |
| for another example see Second Report, supra note 557, p. 34, para. 72; | 另一案例见第二次报告，上文注557,第34页，第72段； |
| and
J.R. Crook, “Contemporary practice of the United States”, American
Journal of International Law, vol. 105, 2011, pp. 809–812. | 及J. R. Crook, “美国当代惯例”，《美国国际法期刊》，第105卷，2011年，第809-812页。 |
| Geneva
Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in
Armies in the Field (adopted 22 August 1864, entered into force 22 June
1865). | 《改善战地武装部队伤员境遇日内瓦公约》(1864年8月22日通过，1865年6月22日生效)。 |
| “Bulletin
international des Sociétés de Secours aux Militaires blesses”, No. 29,
January 1877, pp. 35–37, quoted in F. Bugnion, The Emblem of the Red
Cross. A Brief History (ICRC, 1977), p. 15. | “Bulletin
international des Sociétés de Secoursaux Militaires
blesses”，第29号，1877年1月，第35-37页，引用于F. Bugnion,
《红十字标志简史》(红十字委员会，1977年)，第15页。 |
| “Bulletin
international des Sociétés de Secours aux Militaires blesses”, No. 31,
July 1877, p. 89, quoted in Bugnion, ibid., p. 18. | “Bulletin international des Sociétés de Secoursaux Militaires blessés”，第31号，1877年7月，第89页，引用于Bugnion, 同上，第18页。 |
| Bugnion, ibid., pp. 19–31. | Bugnion, 同上，第19-31页。 |
| Joined by Egypt upon accession in 1923, see Bugnion, ibid., pp. 23–26; | 1923年埃及通过继承而加入，见Bugnion, 同上，第23-26页； |
| It
was only on the occasion of the revision of the Geneva Conventions in
1929, when Turkey, Persia and Egypt claimed that the use of other
emblems had become a fait accompli and that those emblems had been used
in practice without giving rise to any objections, that the red
crescent and the red lion and sun were finally recognized as a
distinctive sign by article 19 (2) of the Geneva Convention for the
Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armies in the
Field (1929, League of Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 118, No. 2733, p.
303). | 1929年修订各项日内瓦公约时，土耳其、波斯和埃及声称，使用其他标志已成为既成事实，且这些
标志已在实践中使用而未致任何异议，40红新月和红狮与日这才最终被《改善战地武装部队伤者病者境遇日内瓦公约》第十九条第二款承认为特殊标志(1929
年，国际联盟，《条约汇编》，第118卷，第2733号，第303页。 |
| Commentary
to draft conclusion 4, paras. 16–19, (Official Records of the General
Assembly, Sixty-eighth Session, Supplement No. 10, A/68/10, chap. IV,
sect. C.2). | 结论草案4的评注，第(16)-(19)段(《大会正式记录，第六十八届会议，补编第10号》A/68/10, 第四章C.2节)。 |
| See, for example, commentary to draft conclusion 5, Ibid., (A/68/10, chap. IV, sect. C.1 and sect. C.2); | 例如见结论草案5的评注，同上，(A/68/10, 第四章C.1和C.2节)； |
| Boisson de Chazournes, supra note 543, pp. 54, 56 and 59–60; | Boisson de Chazournes, 上文注543, 第54、56和59-60页； |
| Gardiner, supra note 538, pp. 228–230; | Gardiner, 上文注538,第228-230页； |
| see
also Maritime Dispute (Peru v. Chile), I.C.J., Judgment of 27 January
2014, pp. 39–42, paras. 103–111 and pp. 45–46, paras. 119–122 and p.
47, para. 126; | 另见海洋争端案(秘鲁诉智利)，国际法院，2014年1月27日判决，第39-42页，第103-111段和第45-46页，第119-122段，以及第47页，第126段； |
| Dörr, supra note 539, pp. 555–556, para. 78. | Dörr, 上文注539, 第555-556页，第78段。 |
| Gardiner, supra note 538, pp. 226–227. | Gardiner, 上文注538, 第226-227页。 |
| Case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand), Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1962, p. 6, at p. 33; | 柏威夏寺案(柬埔寨诉泰国)，案情实质，判决，《1962年国际法院案例汇编》，第6页起，见第33页； |
| Kasikili/Sedudu
Island (Botswana/Namibia), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1999, p. 1045, at
p. 1213, para. 17 (Dissenting Opinion of Judge Parra-Aranguren). | 卡西基里/塞杜杜岛案(博茨瓦纳/纳米比亚)，判决，《1999年国际法院案例汇编》，第1045页起，见第1213页，第17段(帕拉－阿朗古伦法官的不同意见)。 |
| Territorial
and Maritime Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean
Sea (Nicaragua v. Honduras), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2007, p. 659, at
p. 737, para. 258; | 尼加拉瓜和洪都拉斯之间在加勒比海的领土和海洋争端案(尼加拉瓜诉洪都拉斯)，判决，《2007年国际法院案例汇编》，第659页起，见第737页，第258段； |
| but
see Continental Shelf (Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya), Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1982, p. 18, at p. 84, para. 117 where the Court
recognized concessions granted by the parties to the dispute as
evidence of their tacit agreement; | 但是，见大陆架案(突尼斯/阿拉伯利比亚民众国)，判决，《1982年国际法院案例汇编》，第18页起，见第84页，第117段，在此段中，法院将争议双方授予的特许权视为双方默示协定的证据； |
| see also Maritime Dispute (Peru v. Chile), I.C.J., Judgment of 27 January 2014. | 另见海洋争端案(秘鲁诉智利)，国际法院，2014年1月27日判决。 |
| Gardiner, supra note 538, pp. 475, 483. | Gardiner, 上文注538, 第475、483页。 |
| See above, paras. 1–4; | 见上文，第1-4段； |
| Second Report, supra note 557, pp. 4–5, paras. 3–5. | 第二次报告，上文注557, 第4-5页，第3-5段。 |
| Report
of the International Law Commission on its sixty-fifth session,
Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-eighth Session,
Supplement No. 10 (A/68/10), chap. IV, p. 17, para. 10. | 国际法委员会第六十五届会议报告，《大会正式记录，第六十八届会议，补编第10号》(A/68/10)，第四章，第17页，第10段。 |
| J.R. Crook, supra note 570, pp. 809–812; | J.R. Crook, 上文注570, 第809-812页； |
| see
also: Mexico, Diario Oficial de la Federación (7 July 2011), Decreto
por el que se modifica el artículo 1 del diverso por el que se
establece la Tasa Aplicable durante 2003, del Impuesto General de
Importación, para las mercancías originarias de América del Norte,
publicado el 31 de diciembre de 2002, por lo que respecta a las
mercancías originarias de los Estados Unidos de América. | 另
见墨西哥，Diario Oficial de la Federación (2011年7月7日)，Decreto por el que se
modifica el artículo 1 del diverso por el que se establece la Tasa
Aplicable durante 2003, del Impuesto General de Importación, para las
mercancías originarias de América del Norte, publicado el 31 de
diciembre de 2002, por lo que respecta a las mercancías originarias de
los Estados Unidos de América. |
| Commentary
to draft conclusion 1, paragraph 5, paras. 12–15 (Official Records of
the General Assembly, Sixty-eighth Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/68/10,
chap IV.C.2), para. 39). | 对结论草案1第5段的评注，第(12)-(15)段，(《大会正式记录，第六十八届会议，补编第十号》(A/68/10, 第四章C.2节)，第39段)。 |
| Commentary to draft conclusion 1, paragraph 5, paras. 12–15 (Ibid., para. 39). | 对结论草案1第5段的评注，第(12)-(15)段(同上，第39段)。 |
| The
terminology follows guideline 1.2 (Definition of interpretative
declarations) of the Commission’s Guide to Practice on Reservations to
Treaties: “Interpretative declaration” means a unilateral statement,
whereby … [a State or an international organization] purports to
specify or clarify the meaning or scope of a treaty or of certain of
its provisions) (see Ibid., Sixty-sixth Session, Supplement No. 10
(A/66/10/Add.1, chap. IV. F.2, guideline 1.2); | 术语遵循
委员会《对条约的保留实践指南》指南1.2(解释性声明的定义)：“解释性声明”是指[一国或一国际组织]为了阐明或澄清条约或其中某些规定的含义或范围
而作出的单方面声明…”(见《同上，第六十六届会议，补编第10号》(A/66/10/Add.1, 第四章F.2节，指南1.2)； |
| see also ibid., commentary to guideline 1.2, para. 18. | 另见同上，对指南1.2的评注，第(18)段。 |
| Commentary to draft conclusion 1, paragraph 5, p. 18, para. 14 (Ibid., Sixty-eighth Session A/68/10, chap. IV.2, , para. 39); | 对结论草案1第5段的评注，第18页，第(14)段(《同上，第六十八届会议》A/68/10, 第四章C.2节，第39段)； |
| Competence of Assembly regarding admission to the United Nations, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1950, p. 4, at p. 8. | 大会接纳国家加入联合国的权限，咨询意见，《1950年国院法院案例汇编》，第4页起，见第8页。 |
| See,
for example, Sovereignty over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan
(Indonesia/Malaysia), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2002, p. 625, at p. 656,
paras. 59–61 and p. 665, para. 80; | 例如见吉利丹岛和西巴丹岛的主权归属案(印度尼西亚诉马来西亚)，判决，《2002年国际法院案例汇编》，第625页起，见第656页，第59-61段和第665页，第80段； |
| Territorial Dispute (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Chad), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1994, p. 6, at p. 34, paras. 66–71; | 领土争端案(阿拉伯利比亚民众国诉乍得)，判决，《1994年国际法院案例汇编》，第6页起，见第34页，第66-71段； |
| Dispute
regarding Navigational and Related Rights (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua),
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2009, p. 213, at p. 290 (Declaration of Judge
ad hoc Guillaume). | 关于航海权和相关权利的争端案(哥斯达黎加诉尼加拉瓜)，判决，《2009年国际法院案例汇编》，第213页起，见第290页(专案法官Guillaume的声明)。 |
| For
more examples see “Second report of the ILC Study Group on Treaties
over Time: jurisprudence under special regimes relating to subsequent
agreements and subsequent practice”, in Treaties and Subsequent
Practice, G. Nolte, ed. (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2013), pp.
210–306. | 更多案例见“国际法委员会条约随时间演变专题研究组关于特殊制度下与嗣后协定和嗣后惯例有关的判例的第二次报告”，见G. Nolte编写的《条约和嗣后惯例》(牛津，牛津大学出版社，2013年)，第210-306页。 |
| See
also Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of
America), Preliminary Objection, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1996, p. 803,
at p. 815, para. 30; | 另外石油平台案(伊朗伊斯兰共和国诉美利坚合众国)，初步反对意见，判决，《1996年国际法院案例汇编》，第803页起，见第815页，第30段； |
| Land
and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v.
Nigeria), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1998, p.
275, at p. 306, para. 67; | 喀麦隆和尼日利亚间陆地和海洋疆界案(喀麦隆诉尼日利亚)，初步反对意见，判决，《1998年国际法院案例汇编》，第275页起，见第306页，第67段； |
| Competence of Assembly regarding Admission to the United Nations, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1950, p. 4, at p. 9. | 大会接纳国家加入联合国的权限，咨询意见，《1950年国际法院案例汇编》，第4页起，见第9页。 |
| Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1996, p. 226, at p. 248, para. 55. | 使用或威胁使用核武器的合法性，咨询意见，《1996年国际法院案例汇编》，第226页起，见第248页，第55段。 |
| Reservations to the Convention on Genocide, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1951, p. 15, at p. 25. | 对《灭绝种族罪公约》的保留，咨询意见，《1951年国际法院案例汇编》，第15页起，见第25页。 |
| Case
concerning Rights of Nationals of the United States of America in
Morocco, Judgment of August 27th, 1952, I.C.J. Reports 1952, p. 176, at
p. 211. | 摩洛哥境内的美国公民权利案，1952年8月27日的判决，《1952年国际法院案例汇编》，第176页起，见第211页。 |
| See,
mutatis mutandis, Certain Expenses of the United Nations (Article 17,
paragraph 2, of the Charter), Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1962, p.
151, where the International Court of Justice interpreted the term
“expenses” broadly and “action” narrowly in the light of the respective
subsequent practice of the UN, at pp. 158–161 (“expenses”) and pp.
164–165 (“action”). | 比照参见联合国的某些费用(《宪章》第17条第2款)，咨询意见，
《1962年国际法院案例汇编》，第151条，国际法院参照联合国相关的嗣后惯例，对“费用”一词作出了宽泛的解释，而对“行动”一词作出了狭义的解释，
见第158-161页(“费用”)和第164-165页(“行动”)。 |
| See,
for example, Border and Transborder Armed Actions (Nicaragua v.
Honduras), Jurisdiction and Admissibility, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
1988, p. 69, at p. 87, para. 40. | 例如见边界和跨界武装行动案(尼加拉瓜诉洪都拉斯)，管辖权和可否受理，判决，《1988年国际法院案例汇编》，第69页起，见第87页，第40段。 |
| Constitution
of the Maritime Safety Committee of the Inter-Governmental Maritime
Consultative Organization, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1960, p.
150, at p. 169; | 政府间海事协商组织海事安全委员会章程，咨询意见，《1960年国际法院案例汇编》，第159页起，见第169页； |
| see also pp. 167–169; | 另见第167-169页； |
| obiter:
Proceedings pursuant to the OSPAR Convention (Ireland-United Kingdom),
Reports of International Arbitral Awards, vol. XXIII, p. 59, at p. 99,
para. 141. | 又见根据《保护东北大西洋海洋环境公约》提出的诉讼(爱尔兰诉联合王国)，《国际仲裁裁决汇编》，第二十三卷，第59页起，见第99页，第141段。 |
| Gardiner, supra note 538, pp. 190 and 198. | Gardiner, 上文注538,第190和198页。 |
| Ibid., pp. 191–194; | 同上，第191-194页； |
| see
also Legal Consequences for States of the Continued Presence of South
Africa in Namibia (South West Africa) notwithstanding Security Council
Resolution 276 (1970), Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1971, p. 16, at
p. 31, para. 53; | 另见南非不遵守安全理事会第276(1970)号决议继续留驻纳米比亚(西南非洲)对各国的法律后果，咨询意见，《1971年国际法院案例汇编》，第16页起，见第31页，第53段； |
| Legal
Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian
Territory, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 2004, p. 136, at p. 179,
para. 109; | 在被占巴勒斯坦领土修建隔离墙的法律后果，咨询意见，《2004年国际法院案例汇编》，第136页起，见第179页，第109段； |
| R.
Higgins, “Some observations on the inter-temporal rule in international
law”, in Theory of International Law at the Threshold of the 21st
Century: Essays in Honour of Krzysztof Skubiszewski, J. Makarczyk, ed.
(The Hague, Kluwer, 1996), p. 180; | R. Higgins, “关于国际法中的时效规则的若干意见”，载于《二十一世纪初的国际法理论：纪念Krzysztof Skubiszewski论文集》，J. Makarczyk编(海牙，Kluwer, 1996年)，第180页； |
| Distefano, supra note 538, pp. 52–54; | Distefano, 上文注538, 第52-54页； |
| Crema, supra note 568, p. 21. | Crema, 上文注568, 第21页。 |
| Maritime Delimitation in the Area between Greenland and Jan Mayen, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1993, p. 38, at p. 51, para. 27. | 格陵兰和扬马延间区域海洋划界案，判决，《1993年国际法院案例汇编》，第38页起，见第51页，第27段。 |
| Oil
Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America),
Preliminary Objection, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1996, p. 803, at p.
815, paras. 27 and 30. | 石油平台案(伊朗伊斯兰共和国诉美利坚合众国)，初步反对意见，判决，《1996年国际法院案例汇编》，第803页起，见第815页，第27和30段。 |
| See
also Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon
v. Nigeria), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1998, p.
275, at p. 306, para. 67. | 另见喀麦隆和尼日利亚间陆地和海洋疆界案(喀麦隆诉尼日利亚)，初步反对意见，判决，《1998年国际法院案例汇编》，第275页起，见第306页，第67段。 |
| This
is not to suggest that there may ultimately be different
interpretations of a treaty, but rather that the treaty may accord the
parties the possibility to choose from a spectrum of different
permitted acts, see Gardiner, supra note 538, pp. 30–31 and p. 111,
quoting the House of Lords in R v. Secretary of State for the Home
Department, ex parte Adan [2001] AC 477: “It is necessary to determine
the autonomous meaning of the relevant treaty provision … It follows
that, as in the case of other multilateral treaties, the Refugee
Convention must be given an independent meaning derivable from the
sources mentioned in articles 31 and 32 [of the Vienna Convention] and
without taking colour from distinctive features of the legal system of
any individual contracting State. | 这并不是说可能存在对条约的不同解
释，而是说条约必须让缔约方有可能在一系列允许的行为中作出选择，见Gardiner，上文注3,
第30-31页和第111页，引用上议院在R诉内政部大臣案，Adan缺席[2001]AC
477中发表的意见：“需要确定有关条约规定的自主含义…由此可见，与其他多边条约一样，必须赋予《难民公约》可从[《维也纳公约》]第三十一条和第三十
二条所指来源中得出的独立含义，而不是随便借鉴某个缔约国法律体系的特点得出含义。 |
| In
principle there can only be one true interpretation of a treaty … In
practice it is left to national courts, faced with a material
disagreement on an issue of interpretation, to resolve it. | 原则上，条约只能有一个真正的解释…在实践中，面对解释问题上的重大分歧，由各国法院做出决定。 |
| But
in doing so it must search, untrammelled by notions of its national
legal culture, for the true autonomous international meaning of the
treaty. | 不过，做决定时，法院必须摆脱本国法律文化理念的束缚，探索条约真正的自主含义。 |
| And there can only be one true meaning”, at pp. 515–517 (Lord Steyn). | 而真正的含义只有一个”，见第515-517页(斯泰恩议员)。 |
| S.D.
Murphy, “The relevance of subsequent agreement and subsequent practice
for the interpretation of treaties”, in Treaties and Subsequent
Practice, G. Nolte, ed. (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2013), p. 85; | S. D. Murphy, “嗣后协定和嗣后管理对条约解释的作用”，见G. Nolte编写的《条约和嗣后惯例》(牛津，牛津大学出版社，2013年)，第85页； |
| A. Aust, Modern Treaty Law and Practice, 3rd ed. (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2013), p. 215. | A. Aust, 《现代条约法和实践》，第3版(剑桥，剑桥大学出版社，2013年)，第215页。 |
| E.
Denza, Diplomatic Law: Commentary on the Vienna Convention on
Diplomatic Relations, Oxford Commentaries on International Law, 3rd ed.
(Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2008), pp. 160–161; | E. Denza, 《外交法：<维也纳外交关系法>评论》，牛津大学国际法评论，第3版(牛津，牛津大学出版社，2008年)，第160-161页； |
| J. Salmon, Manuel de droit diplomatique (Brussels, Bruylant, 1994), p. 208, para. 315. | J. Salmon, 《外交法手册》(布鲁塞尔，Bruylant, 1994年)，第208页，第315段。 |
| See,
for example, Australia, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade,
Privileges and Immunities of Foreign Representatives
(www.dfat.gov.au/protocol/Protocol_Guidelines/A21.pdf); | 例如见澳大利亚外交贸易部，《驻外代表的特权和豁免》(www.dfat.gov.au/protocol/ Protocol_Guidelines/A21.pdf)； |
| Iceland,
Protocol Department Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Diplomatic Handbook,
p. 14 (www.mfa.is/ media/PDF/Diplomatic_Handbook.PDF); | 冰岛外交部礼宾司，《外交手册》，第14页，(www. mfa.is/media/PDF/Diplomatic_Handbook.PDF)； |
| United
Kingdom, see the statement of the Parliamentary Under-Secretary of
State, Home Office (Lord Elton) in the House of Lords, HL Deb, 12
December 1983 vol. 446 cc3-4; | 联合王国，见内政部政务次官(埃尔顿议员在上议院的发言，1983年12月12日的上议院辩论，第446卷，cc3-4； |
| United States, see American Journal of International Law, vol. ii, 1994, pp. 312–313. | 美国，见《美国国际法期刊》，第2卷，1994年，第312-313页。 |
| Denza, supra note 605, p. 160; | Denza, 上文注69, 第160页； |
| M.
Richtsteig, Wiener Übereinkommen über diplomatische und konsularische
Beziehungen: Entstehungsgeschichte, Kommentierung, Praxis, 2nd ed.
(Nomos, 2010), p. 70. | M. Richtsteig, Wiener
Übereinkommen über diplomatische und konsularische
Beziehungen：Entstehungsgeschichte, Kommentierung, Praxis, 第2版(Nomos,
2010年)，第70页。 |
| Y. Sandoz, C.
Swinarski and B. Zimmermann, eds., Commentary on the Additional
Protocols of 8 June 1977 to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949
(Dordrecht, International Committee of the Red Cross and Martinus
Nijhoff, 1987), p. 1440, paras. 4742–4744; | Y.
Sandoz、C. Swinarski和B.
Zimmermann编，《对一九四九年八月十二日日内瓦四公约的一九七七年年六月八日附加议定书的评论》(多德雷赫特，红十字国际委员会和马蒂努斯·奈
霍夫出版社，1987年)，第1440页，第4742-4744段； |
| H. Spieker, “Medical transportation”, in Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law (www.mpepil.com), paras. 7–12; | H. Spieker, “医务运输工具”，见《马克斯·普朗克国际公法百科全书》(www.mpepil.com)第7-12段； |
| see also the less stringent future tense in the French version “sera arboré”. | 另见法文版使用的不太死板的将来时“sera arboré”。 |
| Deutscher
Bundestag, “Antwort der Bundesregierung: Rechtlicher Status des
Sanitätspersonals der Bundeswehr in Afghanistan”, 9 April 2010,
Bundestagsdrucksache 17/1338, p. 2 (translation by the Special
Rapporteur). | Deutscher Bundestag, “Antwort der
Bundesregierung： Rechtlicher Status des Sanitätspersonals der
Bundeswehr in Afghanistan”，2010年4月9日，Bundestagsdrucksache
17/1338,第2页(特别报告员翻译)。 |
| Spieker, supra note 608, para. 12. | Spieker, 上文注608, 第12段。 |
| See Denza, supra note 605, pp. 77–88 with further references to declarations in relation to espionage; | 见Denza, 上文注605, 第77-88页，其中进一步提到了与间谍活动有关的声明。 |
| see also Salmon, supra note 605, p. 484 para. 630; | 另见Salmon, 上文注605, 第484页，第630段； |
| and Richtsteig, supra note 607, p. 30. | 以及Richtsteig, 上文注607, 第30页。 |
| The Netherlands, Protocol Department, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Protocol Guide for Diplomatic Missions and Consular Posts. | 荷兰外交部礼宾司，《使领馆礼仪指南》。 |
| Available
from
www.government.nl/issues/staff-of-foreign-missions-and-international-organisations/documents-and-publications/leaflets/2013/01/21/protocol-guide-for-diplomatic-missions-en-consular-posts-january-2013.html. | 可
查阅www.government.nl/issues/staff-of-foreign-missions-and-international-
organisations/documents-and-publications/leaflets/2013/01/21/protocol-guide
-for-diplomatic-missions-en-consular-posts-january-2013.html。 |
| France,
Ministère des affaires étrangères et du développement, Guide for
foreign diplomats serving in France: Immunities – Respect for local
laws and regulations (www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/ministry/
guide-for-foreign-diplomats/immunities/article/respect-for-local-laws-and); | 法
国外交与国际发展部，《外国驻法外交官指南：豁免――遵守当地法律和法规》(www.
diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/ministry/guide-for-foreign-diplomats/immunities/article/respect
-for-local-laws-and)； |
| Turkey,
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Traffic regulations to be followed by
foreign missions in Turkey, Principal Circular Note, 63552 Traffic
Regulations 2005/PDGY/63552 (6 April 2005)
(http://www.mfa.gov.tr/06_04_2005--63552-traffic-regulations.en.mfa); | 土
耳其外交部，《外国驻土耳其使团应遵守的交通规则》，第63552号重要通知，交规2005/PDGY/63552(2005年4月6日)(http:
//www.mfa.gov.tr/06_04_2005――63552-traffic-regulations. en.mfa)； |
| United
Kingdom, Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Circular dated 19 April 1985
to the Heads of Diplomatic Missions in London, reprinted in G. Marston,
“United Kingdom materials on international law 1985”, British Yearbook
of International Law, vol. 56, No. 1 (1985), p. 437. | 联合王国外交及联邦事务部，1985年4月19日致驻伦敦使馆馆长的通知，又刊印于G. 3ston的“1985年联合国王国关于国际法的材料”，《英国国际法年鉴》，第56卷，第1(1985)号，第437页。 |
| See
Canada, Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development, Revised Impaired
Driving Policy
(www.international.gc.ca/protocol-protocole/vienna-vienne/idp/index.aspx?view=d); | 见加拿大外交、贸易与发展部，经修订的酒后驾车政策(www.international.gc.ca/protocol-protocole/vienna-vienne/idp/index.aspx？ view=d)； |
| United
States, Department of State, Diplomatic Note 10-181 of the Department
of State (24 September 2010),
www.state.gov/documents/organization/149985.pdf, pp. 8–9. | 美国国务院，国务院第10-181号外交照会(2010年9月2日)，www.state.gov/documents/organization/149985.pdf, 第8-9页。 |
| See
G. Hafner, “Subsequent agreements and practice: between interpretation,
informal modification, and formal amendment”, in Treaties and
Subsequent Practice, G. Nolte, ed. (Oxford, Oxford University Press,
2013), p. 112, for an even more far-reaching case under article 9 of
the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations. | 见G. Hafiner, 《嗣后协定和惯例：解释、非正式修改与正式修正》，见G. Nolte编写的《条约和嗣后惯例》(牛津，牛津大学出版社，2013年)，第112页，其中载有《维也纳外交关系公约》第九条下一个影响更加深远的案例。 |
| WTO
Appellate Body China – Measures Affecting Trading Rights and
Distribution Services for Certain Publications and Audiovisual
Entertainment Products, WT/DS363/AB/R para. 403 (2009); | 世贸组织上诉机构，中国――影响某些出版物和娱乐视听产品贸易权和分销服务的措施，WT/DS363/AB/R第403段(2009年)； |
| “Although
the Panel’s application of Article 31 of the Vienna Convention to
‘Sound recording distribution services’ led it to a ‘preliminary
conclusion’ as to the meaning of that entry, the Panel nonetheless
decided to have recourse to supplementary means of interpretation to
confirm that meaning. | “虽然专家组适用《维也纳公约》第三十一条解释‘录音制品分销服务’就该词的含义得出了‘初步结论’，专家组还是决定使用解释的补充资料证实该含义。 |
| We
note, in this regard, that China's argument on appeal appears to assume
that the Panel's analysis under Article 32 of the Vienna Convention
would necessarily have been different if the Panel had found that the
application of Article 31 left the meaning of ‘Sound recording
distribution services’ ambiguous or obscure, and if the Panel had,
therefore, resorted to Article 32 to determine, rather than to confirm,
the meaning of that term. | 关于这一点，我们注意到，中国的上诉论点似乎假定如果委员会发现适用第三十一条导致‘录音制品分销服务’一词的含义不明或难解，故而适用第三十二条来确定，而不是证实该词的含义，那么专家组根据《维也纳公约》第三十二条所作的分析必然将得出不同的结果。 |
| We do not share this view. | 我们不同意这种论点。 |
| The
elements to be examined under Article 32 are distinct from those to be
analyzed under Article 31, but it is the same elements that are
examined under Article 32 irrespective of the outcome of the Article 31
analysis. | 第三十二条下考察的要素与第三十一条下分析的要素不同，但是无论根据第三十一条分析的结果如何，第三十二条下需要考察的都是同样的要素。 |
| Instead,
what may differ, depending on the results of the application of Article
31, is the weight that will be attributed to the elements analyzed
under Article 32”, see also M.E. Villiger, Commentary on the 1969
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,
2009), p. 447, para 11. | 根据第三十一条分析的结果可能影响的，是第三十二条下需考察的各要素的权重”，另见M.E. Villiger, 《1969年<维也纳条约法公约>评论》(马蒂努斯·奈霍夫出版社，2009年)，第447页，第11段。 |
| See
World Trade Organization, United States — Import Prohibition of Certain
Shrimp and Shrimp Products — AB-1998-4, report of the Appellate Body of
12 October 1998 (World Trade Organization, document WT/DS58/AB/R),
para. 17 (“most treaties have no single, undiluted object and purpose
but rather a variety of different, and possibly conflicting, objects
and purposes”); | 见世界贸易组织，美国――
禁止进口某些虾类和虾制品――AB-1998-4,
上诉机构1998年10月12日的报告(世界贸易组织，WT/DS58/AB/R号文件)，第17段(“大多数条约的目的和宗旨不是单一、纯粹的，而是具
有各种不同，可能是冲突的目的和宗旨”； |
| Gardiner, supra note 538, p. 195. | Gardiner, 上文注538, 第195页。 |
| Kasikili/Sedudu Island (Botswana/Namibia), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1999, p. 1045, at p. 1074, para. 45. | 卡西基里/塞杜杜岛案(博茨瓦纳诉纳米比亚)，判决，《1999国际法院案例汇编》，第1045页起，见第1074页，第45段。 |
| Ibid., at p. 1078, para. 55 and p. 1096, para. 80. | 同上，见第1078页，第55段和第1096页，第80段。 |
| For
the military manuals of Argentina (1989), Canada (2001) and the United
Kingdom (2004), see Henckaerts and Doswald-Beck, Practice, supra note
565, pp. 359–360, paras. 160–164 and the online update for the military
manual of Australia (2006) (http://www.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/ | 阿
根廷(1989年)、加拿大(2011年)和联合王国(2004年)的军事指南，见Henckaerts和Doswald-Beck,
《惯例》，上文注565,
第359-360页，第160-164页，澳大利亚军事指南网上最新版(2006年)(http://www.icrc.org/customary-
ihl/eng/docs/v2_rul_rule15_sectionc)； |
| v2_rul_rule15_sectionc); see also Y. Sandoz, C. Swinarski and B. Zimmermann, supra note 608, p. 683, para. 2202. | 另见Y. Sandoz、C. Swinarski和B. Zimmermann, 上文注608, 第683页，第2202段。 |
| WTO,
Appellate Body Report, EC – Bananas III, Second Recourse to article
21.5, WT/DS27/AB/RW2/ECU, WT/DS27/AB/RW/USA, 26 November 2008, paras.
391–393. | 世贸组织上诉机构报告，欧共体－香蕉案(三)，第二次诉诸第21.5条，WT/DS27/AB/RW2/ECU, WT/DS27/AB/RW/USA, 2008年11月26日，第391-393段。 |
| Murphy, supra note 604, p. 88. | Murphy, 上文注604, 第88页。 |
| Sinclair,
supra note 538, p. 107 with reference to Waldock, Official Records of
the United Nations Conference on the Law of Treaties, supra note 540,
p. 207, paras. 49–52; | Sinclair, 上文注538, 第107页，其中提到Waldock, 《联合国条约法会议正式记录》，上文注540, 第207页，第49-52段； |
| Villiger, supra note 616, p. 513, paras. 7, 9 and 11; | Villiger, 上文注616, 第513页，第7、9和11段； |
| Odendahl,
“Article 39. General rule regarding the amendment of treaties”, in
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties – A Commentary, O. Dörr and K.
Schmalenbach, eds. (Springer, 2012), p. 706, at para. 16. | Odendahl, “第三十九条. 修正条约的一般规则”，见《<维也纳条约法公约>――评论》，O Dörr 和K. Schmalenbach编(Springer, 2012年)，第706页，第16段。 |
| Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2010, p. 14, at pp. 62–63, paras. 128 and 131; | 乌拉圭河沿岸纸浆厂案(阿根廷诉乌拉圭)，判决，《2001年国际法院案例汇编》，第14页起，见第62-63页，第128和131段； |
| the
Court then concluded that, in the case under review, that these
conditions had not been fulfilled, at pp. 62–66, paras. 128–142. | 法院继而得出结论称，本案不满足这些条件，见第62-66页，第128-142段。 |
| In
judicial practice it is sometimes not necessary to determine whether an
agreement has the effect of interpreting or modifying a treaty, see
Territorial Dispute (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Chad), Judgment, I.C.J.
Reports 1994, p. 6, at p. 29, para. 60 (“in the view of the Court, for
the purposes of the present Judgment, there is no reason to categorize
it either as confirmation or as a modification of the Declaration”); | 在司法实践中，有时不需要确定一项协定是具有解释还是修改条约的效果，见领土争端案(阿拉伯利比亚民众国诉乍得)，判决，《1994年国际法院案例汇编》，第6页起，见第29页，第60段(“法院认为，为本判决之目的，没有必要划分其属于对声明的证实还是修改”)； |
| it
is sometimes considered that an agreement under article 31 (3) (a) can
also have the effect of modifying a treaty, Aust, supra note 604, pp.
212–214 with examples. | 有时认为，第三十一条第三款(甲)项所指协定也可以具有修改条约的效果，Aust, 上文注604, 第212-214页，举例了案例。 |
| Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2010, p. 14, at p. 63, paras. 131 and 140; | 乌拉圭河沿岸纸浆厂案(阿根廷诉乌拉圭)，判决，《2010年国际法院案例汇编》，第14页起，见第63页，第131和第140段； |
| Crawford, supra note 570, p. 32; | Crawford, 上文注570, 第32页； |
| Iran-United
States Claims Tribunal, Interlocutory Award No. ITL 83-B1-FT
(Counterclaim), The Islamic Republic of Iran v. the United States of
America, Iran-USCTR vol. 38 (2004–2009), p. 77, at pp. 125–126, para.
132; | 伊朗－美国索赔法庭，中间裁决，第ITL 83-B1-FT号(反诉)，伊朗伊斯兰共和国诉美利坚合众国，Iran-USCTR第38卷(第2004-2009年)，第77页起，第125-126页，第132段； |
| ADF
Group Inc. v. United States of America (Case No. ARB(AF)/00/1), ICSID
Arbitration Under NAFTA Chapter Eleven, 9 January 2003, pp. 84–85,
para. 177 (www.state.gov/documents/organization/ | ADF
集团公司诉美利坚合众国(案件号ARB(AF)/00/1)，国际投资争端解决中心根据《北美自由贸易协定》第11章作出的仲裁，2013年1月9日，第
84-85页，第117段(www.state.gov/documents/ rganization/ 6586.pdf)； |
| 16586.pdf); Ibid., Part IV, Chapter C, paras. 20–21; | 同上，第四部分，C章，第20-21段； |
| Second Report, supra note 557, p. 61–68, paras. 146–165. | 第二次报告，上文注557, 第61-68页，第146-165段。 |
| It
may be that States, in diplomatic contexts outside court proceedings,
tend to acknowledge more openly that a certain agreement or common
practice amounts to a modification of a treaty, see Murphy, supra note
604, p. 83. | 在法庭诉讼外的外交环境下，国家可能比较愿意公开承认某项协定或共同的惯例构成对条约的修改，见Murphy, 上文注604, 第83页。 |
| Ibid., p. 66, para. 140; | 同上，第66页，第140段； |
| Crawford, supra note 570, p. 32. | Crawford, 上文注570, 第32页。 |
| Yearbook of the International Law Commission, 1966, vol. II, p. 236. | 《1966年…年鉴》，第二卷，第236页。 |
| Official Records of the United Nations Conference on the Law of Treaties, supra note 540, pp. 208–214; | 《联合国条约法会议正式记录》，上文注5,第208-214页； |
| Second Report, supra note 557, p. 52–53, paras. 119–121; | 第二次报告，上文注557,第52-53页，第119-121段； |
| Distefano, supra note 538, pp. 56–61. | Distefano, 上文注538, 第56-61页。 |
| Sinclair, supra note 538, p. 138; | Sinclair, 上文注538, 第138页； |
| Gardiner, supra note 538, pp. 243–245; | Gardiner, 上文注538, 第243-245页； |
| Yasseen, supra note 538, pp. 51–52; | Yasseen, 上文注538,第51-52页； |
| M.
Kamto, “La volonté de l’État en droit international”, Recueil des
cours de l’Académie de droit international de La Haye, vol. 310
(2004), pp. 134–141, at p. 134; | M. Kamto, “La volonté de l’État en droit international”，《海牙国际法学院讲义》，第310卷(2004年)，第134-141页，见第134页； |
| Aust, supra note 604, p. 213; | Aust, 上文注604, 第213页； |
| Villiger, supra note 616, p. 432, para. 23; | Villiger, 上文注616,第432页，第23段； |
| Dörr, supra note 539, p. 555, para. 76 (in accord Odendahl, supra note 623, p. 702, paras. 10–11); | Dörr, 上文注539, 第555页，第76段(又见Odendahl, 上文注623, 第702页，第10-11段)； |
| Distefano, supra note 538, pp. 62–67; | Distefano, 上文注538, 第62-67页； |
| H.
Thirlway, “The law and procedure of the International Court of Justice
1960–1989: supplement, 2006 – part three”, British Yearbook of
International Law, vol. 77, No. 1 (2006), p. 65; | H. Thirlway, “1960-1989年国际法院的法律和诉讼：2006年补编－第三部分”，《英国国际法年鉴》，第77卷，第1(2006)号，第65页； |
| M.N. Shaw, International Law, 6th ed. (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2003), p. 934; | M. N. Shaw, 《国际法》，第6版(剑桥，剑桥大学出版社，2003年)，第934页； |
| I.
Buga, “Subsequent practice and treaty modification”, in Conceptual and
Contextual Perspectives on the Modern Law of Treaties, M.J. Bowman and
D. Kritsiotis, eds. (forthcoming), at note 65 with further references; | I. Buga, “嗣后惯例与条约修改”，载于M. J. Bowman和D. Kritsiotis编写的《现代条约法的概念和语境视角》(即将出版)，见注65, 其中提到了更多的参考资料； |
| disagreeing
with this view, in particular, and stressing the solemnity of the
conclusion of a treaty in contrast to the informality of practice
Murphy, supra note 604, pp. 89–90; | 反对这种观点，强调相对于实践的非正式性，缔结条约具有庄重性，见Murphy, 上文注604, 第89-90页； |
| see
also Hafner, supra note 615, pp. 115–117 (differentiating between the
perspectives of courts and States, as well as emphasizing the
importance of amendment provisions in this context). | 另见Hafner, 上文注615, 第115-117页(区分法院和国家的角度，在这种背景下强调修正案的重要性)。 |
| Dispute
regarding Navigational and Related Rights (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua),
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2009, p. 213, at p. 242, para. 64; | 关于航海权和相关权力的争端案(哥斯达黎加诉尼加拉瓜)，判决，《2009年国际法院案例汇编》，第213页起，见第242页，第64段； |
| see
also Question of the tax regime governing pensions paid to retired
UNESCO officials residing in France, Decision of 14 January 2003,
Reports of International Arbitral Awards, vol. XXV, part IV, p. 231, at
p. 256, para. 62; | 另见向居住在法国的教科文组织退休职员支付退休金的税收制度问题案，2003年1月14日的裁决，《国际仲裁裁决汇编》，第二十五卷，第四部分，第231页起，见第256页，第62段； |
| Yasseen, supra note 538, p. 51; | Yasseen, 上文注538, 第51页； |
| Kamto, supra note 631, pp. 134–141; | Kamto, 上文注631, 第134-141页； |
| R. Bernhardt, Die Auslegung völkerrechtlicher Verträge, (Heymann, 1963), p. 132. | R. Bernhardt, Die Auslegung völkerrechtlicher Verträge (Heymann, 1963年)，第132页。 |
| Draft
conclusion 3, (Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-eighth
Session, Supplement No. 10 A/68/10, chap. IV.C.1) and commentary to
draft conclusion 3, paras. 1–18 (ibid., chap. IV.C.2). | 结论草案3(《大会正式记录，第六十八届会议，补编第10号》，A/68/10, 第四章C.1节)及其评注，第(1)-(18)段(同上，第四章C.2节)。 |
| Sinclair, supra note 538, p. 138; | Sinclair, 上文注538,第138页； |
| Gardiner, supra note 538, p. 243; | Gardiner, 上文注538,第243页； |
| Murphy, supra note 604, p. 90; | Murphy, 上文注604, 第98页； |
| B.
Simma, “Miscellaneous thoughts on subsequent agreements and practice”,
in Treaties and Subsequent Practice, G. Nolte, ed. (Oxford, Oxford
University Press, 2013), p. 46; | B. Simma, “关于嗣后协定和惯例的思考”，见G. Nolte编写的《条约和嗣后惯例》(牛津，牛津大学出版社，2013年)，第46页； |
| Karl, supra note 539, pp. 42–43; | Karl, 上文注539, 第42-43页； |
| J.-M.
Sorel and V. Boré Eveno, “Article 31: Convention of 1969”, The Vienna
Conventions on the Law of Treaties – A Commentary, in O. Corten and P.
Klein, eds. (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2011), p. 825, para. 42; | J.-M. Sorel和V. Boré Eveno, “第三十一条：1969年公约”，见O. Corten和P. Klein编写的《<维也纳条约法公约>――评论》(牛津，牛津大学出版社，2011年)，第825页，第42段； |
| Dörr, supra note 539, p. 555, para. 76; | Dörr, 上文注539,第555页，第76段； |
| this
is true even if the two processes can theoretically be seen as being
“legally quite distinct”, see the Dissenting Opinion of Judge
Parra-Aranguren in Kasikili/Sedudu Island (Botswana/Nambia), Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1999, p. 1045, at pp. 1212–1213, para. 16; | 的确难以划分界限，即使理论上二者被视为“在法律上有明显区别”，见Parra-Aranguren法官在卡西基里/塞杜杜岛案(博茨瓦纳诉纳米比亚)中的反对意见，判决，《1999年国际法院案例汇编》，第1045页起，见1212-1213页，第16段； |
| similarly Hafner, supra note 615, p. 114; | 同样见Hafner, 上文注615, 第114页； |
| Linderfalk, supra note 539, p. 168. | Linderfalk, 上文注539, 第168页。 |
| Dispute
regarding Navigational and Related Rights (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua),
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2009, p. 213, at p. 242, para. 64. | 关于航海权和相关权利的争端案(哥斯达黎加诉尼加拉瓜)，判决，《2009年国际法院案例汇编》，第213页起，见第242页，第64段。 |
| Thirlway, supra note 631, p. 64. | Thirlway, 上文注631, 第64页。 |
| See
already Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-seventh
Session, Supplement No. 10 A/67/10, p. 124, para. 238, and, Ibid.,
Sixty-third Session, Supplement No. 10, A/63/10, annex A, p. 383, para.
42. | 见《大会正式记录，第六十七届会议，补编第10号》，A/67/10, 第124页，第238段，以及《同上，第六十三届会议，补编第10号》，A/63/10, 附件A, 第383页，第42段。 |
| Land
and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v.
Nigeria: Equatorial Guinea intervening), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2002,
p. 303, at p. 353, para. 68. | 喀麦隆和尼日利亚间陆地和海洋疆界案(喀麦隆诉尼日利亚：赤道几内亚参与诉讼)，判决，《2002年国际法院案例汇编》，第303页起，见第353页，第68段。 |
| Case
concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand), Merits,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1962, p. 6, at p. 30: “an acknowledgement by
conduct was undoubtedly made in a very definite way … it is clear that
the circumstances were such as called for some reaction”; | 柏威夏寺案(柬埔寨诉泰国)，案情，判决，《1962年国际法院案例汇编》，第6页起，见第30页：“毫无疑问，以非常确定的方式通过行为承认…这种情况下显然需要作出反应”； |
| “a clearer affirmation of title on the French Indo-Chinese side can scarcely be imagined” and therefore “demanded a reaction”. | “法属印度支那对所有权的主张再明确不过了”，因此“需要作出反应”。 |
| M.
Kohen, “Uti possidetis, prescription et pratique subséquente à un
traité dans l’affaire de l’île de Kasikili/Sedudu devant la Cour
internationale de Justice”, German Yearbook of International Law, vol.
43 (2000), p. 272. | M. Kohen, “Uti possidetis,
prescription et pratique subséquente à un traité dans l’affaire de
l’île de Kasikili/Sedudu devant la Cour internationale de
Justice”，《德国国际法年鉴》，第43(2000)卷，第272页。 |
| Case
concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand), Merits,
Judgment of 15 June 1962, I.C.J. Reports 1962, p. 6, at p. 26: “a fact,
which if true, must have been no less evident in 1908”. | 柏威夏寺案(柬埔寨诉泰国)，案情，判决，《1962年国际法院案例汇编》，第6页起，见第26页：“这一事实，如果千真万确，在1908年一定更加明显”。 |
| Judge
Parra-Aranguren has opined that the Temple case demonstrated “that the
effect of subsequent practice on that occasion was to amend the
treaty”, Kasikili/Sedudu Island (Botswana/Namibia), Judgment, I.C.J.
Reports 1999, p. 1045, at pp. 1212–1213, para. 16 (Dissenting Opinion
of Judge Parra-Aranguren); | Parra-Aranguren法官认为柏威夏寺案
表明，“那种情况下的嗣后惯例起到了修改条约的作用”，卡西基里/塞杜杜岛案(博茨瓦纳诉纳米比亚)，判决，《1999年国际法院案例汇编》，第1045
页起，见第1212-1213页，第16段(Parra-Aranguren法官的反对意见)； |
| Buga, supra note 631, at note 113. | Buga, 上文注631, 见注113。 |
| In
particular the Namibia opinion has been read as implying that
subsequent practice has modified article 27 paragraph 3 of the Charter
of the United Nations, Alain Pellet, Article 38, in The Statute of the
International Court of Justice A Commentary, A. Zimmermann et al., ed.
2nd ed. (Oxford, Oxford University Press), 2012), p. 844, para. 279; | 特
别是，关于纳米比亚的咨询意见被解读为暗示嗣后惯例修改了《联合国宪章》第27条第3款，Alain Pellet, 第三十八条，见A.
Zimmermann等人编写的《＜国际法院规约＞评论》，第2版(牛津，牛津大学出版社，2012年)，第844页，第279段； |
| cf. Second Report, supra note 557, pp. 53–54, paras. 124–126. | 参见第二次报告，上文注557,第53-54页，第124-126段。 |
| M.
Kohen, “Keeping subsequent agreements and practice in their right
limits”, in Treaties and Subsequent Practice, G. Nolte, ed. (Oxford,
Oxford University Press, 2013), p. 43 regarding Decision regarding
delimitation of the border between Eritrea and Ethiopia, 13 April 2002,
Reports of International Arbitral Awards, vol. XXV, p. 83, at pp.
110–111, paras. 3.6–3.10; | M. Kohen,
“适当限制嗣后协定和惯例的作用”，见G.
Nolte编写的《条约和嗣后惯例》(牛津，牛津大学出版社，2013年)，第43页，其中提到埃塞俄比亚和厄立特里亚划界案的裁决，2002年4月13
日，《国际仲裁裁决汇编》，第二十五卷，第83页起，第110-111页，第3.6.-3.10段； |
| see
also Case concerning the location of boundary markers in Taba between
Egypt and Israel, 29 September 1988, Reports of International Arbitral
Awards, vol. XX, p.1, at p. 56, paras. 209 and 210 in which the
Arbitral Tribunal held, in an obiter dictum, “that the demarcated
boundary line would prevail over the Agreement if a contradiction could
be detected”; | 另见埃及和以色列之间塔巴界桩位置案，1988年9月29日，《国际仲裁裁决汇编》，第二十卷，第1页起，见第56页，第 209和210段，仲裁法庭在附带意见中称：“划定的界线与《协定》不符时，以划定的界线为准”； |
| but
see R. Kolb, “La modification d’un traité par la pratique subséquente
des parties”, Revue suisse de droit international et européen, vol.
14, 2004, p. 20. | 另见R. Kolb, “La modification d’un traité par la pratique subséquente des parties”，《瑞士国际法和欧洲法评论》，第14卷，2004年，第20页。 |
| Interpretation
of the Air Transport Services Agreement between the United States of
America and France, 22 December 1963, Reports of International Arbitral
Awards, vol. XVI, p. 5, at pp. 62–63; | 对美利坚合众国与法国航空运输协定的解释，1963年12月22日，《国际仲裁裁决汇编》，第十六卷，第5页起，见第62-63页； |
| Official Records of the United Nations Conference on the Law of Treaties, supra note 540, p. 208, para. 58 (Japan); | 《联合国条约法会议正式记录 》，上文注540, 第208页，第58段(日本)； |
| Murphy, supra note 604, p. 89. | Murphy, 上文注604, 第89页。 |
| WTO,
Appellate Body Report, EC – Bananas III, Second Recourse to Article
21.5, WT/DS27/AB/RW2/ECU, WT/DS27/AB/RW/USA, 26 November 2008, paras.
391–393. | 世贸组织上诉机构报告，欧共体―香蕉案(三)，第二次诉诸第21.5条，WT/DS27/AB/ RW2/ECU, WT/DS27/AB/RW/USA, 2008年11月26日，第391-393段。 |
| Agreement
Establishing the World Trade Organization, Annex 2, Understanding on
Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes, 1994, ILM,
vol. 33 (1994) 1144. | 《建立世界贸易组织协议》，附件2,《关于解决争议的规则与程序的谅解》，1994年，《国际法律资料》，第33卷(1994年)1144。 |
| Al-Saadoon
and Mufdhi v. the United Kingdom, Judgment, 2 March 2010, Application
No. 61498/08, ECHR 2010, para. 119, referring to Öcalan v. Turkey [GC],
12 May 2005, Application No. 46221/99, ECHR 2005-IV. | Al-Saadoon和Mufdhi 诉联合王国，判决，2010年3月2日，第61498/08号申诉，ECHR 2010,第119段，其中提到了Öcalan诉土耳其[GC]，2005年5月12日，第46221/99号申诉，ECHR 2005-IV。 |
| Ibid., para. 120; | 同上，第120段； |
| B.
Malkani, “The obligation to refrain from assisting the use of the death
penalty”, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, vol. 62, No. 3
(2013), p. 523. | B. Malkani, “避免协助使用死刑的义务”，《国际法和比较法季刊》，第62卷，第3 (2013)号，第523页。 |
| Buga, supra note 631, at notes 126–132. | Buga, 上文注631, 见注126-132。 |
| Land
and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v.
Nigeria: Equatorial Guinea intervening), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2002,
p. 303, at p. 353, para. 68. | 喀麦隆和尼日利亚间陆地和海洋疆界案(喀麦隆诉尼日利亚：赤道几内亚参与诉讼)，判决，《2002年国际法院案例汇编》，第303页起，见第353页，第68段。 |
| Second Report, supra note 557, p. 52–53, paras. 119–121. | 第二次报告，上文注557, 第52-53页，第119-121段。 |
| Murphy, supra note 604, p. 89; | Murphy, 上文注604,第89页； |
| Simma, supra note 634, p. 47; | Simma, 上文注634, 第47页； |
| Hafner, supra note 615, pp. 115–117; | Hafner, 上文注615, 第115-117页； |
| J.E.
Alvarez, “Limits of change by way of subsequent agreements and
practice”, in Treaties and Subsequent Practice, G. Nolte, ed. (Oxford,
Oxford University Press, 2013), p. 130. | J.E. Alvarez, “通过嗣后协定和惯例修改条约的限制”，见G. Nolte编写的《条约和嗣后惯例》(牛津，牛津大学出版社，2013年)，第130页。 |
| See
NATO Strategic Concept Case, German Federal Constitutional Court,
Judgment of 19 June 2001, Application 2 BvE 6/99 (English translation
available from www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de/
entscheidungen/es20011122_2bve000699en.html), paras. 19–21; | 见
北约战略概念案，德国联邦宪法法院，2001年6月19日的判决，申诉号2 BvE
6/99(英文译文见：
www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de/entscheidungen/es20011122_2bve000699en.html)，
第19-21段； |
| S. Kadelbach, “Domestic
constitutional concerns with respect to the use of subsequent
agreements and practice at the international level”, pp. 145–148; | S. Kadelbach, “与国际上使用嗣后协定和惯例有关的国内宪法问题”，第145-148页； |
| Alvarez, supra note 652, p. 130; | Alvarez, 上文注652, 第130页； |
| I. Wuerth, “Treaty interpretation, subsequent agreements and practice, and domestic constitutions”, pp. 154–159; | I. Wuerth, “条约解释、嗣后协定和惯例与国内宪法”，第154-159页； |
| and
H. Ruiz Fabri, “Subsequent practice, domestic separation of powers, and
concerns of legitimacy”, pp. 165–166, all in Treaties and Subsequent
Practice, G. Nolte, ed. (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2013). | H. Ruiz Fabri, “嗣后惯例、国内权力分立与合法性问题”，第165-166页，均载于G. Nolte编写的《条约和嗣后惯例》(牛津，牛津大学出版社，2013年)。 |
| See, for example, Kohen, supra note 640, p. 274 (in particular with respect to boundary treaties). | 例如见Kohen, 上文注640, 第274页(特别是在边界条约方面)。 |
| Draft
conclusion 1, para. 5, and accompanying commentary (Official Records of
the General Assembly, Sixty-eighth Session, Supplement No. 10 A/68/10,
chap. IV, sect. C.1 and sect. C.2); | 结论草案1第5段及其评注(《大会正式记录，第六十八届会议，补编第10号》A/68/10, 第四章C.1和C.2节)； |
| Hafner, supra note 615, p. 117; | Hafner, 上文注615, 第117页； |
| some
authors support the view that the range of what is conceivable as an
“interpretation” is wider in case of a subsequent agreement or
subsequent practice under article 31, paragraph 3, than in the case of
interpretations by other means of interpretation, including the range
for evolutive interpretations by courts or tribunals, for example,
Gardiner, supra note 538, p. 243; | 一些作者认为，第三十一条第三款所指的嗣后协定或嗣后惯例作为“解释”的范围超出了其他解释资料，包括法院或仲裁法庭的演进式解释的范围，例如见Gardiner, 上文注538, 第243页； |
| Dörr, supra note 539, p. 555, para. 76. | Dörr, 上文注539, 第555页，第76段。 |
| In
the case concerning the Dispute regarding Navigational and Related
Rights, for example, the International Court of Justice could leave the
question open whether the term “comercio” had been modified by the
subsequent practice of the parties since it decided that it was
possible to give this term an evolutive interpretation. | 例如，在关于航海权和相关权利的争端案中，国际法院可以不回答缔约方的嗣后惯例是否修改了“comercio”一词的含义，因为法院已判定可以对其作出演进式解释。 |
| Dispute
regarding Navigational and Related Rights (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua),
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2009, p. 213, at pp. 242–243, paras. 64–66. | 关于航海权和相关权利的争端案(哥斯达黎加诉尼加拉瓜)，判决，《2009年国际法院案例汇编》，第213页起，见第242-243页，第64-66段。 |
| In
the case concerning the Maritime Dispute (Peru v. Chile), the Court
privileged the practice that was closer to the date of entry into
force, Maritime Dispute (Peru v. Chile), I.C.J., Judgment of 27 January
2014. Available from www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/137/17930.pdf, p. 47,
para. 126. | 在海洋争端(秘鲁诉智利)案中，法院优先采纳更接近生效日期的惯例，“海洋争端”(秘鲁诉智利)，国际法院，2014年1月27日的判决，见www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/137/17930.pdf，第47页，第126段。 |
| Murphy, supra note 604, p. 91. | Murphy, 上文注604, 第91页。 |
| See,
for example, Maritime Delimitation in the Area between Greenland and
Jan Mayen (Denmark v. Norway), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1993, p. 38, at
p. 55, para. 38; | 例见，格陵兰和扬马延间区域海洋划界案，判决，《1993年国际法院案例汇编》，第38页起，见第55页第38段； |
| Question
of the tax regime governing pensions paid to retired UNESCO officials
residing in France, Decision of 14 January 2003, Reports of
International Arbitral Awards, vol. XXV, part IV, p. 231, at p. 259,
para. 74; | “关于居住在法国的教科文组织退休官员所领退休金的征税制度问题”，2003年1月14日裁决，《联合国国际仲裁裁决汇编》，第二十五卷，第四部分，第第231页起，见第259页第74段； |
| WTO,
Panel Report, US – Continued Zeroing, WT/DS350/R, 1 October 2008 WTO,
Appellate Body Report, US – Upland Cotton, WT/DS267/AB/R, 3 March 2005,
para. 625. | 世贸组织，专题小组报告，US- Continued Zeroing, WT/ DS350/R, 2008年10月1日，上诉机构报告，US- Upland Cotton, WT/DS267/AB/R, 2005年3月3日，第625段。 |
| Plama
Consortium Limited v. Republic of Bulgaria (Cyprus/Bulgaria BIT),
Decision on Jurisdiction, ICSID Case No. ARB/03/24 (ECT) (8 February
2005), ICSID Review – Foreign Investment Law Journal, vol. 20 (2005),
p. 262, at pp. 323–324, para. 195. | Plama
Consortium
Limited诉保加利亚共和国(塞浦路斯/保加利亚双边投资条约)，关于管辖权的裁决，国际投资争端解决中心案件，第ARB/03/24(ECT)号
(2005年2月8日)，国际投资争端解决中心综述――外国投资法期刊，第20期(2005年)，第262页起，见第323-324页，第195段。 |
| See,
for example, Cossey v. the United Kingdom, Judgment, 27 September 1990,
Application No. 10843/84, ECHR Series A, No. 184, para. 40; | 例见，“Cossey诉联合王国”，判决，1990年9月27日，第10843/84号申诉，《欧洲人权法院案例汇编》A集，第184号，第40段； |
| Tyrer v. the United Kingdom, Judgment, 25 April 1978, Application No. 5856/72, ECHR Series A, No. 26, para. 31; | “Tyrer诉联合王国”，判决，1978年4月25日，第5856/72号申诉，《欧洲人权法院案例汇编》A集，第26号，第31段； |
| Norris v. Ireland, Judgment, 26 October 1988, Application No. 10581/83, ECHR Series A, No. 142, para. 46. | “Norris诉爱尔兰”，判决，1988年10月26日，第10581/83号申诉，《欧洲人权法院案例汇编》A集，第142号，第46段。 |
| Rantsev v. Cyprus and Russia, Judgment, 7 January 2010, Application No. 25965/04, ECHR 2010, para. 285; | Rantsev诉塞浦路斯和俄罗斯，判决，2010年1月7日，第25965/04号申诉，《欧洲人权法院案例汇编》，2010年，第285段。 |
| see also paras. 273–274. | 另见第273-274段。 |
| Chapman v. the United Kingdom [GC], Judgment, 18 January 2001, Application No. 27238/95, ECHR 2001-I, para. 93. | Chapman 诉联合王国[GC]，判决，2001年1月18日，第27238/95号申诉，《欧洲人权法院案例汇编》，2001-I, 第93段。 |
| Ibid., para. 94. | 同上，第94段。 |
| Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2010, p. 14, at p. 63, para. 131. | 乌拉圭河沿岸纸浆厂案(阿根廷诉乌拉圭)，判决，2010年国际法院案例汇编，第14页起，见第63页第131段。 |
| Draft
conclusion 4, para. 2 (Official Records of the General Assembly,
Sixty-eighth Session, Supplement No. 10, A/68/10, chap. IV.C.1). | 结论4草案，第2段。 (《大会正式记录，第六十八届会议，补编第10号》，A/68/10, 第四章C. 1节)。 |
| WTO,
Appellate Body Report, Japan – Alcoholic Beverages II, WT/DS8/AB/R,
WT/DS10/AB/R, WT/DS11/AB/R, 4 October 1996, sect. E, pp. 12–13. | 世贸组织，上诉机构报告，日本――河水酒精饲料案(二)，WT/DS8/AB/R, WT/DS10/AB/R, WT/DS11/AB/R, 1996年10月4日，E部分，第12-13页。 |
| Kasikili/Sedudu
Island (Botswana/Namibia), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1999, p. 1045, at
pp. 1075–1076, paras. 47–50 and p. 1087, para. 63; | 卡西基里/塞杜杜岛案(博茨瓦纳诉纳米比亚)，判决，《1999年国际法院案例汇编》，第1045页起，见第1075-1076页，第47-54段和第1087页，第63段； |
| Territorial Dispute (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Chad), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1994, p. 6, at pp. 34–37, paras. 66–71. | 领土争端案(阿拉伯利比亚民众国诉乍得)，判决，《1994年国际法院案例汇编》，第6页起，见第34-37页，66-71段。 |
| Iran-United
States Claims Tribunal, Interlocutory Award No. ITL 83-B1-FT
(Counterclaim), The Islamic Republic of Iran v. the United States of
America, Iran-USCTR vol. 38 (2004–2009), p. 77, at pp. 116–126, paras.
109–133. | 伊朗－美利坚合众国索赔法庭，第ITL 83-B1-FT号中间裁决(反诉)，伊朗伊斯兰共和国诉美利坚合众国，Iran-USCTR第 38卷(2004-2009年)，第77页起，见第116-126页，第109-133段。 |
| Soering, supra note 558, para. 103; | Soering, 上文注558, 第103段； |
| Loizidou
v. Turkey (Preliminary Objections), Judgment, 23 March 1995,
Application No. 15318/89, ECHR, Series A, No. 310, paras. 73 and 79–82; | Loizidou诉土耳其(初步反对意见)，判决，1995年3月23日，第15318/89号申诉，《欧洲人权法院案例汇编》A辑，第310号，第73段和第79-82段； |
| Bankovic, supra note 561, paras. 56 and 62; | Bankovic, 上文注561, 第56和62段； |
| concerning
the jurisprudence of ICSID tribunals see O.K. Fauchald, “The legal
reasoning of ICSID tribunals: an empirical analysis”, European Journal
of International Law, vol. 19, No. 2 (2008), p. 345; | 关于国际投资争端解决中心的判例，见O.K. Fauchald, “国际投资争端解决中心法庭的法律论述：实证研究”，《欧洲国际法期刊》，第19期，第2号(2008年)； |
| see
also A. Roberts, “Power and persuasion in investment treaty
interpretation: the dual role of States”, American Journal of
International Law, vol. 104, 2010, pp. 207–215. | 又见A. Roberts, “投资条约解释中的实力和说服：国家的双重角色”，《美国国际法期刊》，第104期，2010年，第207-215页。 |
| I. Sinclair, supra note 538, p. 137; | I. Sinclair, 上文注538, 第137页； |
| see also Yasseen, supra note 538, pp. 48–49; | 又见Yasseen, 上文注538, 第48-49页； |
| whilst
“commune” is taken from the work of the International Law Commission,
“d’une certaine constance” and “concordante” are conditions which
Yasseen derives through further reasoning; | “共同的”一词来自国际法委员会的工作，而“一致的”和“协调的”则是Yasseen进一步论述得出的条件； |
| see
Yearbook of the International Law Commission, 1966, vol. II (United
Nations publication, Sales No. E.67.V.2), pp. 98–99, paras. 17–18 and
p. 221, para. 15. | 见《1996年…年鉴》，第二卷，第98-99面，第17-18段，第221页，第15段。 |
| I. Sinclair, supra note 538, p. 137; | I. Sinclair, 上文注538,第137页； |
| Iran-United
States Claims Tribunal, Interlocutory Award No. ITL 83-B1-FT
(Counterclaim), The Islamic Republic of Iran v. the United States of
America, Iran-USCTR, vol. 38 (2004–2009), p. 77, at p. 118, para. 114. | 伊朗－美国索赔法庭，第ITL 83-B1-FT号中间裁决(反诉)，伊朗伊斯兰共和国诉美利坚合众国，Iran-USCTR, 第38卷(2004-2009年)，第77页起，见第118页，第114段。 |
| Case
concerning a dispute between Argentina and Chile concerning the Beagle
Channel, 18 February 1977, Reports of International Arbitral Awards,
vol. XXI, part II, p. 53, at p. 187, para. 169; | 阿根廷和智利比格尔海峡划界争端案，1977年2月18日，《国际仲裁裁决汇编》，第二十一卷，第53页起，见第187页，第169段； |
| J.-P
Cot, “La conduite subséquente des parties a un traité”, Revue générale
de droit international public, vol. 70, 1966, pp. 644–647 (“valeur
probatoire”); | J.-P Cot, “条约缔约国的嗣后惯例”，《国际公法总期刊》，第70期，1966年，第644-647页(临时价值)； |
| Distefano, supra note 538, p. 46; | Distefano, 上文注538, 第46页； |
| Dörr, supra note 539, p. 556, para. 79; | Dörr, 上文注539, 第556页，第79段； |
| see
also the oral argument before the International Court of Justice in
Maritime Dispute (Peru v. Chile), CR 2012/33, pp. 32–36, paras. 7–19
(Wood), available from www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/137/17218.pdf and
CR 2012/36, pp. 13–18, paras. 6–21 (Wordsworth), available from
www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/137/17234.pdf. | 又见在海洋争端
案(秘鲁诉智利)中国际法庭上的口头抗辩，CR 2012/33,
第32-36页，第7-19段(Wood)，见www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/137/ 17218.pdf and
CR 2012/36, pp.13-18, paras. 6-21 (Wordsworth)，available from
www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/137/17234.pdf。 |
| WTO, Appellate Body Report, EC – Computer Equipment, WT/DS62/AB/R, WT/DS67/AB/R, WT/DS68/AB/R, 5 June 1998, para. 93. | 世贸组织，上诉机构报告，欧共体――电脑设备，WT/DS62/AB/R, WT/DS67/AB/R, WT/DS68/AB/R, 1998年6月5日，第93段、 |
| Yearbook of the International Law Commission, 1966, vol. II, p. 222, para. 15; | 《1966年…年鉴》，第二卷，第222页，第15段； |
| Cot, supra note 673, p. 652. | Cot, 上文注673, 第 652页。 |
| In
practice, a one-off practice will often not be sufficient to establish
an agreement of the parties regarding a treaty’s interpretation, as a
general rule, however, subsequent practice under article 31, paragraph
3 (b), does not require any repetition but only an agreement regarding
the interpretation. | 在实践中，作为一般性规则，一次性的做法常常不足以确定缔约国就条约解释达成一致； 但是，第三十一条第三款(乙)项所述的嗣后惯例没有要求任何重复，只是要求就解释达成一致。 |
| The
likelihood of an agreement established by an one-off practice thus
depends on the act and the treaty in question, see E. Lauterpacht, “The
Development of the Law of International Organization by the Decisions
of International Tribunals”, Recueil des cours de l’Académie de droit
international de La Haye, vol. 152, 1976, p. 381, at p. 457; | 因此，一次性做法确立一致意见的可能性就取决于有关的行为及条约，见E. Lauterpacht, “国际法庭裁决带来的国际组织法的发展”，《海牙国际法学院讲义》，第152卷，1976年，第381页起，见第457页； |
| Linderfalk, supra note 539, p. 166; | Linderfalk, 上文注539, 第166页； |
| C.F.
Amerasinghe, “Interpretation of Texts in Open International
Organizations”, British Yearbook of International Law vol. 65, No. 1
(1994), p. 175, at p. 199;. | C.F. Amerasinghe, “公开的国际组织文件的解释”，《英国国际法年鉴》，第65卷，第1期(1994年)，第175页起，见第199页； |
| Villiger
argues in favour of a certain frequency, but emphasizes that the
important point is the establishment of an agreement, Villiger, supra
note 616, p. 431, para. 22. | Villiger支持要有一定的次数要求，但也强调，最重要的一点是确立一致意见，Villiger, 上文注616, 第431页，第22段。 |
| Yasseen
and Sinclair write that practice cannot “in general” be established by
one single act, M.K. Yasseen, supra note 538, p. 47; | Yasseen和Sinclair 写到，“通常”一次性的行为不能够构成惯例，M. K. Yasseen, 上文注538, 第47页； |
| I. Sinclair, supra note 538, p. 137; | I. Sinclair, 上文注 538, 第137页； |
| cf.
Third Report for the ILC Study Group on Treaties over Time, in G. Nolte
(ed.), Treaties and Subsequent Practice (Oxford University Press,
2013), p. 307, at p. 310. | 参阅国际法委员会条约随时间演变研究组第三次报告，见Nolte编写的《条约和嗣后惯例》(牛津大学出版社，2013年)，第307页起，见第310页。 |
| WTO, Appellate Body Report, EC – Chicken Cuts, WT/DS269/AB/R, WT/DS286/AB/R, 12 September 2005, para. 297. | 世贸组织，上诉机构报告，欧共体――鸡块案，WT/DS269/AB/R, WT/DS286/AB/R, 2005年9月12日，第297段。 |
| WTO, Appellate Body Report, EC – Computer Equipment, WT/DS62/AB/R, WT/DS67/AB/R, WT/DS68/AB/R, 5. June 1998, para 92. | 世贸组织，上诉机构报告，欧共体――电脑设备案，WT/DS62/AB/R, WT/DS67/AB/R, WT/DS68/AB/R, 1998年6月5日，第92段。 |
| WTO, Appellate Body Report, EC – Chicken Cuts, WT/DS269/AB/R, WT/DS286/AB/R, 12 September 2005, para. 290. | 世贸组织，上诉机构报告，欧共体――鸡块案，WT/DS269/AB/R, WT/DS286/AB/R, 2005年9月12日，第290段。 |
| WTO, Appellate Body Report, EC – Chicken Cuts, WT/DS269/AB/R, WT/DS286/AB/R, 12 September 2005, para. 307; | 世贸组织，上诉机构报告，欧共体――鸡块案，WT/DS269/AB/R, WT/DS286/AB/R, 2005年9月12日，第307段； |
| cf. also WTO, Appellate Body Report, EC – Computer Equipment, WT/DS62/AB/R, WT/DS67/AB/R, WT/DS68/AB/R, 5. June 1998, para. 95. | 同时参阅世贸组织，上诉机构报告，欧洲共同体――电脑设备案，WT/DS62/AB/R, WT/DS67/AB/R, WT/DS68/AB/R, 1998年6月5日，第95段。 |
| WTO, Appellate Body Report, EC – Computer Equipment, WT/DS62/AB/R, WT/DS67/AB/R, WT/DS68/AB/R, 5. June 1998, para. 93. | 世贸组织，上诉机构报告，欧共体――电脑设备案，WT/DS62/AB/R, WT/DS67/AB/R, WT/DS68/AB/R, 1998年6月5日，第93段。 |
| See
commentary to draft conclusion 4, para. 10 (Official Records of the
General Assembly, Sixty-eighth Session, Supplement No. 10, A/68/10,
chap. IV.C.2). | 见结论4草案的评注第(10)段(《大会正式记录，第六十八届会议，补编第10号》，A/68/10,第四章C.2节)。 |
| See draft conclusion 2 and draft conclusion 4, para. 3 (Ibid., A/68/10, chap. IV.C.1). | 见结论2草案和结论4草案第3段(同上，A/68/10, 第四章C.1节)。 |
| See
Crawford, supra note 570, p. 30: “There is no reason to think that the
word ‘agreement’ in para. (b) has any different meaning as compared to
the meaning it has in para. (a)”. | 见Crawford, 上文注570, 第30页：“没有理由认为(乙)项中的‘协定’一词与(甲)项中的协定一词的含义有任何的不同”。 |
| See
commentary to draft conclusion 1, paras. 12–15 (Official Records of the
General Assembly, Sixty-eighth session, Supplement No. 10, A/68/10,
chap. IV.C.2); | 见结论1草案的评注，第(12)-(15)段(《大会正式记录，第六十八届会议，补编第10号》，A/68/10,第四章C.2节)； |
| article
31 must be “read as a whole” and conceives of the process of
interpretation as “a single combined operation”, and is “not laying
down a legal hierarchy of norms for the interpretation of treaties”,
Yearbook … 1966, vol. II, p. 219, para. 8, and p. 220, para. 9. | 对第三十一条必须作“整体理解”，它将解释进程视为“一个综合的行动”，该条并“未确立一个解释条约的法律等级制度”，《1966年…年鉴》，第二卷，第219页第8段和第220页第9段。 |
| Case
concerning the question whether the re-evaluation of the German Mark in
1961 and 1969 constitutes a case for application of the clause in
article 2 (e) of Annex I A of the 1953 Agreement on German External
Debts between Belgium, France, Switzerland, the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Northern Ireland and the United States of America on the
one hand and the Federal Republic of Germany on the other, Award of 16
May 1980, Reports of International Arbitral Awards, vol. XIX, part III,
p. 67, pp. 103–104, para. 31; | 关于1961年和1969年德国马克升值是否
构成适用1953年比利时、法国、瑞士、大不列颠和北爱尔兰联合王国和美利坚合众国与德意志联邦共和国关于德国外债的协定附件一A第2条(e)项条款问题
案，1980年5月16日裁决，《国际仲裁裁决汇编》，第十九卷，第三部分，第67页起，见第103-104页，第31段； |
| see also WTO, Appellate Body Report, EC – Computer Equipment, WT/DS62/AB/R, WT/DS67/AB/R, WT/DS68/AB/R, 5 June 1998, para. 95; | 并见世贸组织，上诉机构案例汇编，欧共体――电脑设备案，WT/DS62/AB/R, WT/DS67/AB/R, WT/DS68/AB/R, 1998年6月5日，第95段； |
| Case
concerning the delimitation of the maritime boundary between Guinea and
Guinea-Bissau, Decision of 14 February 1985, Reports of International
Arbitral Awards, vol. XIX, part IV, p. 149, at p. 175, para. 66. | 几内亚比绍和塞内加尔海洋疆界划界案，1985年2月14日的裁决，《国际仲裁裁决汇编》，第十九卷，第四部分，第149页起，见第175页，第66段。 |
| See commentary to draft conclusion 7, paras. 12–15. | 见结论7草案的评注，第(12)-(15)段。 |
| Question
of the tax regime governing pensions paid to retired UNESCO officials
residing in France, Decision of 14 January 2003, Reports of
International Arbitral Awards, vol. XXV, part IV, p. 231, at para. 258,
para. 70; | 关于居住在法国的教科文组织退休官员所领退休金的征税制度问题，2003年1月14日的裁决，《国际仲裁裁决汇编》，第二十五卷第四部分，第231页起，见第258页第70段； |
| R. Kolb, supra note 643, p. 16. | R. Kolb, 上文注643, 第16页。 |
| Case
concerning a dispute between Argentina and Chile concerning the Beagle
Channel, 18 February 1977, Reports of International Arbitral Awards,
vol. XXI, part II, p. 57, at p. 188, para. 171. | 阿根廷和智利比格尔海峡争端案，1977年2月18日，《国际仲裁裁决汇编》，第二十一卷，第二部分，第57页起，见第188页，第171段。 |
| Loizidou, supra note 670, paras. 79 and 81. | Loizidou, 上文注670, 第79和81段。 |
| Ibid., paras. 80 and 82; | 同上，第80和82段。 |
| The
case did not concern the interpretation of a particular human right,
but rather the question of whether a State was bound to the Convention
at all. | 该案不涉及对具体人权的解释，而是一国是否受《公约》约束的问题。 |
| The
more restrictive jurisprudence of the WTO Dispute Settlement Body
suggests that different interpreters may evaluate matters differently,
see United States – Laws, Regulations and Methodology for Calculating
Dumping Margins (Zeroing), WT/DS294/R, 31 October 2005, para. 7.218:
“[…] even if it were established conclusively that all the 76 Members
referred to by the European Communities have adopted a [certain]
practice […], this would only mean that a considerable number of WTO
Members have adopted an approach different from that of the United
States. | 世贸组织争端解决机构较严格的判例认为，不同的解释者可能对问题作出不同的评价，(…)见美
国――计算倾销差额(持续归零)的法律、条例和方法，WT/DS294/R,
2009年2月4日，第7.218段：“[…]即使已经确凿地确认，欧洲共同体所指全部76个成员国都采取了一种[特定的]惯例[…]，这也只能意味着有
不少世贸组织成员国采取了与美国不同的办法。 […]我们注意到，在本诉讼中，有一个第三方提交了论述，反驳欧洲共同体的观点。 |
| [… | ” |
| ]
We note that one third party in this proceeding submitted arguments
contesting the view of the European Communities.” See articles 2 (1)
(a), 3, 24 (2), 39–41, 58 and 60. | 见第二条第一款(甲)项、第三条、第二十四条第二款、第三十九至四十一条、第五十八条和第六十条。 |
| Commentary
to draft conclusion 4, para. 5 (Official Records of the General
Assembly, Sixty-eighth Session, Supplement No. 10, A/68/10, chap.
IV.C.2); | 结论4草案的评注第(5)段(《大会正式记录，第六十八届会议，补编第10号》，A/68/10, 第四章C.2节)； |
| confirmed
by the Permanent Court of Arbitration in the Bay of Bengal Maritime
Boundary Arbitration (Bangladesh v. India), Award of 7 July 2014,
available at http://www.pca-cpa.org/showfile.asp?fil_id=2705, p. 47,
para. 165; | 常设仲裁法庭在孟加拉湾海洋边界仲裁案(孟加拉国诉印度)中确认了这一点，2014年7月7日的裁决，见http://www.pca-cpa.org/showfile.asp？ fil_id=2705, 第47页，第165段； |
| Yasseen, supra note 538, p. 45; | Yasseen, 上文注538, 第45页； |
| Distefano, supra note 538, p. 47. | Distefano, 上文注538, 第47页。 |
| Commentary
to draft conclusion 4, para. 5 (Official Records of the General
Assembly, Sixty-eighth Session, Supplement No. 10, A/68/10, chap.
IV.C.2); | 结论4草案的评注，第(5)段(《大会正式记录，第六十八届会议，补编第10号》，A/68/10,第四章C.2节)； |
| Gardiner, supra note 539, pp. 208–209 and 216–220; | Gardiner, 上文注4,第208-209页和第216-220页； |
| Aust, supra note 604, p. 213; | Aust, 上文注604, 第213页； |
| Dörr, supra note 539, p. 554, para. 75; | Dörr, 上文注539, 第554页，第75段； |
| R.
Gardiner, “The Vienna Convention Rules on Treaty Interpretation”, in
D.B. Hollis (ed.), The Oxford Guide to Treaties (Oxford, Oxford
University Press, 2012), 475, 483. | R. Gardiner, “关于条约解释的维也纳公约法则”，出自D. B. Hollis 所编《牛津条约指南》(牛津，牛津大学出版社，2012年)，475, 483。 |
| Commentary
to draft conclusion 4, para. 10 (Official Records of the General
Assembly, Sixty-eighth Session, Supplement No. 10, A/68/10, chap.
IV.C.2); | 结论4草案的评注，第(10)段(《大会正式记录，第六十八届会议，补编第10号》，A/68/10, 第四章C.2节)； |
| a
“single common act” may also consist of an exchange of letters, see
European Molecular Biology Laboratory Arbitration (EMBL v. Germany), 29
June 1990, ILR, vol. 105, p. 1, at pp. 54–56; | “一次共同的行动”也可能包括交换信件，见欧洲分子生物实验室仲裁案(欧洲分子生物实验室诉德国)，1990年6月29日，《国际法案例汇编》，第105卷，第1页起，见第54-56页； |
| H.
Fox, “Article 31 (3) (a) and (a) of the Vienna Convention and the
Kasikili/Sedudu Island Case”, in Treaty Interpretation and the Vienna
Convention on the Law of Treaties – 30 Years On, M. Fitzmaurice, O.
Elias and P. Merkouris, eds. (Martinus Nijhoff, 2010), p. 63; | H.
Fox,“《维也纳公约》第三十一条第三款(甲)项和(乙)项与卡西基里/塞杜杜岛案”，载于《条约的解释与<维也纳条约法公约>三十年》，
M. Fitzmaurice、O. Elias和P. Merkouris编，(Martinus Nijhoff, 2010年)，第63页； |
| Gardiner, supra note 538, pp. 220–221. | Gardiner, 上文注538, 第220-221页。 |
| A.
Aust, “The theory and practice of informal international instruments”,
International and Comparative Law Quarterly, vol. 35, No. 4 (1986), pp.
789–790. | A. Aust, “非正式国际文书的理论与实践”，《国际法和比较法季刊》，总第35期，第4期(1986年)，第789-790页。 |
| Kasikili/Sedudu
Island (Botswana/Namibia), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1999, p. 1045, at
p. 1094, para. 74 (“occupation of the island by the Masubia tribe”) and
pp. 1077, para. 55 (“Eason Report” which “appears never to have been
made known to Germany”); | 卡西基里/塞杜杜岛案(博茨瓦纳/纳米比亚)，判决，国际法院案例汇编，1999年，第1045页起，见第1094页，第74段(“马苏比亚部族对岛屿的占领”)和第1077页，第55段(“似乎从未为德国所知的伊森报告”)； |
| Dörr, supra note 539, p. 560, para. 88. | Dörr, 上文注539, 第560页，第88段。 |
| In
this respect the ascertainment of subsequent practice under article 31
(3) (b) may be more demanding than what the formation of customary
international law requires, but see Boisson de Chazournes, supra note
543, p. 53–55. | 在这方面，确定第三十一条第三款(乙)项所述嗣后惯例可能比形成习惯国际法的要求更严格，见Boisson de Chazournes, 上文注543, 第53-55页。 |
| Commentary
to draft conclusion 4, para. 6 (Official Records of the General
Assembly, Sixty-eighth Session, Supplement No. 10, A/68/10, chap.
IV.C.2); | 结论4草案的评注，第(6)段(《大会正式记录，第六十八届会议，补编第10号》，A/68/10,第四章C.2节)； |
| Ph. Gautier, Non-Binding Agreements, Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, available at mpepil.com, para. 14; | Ph. Gautier, 非约束性协定，《马克斯·普朗克国际公法百科全书》，可从网址mpepil.com查阅，第14段； |
| M.
Benatar, “From Probative Value to Authentic Interpretation: The Legal
Effect of Interpretative Declarations”, Revue belge de droit
international, vol. 44 (2011), p. 170, at pp. 194–195; | M. Benatar, “从实证价值到作准解释：解释性声明的法律效力”，《比利时国际法丛刊》，第44期(2011年)，第170页起，见第194-195页； |
| Aust, supra note 604, p. 213; | Aust, 上文注604, 第213页； |
| Gardiner, supra note 538, p. 217; | Gardiner, 上文注538, 第217页； |
| see also Third Report for the ILC Study Group on Treaties over Time, supra note 676, p. 307, at p. 375. | 见国际法委员会条约随时间演变研究组第三份报告，上文注676, 第307页起，见第375页。 |
| See articles 2 (1) (a), 3, 24 (2), 39–41, 58 and 60. | 见第二条第一款(甲)项、第三条、第二十四条第二款、第三十九至四十一条、第五十八和第六十条。 |
| Yearbook … 1966, vol. II, p. 222, para. 15. | 《1966年…年鉴》，第二卷，第222页，第15段。 |
| Case
concerning a dispute between Argentina and Chile concerning the Beagle
Channel, 18 February 1977, Reports of International Arbitral Awards,
vol. XXI, part II, p. 53, at p. 187, para. 169; | 阿根廷和智利比格尔海峡争端案，1977年2月18日，《国际仲裁裁决汇编》，第二十一卷，第二部分，第53页起，见第187页，第169段； |
| Young
Loan Arbitration on German External Debts (Belgium, France,
Switzerland, United Kingdom and United States v. Germany), ILR vol. 59
(1980), pp. 541–542, para. 31; | 德国外债仲裁案(比利时、法国、瑞士、联合王国和美国诉德国)，《国际法案例汇编》，第59卷(1980年)，第541-542页，第31段； |
| Karl, supra note 539, pp. 190–195; | Karl, 上文注539, 第190-195页； |
| Kolb, supra note 643, pp. 25–26; | Kolb, 上文注643, 第25-26页； |
| Linderfalk, supra note 539, pp. 169–171. | Linderfalk, 上文注539, 第169-171页。 |
| Official Records of the United Nations Conference on the Law of Treaties, p. 169, at para. 60 (see footnote 540 above); | 《联合国条约法会议正式记录》，第169页，见第60段(见上文脚注540)； |
| P.
Gautier, “Les accords informels et la Convention de Vienne sur le droit
des traités entre États”, in Droit du pouvoir, pouvoir du droit:
mélanges offerts à Jean Salmon, N. Angelet, ed. (Bruylant, 2007), p.
425, at p. 431 (“La lettre a) du paragraphe 3 fait référence à un
accord interprétatif et l’on peut que le terme « accord » est ici
utilisé dans un sens ‘générique, qui ne correspond pas nécessairement
au « traité » défini à l’article 2 de la convention de Vienne. | P.
Gautier, “非正式协定与《维也纳条约法公约》”，载于《权利法与法权：Jean Salmon纪念文集》N.
Angelet编(Bruylant,
2007年)，第425页起，见第431页：“第3款所述系指解释性的协定，此处使用‘协定’是取其广义的意义，不一定与《维也纳公约》第二条定义的‘条
约’相符。 |
| Ainsi, l’accord interprétatif ultérieur pourrait être un accord verbal, voire un accord politique.”) | 因此，解释性协定最终有可能是一个口头协定甚至是政治协定。 ” |
| Ph. Gautier, supra note 700, para. 14; | Ph. Gautier, 上文注700, 第14段； |
| Aust, supra note 604, pp. 211, 213. | Aust, 上文注604, 第211、213页。 |
| This
terminology follows the commentary of guideline 1.2. (Definition of
interpretative declarations) of the Commission’s Guide to Practice on
Reservations to Treaties (see Official Records of the General Assembly,
Sixty-sixth Session, Supplement No. 10, A/66/10/Add.1, p. 69, paras. 18
and 19). | 这一词汇遵循委员会《对条约的保留实践指南》中准则1.2.(解释性声明的定义)的评注(见《大会正式记录，第六十六届会议，补编第10号》，A/66/10/Add.1, 第69页，第(18)和(19)段)。 |
| Yearbook
… 1966, vol. II, pp. 221–222, paras. 15 and 16 (uses the term
“understanding” both in the context of what became article 31 (3) (a)
as well as what became article 31 (3) (b)). | 《1966年…年鉴》，第二卷，第221-222页，第(15)和(16)段(在日后成为第三十一条第三款(甲)项和第三十一条第三款(乙)项的文字中均使用了“谅解”一语)。 |
| United
States-United Kingdom Arbitration concerning Heathrow Airport User
Charges, Award on the First Question, 30 November 1992, Reports of
International Arbitral Awards, vol. XXIV, p. 3, at p. 131, para. 6.7; | 美国－联合王国希斯罗机场用户诉讼案，关于第一个问题的裁决，1992年11月30日，《国际仲裁裁决汇编》，第二十四卷，第3页起，见第131页，第6.7段； |
| Aust, “The theory and practice of informal international instruments”, supra note 697, pp. 787 and 807; | Aust, “非正式国际文书的理论和实践”，上文注697,第787和807页； |
| Linderfalk, supra note 539, p. 173; | Linderfalk, 上文注539, 第173页； |
| Hafner, supra note 615, pp. 110–113; | Hafner, 上文注615, 第110-113页； |
| Gautier, supra note 705, p. 434. | Gautier, 上文注705, 第434页。 |
| E.g.
“pattern implying the agreement of the parties regarding its
interpretation”, WTO, Appellate Body Report, Japan – Alcoholic
Beverages II, WT/DS8/AB/R, WT/DS10/AB/R, WT/DS11/AB/R, 4 October 1996,
section E, p. 13; | 例如，“说明缔约方就解释达成协定的模式”，世贸组织，上诉机构案例汇编，日本――酒精饲料案二，WT/DS8/AB/R, WT/DS10/AB/R, WT/DS11/AB/R, 1996年10月4日，E节，第13页； |
| or
“pattern … must imply agreement on the interpretation of the relevant
provision”, WTO, Panel Report, EC – IT Products, WT/DS375/R,
WT/DS376/R, WT/DS377/R, 16 August 2010, para. 7.558; | 或者“模式…必须暗示就相关条款的解释达成一致”，世贸组织，专题小组报告，欧共体――信息技术产品，WT/DS375/R, WT/DS376/R, WT/DS377/R, 2010年8月16日，第7.558段； |
| or
“practice [which] reflects an agreement as to the interpretation”,
Iran-United States Claims Tribunal, Interlocutory Award No. ITL
83-B1-FT (Counterclaim), The Islamic Republic of Iran v. the United
States of America, Iran-USCTR, vol. 38 (2004–2009), p. 77, at p. 119,
para. 116; | 或“体现就解释达成协定的惯例”，伊朗－美国索赔法庭，中间裁决第ITL 83-B1-FT号(反诉)，伊朗伊斯兰共和国诉美利坚合众国，Iran-USCTR, 第38卷(2004-2009年)，第77页起，见第119页，第116段； |
| or that “State practice” was “indicative of a lack of any apprehension on the part of the Contracting States”; | 或“国家惯例”“表明缔约方没有任何谅解”； |
| Bankovic, supra note 561, para. 62. | Bankovic, 上文注26,第62段。 |
| United
States-United Kingdom Arbitration concerning Heathrow Airport User
Charges, Award on the First Question, 30 November 1992, Reports of
International Arbitral Awards, vol. XXIV, p. 2, at p. 131, para. 6.7; | 美国－联合王国希斯罗机场用户诉讼案仲裁，关于第一个问题的裁决，1992年11月30日，《国际仲裁裁决汇编》，第二十四卷，第2页起，见第131页，第6.7段； |
| see
also Award in the Arbitration regarding the Iron Rhine (“Ijzeren Rijn”)
Railway between the Kingdom of Belgium and the Kingdom of the
Netherlands, Decision of 24 May 2005, Reports of International Arbitral
Awards, vol. XXVII, part II, p. 35, at p. 98, para. 157. | 又见比利时王国和荷兰王国莱茵铁路公司案的仲裁裁决，2005年5月24日，《国际仲裁裁决汇编》，第二十七卷，第二部分，第35页起，见第98页，第157段。 |
| Yearbook … 1966, vol. II, p. 222, para. 15. | 《1966年…年鉴》，第二卷 ，第222页，第15段。 |
| Case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand), Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1962, p. 6, at p. 23. | 柏威夏寺案(柬埔寨诉泰国)，案情实质，判决，《1962年国际法院案例汇编》，第6页起，见第23页。 |
| See
also Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of
America), Preliminary Objection, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1996, p. 803,
p. 815, para. 30; | 又见石油平台案(伊朗伊斯兰共和国诉美利坚合众国)，初步反对意见，判决，国际法院案例汇编，1996年，第803页起，见第815页第30段； |
| Military
and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v.
United States of America), Jurisdiction and Admissibility, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1984, p. 392, at p. 410, para. 39; | 尼加拉瓜境内和针对尼加拉瓜的军事活动和准军事活动案(尼加拉瓜诉美利坚合众国)，管辖权和可否受理问题，判决，国际法院案例汇编，1984年，第392页起，见第410页第39段； |
| Prosecutor v. Furundžija, Trial Chamber, Judgment, 10 December 1998, ICTY-95-17/1, para. 179; | 公诉人诉Furundžija, 审判庭，判决，1998年12月10日，ICTY-95-17/1,第179段； |
| Rantsev, supra note 662, para. 285; | Rantsev, 上文注662,第285段； |
| cautiously: WTO, Appellate Body Report, EC – Chicken Cuts, WT/DS269/AB/R, WT/DS286/AB/R, 12 September 2005, para. 272; | 较慎重的立场，见：世贸组织，上诉机构案例汇编，欧共体――鸡块案，WT/DS269/AB/R, WT/DS286/AB/R, 2005年9月12日，第272段； |
| see
also, for a limited holding, Iran-United States Claims Tribunal, Award
No. 30-16-3, RayGo Wagner Equipment Company v. Iran Express Terminal
Corporation, Iran-USCTR, vol. 2 (1983), p. 141, at p. 144; | 又见，对于控股有限公司，伊朗－美国索赔法庭，第30-16-3号裁决，RayGo Wagner设备公司诉伊朗快递公司，Iran-USCTR, 第2卷(1983年)，第141页起，见第144页； |
| Young
Loan Arbitration on German External Debts (Belgium, France,
Switzerland, United Kingdom and United States v. Germany), 16 May 1980,
Reports of International Arbitral Awards, vol. XIX, part III, p. 67; | 德国外债仲裁案(比利时、法国、瑞士、联合王国和美国诉德国)，1980年5月16日，《国际仲裁裁决汇编》，第十九卷，第三部分，第67页； |
| ILR, vol. 59 (1980), p. 541, para. 31. | 《国际法案例汇编》，第59卷(1980年)，第541页，第31段。 |
| M. Kamto, supra note 631, pp. 134–141; | M. Kamto, 上文注631,第134-141页； |
| Yasseen, supra note 538, p. 49; | Yasseen, 上文注538, 第49页； |
| Gardiner, supra note 538, p. 236; | Gardiner, 上文注538,第236页； |
| Villiger, supra note 616, p. 431, para. 22; | Villiger, 上文注，616, 第431页，第22段； |
| Dörr, supra note 539, pp. 557 and 559, paras. 83 and 86. | Dörr, 上文注539, 第557和559页，第83和86段。 |
| For
example, when acting within the framework of an international
organization, see Application of the Interim Accord of 13 September
1995 (the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia v. Greece), Judgment of
5 December 2011, I.C.J. Reports 2011, p. 644, at pp. 675–676, paras.
99–101; | 例如，当在国际组织的框架内行动时，见关于1995年9月13日《临时协定》的适用案(前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国诉希腊)，2011年12月5日的判决，《2011年国际法院案例汇编》，第644页起，见第675-676页，第99-101段； |
| Kamto, supra note 631, p. 136. | Kamto, 上文注631, 第136页。 |
| Case
concerning a dispute between Argentina and Chile concerning the Beagle
Channel, 18 February 1977, Reports of International Arbitral Awards,
vol. XXI, part II, p. 53. | 阿根廷和智利比格尔海峡争端案，1977年2月18日，《国际仲裁裁决汇编》，第二十一卷，第二部分，第53页。 |
| Ibid., at p. 187, para. 169 (a). | 同上，见第187页，第169(a)段。 |
| Ibid. | 同上。 |
| Land
and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v.
Nigeria: Equatorial Guinea intervening), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2002,
p. 303, at p. 352, para. 67. | 喀麦隆和尼日利亚间陆地和海洋疆界案(喀麦隆诉尼日利亚：赤道几内亚参与诉讼)，判决，国际法院案例汇编，2002年，第303页见起，见第352页，第67段。 |
| Ibid.,
at p. 351, para. 64: “The Court notes, however, that now that it has
made its findings that the frontier in Lake Chad was delimited …, it
follows that any Nigerian effectivités are indeed to be evaluated for
their legal consequences as acts contra legem”; | 同上，见第351页，第64段：“但是，法院指出，鉴于法院已经认定，乍得湖的边界已经划定…自然，事实上必须对尼日利亚的任何行动的效力进行评价，评价其作为违法行为的法律后果”； |
| Frontier Dispute, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1986, p. 554, at p. 586, para. 63; | 边界争端，判决，国际法院案例汇编，1986年，第554页起，见第586页，第63段； |
| Case
concerning the delimitation of maritime boundary between Guinea-Bissau
and Senegal, Decision of 31 July 1989, Reports of International
Arbitral Awards, vol. XX, part II (Dissenting Opinion of Judge
Bedjaoui), p. 119, at p. 181, para. 70. | 几内亚比绍和塞内加尔海洋疆界划界案，1989年7月31日的裁决，《国际仲裁裁决汇编》，第二十卷第二部分(Bedjaoui法官的不同意见)，第119页起，见第181页第70段。 |
| Sovereignty
over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan (Indonesia/Malaysia), Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2002, p. 625, at p. 650, para. 48; | 利吉丹岛和西巴丹岛的主权归属案(印度尼西亚/马来西亚)，判决，国际法院案例汇编，2002年，第625页起，见第650页第48段； |
| WTO,
Appellate Body Report, EC – Chicken Cuts, WT/DS269/AB/R, WT/DS286/AB/R,
12 September 2005, para. 334 (“… mere access to a published judgment
cannot be equated with acceptance … | 世贸组织，上诉机构案例汇编，欧共体――鸡块案，WT/DS269/AB/R, WT/DS286/AB/R, 2005年9月12日，第334段(“…仅仅是能够查阅一个公布的判决不能等同于接受…”)。 |
| ”). Kasikili/Sedudu Island (Botswana/Namibia), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1999, p. 1045, at pp. 1089–1091, paras. 65–68. | 卡西基里/塞杜杜岛案(博茨瓦纳/纳米比亚)，判决，国际法院案例汇编，1999年，第1045页起，见第1089-1091页，第65-68段。 |
| WTO, Appellate Body Report, EC – Chicken Cuts, WT/DS269/AB/R, WT/DS286/AB/R, 12 September 2005, para. 272 (footnote omitted). | 世贸组织，上诉机构案例汇编，欧共体――鸡块案，WT/DS269/AB/R, WT/DS286/AB/R, 2005年9月12日，第272段(脚注略)。 |
| The M/V “Virginia G” Case (Panama/Guinea-Bissau), Judgment of 14 April 2014, para. 218. | 维吉尼号案(巴拿马/几内亚比绍)，2014年4月14日的判决，第218页。 |
| Certain
Expenses of the United Nations (Article 17, paragraph 2, of the
Charter), Advisory Opinion of 20 July 1962, I.C.J. Reports 1962, pp.
130–131 (Dissenting Opinion of Judge Spender). | 联合国的特定费用(《宪章》第十七条第二项)，1962年7月20日的咨询意见，国际法院案例汇编，1962年，第130-131页(Spender法官的不同意见)。 |
| Hafner, supra note 615, p. 118; | Hafner, 上文注615, 第118页； |
| this
means that the interpretative effect of an agreement under article 31
(3) does not necessarily go back to the date of the entry into force of
the treaty, as Yasseen, supra note 538, p. 47, maintains. | 这不意味着第三十一条第三款所述协定的解释性效力并不一定追溯到条约生效之日，如Yasseen(上文注538, 第47页)所主张的那样。 |
| Karl, supra note 539, p. 151. | Karl, 上文注539, 第151页。 |
| Maritime Dispute (Peru v. Chile), I.C.J., Judgment of 27 January 2014, p. 52, para. 142. | 海洋争端(秘鲁诉智利)，国际法院，2014年1月27日的判决，第52页，第142段。 |
| Available from www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/137/17930.pdf. | 见www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/137/17930.pdf。 |
| Other designations include: Meetings of the Parties or Assemblies of the States Parties. | 其他说法包括：缔约方会议或缔约国大会。 |
| See
V. Röben, “Conference (Meeting) of States Parties”, in Max Planck
Encyclopedia of Public International Law, vol. II, R. Wolfrum, ed.
(Oxford University Press, 2012), p. 605; | 见V. Röben, “缔约国大会(会议)”，载于《马克斯·普朗克国际公法百科全书》，第二卷，R. Wolfrum编(伦敦大学出版社，2012年)，第605页； |
| R.
R. Churchill and G. Ulfstein, “Autonomous institutional arrangements in
multilateral environmental agreements: a little-noticed phenomenon in
international law”, American Journal of International Law, vol. 94, No.
4 (2009), p. 623; | R. R. Churchill和G. Ulfstein, “多边环境协定中的自治机构安排：国际法中极少受到注意的一个现象”，《美国国际法期刊》，总第94期，第4期(2009年)，第623页； |
| J.
Brunnée, “COPing with consent: law-making under multilateral
environmental agreements”, Leiden Journal of International Law, vol.
15, No. 1 (2002), p. 1; | J. Brunnée, “处理同意问题：多边环境协定下的法律制订”，《Leiden国际法期刊》，总第15期，第1期(2002年)，第1页； |
| A. Wiersema, “The new international law-makers? | A. Wiersema, “新的国际法制订者？ |
| Conference
of the Parties to multilateral environmental agreements”, Michigan
Journal of International Law, vol. 31, 2009, p. 231; | 多边环境协定的缔约方大会”，《Michigan国际法期刊》，第31期，2009年，第231页； |
| L. Boisson de Chazournes, “Environmental treaties in time”, Environmental Policy and Law, vol. 39, No. 6 (2009), p. 293. | L. Boisson de Chazournes, “最后的环境条约”，《环境政策和法律》，总第39期，第6期(2009年)，第293页。 |
| Agreement
establishing the World Trade Organization (WTO Agreement) (United
Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1867, No. 31874), concluded at Marrakesh
in 1994; | “设立世界贸易组织协定(世贸组织协定)”(《联合国条约集》，第1867卷，第31874号)，1994年在马拉喀什缔结； |
| Convention
on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use
of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction (Chemical Weapons
Convention) (United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1974, No. 33757),
opened for signature in 1993; | 《关于禁止发展、生产和储存细菌(生物) 及毒素武器和销毁此种武器的公约》(《化武公约》)(《联合国条约集》，第1974卷，第33757号)，1993年开放供签署； |
| Convention
on International Civil Aviation (Chicago Convention) (United Nations,
Treaty Series, vol. 15, No. 102), signed at Chicago in 1994. | 《国际民用航空组织公约》(芝加哥公约)(《联合国条约集》，第15卷，第102号)，1994年在芝加哥签署。 |
| Subsequent
agreements and subsequent practice under treaties which establish
international organizations will be the subject of another report. | 设立国际组织的条约的嗣后协定和嗣后惯例将是另一份报告讨论的主题。 |
| Convention
on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of
Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction
(Biological Weapons Convention), 1972 (United Nations, Treaty Series,
vol. 1015, No. 14860), article XI. | 《关于禁止发展、生产和储存细菌(生物)及毒素武器和销毁此种武器的公约》(《化学武器公约》)，1972年(《联合国条约集》，第1015卷，第14860号)，第十一条。 |
| According
to this mechanism, States parties meeting in a review conference shall
“review the operation of the Convention, with a view to assuring that
the purposes of the preamble and the provisions of the Convention (…)
are being realized. | 按照这个机制，缔约国在审查会议中须“审查本公约的实施情况，以保证本公约序言的宗旨和各项条款…正在得到实现。 |
| Such review shall take into account any new scientific and technological developments relevant to the Convention” (art. XII). | 此项审查应考虑到任何与本公约有关的科学和技术的新发展”(第十二条)。 |
| Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons 1968, (United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 729, No. 10485); | 1968年《不扩散核武器条约》(《联合国条约集》，第729卷，第10485号)； |
| article
VIII, paragraph 3, establishes that a review conference shall be held
five years after its entry into force, and, if so decided, at intervals
of five years thereafter “in order to review the operation of this
Treaty with a view to assuring that the purposes of the preamble and
the provisions of the Treaty are being realized”. | 第八条第3款规定，在条约生效后会议五年，应举行审查会议，此后，如有此决定，应每隔五年另行召集这种会议，“审查本条约的实施情况，以保证本条约序言的宗旨和本条约的各项条款正在得到实现”。 |
| By
way of such decisions, States parties review the operation of the
Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, article by article,
and formulate conclusions and recommendations on follow-on actions. | 通过这种决定，缔约国逐条审查《不扩散核武器条约》的实施情况，并就后续行动拟订结论和建议。 |
| Examples
include the Conference of the Parties of the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change, 1992 (United Nations, Treaty Series, vol.
1771, No. 30822), the CMP Conference of the Parties serving as the
meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change (Kyoto Protocol), 1997 (United
Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 2303, No. 30822), and the Conference of
the Contracting Parties of the Convention on Wetlands of International
Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar Convention), 1971
(United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 996, No. 14583). | 例
证包括《联合国气候变化框架公约》，1992年(《联合国条约集》，第1771卷，第30822号)，作为《联合国气候变化框架公约京都议定书》(《京都
议定书》)(1997年《联合国条约集》，第2303卷，第30822号)缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议和《关于特别是作为水禽栖息地的国际重要湿地公
约》(《拉姆萨尔公约》，1971年(《联合国条约集》，第996卷，第14583号)缔约方会议。 |
| The
Convention is often described as establishing an international
organization, but it does not do so clearly, and it provides IWC with
features which fit the present definition of a Conference of States
Parties. | 该公约常常被称为设立了一个国际组织，但事实上并没有这么明确，它为国际捕鲸委员会提供了符合关于缔约国会议当前定义的特点。 |
| Whaling
in the Antarctic (Australia v. Japan: New Zealand intervening), I.C.J.,
Judgment of 31 March 2014,
http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/148/18136.pdf. | 南极捕鲸案(澳大利亚诉日本：新西兰参与诉讼)，国际法院，2014年3月31日的判决，http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/148/18136.pdf。 |
| Convention
on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl
Habitat: article 6, paragraph 1, on review functions and article 10
bis, on amendments; | 《关于特别是作为水禽栖息地的国际重要湿地公约》：关于审查职能的第6条第1款和关于修正的第10条之二； |
| United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change: article 7, paragraph 2, on review powers, and article 15, on amendments; | 《联合国气候变化框架公约》：关于审评权力的第七条第2款和关于修正的第十五条； |
| Kyoto
Protocol, article 13, paragraph 4, on review powers of the Conference
of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto
Protocol, article 20 on amendment procedures; | 《京都议定书》，关于作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议审评权力的第十三条第4款，关于修正程序的第二十条； |
| Convention
on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
(United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 993, No. 14537), art. XI on review
Conference of the Parties, and XVII on amendment procedures Treaty on
the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons; | 《濒危野生动植物国际贸易公约》(《联合国条约集》，第993卷，第14537号)，关于缔约国审查会议的第十一条和《不扩散核武器条约》关于修正程序的第十七条； |
| World
Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (United
Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 2302, No. 41032), article 23, paragraph 5
(review powers), article 28 (amendments) and article 33 (protocols). | 《世界卫生组织烟草管制框架公约》(《联合国条约集》，第2302卷，第41032号)，第23条第5款(审查权力)、第28条(修正)和第33条(议定书)。 |
| Articles 7 and 9, of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. | 《世界卫生组织烟草管制框架公约》第7条和第9条。 |
| Article
17 of the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change regarding emissions-trading provides an example, see
Churchill and Ulfstein, supra note 730, p. 639; | 《联合国气候变化框架公约京都议定书》关于排放贸易的第十七条提供了一个例子，见Churchill和Ulfstein, 上文注730,第639页； |
| J. Brunnée, “Reweaving the fabric of international law? | J. Brunnée, “重新构建国际法架构？ |
| Patterns
of consent in environmental framework agreements”, in R. Wolfrum and v.
Röben (eds.), Developments of International Law in Treaty Making,
(Berlin, Springer, 2005), pp. 110–115. | 环境框架协定中的同意模式”，载于R. Wolfrum和V. Röben所编《条约制订方面的国际法发展》(Berlin, Springer, 2005年)，第110-115页。 |
| See
J. Brunnée, “Treaty amendments”, in D.B. Hollis, (ed.), The Oxford
Guide to Treaties, (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2012), pp. 354–360. | 见J. Brunnée, “条约的修正”，载于D.B. Hollis所编，《牛津条约指南》(牛津，牛津大学出版社，2012年)，第354-360页。 |
| Ibid. | 同上。 |
| This is the case, for example, for the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. | 例如，《联合国气候变化框架公约》就是这样。 |
| See
P. Millett, “The Biological Weapons Convention: securing biology in the
twenty-first century”, Journal of Conflict and Security Law, vol. 15,
No. 1 (2010), p. 33. | 见P. Millett, “《化学武器公约》：保障二十一世纪的生物安全”，《冲突和安全法期刊》，总第15期，第1期(2010年)，第33页。 |
| The
“Implementation Support Unit” was created by the Conference of States
Parties, in order to provide administrative support to the Conference,
and to enhance confidence building measures among States parties (see
Final Document of the Sixth Review Conference of the States Parties to
the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and
Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on
their Destruction (BWC/CONF.VI/6), pp. 19–20). | “履约和支助股”由缔约国会议创立，以便为公约提供行政支持，并加强缔约国之间的信任建设措施(见《关于禁止发展、生产和储存细菌(生物)及毒素武器和销毁此种武器的公约》缔约国第六次审查会议最后文件(BWC/CONF.VI/6)，第19-20页)。 |
| See
background information document submitted by the Implementation and
Support Unit, prepared for the Seventh Review Conference of the States
Parties to the Convention, entitled “Additional agreements reached by
previous Review Conferences relating to each article of the Convention”
(BWC/CONF.VII/INF.5) (updated to include the understandings and
agreements reached by that Conference, Geneva 2012). | 见履约和支助股提交的背景资料文件，由公约缔约国第七次审查会议编写，标题为“以前的审查会议就公约每一条款达成的补充协定”(BWC/CONF.VII/INF.5)(更新版，增加了会议达成的谅解和协定，2012年，日内瓦)。 |
| Agenda
item 4 (Ocean fertilization), submitted by the Secretariat on
procedural requirements in relation to a decision on an interpretive
resolution: views of the IMO Sub-Division of Legal Affairs
(International Maritime Organization, document LC 33/J/6, para. 3). | 议程项目4(海洋富氧化)，秘书处关于解释性决议决定的程序性规定的提交材料：海事组织法律事务处的意见(国际海事组织，第LC 33/J/6号文件，第3段)。 |
| See
Conference of the Parties to the World Health Organization Framework
Convention on Tobacco Control, Intergovernmental Negotiating Body on a
Protocol on Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products, “Revised Chairperson’s
text on a protocol on illicit trade in tobacco products, and general
debate: legal advice on the scope of the protocol”, note by the WHO
Legal Counsel on scope of the protocol on illicit trade in tobacco
products (World Health Organization, document
FCTC/COP/INB-IT/3/INF.DOC./6, annex); | 见《世界卫生组织烟草控制框
架公约》缔约方会议，关于烟草制品非法贸易议定书的政府间谈判机构，“主席关于烟草制品非法贸易议定书的修正案文和一般性辩论：关于议定书范围的法律咨询
意见”，卫生组织法律顾问关于烟草制品非法贸易议定书范围的说明 (世界卫生组织文件FCTC/COP/INB-IT/3/INF.DOC./6,
附件)； |
| S.F. Halabi, “The World
Health Organization’s Framework Convention on Tobacco Control: an
analysis of guidelines adopted by the Conference of the Parties”,
Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law, vol. 39, 2010,
pp. 14–16. | S. F. Halabi, “世界卫生组织烟草控制框架公约：对缔约方会议所通过的指南的分析”，《格鲁吉亚 国际和比较法期刊》，第39期，2010年，第14-16页。 |
| D.H.
Joyner, Interpreting the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (Oxford,
Oxford University Press, 2011), p. 83 (with respect to the
Non-Proliferation Treaty); | D. H. Joyner, 《解释核不扩散条约》(牛津，牛津大学出版社，2011年)，第83页(关于不扩散条约)； |
| Aust, supra note 604, pp. 213–214. | Aust, 上文注604, 第213-214页。 |
| B.M. Carnahan, “Treaty review conferences”, American Journal of International Law, vol. 81, No. 1 (1987), p. 229. | B. M. Carnahan, “条约审查会议”，《美国国际法期刊》，总第81期，第1期(1987年)，第229页。 |
| Whaling
in the Antarctic (Australia v. Japan: New Zealand intervening), I.C.J.,
Judgment of 31 March 2014,
http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/148/18136.pdf, para. 46. | 南极捕鲸案(澳大利亚诉日本：新西兰参与诉讼)，国际法院，2014年3月31日的判决，http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/148/18136.pdf, 第46段。 |
| Final
Declaration of the Third Review Conference of the Parties to the
Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and
Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on
their Destruction (BWC/CONF.III/23, part II). | 《关于禁止发展、生产和储存细菌(生物)及毒素武器和销毁此种武器的公约》缔约国第三次审查会议最后声明(BWC/CONF.III/23,第二部分)。 |
| For
details, see decision XV/3 on obligations of parties to the Beijing
Amendment under article 4 of the Montreal Protocol with respect to
hydrochlorofluorocarbons, Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete
the Ozone Layer (United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1522, No. 26369); | 详情见《北京修正案》各方在《蒙特利尔议定书》关于氢氟碳化合物的第四条下承担义务的第XV/3号决定，《关于消耗臭氧层物质的蒙特利尔议定书》(《联合国条约集》，第1522卷，第26369号)； |
| the
definition itself is formulated as follows: 1. (…) (a) The term “State
not party to this Protocol” in article 4, paragraph 9 does not apply to
those States operating under article 5, paragraph 1, of the Protocol
until January 1, 2016 when, in accordance with the Copenhagen and
Beijing Amendments, hydrochlorofluorocarbon production and consumption
control measures will be in effect for States that operate under
article 5, paragraph 1, of the Protocol; | 定义本身如下：1.
(…) (a)
第4条第9款中的“非本议定书缔约方的国家”一语于2016年1月1日之前不适用于那些按《议定书》第5(1)条行事的缔约方，届时依照《哥本哈根修正》
和《北京修正》的相关规定，氟氯烃的生产和消费控制措施将开始对这些按《议定书》第5条第1款行事的国家生效； |
| (b)
The term “State not party to this Protocol” includes all other States
and regional economic integration organizations that have not agreed to
be bound by the Copenhagen and Beijing Amendments; | (b) “非本议定书缔约方的国家”一语包括所有尚未同意受《哥本哈根修正》和《北京修正》约束的其他国家和区域经济一体化组织； |
| (c)
Recognizing, however, the practical difficulties imposed by the timing
associated with the adoption of the foregoing interpretation of the
term “State not party to this Protocol,” paragraph 1 (b) shall apply
unless such a State has by 31 March 2004: (i) Notified the Secretariat
that it intends to ratify, accede or accept the Beijing Amendment as
soon as possible; | (c)
但同时还认识到，鉴于在采用对“非本议定书缔约方的国家”一语的上述解释时在时间上涉及的实际困难，决定只要所涉国家已于2004年3月31日之前采取了
下列各项措施，则以上第1(b)段便将不对之适用：(一) 通知秘书处它打算尽快批准、加入或接受《北京修正》； |
| (ii)
Certified that it is in full compliance with articles 2, 2A to 2G and
article 4 of the Protocol, as amended by the Copenhagen Amendment; | (二) 提供证明，确认它已完全遵守经《哥本哈根修正》修正的《议定书》第2条、第2A-2G条和第4条的相关规定； |
| (iii)
Submitted data on (i) and (ii) above to the Secretariat, to be updated
on 31 March 2005, in which case that State shall fall outside the
definition of “State not party to this Protocol” until the conclusion
of the Seventeenth Meeting of the Parties (UNEP/OzL.Pro.15/9, chap.
XVIII.A). | (三)
向秘书处提交了第(i)和(ii)项中所述数据，并计划于2005年3月31日予以增订；
如系此种情形，则在缔约方第七次会议结束之前便可暂不把此种国家归入“非本议定书缔约方的国家”的定义范围(UNEP/OzL.Pro.15/9,
chap. XVIII.A.)。 |
| See paragraph (8) above. | 见以上第(8)段。 |
| Convention
on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other
Matter (London Dumping Convention), (United Nations, Treaty Series,
vol. 1046, No. 15749). | 《防止倾倒废物及其他物质污染海洋的公约》(《伦敦倾倒公约》)，(《联合国条约集》，第1046卷，第15749号)。 |
| See London sixteenth Consultative Meeting of the Contracting Parties, resolution LC.51 (16), and resolution LC.50 (16); | 见缔约国伦敦第十六次磋商会议，决议LC.51 (16)和LC.50 (16)； |
| First, the decided to amend the phase-out-dumping of industrial waste by 31 December 1995. | 首先，决定在1995年12月31日以前修正逐步退出倾倒工业废物的规定； |
| Second, it banned the incineration at sea of industrial waste and sewage sludge. | 其次，禁止向海洋倾倒工业废物和下水管道废弃物的焚化物。 |
| And
finally, it decided to replace para. 6 of annex I, banning the dumping
of radioactive waste or other radioactive matter (see “Dumping at sea:
the evolution of the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution
by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter (LC), 1972”, Focus on IMO
(London, International Maritime Organization, July 1997). | 最后，决定取代附件一第6段，禁止倾倒放射性垃圾或其他放射性物质(见“向海洋倾倒：《防止倾倒废物及其他物质污染海洋的公约》的发展(LC)，1972年”，《聚焦国际海事组织》(伦敦，国际海事组织，1997年7月)。 |
| It
has even been asserted that these amendments to annex I of the
Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes
and Other Matter “constitute major changes in the Convention” (see
Churchill and Ulfstein, supra note 730, p. 638). | 有人主张，对《防止倾倒废物及其他物质污染海洋的公约》附件一的这些修正“是公约的重大变化”(见Churchill和Ulfstein, 上文注730,第638页)。 |
| International Maritime Organization, resolution LDC.41 (13), para. 1. | 国际海事组织，决议LDC.41 (13)，第1段。 |
| Churchill and Ulfstein, supra note 730, p. 641. | Churchill和Ulfstein, 上文注730, 第641页。 |
| BC-10/3:
Indonesian-Swiss country-led initiative to improve the effectiveness of
the Basel Convention, in Report of the Conference of the Parties to the
Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous
Wastes and Their Disposal on its tenth meeting (Cartagena, Colombia,
17–21 October 2011), UNEP/CHW.10/28, at p. 31. | BC-10/3：印度尼西亚－瑞士牵头的改进《巴塞尔公约》效力的倡议，载于《控制危险废物越境转移及其处置的巴塞尔公约》缔约方会议第十次会议报告(哥伦比亚卡塔赫纳，2011年10月17日至21日)，UNEP/CHW.10/28, 见第31页。 |
| Ibid., para. 65. | 同上，第65段。 |
| See
Günther Handl, “International “Lawmaking” by Conferences of the Parties
and other Politically Mandated Bodies”, in Developments of
International Law in Treaty Making, Rüdiger Wolfrum and Volker Röben,
eds. (Springer 2005) p. 127, at p. 132. | 见Günther Handl, “缔约方会议和其他有政治授权机构的‘国际法律制订’”，载于《国际法在条约形成方面的进展》，Rüdiger Wolfrum和Volker Röben编(Springer 2005年)，第127页起，见第132页。 |
| The
“current-time approach” favoured by the UN Legal Adviser stipulates
that “[w]here the treaty is silent or ambiguous on the matter, the
practice of the Secretary-General is to calculate the number of
acceptances on the basis of the number of parties to the treaty at the
time of deposit of each instrument of acceptance of an amendment. | 联合国法律顾问所赞成的“当前时段的办法”规定，“当条约对此事项未作规定或比较模糊时，秘书长的惯例是以交存对修正的每份接受文书时条约缔约方的数目来计算接受国的数目。 |
| ”
See extracts from OLA’s Memorandum of 8 March 2004, available at
http://www.basel.int/TheConvention/Overview/Amendments/Background/tabid/ | ”见法律厅2004年3月8日备忘录摘要，载于http://www.basel.int/TheConvention/ Overview/Amendments/Background/tabid/2760/Default.aspx。 |
| 2760/Default.aspx. Report of the Conference of the Parties to the Basel Convention, supra note 760, para. 68. Emphasis added. | 巴塞尔公约缔约方会议的报告，上文注760, 第68段，加着重号。 |
| 2003 WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, 2302 U.N.T.S. 166. | 2003年卫生组织《烟草管制框架公约》，2302 U.N.T.S. 166。 |
| FCTC/COP4(10):
Partial guidelines for implementation of Articles 9 and 10 of the WHO
Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (Regulation of the contents of
tobacco products and Regulation of tobacco product disclosures), Annex,
adopted at the 4th Conference of the States Parties to the WHO
Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (Punta del Este, Uruguay, 15–20
November 2010). | FCTC/COP4(10)：执行卫生组织《烟草管制框架公约》第9条和第10条的部分指南(管制烟草制品成分和管制烟草制品披露)，附件，卫生组织《烟草管制框架公约》第4次缔约方会议通过(乌拉圭埃斯特角，2010年11月15日至20日)。 |
| Whaling
in the Antarctic (Australia v. Japan: New Zealand intervening), I.C.J.,
Judgment of 31 March 2014,
http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/148/18136.pdf, para. 83. | 南极捕鲸案(澳大利亚诉日本：新西兰参与诉讼)，国际法院，2014年3月31日的判决，http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/148/18136.pdf, para. 83。 |
| Ibid., para. 46. | 同上，第46段。 |
| See commentary on draft conclusion 9, paragraphs (22)–(23) above. | 见上文结论9草案的评注第(22)-(23)段。 |
| Whaling
in the Antarctic (Australia v. Japan: New Zealand intervening), I.C.J.,
Judgment of 31 March 2014,
http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/148/18136.pdf (Separate opinion of
Judge ad hoc Charlesworth, para. 4: “I note that resolutions adopted by
a vote of the IWC have some consequence although they do not come
within the terms of Article 31.3 of the Vienna Convention”). | 南
极捕鲸案(澳大利亚诉日本：新西兰参与诉讼)，国际法院，2014年3月31日的判决，http://www.icj-
cij.org/docket/files/148/18136.pdf(临时法官Charlesworth的不同意见，第4段：“我注意到，国际捕鲸委
员会投票通过的决议具有一定的后果，但不属于《维也纳公约》第三十一条第三款的规定范围”)。 |
| The
Conference of States Parties to the UNFCCC provisionally applies the
draft rules of procedure, contained in FCCC/CP/1996/2, with the
exception of draft rule 42 “Voting”, since no agreement has been
reached so far on one of the two voting alternatives contained therein,
cf. Report of the Conference of the Parties on its first session (28
March to 7 April 1995) (FCCC/CP/1995/7), p. 8, para. 10; | 《气
候公约》缔约方会议暂时适用FCCC/CP/1996/2号文件所载议事规则草案，但有关“投票”的规则42的草案例外，因为迄今为止尚未就其中列出的两
种投票替代办法中的一种达成一致，参阅缔约方会议第一届会议报告(1995年3月28日至4月7日)
(FCCC/CP/1995/7)，第8页，第10段； |
| Report of the Conference of the Parties on its nineteenth session (11 to 23 November 2013) (FCCC/CP/2013/10), p. 6, para. 4; | 缔约方会议第十九届会议报告(2013年11月11日至23日) (FCCC/ CP/2013/10)，第6页，第4段； |
| similarly,
the Conference of States Parties to the Convention on Biological
Diversity did not adopt Rule 40 paragraph 1 (Voting) of the Rules of
Procedure “because of the lack of consensus among the Parties
concerning the majority required for decision-making on matters of
substance”, Report of the Eleventh Meeting of the Conference of the
Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (8–19 October 2012)
(UNEP/CBD/COP/11/35), at p. 21, para. 65. | 同样，《生物多样性
公约》缔约方会议没有通过议事规则中规则40的第1段(投票)，“因为缔约方对于就实质性事项作出决定所需的多数无法达成共识”，《生物多样性公约》缔约
方会议第十一次会议报告(2012年10月8日至19日) (UNEP/CBD/COP/11/35)，见第21页，第65段。 |
| See
rule 28, paragraph 2, of the provisional rules of procedure for the
Review Conference of the Parties to the Convention on the Prohibition
of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological
(Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction, held in
Geneva, from 3 to 21 March 1980 (BWC/CONF.I/2). | 见1980年3月3日至21日在日内瓦举行的《关于禁止发展、生产和储存细菌(生物)及毒素武器和销毁此种武器的公约》缔约国审查会议临时议事规则中规则28第2段(BWC/CONF.I/2)。 |
| See
General Assembly resolution 60/286 of 8 September 2006, on
revitalization of the General Assembly, requiring the United Nations
Secretariat “to make precedents and past practice available in the
public domain with respect to rules and practices of the
intergovernmental bodies of the Organization” (para. 24). | 见大会2006年9月8日关于振兴大会的第60/286号决议，它要求联合国秘书处“提供有关本组织政府间机构规则和做法的行使和惯例，供公众查询”(第24段)。 |
| See “Consensus in UN practice: general”, paper prepared by the Secretariat. | 见秘书处编写的文件“联合国实践中的协商一致：概论”。 |
| Available from http://legal.un.org/ola/media/GA_RoP/GA_RoP_EN.pdf; | 载于http://legal.un.org/ola/ media/ GA_RoP/GA_RoP_EN.pdf； |
| see
also R. Wolfrum and J. Pichon, “Consensus”, in Max Planck Encyclopedia
of Public International Law (www.mpepil.com), paras. 3–4, 24. | 并见R. Wolfrum和J. Pichon, “协商一致”，载于《马克斯·普朗克国际公法百科全书》(www.mpepil.com)，第3-4段，第24段。 |
| Whaling
in the Antarctic (Australia v. Japan: New Zealand intervening), I.C.J.,
Judgment of 31 March 2014,
http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/148/18136.pdf, para. 83. | 南极捕鲸案(澳大利亚诉日本：新西兰参与诉讼)，国际法院，2014年3月31日的判决，http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/148/18136.pdf, 第83段。 |
| See decision VI/23 (UNEP/CBD/COP/6/20, annex I). | 见第VI/23号决定 (UNEP/CBD/COP/6/20, 附件一)。 |
| Report
of the sixth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention
on Biological Diversity, (UNEP/CBD/COP/6/20), para. 313. | 《生物多样性公约》缔约方会议第六次会议报告(UNEP/CBD/COP/6/20)，第313段。 |
| Ibid., para. 318; | 同上，第318段； |
| for the discussion see paras. 294–324. | 讨论情况见第294-324段。 |
| Available from the secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, document SCBD/SEL/DBO/30219 (6 June 2002). | 存于《生物多样性公约》秘书处，SCBD/SEL/DBO/30219 号文件(2002年6月6日)。 |
| Ibid. | 同上。 |
| Ibid., document UNEP/SCBD/30219R (17 June 2002). | 同上，UNEP/SCBD/30219R号文件(2002年6月17日)。 |
| See
decision 1/CMP.6 on the Cancun Agreements: outcome of the work of the
Ad Hoc Working Group on Further Commitments for Annex I Parties under
the Kyoto Protocol at its fifteenth session; and decision 2/CMP.6 the
Cancun Agreements: land use, land-use change and forestry, adopted by
Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the
Kyoto Protocol (FCCC/KP/CMP/2010/12/Add.1); | 见关于《坎昆协
议》的第1/CMP.6号决定：附件一缔约方在《京都议定书》之下的进一步承诺问题特设工作组第十五届会议的工作结果：第2/CMP.6号决定：作为《京
都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议通过的坎昆协议：土地利用、土地利用的变化和林业(FCCC/KP/CMP/2010/12/Add.1)； |
| and
proceedings of the Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of
the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (FCCC/KP/CMP/2010/12), para. 29. | 和作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议纪要(FCCC/KP/CMP/2010/12)，第29段。 |
| See “Third report for the ILC Study Group on Treaties over Time”, supra note 676, pp. 372–377. | 见“国际法委员会条约随时间演变研究组第三次报告”，上文注676, 第372-377页。 |
| International Maritime Organization, document LC 33/4, para. 4.15.2. | 国际海事组织，LC 33/4号文件，第4.15.2段。 |
| International Maritime Organization, document LC 33/J/6, para. 3. | 国际海事组织，LC 33/J/6号文件，第3段。 |
| Ibid., para. 8. | 同上，第8段。 |
| See commentary on draft conclusion 9, paragraphs (9)–(11) above. | 见结论9草案的评注，上文第(9)-(11)段。 |
| Commentary
to draft conclusion 2, para. 4 (Official Records of the General
Assembly, Sixty-eighth Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/68/10), chap.
IV.C.2). | 结论2草案的评注，第(4)段(《大会正式记录，第六十八届会议，补编第10号》(A/68/10)，第四章C.2节)。 |
| Whaling
in the Antarctic (Australia v. Japan: New Zealand intervening), I.C.J.,
Judgment of 31 March 2014,
http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/148/18136.pdf, (Separate opinion of
Judge Greenwood, para. 6, and Separate opinion of Judge ad hoc
Charlesworth, para. 4). | 南极捕鲸案(澳大利亚诉日本：新西兰参与诉讼)，国际法
院，2014年3月31日的判决，http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/148/18136.pdf,
(Greenwood法官的不同意见，第6段和Charlesworth临时法官的不同意见，第4段)。 |
| Commentary
to draft conclusion 2, para. 4 (Official Records of the General
Assembly, Sixty-eighth Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/68/10), chap.
IV.C.2). | 结论2草案的评注，第(4)段《大会正式记录，第六十八届会议，补编第10号》(A/68/10)，第四章C.2节)。 |
| Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-sixth Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/66/10), paras. 365–367. | 《大会正式纪录，第六十六届会议，补编第10号》(A/66/10)，第365-367段。 |
| Ibid., pp. 315–329. | 同上，第315-329页。 |
| Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-eighth Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/68/10), para. 168. | 《大会正式纪录，第六十八届会议，补编第10号》(A/68/10)，第168段。 |
| The
Commission included the topic in its programme on the understanding
that: “(a) Work on the topic will proceed in a manner so as not to
interfere with relevant political negotiations, including on climate
change, ozone depletion, and long-range transboundary air pollution. | 委员会在将此专题列入工作方案时有以下谅解：“(a) 此专题工作的进行方式不会影响有关的政治谈判，包括就气候变化、臭氧层消耗、长途跨界空气污染进行的政治谈判。 |
| The
topic will not deal with, but is also without prejudice to, questions
such as: liability of States and their nationals, the polluter-pays
principle, the precautionary principle, common but differentiated
responsibilities, and the transfer of funds and technology to
developing countries, including intellectual property rights; | 此专题不会处理，也不会妨碍诸如下述问题：国家及其国民的赔偿责任、污染者付费原则、谨慎原则、共同但有差别的责任、向发展中国家转让资金和技术以及知识产权等； |
| (b)
The topic will also not deal with specific substances, such as black
carbon, tropospheric ozone, and other dual-impact substances, which are
the subject of negotiations among States. | (b) 这一专题也不会处理具体物质，例如国家之间正在谈判的黑碳、对流层臭氧以及其他双重影响物质。 |
| The project will not seek to ‘fill’ gaps in the treaty regimes; | 这一专题不会试图“弥补”条约制度存在的缺限； |
| (c) Questions relating to outer space, including its delimitation, are not part of the topic; | (c) 与外层空间有关的问题，包括外层空间的划界问题，不在专题的范围之内； |
| (d)
The outcome of the work on the topic will be draft guidelines that do
not seek to impose on current treaty regimes legal rules or legal
principles not already contained therein. | (d) 这个专题的工作结果将是指南草案，但这种指南草案不会试图给现行条约制度规定条约制度尚不具有的法律规则或法律原则。 |
| The Special Rapporteur’s reports would be based on such understanding.” | 特别报告员的报告将以上述谅解为基础。 |
| The text of draft guideline 1, as proposed by the Special Rapporteur, read as follows: | ” 特别报告员提议的指南第1条草案案文如下： |
| “Use of terms | “用语 |
| For the purposes of the present draft guidelines, | 为了本指南草案的目的， |
| (a)
“Atmosphere” means the layer of gases surrounding the earth in the
troposphere and the stratosphere, within which the transport and
dispersion of airborne substances occurs.” | (a) “大气层”是指对流层和平流层中环绕地球的、气载物质在其中得到输送和扩散的气层。 |
| (b) | ” |
| The text of draft guideline 2, as proposed by the Special Rapporteur, read as follows: | 特别报告员提议的指南第2条草案案文如下： |
| “Scope of the guidelines | “指南的范围 |
| (a)
The present draft guidelines address human activities that directly or
indirectly introduce deleterious substances or energy into the
atmosphere or alter the composition of the atmosphere, and that have or
are likely to have significant adverse effects on human life and health
and the earth’s natural environment. | (a) 本指南草案处理直接或间接将有害物质或能量引入大气层或改变大气层的组成，并且对人的生命和健康及地球的自然环境产生重大有害影响或可能产生这种影响的人类活动。 |
| (b)
The present draft guidelines refer to the basic principles relating to
the protection of the atmosphere as well as to their
inter-relationship.” | (b) 本指南草案阐述与保护大气层有关的基本原则及各项基本原则之间的相互关系。 |
| The text of draft guideline 3, as proposed by the Special Rapporteur, read as follows: | ” 特别报告员提议的指南第3条草案案文如下： |
| “Legal Status of the Atmosphere | “大气层的法律地位 |
| (a)
The atmosphere is a natural resource essential for sustaining life on
earth, human health and welfare, and aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems; | (a) 大气层是维持地球上的生命、人的健康和福祉及水生和陆地生态系统必不可少的自然资源； |
| hence, its protection is a common concern of humankind. | 因此，保护大气层是人类的共同关切。 |
| (b)
Nothing in the present draft guidelines is intended to affect the legal
status of airspace under applicable international law.” | (b) 本指南草案中无任何内容意在影响空气空间在适用的国际法之下的法律地位。 |
| See:
http://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/environment/atmosphere/studying-the-atmosphere/hydroxyl-airglow-temperature-observations/climate-change-in-the-mesosphere. | ”
见http://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/environment/atmosphere/studying-the-atmosphere/hydroxyl-airglow-temperature-observations/climate-change-in-the-mesosphere. |
| Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Uruguay v. Argentina), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012, p. 14, at pp. 82–83, para. 204. | 乌拉圭河纸浆厂案(阿根廷诉乌拉圭)，判决，《2012年国际法院案例汇编》，第14页起，见第82-83页，第204段。 |
| See
also In the matter of the Indus Waters Kishenganga Arbitration before
the Court of Arbitration constituted in accordance with the Indus
Waters Treaty 1960 between the Government of India and the Government
of Pakistan signed on 19 September 1960 between the Islamic Republic of
Pakistan and the Republic of India, Partial award of 13 February 2013,
available at www.pca-cpa.org (visited on 27 May 2014). | 另
见国际仲裁法院根据巴基斯坦伊斯兰共和国和印度共和国1960年9月19日签署的1960年印度政府和巴基斯坦政府之间的印度河水域条约审理的印度河水域
吉申甘加河仲裁事项，2013年2月13日部分裁决，可从www.pca-cpa.org查阅(访问日期为2014年5月27日)。 |
| Principle 6 reads as follows: | 原则6案文如下： |
| The
discharge of toxic substances or of other substances and the release of
heat, in such quantities or concentrations as to exceed the capacity of
the environment to render them harmless, must be halted in order to
ensure that serious or irreversible damage is not inflicted upon
ecosystems. | 为了保证不使生态环境遭到严重的或不可挽回的损害，必须制止在排除有毒物质或其他物质以及散热时其数量或集中程度超过环境能使之无害的能力。 |
| The just struggle of the peoples of ill countries against pollution should be supported. | 应该支持各国人民反对污染的正义斗争。 |
| Principle 9 reads as follows: | 原则9案文如下： |
| Environmental
deficiencies generated by the conditions of underdevelopment and
natural disasters pose grave problems and can best be remedied by
accelerated development through the transfer of substantial quantities
of financial and technological assistance as a supplement to the
domestic effort of the developing countries and such timely assistance
as may be required. | 由于不发达和自然灾害的原因而导致环境破坏造成了严重的问题。 克服这些问题的最好办法，是移用大量的财政和技术援助以支持发展中国家本国的努力，并且提供可能需要的及时援助，以加速发展工作。 |
| Principle 11 reads as follows: | 原则11案文如下： |
| The
environmental policies of all States should enhance and not adversely
affect the present or future development potential of developing
countries, nor should they hamper the attainment of better living
conditions for all, and appropriate steps should be taken by States and
international organizations with a view to reaching agreement on
meeting the possible national and international economic consequences
resulting from the application of environmental measures. | 所有国家的环境政策应该提高，而不应该损及发展中国家现有或将来的发展潜力，也不应该妨碍大家生活条件的改善。 各国和各国际组织应该采取适当步骤，以便就应付因实施环境措施所可能引起的国内或国际经济后果达成协议。 |
| At
its 2940th meeting, on 20 July 2007 (Official Records of the General
Assembly, Sixty-second Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/62/10), para. 376). | 2007年7月20日第2940次会议(《大会正式记录，第六十二届会议，补编第10号》(A/62/10)，第376段)。 |
| The
General Assembly, in para. 7 of res. 62/66 of 6 December 2007, took
note of the decision of the Commission to include the topic in its
programme of work. | 大会2007年12月6日第62/66号决议第7段注意到委员会将本专题列入其工作方案的决定。 |
| The
topic had been included in the long-term programme of work of the
Commission during its fifty-eighth session (2006), on the basis of the
proposal contained in annex A of the report of the Commission (Official
Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-first Session, Supplement No. 10
(A/61/10), para. 257). | 在第五十八届会议上(2006年)，委员会已根据其报告附件A中所载建议(《大会正式记录，第六十一届会议，补编第10号》(A/61/10)，第257段)将本专题列入其长期工作方案。 |
| Ibid., Sixty-second Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/62/10), para. 386. | 同上，《第六十二届会议，补编第10号》(A/62/10)，第386段。 |
| For the memorandum prepared by the Secretariat, see A/CN.4/596 and Corr.1. | 秘书处编写的备忘录见A/CN.4/596和Corr.1号文件。 |
| A/CN.4/601 (preliminary report); A/CN.4/631 (second report); and A/CN.4/646 (third report). | A/CN.4/601(初步报告)、A/CN.4/631(第二次报告)和A/CN.4/646(第三次报告)。 |
| See Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-fourth Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/64/10), para. 207; | 见《大会正式记录，第六十四届会议，补编第10号》(A/64/10)，第207段； |
| and ibid., Sixty-fifth Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/65/10), para. 343. | 同上，《第六十五届会议，补编第10号》(A/65/10)，第343段。 |
| A/CN.4/654 (preliminary report) and A/CN.4/661 (second report). | A/CN.4/654 (初次报告)和A/CN.4/661 (第二次报告)。 |
| Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-eighth Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/68/10), paras. 48 and 49. | 《大会正式记录，第六十八届会议，补编第10号》(A/68/10)，第48和第49段。 |
| At
its 3174th meeting, on 7 June 2013, the Commission received the report
of the Drafting Committee and provisionally adopted three draft
articles and at its 3193rd to 3196th meetings, on 6 and 7 August 2013,
it adopted the commentaries thereto. | 在2013年6月7日第3174次会议上，委员会收到起草委员会的报告暂时通过了三条草案，在2013年8月6日和7日第3193次至第3196次会议上通过了其评注。 |
| For
the commentaries to draft articles 1, 3 and 4, see Official Records of
the General Assembly, Sixty-eighth Session, Supplement No. 10
(A/68/10), para. 49. | 第1、第3和第4条草案的评注见《大会正式记录，第六十五届会议，补编第10号》(A/68/10)，第49段。 |
| Draft
article 3 states that “Heads of State, Heads of Government and
Ministers for Foreign Affairs enjoy immunity ratione personae from the
exercise of foreign criminal jurisdiction” (Official Records of the
General Assembly, Sixty-fifth Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/68/10),
para. 48, p. 52). | 第3条草案指出，“国家元首、政府首脑和外交部长对外国行使的刑事管辖享有属人豁免”(《大会正式记录，第六十五届会议，补编第10号(A/68/10)》，第48段，第52页)。 |
| Draft
article 5 states that “State officials acting as such enjoy immunity
ratione materiae from the exercise of foreign criminal jurisdiction”
(A/CN.4/L.850). | 第5条草案指出，“国家官员在以此种身份行事时，对外国行使的刑事管辖享有属事豁免”(A/CN.4/L.850)。 |
| The terms are used in the following multilateral treaties: Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations; | 下列多边条约使用了这两个词语：《维也纳外交关系公约》； |
| Vienna Convention on Consular Relations; | 《维也纳领事关系公约》； |
| Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons, including Diplomatic Agents; | 《关于防止和惩处侵害应受国际保护人员包括外交代表的罪行的公约》； |
| Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide; | 《防止及惩治灭绝种族罪公约》； |
| Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment; | 《禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚公约》； |
| United Nations Convention against Corruption; | 《联合国反腐败公约》； |
| Criminal Law Convention on Corruption (Council of Europe); | 《反腐败刑法公约》(欧洲委员会)； |
| Inter-American Convention against Corruption; | 《美洲反腐败公约》； |
| African Union Convention on Preventing and Combating Corruption. | 《非洲联盟预防和打击腐败公约》。 |
| For
an analysis of these instruments for the purposes of defining “State
official”, see the third report on the immunity of State officials from
foreign criminal jurisdiction by Concepción Escobar Hernández, Special
Rapporteur, A/CN.4/673, paras. 51–97. | 为界定“国家官员”的目的而对这些文书所作的分析，见特别报告员康塞普西翁·埃斯科瓦尔·埃尔南德斯关于国家官员的外国刑事管辖豁免的第三次报告，A/CN.4/673，第51至第97段。 |
| See:
Association des familles des victimes du Joola, Cour de Cassation,
Chambre criminelle (France), judgement of 19 January 2010; | 见：若拉(Joola)号班轮受害者家庭协会，上诉法院刑事庭(法国)，2010年1月19日的判决； |
| Jones v. Ministry of the Interior of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, House of Lords (United Kingdom), judgement of 14 June 2006; | 琼斯诉沙特阿拉伯王国内政部，上议院(联合王国)，2006年6月14的判决； |
| Agent
judiciaire du trésor v. Malta Maritime Authority et Carmel X, Cour de
cassation, Chambre criminelle (France), judgement of 23 November 2004; | 国库司法代表诉马耳他海事当局和Carmel X, 上诉法院刑事庭(法国)，2004年11月23日的判决； |
| Norburt Schmidt v. Home Secretary of the Government of the United Kingdom, Supreme Court (Ireland), judgement of 24 April 1997; | Schmidt诉联合王国政府内政大臣，最高法院(爱尔兰)，1997年4月24日的判决； |
| Church of Scientology, Federal Supreme Court (Germany), judgement of 16 September 1978; | 山达基教会案，联邦最高法院(德国)，1978年9月16日的判决； |
| Teodoro
Nguema Obiang Mangue et al., Cour d’appel de Paris, Deuxième chambre de
l’instruction (France), judgement of 13 June 2013; | Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue等人案，巴黎上诉法院，第二预审厅(法国)，2013年6月13日的判决； |
| A. v. Office of the Attorney-General of Switzerland, Federal Criminal Tribunal (Switzerland), judgement of 25 July 2012; | A.诉瑞士总检察长办公室、B.和C.，联邦刑事法院(瑞士)，2012年7月25日的判决； |
| Regina
v. Bartle and the Commissioner of Police for the Metropolis and Others
Ex Parte Pinochet, House of Lords (United Kingdom), judgement of 24
March 1999; | Regina诉Bartle和市警察局长等人，皮诺切特缺席一案，上议院(联合王国)，1999年3月24日的判决； |
| Khurts
Bat v. Investigating Judge of the German Federal Court, High Court of
Justice, Queen’s Bench Division Administrative Court (United Kingdom),
judgement of 29 July 2011; | Khurts Bat诉德国联邦法院调查法官，高等法院王座法庭行政庭(联合王国)，2001年7月19日的判决； |
| Public
Prosecutor (Tribunal of Milan) v. Adler et al., Tribunal of Milan,
Quarta Sezione Penale (Italy), judgement of 1 February 2010; | 检察官(米兰法院)诉Adler等人，米兰法院第四刑事法庭(意大利)，2010年2月1日的判决； |
| United States of America v. Noriega, Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit (United States of America), judgement of 7 July 1997; | 美利坚合众国诉Noriega，第十一巡回区上诉法院(美国)，1997年7月7日的判决； |
| Border Guards Prosecution, Federal Supreme Court (Germany), judgement of 3 November 1992; | 起诉边防警卫案，联邦最高法院(德国)，1992年11月3的判决； |
| In re Doe, Court of Appeals, Second Circuit (United States of America), judgement of 19 October 1988; | In re Doe案，美国第二巡回区上诉法院，1988年10月19日的判决； |
| R. v. Lambeth Justices ex-parte Yusufu, Divisional Court (United Kingdom), judgement of 8 February 1985; | R.诉R.诉兰贝斯法官，Yusufu缺席案，高等法院分庭(联合王国)，1985年2月8的判决； |
| Estate
of the late Zahra (Ziba) Kazemi and Stephan (Salman) Hashemi v. the
Islamic Republic of Iran, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, Saeed Mortazavi and
Mohamad Bakhsi, Superior Court, Commercial Division (Canada), judgement
of 25 January 2011; | 已故Zahra (Ziba)
Kazemi的遗产和Stephan (Salman) Hashemi诉伊朗伊斯兰共和国、Ayatollah Ali
Khamenei、Saeed Mortazavi和Mohammad Bakhshi, 高等法院商事分庭(加拿大)，2011年1月25日的判决； |
| Ali
Saadallah Belhas et al., Appelants v. Moshe Ya’alon, Court of Appeals
for the District of Columbia Circuit (United States of America),
judgement of 15 February 2008; | 上诉人Ali Saadallah Belhas等人诉Moshe Ya’alon, 哥伦比亚巡回区上诉法院(美利坚合众国)，2008年2月15日的判决； |
| Ra’Ed
Mohamad Ibrahim Matar, et al. v. Avraham Dichter, District Court,
Southern District of New York (United States of America), judgement of
2 May 2007; | Ra’Ed Mohamad Ibrahim Matar等人诉 Avraham Dichter, 纽约南区法院(美国)，2007年5月2日的判决； |
| A,
B, C, D, E, F and Others Similarly Situated, Wei Ye, and Hao Wang v.
Jiang Zemin and Falun Gong Control Office (A.K.A. Office 6/10), Court
of Appeals, Seventh Circuit (United States of America), judgement of 8
September 2004; | A、B、C、D、E、F和处境类似的其他人、Wei Yu和Hao Wang诉江泽民和处理法轮功问题办公室(6/10办公室)，伊利诺伊州北区法院，东部分庭(美国)，2004年9月8日的判决； |
| Jaffe v. Miller and others, Ontario Court of Appeals (Canada), judgement of 17 June 1993; | Jaffe诉Miller和其他人，安大略州上诉法院，1993年6月17日的判决； |
| Rukmini
S. Kline et al. v. Yasuyuki Kaneko et al., Supreme Court of the State
of New York (United States of America), judgement of 31 October 1988; | 以及Rukmini S. Kline 等人诉Yasuyuki Kaneko等人，纽约州最高法院(美国)，1988年10月31日的判决； |
| Certains Questions of Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters (Djibouti v. France), Judgement, I.C.J. Reports 2008, p. 177; | 刑事事项互助的若干问题(吉布提诉法国)案，判决，《2008年国际法院判例汇编》，第177页； |
| Jones
and others v. the United Kingdom, Applications Nos. 34356/06 and
40528/06, European Court of Human Rights judgement of 14 January 2014; | Jones和其他人诉联合王国，第34356/06和第40528/06号申诉，欧洲人权法院2014年1月14日的判决； |
| Prosecutor
v. Tihomir Blaskic, IT-95-14-AR 108, International Criminal Tribunal
for the former Yugoslavia, Appeals Chamber, judgement of 29 October
1997. | 检察官诉Tihomir Blaškić，IT-95-14-AR 108，前南斯拉夫问题国际刑事法庭上诉庭，1997年10月29日的判决。 |
| Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-eighth Session, Supplement No. 10, A/68/10, para. 48, p. 52. | 《大会正式记录，第六十五届会议，补编第10号》，A/68/10，第48段，第52页。 |
| In
this connection, it must be recalled that paragraph (7) of the
commentary to draft article 4 says: “The Commission considers that the
‘without prejudice’ clause simply leaves open the possibility that
immunity ratione materiae might apply to acts carried out in an
official capacity and during their term of office by a former Head of
State, Head of Government or Minister for Foreign Affairs when the
rules governing that category of immunity make this possible. | 在这方面，应当忆及，第4条草案的评注第(7)段指出：“委员会认为该‘不妨碍’条款只是不排除这种可能性，即在符合关于属事豁免的规定时，可以对前国家元首、政府首脑或外交部长在任期间以公务身份实施的行为适用属事豁免。 |
| Paragraph
3 does not prejudge the content of the immunity ratione materiae
regime, which will be developed in Part III of the draft articles. ”
(Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-eighth Session,
A/68/10, para. 49, p. 70). | 第3款没有预先判断属事豁免机制的内容，这将在条款草案第三部分制定”(《大会正式记录，第六十五届会议，补编第10号》，A/68/10，第49段，第70页)。 |
| See A/CN.4/673, para. 111, p. 37, and the draft article initially proposed by the Special Rapporteur (ibid., para. 143, p. 53). | 见A/CN.4/673,第111段，第37页和特别报告员最初提出的该条草案(同上，第143段，第53页)。 |
| See
para. (4) of the commentary to draft article 1, provisionally adopted
by the Commission at its sixty-fifth session (Official Records of the
General Assembly, Sixty-eighth Session, Supplement No. 10, A/68/10,
para. 49, p. 53). | 见委员会第六十五届会议暂时通过的第1条草案的评注第(4)段(《大会正式记录，第六十五届会议，补编第10号》，第49段，第53页)。 |
| See
para. (2) of the commentary to draft article 3, provisionally adopted
by the Commission at its sixty-fifth session (Official Records of the
General Assembly, Sixty-eighth Session, Supplement No. 10, A/68/10,
para. 49, p. 58). | 见委员会第六十五届会议暂时通过的第3条草案的评注第(2)段(《大会正式记录，第六十五届会议，补编第10号》，第49段，第58页)。 |
| See above, paras. (1)–(16) of the commentary to draft article 2, subparagraph (e). | 见上文第2条草案(e)项的评注第(1)-(16)段。 |
| This
provision reads: “The cessation of immunity ratione materiae is without
prejudice to the application of the rules of international law
concerning immunity ratione materiae” (Official Records of the General
Assembly, Sixty-eighth Session, Supplement No. 10, A/68/10, para. 48,
p. 52). | 这项规定为：“属人豁免的停止不妨碍关于属事豁免的国际法规则的适用”(《大会正式记录，第六十八届会议，补编第10号》，A/68/10，第48段，第52页)。 |
| Concerning
the scope of this “without prejudice” clause, see para. (7) of the
commentary to draft article 4 (ibid., para. 49, p. 70). | 关于这一“不妨碍”条款的范围，见第4条草案的评注第(7)段(同上，第49段，第70页)。 |
| See
para. (13) of the commentary to draft article 3 (Official Records of
the General Assembly, Sixty-eighth Session, Supplement No. 10, A/68/10,
para. 49, p. 66). | 见第3条草案的评注第(13)段(《大会正式记录，第六十八届会议，补编第10号》，A/68/10，第49段，第66页)。 |
| At
its 3132nd meeting, on 22 May 2012 (Official Records of the General
Assembly, Sixty-seventh Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/67/10), para.
157). | 在2012年5月22日举行的第3132次会议上(《大会正式记录，第六十七届会议，补编第10号》(A/67/10)，第157段)。 |
| The
General Assembly, in paragraph 7 of its resolution 67/92 of 14 December
2012, noted with appreciation the decision of the Commission to include
the topic in its programme of work. | 大会在2012年12月14日第67/92号决议第7段中赞赏地注意到委员会决定将该专题列入其工作方案。 |
| The
topic had been included in the long-term programme of work of the
Commission during its sixty-third session (2011), on the basis of the
proposal contained in annex A to the report of the Commission (Official
Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-sixth Session, Supplement No. 10
(A/66/10), pp. 305–314). | 该专题在委员会第六十三届会议(2011年)上已依据委员会报告附件A所载的提议(《大会正式记录，第六十六届会议，补编第10号》(A/66/10)，第305段至第314段)列入其长期工作方案。 |
| Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-seventh Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/67/10), paras. 157–202. | 《大会正式记录，第六十七届会议，补编第10号》(A/67/10)，第157段至第202段。 |
| Ibid., para. 159. | 同上，第159段。 |
| Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-eighth Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/68/10), para. 64. | 《大会正式记录，第六十八届会议，补编第10号》(A/68/10)，第64段。 |
| Located at www.un.org/law/ilc. | 见www.un.org/law/ilc. |
| Draft conclusion 1 read as follows: | 结论草案1案文如下： |
| Scope | 范围 |
| 1.
The present draft conclusions concern the methodology for determining
the existence and content of rules of customary international law. | 1. 本结论草案的主题是用以确定习惯国际法规则是否存在及其内容的方法。 |
| 2.
The present draft conclusions are without prejudice to the methodology
concerning other sources of international law and questions relating to
peremptory norms of international law (jus cogens). | 2. 本结论草案不妨碍有关其他国际法渊源及强制性国际法规范(强制法)所涉问题的方法。 |
| Draft conclusion 2 read as follows: | 结论草案2案文如下： |
| Use of terms | 术语的使用 |
| For the purposes of the present draft conclusions: | 为本结论草案的目的： |
| (a)
“Customary international law” means those rules of international law
that derive from and reflect a general practice accepted as law; | (a) “习惯国际法”是指产生于并体现了被接受为法律的一般惯例的国际法规则； |
| (b) “International organization” means an intergovernmental organization; | (b) “国际组织”是指政府间组织； |
| (c) … | (c) … |
| Draft conclusion 3 read as follows: | 结论草案3案文如下： |
| Basic approach | 基本方法 |
| To
determine the existence of a rule of customary international law and
its content, it is necessary to ascertain whether there is a general
practice accepted as law. | 为确定习惯国际法规则是否存在及其内容，必须查明是否存在被接受为法律的一般惯例。 |
| Draft conclusion 4 read as follows: | 结论草案4案文如下： |
| Assessment of evidence | 证据评估 |
| In
assessing evidence for a general practice accepted as law, regard must
be had to the context, including the surrounding circumstances. | 在评估被接受为法律的一般惯例的证据时，必须考虑到有关背景，包括周围情况。 |
| Part three (draft conclusions 5 through 9) read as follows: | 第三部分(结论草案5至9)案文如下： |
| A general practice | 一般惯例 |
| Draft conclusion 5 | 结论草案5 |
| Role of practice | 惯例的作用 |
| The
requirement, as an element of customary international law, of a general
practice means that it is primarily the practice of States that
contributes to the creation, or expression, of rules of customary
international law. | 作为习惯国际法的一个要素，必须存在着一般惯例，这一要求意味着首先是国家惯例促进了习惯国际法规则的创立或表述。 |
| Draft conclusion 6 | 结论草案6 |
| Attribution of conduct | 行为归属 |
| State
practice consists of conduct that is attributable to a State, whether
in the exercise of executive, legislative, judicial or any other
function. | 国家惯例包括可归于一国的行为，不论此行为是行使行政、立法、司法还是任何其他职能。 |
| Draft conclusion 7 | 结论草案7 |
| Forms of practice | 惯例的形式 |
| 1. Practice may take a wide range of forms. | (注829续) 1. 惯例可具有多种形式。 |
| It includes both physical and verbal actions. | 惯例既包括实际行动，也包括言语行动。 |
| 2.
Manifestations of practice include, among others, the conduct of States
“on the ground”, diplomatic acts and correspondence, legislative acts,
judgments of national courts, official publications in the field of
international law, statements on behalf of States concerning
codification efforts, practice in connection with treaties and acts in
connection with resolutions of organs of international organizations
and conferences. | 2. 惯例的表现形式除其他外包括：国家的“实地”行为、外交行为和信函、立法行为、国家法院的判决、国际法领域的官方出版物、代表国家就编纂工作发表的声明、与条约有关的惯例以及与国际组织的机关和会议的决议有关的行为。 |
| 3. Inaction may also serve as practice. | 3. 不作为也可用作惯例。 |
| 4. The acts (including inaction) of international organizations may also serve as practice. | 4. 国际组织的行为(包括不作为)也可用作惯例。 |
| Draft conclusion 8 | 结论草案8 |
| Weighing evidence of practice | 权衡与惯例有关的证据 |
| 1. There is no predetermined hierarchy among the various forms of practice. | 1. 惯例的各种不同形式之间没有预先确定的等级。 |
| 2. Account is to be taken of all available practice of a particular State. | 2. 应考虑某一特定国家的所有现有惯例。 |
| Where the organs of the State do not speak with one voice, less weight is to be given to their practice. | 如果国家各机关不用一个声音讲话，应赋予其惯例较低的权重。 |
| Draft conclusion 9 | 结论草案9 |
| Practice must be general and consistent | 惯例必须具有一般性和一贯性 |
| 1.
To establish a rule of customary international law, the relevant
practice must be general, meaning that it must be sufficiently
widespread and representative. | 1. 要确立一项习惯国际法规则，有关惯例必须具有一般性，就是说必须足够普及和有代表性。 |
| The practice need not be universal. | 该惯例不必是普遍性的。 |
| 2. The practice must be generally consistent. | 2. 惯例必须大体上是一贯的。 |
| 3. Provided that the practice is sufficiently general and consistent, no particular duration is required. | 3. 只要惯例具有足够一般性和一贯性，就无须要求特定存续时间。 |
| 4. In assessing practice, due regard is to be given to the practice of States whose interests are specially affected. | 4. 在评估惯例时，须对利益特别受到影响的国家的惯例予以应有考虑。 |
| Part four (draft conclusions 10 and 11) read as follows: | 第四部分(结论草案10至11)案文如下： |
| Accepted as law | “接受为法律” |
| Draft conclusion 10 | 结论草案10 |
| Role of acceptance as law | “接受为法律”的作用 |
| 1.
The requirement, as an element of customary international law, that the
general practice be accepted as law means that the practice in question
must be accompanied by a sense of legal obligation. | 1. 作为习惯国际法的一个要素，一般惯例必须被接受为法律，这一要求意味着所涉惯例必须伴有一种法律义务感。 |
| 2. Acceptance as law is what distinguishes a rule of customary international law from mere habit or usage. | 2. “接受为法律”是区别习惯国际法规则与单纯习惯或常例的分水岭。 |
| Draft conclusion 11 | 结论草案11 |
| Evidence of acceptance as law | “接受为法律”的证据 |
| 1. Evidence of acceptance of a general practice as law may take a wide range of forms. | 1. 接受一般惯例为法律的证据可具有多种形式。 |
| These may vary according to the nature of the rule and the circumstances in which the rule falls to be applied. | 这些形式可能依规则的性质和应适用规则的情况而不同。 |
| 2.
The forms of evidence include, but are not limited to, statements by
States which indicate what are or are not rules of customary
international law, diplomatic correspondence, the jurisprudence of
national courts, the opinions of Government legal advisers, official
publications in fields of international law, treaty practice and action
in connection with resolutions of organs of international organizations
and of international conferences. | 2. 证据的形式包括但不限于：各国表明什么是或不是习惯国际法规则的声明、外交信函、国家法院的判例、政府法律顾问的意见、国际法领域的官方出版物、条约实践以及与国际组织机关和国际会议的决议有关的行动。 |
| 3. Inaction may also serve as evidence of acceptance as law. | 3. 不作为也可用作“接受为法律”的证据。 |
| 4.
The fact that an act (including inaction) by a State establishes
practice for the purpose of identifying a rule of customary
international law does not preclude the same act from being evidence
that the practice in question is accepted as law. | 4. 在国家通过一项行为(包括不作为)来确立用以识别习惯国际法规则的惯例时，这一事实并不妨碍该行为成为所涉惯例被接受为法律的证据。 |
| The decision was made at the 3171st meeting of the Commission, on 28 May 2013. | 委员会2013年5月28日第3171次会议的决定。 |
| Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-eighth Session Supplement No. 10 (A/68/10), para. 167. | 《大会正式纪录，第六十八届会议，补编第10号》(A/68/10)，第167段。 |
| For the syllabus of the topic, see ibid., Sixty-sixth Session Supplement 10 (A/66/10), annex E. | 专题的提纲，见同上，《第六十六届会议，补编第10号》(A/66/10)，附件E。 |
| International
Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Case No. IT-94-1-A72,
Prosecutor v. Duško Tadić a/k/a “Dule”, Appeals Chamber, Decision on
the Defence Motion for Interlocutory Appeal on Jurisdiction, 2 October
1995, para. 70. | 前南斯拉夫问题国际刑事法庭，案件编号IT-94-1-A72, 公诉人诉Duško Tadić a/k/a “Dule”，上诉分庭，对辩方就管辖权问题提出中间上诉的请求所做的裁决，1995年10月2日，第70段。 |
| See
Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, 17 July 1998 (United
Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 2187, No. 38544), art. 8, para. 2 (f); | 见《国际刑事法院罗马规约》，1998年7月17日(联合国，《条约汇编》，第2187卷，第38544号)，第八条第(二)款(f)项； |
| Protocol
Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to
the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts
(Protocol II), 8 June 1977 (United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1125,
No. 17513), art. 1 (2). | 一九四九年八月十二日日内瓦四公约关于保护非国际性武装冲突受难者的附加议定书(第二议定书)，1977年6月8日(联合国，《条约汇编》，第1125卷，第17513号)，第一条第二款。 |
| See Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2010, p. 14, at p. 83, para. 204. | 见“乌拉圭河纸浆厂案”(阿根廷诉乌拉圭)，判决，《2010年国际法院案例汇编》，第14页，见第83页，第204段。 |
| United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1520, No. 26363, art. 24. | 联合国，《条约汇编》，第1520卷，第26363号，第24条。 |
| United
Nations Environmental Programme, “Protecting the Environment During
Armed Conflict: An Inventory and Analysis”, November 2009,
http://www.un.org/zh/events/environmentconflictday/ | 联合国环境规划署，“在武装冲突期间保护环境：盘点和分析”，2009年11月，http://www.un.org/zh/events/environmentconflictday/pdfs/int_law.pdf。 |
| pdfs/int_law.pdf.
Declaration on Environment and Development (Rio Declaration), 1992,
International Legal Materials, vol. 31 (1992), p. 874. | 《关于环境与发展的宣言》(《里约宣言》)，1992年，《国际法律资料》，第31卷 (1992年)，第874页。 |
| http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Environment/IEEnvironment/Pages/IEenvironmentIndex.aspx. | http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Environment/IEEnvironment/Pages/IEenvironmentIndex.aspx. |
| At
its 3132nd meeting, on 22 May 2012, (Official Records of the General
Assembly, Sixty-seventh Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/67/10), para.
267). | 在2012年5月22日第3132次会议上，(《大会正式记录，第六十七届会议，补编第10号》(A/67/10)，第267段)。 |
| The
topic had been included in the long-term programme of work of the
Commission during its sixty-third session (2011), on the basis of the
proposal contained in Annex C to the report of the Commission (Official
Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-sixth Session, Supplement No. 10
(A/66/10)). | 依据委员会报告(《大会正式记录，第六十六届会议，补编第10号》(A/66/10))附件C中的提议，该专题于第六十三届会议(2011年)期间列入委员会长期工作方案。 |
| General Assembly resolution 56/83 of 12 December 2001, Annex. | 大会2001年12月12日第56/83号决议，附件。 |
| Convention
on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use
of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction, of 3 September 1992,
United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1974, No. 33757, p. 45. | 1992年9月3日《关于禁止发展、生产、储存和使用化学武器及销毁此种武器的公约》，联合国，《条约汇编》，第1974卷，第33757号，第45页。 |
| See
Guiding Principles applicable to unilateral declarations of States
capable of creating legal obligations, Official Records of the General
Assembly, Sixty-first Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/61/10), para. 176. | 见适用于能够产生法律义务的国家单方面声明的指导原则，《大会正式记录，第六十一届会议，补编第10号》(A/61/10)，第176段。 |
| At
its 2997th meeting, on 8 August 2008 (Official Records of the General
Assembly, Sixty-third Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/63/10), para. 354). | 在2008年8月8日第2997次会议上(《大会正式纪录，第六十三届会议，补编第10号》(A/63/10)，第354段)。 |
| For
the syllabus of the topic, see ibid., annex B. The General Assembly, in
paragraph 6 of its resolution 63/123 of 11 December 2008, took note of
the decision. | 专题提纲见同上，附件B。 大会2008年12月11日第63/123号决议第6段注意到这一决定。 |
| At
its 3029th meeting, on 31 July 2009, the Commission took note of the
oral report of the Co- Chairmen of the Study Group on The
Most-Favoured-Nation clause (ibid., Sixty-fourth Session, Supplement
No. 10 (A/64/10), paras. 211–216). | 在2009年7月31日第3029次会议上，委员会注意到最惠国条款研究组联合主席的口头报告(同上，《第六十四届会议，补编第10号》(A/64/10)，第211至216段)。 |
| The
Study Group considered, inter alia, a framework that would serve as a
road map for future work and agreed on a work schedule involving the
preparation of papers intended to shed additional light on questions
concerning, in particular, the scope of MFN clauses and their
interpretation and application. | 研究组除其他外审议了作为今后工作路线图的框架，并商定了一个工作时间表，其中涉及到文件的编写，这些文件拟用于进一步澄清一些问题，特别是有关最惠国条款的范围及其解释和适用的问题。 |
| At
its 3071st meeting, on 30 July 2010, the Commission took note of the
oral report of the Co- Chairmen of the Study Group (ibid., Sixty-fifth
Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/65/10), paras. 359– 373). | 在2010年7月30日第3071次会议上，委员会注意到研究组联合主席的口头报告(同上，《第六十五届会议，补编第10号》(A/65/10)，第359至373段)。 |
| The
Study Group considered and reviewed the various papers prepared on the
basis of the 2009 framework to serve as a road map of future work, and
agreed upon a programme of work for 2010. | 研究组审议和审查了根据拟作为未来工作路线图的2009年框架编写的各种文件，并商定了2010年工作方案。 |
| At
its 3119th meeting, on 8 August 2011, the Commission took note of the
oral report of the Co- Chairmen of the Study Group (ibid., Sixty-sixth
Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/66/10), paras. 349–363). | 在2011年8月8日第3119次会议上，委员会注意到研究组联合主席的口头报告(同上，《第六十六届会议，补编第10号》(A/66/10)，第349至363段)。 |
| The Study Group considered and reviewed additional papers prepared on the basis of the 2009 framework. | 研究组审议并审查了根据2009年框架编写的另外文件。 |
| At
its 3151st meeting, on 27 July 2012, the Commission took note of the
oral report of the Chairman of the Study Group (ibid., Sixty-seventh
Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/67/10), paras. 245–265). The Study Group
considered and reviewed additional papers prepared on the basis of the
2009 framework. | 在2012年7月27日第3151次会议上，委员会注意到研究组主席的口头报告(同上，《第六十七届会议，补编第10号》(A/67/10)，第245至265段)：研究组审议并审查了根据2009年框架编写的另外文件。 |
| At
its 3189th meeting, on 31 July 2013, the Commission took note of the
report of the Study Group ibid., (Sixty-eighth Session, Supplement No.
10 (A/68/10), paras. 154–164). | 在2013年7月31日第3189次会议上，委员会注意到研究组的报告，同上，(《第六十八届会议，补编第10号》(A/68/10)，第154至164段)。 |
| The
Study Group continued to consider and review additional papers. It also
examined contemporary practice and jurisprudence relevant to the
interpretation of MFN clauses. | 研究组继续审议并审查了另外文件，还讨论了与最惠国条款的解释有关的当代实践和判例。 |
| The
Study Group considered working papers on the following: (a) Review of
the 1978 Draft Articles of the MFN Clause (Mr. Shinya Murase); | 研究组审议的工作文件如下：(a) 对1978年最惠国条款草案的审查(村濑信也先生)； |
| (b) MFN in the GATT and the WTO (Mr. D.M. McRae); | (b)《关贸总协定和世贸组织的最惠国待遇》(麦克雷先生)； |
| (c) The Most-Favoured-Nation Clause and the Maffezini case (Mr. A.R. Perera); | (c)《最惠国条款与马菲基尼案》(佩雷拉先生)； |
| (d) The Work of OECD on MFN (Mr. M.D. Hmoud); | (d)《经合组织就最惠国待遇问题所做的工作》(哈穆德先生)； |
| (e) The Work of UNCTAD on MFN (Mr. S.C. Vasciannie); | (e)《贸发会议就最惠国待遇问题所做的工作》(瓦钱尼先生)； |
| (f) The Interpretation and application of MFN clauses in investment agreements (Mr. D.M. McRae); | (f)《投资协定最惠国条款的解释和适用》(麦克雷先生)； |
| (g)
The Interpretation of MFN Clauses by Investment Tribunals (Mr. D.M.
McRae). (this working paper was a restructured version of the working
paper, “Interpretation and Application of MFN Clauses in Investment
Agreements”); | (g)《投资仲裁庭对最惠国条款的解释》(麦克雷先生)(该工作文件是题为“投资协定最惠国条款的解释和适用”的工作文件的重新编排本)； |
| (h)
The Effect of the Mixed Nature of Investment Tribunals on the
Application of MFN Clauses to Procedural Provisions (Mr. M. Forteau); | (h) 投资仲裁庭的混合性质对最惠国条款适用于程序规定的影响》(福尔托先生)； |
| (i) A BIT on Mixed Tribunals: Legal Character of Investment Dispute Settlements (Mr. S. Murase); | (i)《混合法庭所用的双边投资协定：投资争端解决办法的法律性质》(村濑信也先生)； |
| and (j) Survey of MFN language and Maffezini-related Jurisprudence (Mr.M.D. Hmoud). | (j)《最惠国条款案文调查及与马菲基尼有关的判例》(哈穆德先生)。 |
| The Study Group also had before it: (a) A Catalogue of MFN provisions (prepared Mr. D.M. McRae and Mr. A.R. Perera); | 研究组还收到以下文件：(a) 最惠国条款规定目录(麦克雷先生和佩雷拉先生编写)； |
| (b)
An informal document, in tabular form, identifying the arbitrators and
counsel in investment cases involving MFN clauses, together with the
type of MFN provision that was being interpreted; | (b) 一份表格形式的非正式文件，其中指出了涉及最惠国条款的投资案件中的仲裁员和律师，以及所解释的最惠国条款类型； |
| (c)
An informal working paper on Model MFN clauses post-Maffezini,
examining the various ways in which States have reacted to the
Maffezini case; | (c) 一份关于马菲基尼案之后最惠国条款范本的非正式工作文件，分析各国是如何对马菲基尼案裁决作出反应的； |
| (d)
An informal working paper providing an overview of MFN-type language in
Headquarters Agreements conferring on representatives of States to the
organization the same privileges and immunities granted to diplomats in
the host State; | (d) 一份非正式文件，该文件概述了总部协议中类似于最惠国条款的语言，这种协议赋予各国驻某一组织代表与驻东道国的外交官相同的特权和豁免； |
| (e) An informal working paper on “Bilateral Taxation Treaties and the Most-Favoured-Nation Clause”. | (e) 一份关于“双边税务条约和最惠国条款”的非正式工作文件。 |
| See
e.g. including in particular Daimler Financial Services AG v. Argentine
Republic, ICSID Case No. ARB/05/1 dispatched to the parties on 22
August 2012; | 例如见戴姆勒金融服务公司诉阿根廷共和国，ICSID案件号ARB/05/1, 于2012年8月22日发送给当事方； |
| Urbaser S.A. et al. v. Argentina, ICSID Case No. ARB/07/26 dispatched to the parties on 19 December 2012; | Urbaser S.A.及其他人诉阿根廷，ICSID案件号ARB/07/26, 于2012年12月19日发送给当事方； |
| Teinver S.A. v. Argentina, ICSID Case No. ARB/09/1 dispatched to the parties on 21 December 2012; | Teinver S.A.诉阿根廷，ICSID案件号ARB/09/1, 于2012年12月21日发送给当事方； |
| Kılıç
Ĭnşaat Ĭthalat Ĭhracat Sanayi ve Ticaret Anonim Şirketi v.
Turkmenistan, ICSID Case No. ARB/10/1 dispatched to the parties on 2
July 2013; | Kılıç Ĭnşaat Ĭthalat Ĭhracat Sanayi ve Ticaret Anonim Şirketi诉土库曼斯坦，ICSID案件号ARB/10/1, 2013年7月2日发送给当事方； |
| and Garanti Koza LLP v. Turkmenistan of 3 July 2013. | 及Garanti Koza LLP诉土库曼斯坦，2013年7月3日。 |
| The Planning Group was composed of: Mr. S. Murase; | 规划组由下列委员组成：村濑先生； |
| Mr.
L. Caflisch, Mr. P. Comissário Afonso, Mr. A. El-Murtadi Suleiman
Gouider, Ms. C. Escobar Hernández, Mr. M. Forteau, Mr. H.A. Hassouna,
Mr. M.D. Hmoud, Ms. M.G. Jacobsson, Mr. M. Kamto, Mr. K.
Kittichaisaree, Mr. A. Laraba, Mr. D.M. McRae, Mr. S.D. Murphy, Mr.
B.H. Niehaus, Mr. G. Nolte, Mr. K. Gab Park, Mr. E. Petrič, Mr. G.V.
Saboia, Mr. N. Singh, Mr. P. Šturma, Mr. E. Valencia-Ospina, Mr. M.
Vázquez-Bermúdez, Mr. N. Wisnumurti, Mr. M. Wood; | 卡
弗利施先生、科米萨里奥·阿丰索先生、穆尔塔迪·苏莱曼·古伊德尔先生、埃斯科瓦尔·埃尔南德斯女士、福尔托先生、哈苏纳先生、哈穆德先生、雅各布松女
士、卡姆托先生、吉滴猜萨里先生、拉腊巴先生、麦克雷先生、墨菲先生、尼豪斯先生、诺尔特先生、朴先生、彼得里奇先生、萨博亚先生、辛格先生、斯图尔玛先
生、巴伦西亚－奥斯皮纳先生、巴斯克斯－贝穆德斯先生、维斯努穆尔蒂先生、伍德先生； |
| and Mr. D.D. Tladi (ex officio). | 和特拉迪先生(当然成员)。 |
| Yearbook … 1998, vol. II (Part Two), p. 10, para. 553. | 《1998年…年鉴》，第二卷(第二部分)，第10页，第553段。 |
| Yearbook … 1996, vol. II (Part Two), Annex II. | 《1996年…年鉴》，第二卷(第二部分)，附件二。 |
| Declaration
of the High-level Meeting of the General Assembly on the Rule of Law at
the National and International Levels, A/RES/67/1, 30 November 2012,
para. 41. | 《国内和国际的法治问题大会高级别会议宣言》, A/RES/67/1, 2012年11月30日，第41段。 |
| Report
of the Secretary-General on Measuring the effectiveness of the support
provided by the United Nations system for the promotion of the rule of
law in conflict and post-conflict situations, S/2013/341, 11 June 2013,
para. 70. | 秘书长关于衡量联合国系统在冲突中和冲突后支持促进法治的效力的报告，S/2013/341，2013年6月11日，第70段。 |
| See Official Records of the General Assembly, Fifty-seventh Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/57/10), paras. 525–531; | 见《大会正式记录，第五十七届会议，补编第10号》(A/57/10)，第525至531段； |
| ibid., Fifty-eighth Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/58/10), para. 447; | 同上，《第五十八届会议，补编第10号》(A/58/10)，第447段； |
| ibid., Fifty-ninth Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/59/10), para. 369; | 同上，《第五十九届会议，补编第10号》(A/59/10)，第369段； |
| ibid., Sixtieth Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/60/10), para. 501; | 同上，《第六十届会议，补编第10号》(A/60/10)，第501段； |
| ibid., Sixty-first Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/61/10), para. 269; | 同上，《第六十一届会议，补编第10号》(A/61/10)，第269段； |
| ibid., Sixty-second Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/62/10), para. 379; | 同上，《第六十二届会议，补编第10号》(A/62/10)，第379段； |
| ibid., Sixty-third Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/63/10), para. 358; | 同上，《第六十三届会议，补编第10号》(A/63/10)，第358段； |
| ibid., Sixty-fourth Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/64/10), para. 240; | 同上，《第六十四届会议，补编第10号》(A/64/10)，第240段； |
| ibid.,
Sixty-fifth Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/65/10), para. 396, and ibid.,
Sixty-sixth Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/66/10), para. 399; | 同上，《第六十五届会议，补编第10号》(A/65/10)，第396段和同上，《第六十六届会议，补编第10号》(A/66/10)，第399段； |
| ibid., Sixty-seventh Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/67/10), para. 280; | 同上，《第六十七届会议，补编第10号》(A/67/10)，第280段； |
| and ibid., Sixty-eighth Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/68/10), para. 181. | 和同上，《第六十八届会议，补编第10号》(A/68/10)，第181段。 |
| See Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-second Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/62/10), paras. 387–395. | 见《大会正式记录，第六十二届会议，补编第10号》(A/62/10)，第387至395段。 |
| Located at http://www.un.org/law/ilc. | 网址是http://www.un.org/law/ilc/。 |
| Generally accessible through: http://www.un.org/law/lindex.htm. | 一般可经由http://www.un.org/law/lindex.htm进入。 |
| Located at http://www.un.org/law/avl/. | 网址是http://www.un.org/law/avl/. |
| See, e.g., in the Historic Archives: Statute of the International Law Commission, Introductory note by Michael Wood; | 例如见历史档案：《国际法委员会章程》，迈克尔·伍德作介绍性说明； |
| Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961, Introductory note by Eileen Denza; | 1961年《维也纳外交关系公约》，艾琳·登扎作介绍性说明； |
| Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, 1963, Introductory note by Juan Manuel Gómez Robledo; | 1963年《维也纳领事关系公约》，胡安·曼努埃尔·戈麦斯·罗夫莱多作介绍性说明； |
| Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1969, Introductory note by Karl Zemanek; | 1969年《维也纳条约法公约》，卡尔·泽马奈克作介绍性说明； |
| Vienna Convention on Succession of States in respect of Treaties, 1978, Introductory note by Anthony Aust; | 1978年《关于国家在条约方面的继承的维也纳公约》，安东尼·奥斯特作介绍性说明； |
| Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses, 1997, Introductory note by Stephen McCaffrey; | 1997年《国际水道非航行使用法公约》，斯特芬·麦卡弗里作介绍性说明； |
| Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, 2001, Introductory note by James Crawford; | 2001年《国家对国际不法行为的责任条款》，詹姆斯·克劳福德作介绍性说明； |
| Articles on Diplomatic Protection, 2006, Introductory note by John Dugard; | 2006年《外交保护条款》，约翰·杜加尔德作介绍性说明； |
| Articles on the Responsibility of International Organizations, 2011, Introductory note by Giorgio Gaja. | 2011年《国际组织的责任条款》，乔治·加亚作介绍性说明。 |
| See
also, for example, in the Lecture Series: State Immunity on the
Occasion of the United Nations Convention on Jurisdictional Immunity of
States and Their Property, Gerhard Hafner; | 例如，另见讲座丛编：联合国《国家及其财产管辖豁免公约》中的国家豁免，杰勒德·哈夫纳； |
| The Work of the International Law Commission on the “Most-Favoured-Nation” Clause, Donald M. McRae; | 国际法委员会关于“最惠国”条款的工作，唐纳德·麦克雷； |
| Protection of the Atmosphere and Codification and Progressive Development of International Law, Shinya Murase; | 保护大气层与国际法的编纂和逐渐发展，村濑信也； |
| Responsibility
in international law – An introduction, Alain Pellet; International
Liability for Transboundary Harm Arising from Hazardous Activities,
Pemmaraju Sreenivasa Rao; | 危险活动造成的跨界损害的国际责任，彭马拉朱·斯里尼瓦萨·拉奥； |
| Codification of the Law on Transboundary Aquifers (Groundwaters) by the United Nations, Chusei Yamada. | 联合国对跨界含水层(地下水)法律的编纂，山田中正。 |
| This statement is recorded in the summary record of that meeting. | 这一发言载于该次会议的简要记录。 |
| Ibid. | 同上。 |
| Ibid. | 同上。 |
| Ibid. | 同上。 |
| Ibid. | 同上。 |
| The
following persons participated in the Seminar: Mr. Sattar Azizi (Iran
(Islamic Republic of)), Ms. Diana Cucos (Moldova), Mr. Tommaso Di Ruzza
(Holy See), Mr. Christian Djeffal (Germany), Ms. Marie Françoise
Fernandez (France), Mr. Harouna Garba Hamani (Niger), Ms. Daniela Gauci
(Malta), Ms. Lusine Hakobyan (Armenia), Ms. Ritta Raundjua Hengari
(Namibia), Mr. Ata Hindi (State of Palestine), Mr. Michael Khetlha
Kabai (South Africa), Ms. Hermine Kembo Takam Gatsing (Cameroon), Mr.
Piotr Kobielski (Poland), Mr. Senthil Kumar (India), Mr. Suzgo Lungu
(Malawi), Mr. Pablo Andrés Moscoso De La Cuba (Peru), Mr. Luis Xavier
Oña Garces (Ecuador), Mr. Mohamed Hassam Negm (Egypt), Mr. Alberto
Manuel Poletti Adorno (Paraguay), Ms. Lucía Raffin (Argentina), Ms.
Silvana Schimanski (Brazil), Ms. Ryoko Shinohara (Japan), Mr. Benjamin
Santorlino Kuron Tombe (South Sudan), Mr. Fajar Yusuf (Indonesia). | 下
列人员参加了讲习班：Sattar Azizi先生(伊朗伊斯兰共和国)、Diana Cucos 女士(摩尔多瓦)、Tommaso Di
Ruzza先生(教廷)、Christian Djeffal先生(德国)、Marie Françoise Fernandez
女士(法国)、Harouna Garba Hamani先生(尼日尔)、Daniela Gauci女士(马耳他)、Lusine
Hakobyan女士(亚美尼亚)、Ritta Raundjua Hengari女士(纳米比亚)、Ata
Hindi先生(巴勒斯坦国)、Michael Khetlha Kabai先生(南非)、Hermine Kembo Takam Gatsing
女士(喀麦隆)、Piotr Kobielski先生(波兰)、Senthil Kumar先生(印度)、Suzgo
Lungu先生(马拉维)、Pablo Andrés Moscoso De La Cuba先生(秘鲁)、Luis Xavier Oña
Garces先生(厄瓜多尔)、Mohamed Hassam Negm先生(埃及)、Alberto Manuel Poletti
Adorno先生(巴拉圭)、Lucía Raffin女士(阿根廷)、Silvana Schimanski女士(巴西)、Ryoko
Shinohara女士(日本)、Benjamin Santorlino Kuron Tombe先生(南苏丹)、Fajar
Yusuf先生(印度尼西亚)。 |
| The Selection
Committee, chaired by Ms. Laurence Boisson de Chazournes, Professor of
International Law at the University of Geneva, met on 3 April 2014 and
selected 25 candidates out of 143 applications. | 由日内瓦大学国际法教授劳伦斯·布瓦松·德沙祖尔内女士女士担任主席的甄选委员会于2014年4月3日举行会议，从143名申请人中录取了25人参加本届讲习班。 |
| One selected candidate could not attend the Seminar. | 1名被录取的候选人最后未能参加讲习班。 |
| Participant in 1982. | 1982年学员。 |
| Mr. E.J.A. Candioti (1970), Mr. S. Murase (1975), Mr. N. Singh (1980), Mr. C.M. Peter (1984) and Mr. P. Šturma (1989). | 恩里克·坎迪奥蒂先生(1970年)、村濑信也先生(1975年)、纳林德尔·辛格先生(1980年)、克里斯·马伊纳·彼得先生(1984年)和帕维尔·斯图尔马先生(1989年)。 |
| Mr. E. Valencia-Ospina. | 爱德华多·巴伦西亚－奥斯皮纳先生。 |
| Mr. Markus Schmidt, Senior Legal Adviser of the United Nations Office at Geneva. | 联合国日内瓦办事处高级法律顾问马库斯·施密特先生。 |
| Ms. Carolina Abreu (2013) and Mr. Christian Djeffal (2014). | Carolina Abreu女士(2013年)和Christian Dfeffal先生(2014年)。 |
| *
Produced with the research assistance of the following interns: Chad
Remus (from NYU, served as intern during 2013), Eric Brandon (from NYU,
served as intern during 2014) and Duy-Lam Nguyên (from IHEID, served as
intern during 2014). | * 研究得到了以下实习生的协助：Chad Remus (纽约大学，2013年实习生)、Eric Brandon (纽约大学，2014年实习生)和Duy-Lam Nguyên (日内瓦高级国际关系学院，2014年实习生)。 |
| The assistance of Marija Đorđeska (SJD Candidate, George Washington) is also acknowledged. | 研究还得到了Marija Đorđeska (乔治华盛顿大学法理学博士生)的协助。 |
| Other
more recent products of the Commission on treaty law include the 2011
International Law Commission Guide to Practice on Reservations to
Treaties and the 2011 International Law Commission Draft Articles on
the Effects of Armed Conflicts on Treaties. | 委员会关于条约法的近期成果包括：2011年国际法委员会《关于对条约的保留的实践指南》和2011年国际法委员会《武装冲突对条约的影响条款草案》。 |
| See Annex A of the Report of the International Law Commission, Sixty Third Session (A/66/10) at para. 1. | 见《国际法委员会第六十三届会议报告》(A/66/10)附件A，第1段。 |
| For
a historical development of jus cogens see, Antonio Gómez Robledo El
Ius Cogens Internacional (Estudio Histórico crítico) (1982), 10 to 68. | 强制法的发展史见Antonio Gómez Robledo，《国际强制法》(El Ius Cogens Internacional)(《批判性历史研究》(Estudio Histórico crítico))(1982年)，第10至68页。 |
| Jus
cogens was first included in the work of the Commission in the Third
Report by GG Fitzmaurice, Special Rapporteur on the Law of Treaties
(A/CN. 4/115), under the title “legality of the object”. | 条约法特别报告员GG Fitzmaurice的第三次报告(A/CN.4/115)首次在“目的的合法性”标题下引入了强制法概念。 |
| See
1958 Yearbook of the International Law Commission Volume II: Documents
of the Tenth Session including the Report of the Commission to the
General Assembly, 26–27. | 见《1958年…年鉴》第二卷：第十届会议文件，包括委员会向大会提交的报告，第26至27页。 |
| Already
in the 1966 Draft Articles, the Commission noted that the “view that
there is no rule of international law from which States cannot at their
own free will contract out has become increasingly difficult to
sustain”. | 委员会在1966年《条款草案》中就已经指出，“不存在国家不得自由退出的国际法规则这种观点已变得越来越难以维持”。 |
| See paragraph 1 of the Commentary to Draft Article 50 of the 1966 Draft Articles on the Law of Treaties. | 见对1966年《条约法条款草案》第50条草案的评注第(1)段。 |
| In
a similar note, the International Law Commission’s Study Group Report
on Fragmentation: Difficulties Arising from the Diversification and
Expansion of International Law of 13 April 2006 stated as follows:
“disagreement about [jus cogens’] theoretical underpinnings, scope of
application and content remains as ripe as ever” (at para. 363). | 同样，国际法委员会研究组2006年4月13日关于“国际法不成体系问题：国际法多样化和扩展引起的困难”的报告也指出：“关于[强制法的]理论基础、适用范围和内容的分歧与过去一样深。 |
| In
paragraph 3 of the Commentary to Draft Article 50, the Commission
stated that, at that point, it was appropriate to provide for the rule
in general terms “and to leave the full content of this rule to be
worked out in State practice and in the jurisprudence of international
tribunals”. | ”(见第363段)。 委员会在对第50条草案的评注第(3)段中指出，现阶段不妨对规则作出笼统的规定，而“将规则的全部内容留给国家实践和国际法庭的判例逐步补充”。 |
| See e.g. Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua. v. United States), ICJ Reports 1986, 14; | 例如见尼加拉瓜境内和针对尼加拉瓜的军事和准军事活动案(尼加拉瓜诉美国)，《1986年国际法院案例汇编》，第14页； |
| Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 (DRC v Belgium) ICJ Reports 2002, 3; | 2000年4月11日逮捕证案(刚果民主共和国诉比利时)，《2002年国际法院案例汇编》，第3页； |
| Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (New Application 2002: DRC v Rwanda), ICJ Reports 2006, 99; | 刚果境内武装活动案(2002年新申诉：刚果民主共和国诉卢旺达)，《2006年国际法院案例汇编》，第99页； |
| Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v Italy: Greece Intervening), ICJ Reports 2012, 99. | 国家管辖豁免案(德国诉意大利：希腊参与诉讼)，《2012年国际法院案例汇编》，第99页。 |
| See
especially the dissenting opinion of Judge Trindade in the
Jurisdictional Immunities of the State case, the joint separate opinion
of Judges Higgins, Kooijmans and Buergenthal and the dissenting
opinions of Judges Oda, Al-Khasawneh and van den Wyngaert in the Arrest
Warrant case. | 特别见国家管辖豁免案中Trindade法官的反对意见，以及逮捕证案中Higgins、Kooijmans、Buergenthal法官的联合个别意见以及Oda、Al-Khasawneh、van den Wyngaert法官的反对意见。 |
| Al-Adsani v UK (Application no. 35763/97), 21 November 2001. | Al-Adsani诉联合王国(申诉号35763/97)，2001年11月21日。 |
| See
also the separate opinion of Judge ad hoc Lauterpacht in the
Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the
Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro),
ICJ Reports 1993, 325 (Separate Opinion of Judge Lauterpacht), paras
100–104 and Regina v. Street Metropolitan Stipendiary Magistrate, ex
parte Pinochet Ugarte (No. 3), 24 March 1999, House of Lords, 119 ILR,
p. 136. | 另见《防止及惩治灭绝种族罪公约》的适用案(波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那诉塞尔维亚和黑山)中专案
法官Lauterpacht的个别意见，《1993年国际法院案例汇编》，第325页(Lauterpacht法官的个别意见)，第100至104段，以
及Regina诉Bow
Street都市领薪专职治安官，皮诺切特·乌加尔特缺席(第3号)，1999年3月24日，上议院，《国际法案例汇编》第119卷，第136页。 |
| See
for example, statement by Counsel to Belgium in Questions Relating to
the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v Senegal), Oral
Proceedings, 13 March 2012 (CR 2012/3), para 3 and statement by Counsel
to Senegal in Questions Relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or
Extradite (Belgium v Senegal), Oral Proceedings, 15 March 2012 (CR
2012/4), para 39. | 例如见与起诉或引渡义务有关的问题案(比利时诉塞内加尔)中比利时律师
的声明，口头审理，2012年3月13日(CR
2013/3)，第3段，以及与起诉或引渡义务有关的问题案(比利时诉塞内加尔)中塞内加尔律师的声明，口头审理，2012年3月15日(CR
2012/4)，第39段。 |
| See also
Counter-Memorial of Senegal in Questions Relating to the Obligation to
Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v Senegal), para 51. | 另见与起诉或引渡义务有关的问题案(比利时诉塞内加尔)中的辩诉状，第51段。 |
| Similarly,
while Germany sought to limit the effects of jus cogens in the
Jurisdictional Immunities case, its own statement not only did not
dispute the existence of jus cogens but in fact positively asserted the
character of certain norms as jus cogens. | 同样，虽然德国在管辖豁免案中极力限制强制法的影响，但是其本身的声明不仅没有对强制法的存在提出异议，而且还肯定了某些规范作为强制法的性质。 |
| See,
for example, the Memorial of the Federal Republic of Germany in the
Jurisdiction Immunities case, 12 June 2009, para 86 where Germany
states: “Undoubtedly, for instance, jus cogens prohibits genocide. ”. | 例如见管辖豁免案中德意志联邦共和国的请愿书，2009年6月12日，德国在第86段中写道：“例如，强制法无疑禁止种族灭绝行为。 |
| See
also Statement of South Africa of 29 October 2009 on the report of the
International Law Commission (A/C.6/64/SR.15, paras. 69–70) cited in
the Second Report of the Special Rapporteur, Mr Roman Kolodkin on
Immunity of State Officials from Foreign Criminal Jurisdiction, 10 June
2010 (A/CN.4/631), para 9, especially footnote 13. | ”另见国家官员的外国刑事管辖豁免问题特别报告员罗曼·克洛德金先生2010年6月10日第二次报告(A/CN.4/631)第9段，特别是脚注13中引用的南非2009年10月26日关于国际法委员会报告的发言(A/C.6/64/SR.15，第69至70段)。 |
| On
28 October 2013, during the Sixth Committee’s consideration of the
report of the International Law Commission, Portugal highlighted jus
cogens as of “utmost importance”. (A/C.6/68/SR.17), para 88. | 2013年10月28日，第六委员会审议国际法委员会报告期间，葡萄牙强调强制法“极为重要”(A/C.6/68/SR.17)，第88段。 |
| See
paragraph 5 of the Commentary to Draft Article 26 in which the
Commission, in fairly unequivocal terms, states that those “peremptory
norms that are clearly accepted and recognised include the prohibition
of aggression, genocide, slavery, racial discrimination, crimes against
humanity and torture, and the aright to self-determination”. | 见对第26条草案的评注第(5)段，委员会在其中毫不含糊地指出：“明确接受和认可的强制性规范包括禁止侵略、种族灭绝、奴役、种族歧视、危害人类罪和酷刑，以及自决权”。 |
| See
Paragraph 374 of Report of the Study Group of the International Law
Commission on the Fragmentation of International Law: Difficulties
Arising from the Diversification and Expansion of International Law, 13
April 2006 (A/CN.4/L.682). | 见国际法委员会研究组关于“国际法不成体系问题：国际法多样化和扩展引起的困难”的报告，第374段，2006年4月13日(A/CN.4/L.682)。 |
| See
also Conclusion 33 of the Conclusions of the Work of the Study Group on
the Fragmentation of International Law: Difficulties Arising from the
Diversification and Expansion of International Law (2006). | 另见研究组关于“国际法不成体系问题：国际法多样化和扩展引起的困难”的工作结论(2006年)之结论33。 |
| See, e.g., Commentary to Draft Guide 3.1.5.4 and Guide 4.4.3 of the Guide to Practice on Reservations to Treaties. | 例如见《关于对条约的保留的实践指南》指南草案3.1.5.4和4.3.3的评注。 |
| See
also Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (New Application
2002: DRC v. Rwanda) (Separate Opinion of Judge Dugard) (discussing the
effect of reservations that violate jus cogens), para. 9. | 另见刚果境内武装活动案(2002年新申诉：刚果民主共和国诉卢旺达)(Dugard法官的个别意见)(讨论违反强制法的保留的效力)，第9段。 |
| See
also Principle 8 of the Guiding Principles applicable to unilateral
declarations of States capable of creating legal obligations, with
commentaries thereto, Yearbook of the International Law Commission,
2006, vol. II, Part Two. | 另见《适用于能够产生法律义务的国家单方面声明的指导原则》第8条及其评注，《2006年…年鉴》，第二卷，第二部分。 |
| Article 53 of the Vienna Convention. | 《维也纳公约》第五十三条。 |
| Articles 53 and 64 of the Vienna Convention. | 《维也纳公约》第五十三条和第六十四条。 |
| See,
e.g. Alfred Verdross “Forbidden Treaties in International Law: Comments
on Professor Garner’s Report on ‘The Law of Treaties’” (1937) 31
American Journal of International Law 571. | 例如见Alfred Verdross，《国际法中禁止的条约：对Garner教授关于“条约法”的报告的评论》(1937年)，《美国国际法期刊》第31卷，第571页。 |
| See Report of the Study Group on Fragmentation, 13 April 2006, para. 375. | 见研究组关于不成体系问题的报告，2006年4月13日，第375段。 |
| Id., para. 367. | 同上，第367段。 |
| Id. | 同上。 |
| See,
e.g. Draft Article 26 of the Draft Articles on State Responsibilities
and the commentary thereto in relation to the potential conflict
between a secondary rule on state responsibility, in particular grounds
precluding wrongfulness, and a peremptory norm of international law. | 例如见关于国家责任的条款草案第26条及其涉及关于国家责任的次要规则，特别是解除行为不法性的理由与国际法强制规范的潜在冲突的评注。 |
| See especially paragraphs 3 and 4 of the Commentary to Draft Article 26 on the Draft Articles on State Responsibility. | 关于国家责任的条款草案第26条评注第3段和第4段。 |
| In
the Report on the Fragmentation of International Law, the Study Group
listed opinions of individual judges dealing with jus cogens which
included the Oscar Chinn case, P.C.I.J. Series A/B, No. 63 (1934)
(separate opinion of Judge Schücking) p. 149; | 研究组在关于国际法不成体系问题的报告中列举了处理强制法问题的法官的意见，包括：Oscar Chinn 案，常设国际法院，A/B辑，第63号（1934年），Schücking法官的个别意见，第149页； |
| Application
of the Convention of 1902 Governing the Guardianship of Infants (the
Netherlands v. Sweden) ICJ Reports 1958, 55 (separate opinion of Judge
Moreno Quintana) pp. 106 et seq.; | 《1902年未成年人监护权公约》的适用案（荷兰诉瑞典），《1958年国际法院案例汇编》，第55页，Moreno Quintana法官的个别意见，第106页及以下各页； |
| North Sea Continental Shelf (Federal Republic of Germany/Denmark; | 北海大陆架案（德意志联邦共和国诉丹麦； |
| Federal
Republic of Germany/Netherlands) ICJ Reports 1969, 3 (separate opinion
of Judges Padilla Nervo and Sörensen) pp. 97 and 248; | 德意志联邦共和国诉荷兰），《1969年国际法院案例汇编》，第3页，Padilla Nervo和Sörensen法官的个别意见，第97和第248页； |
| North Sea Continental Shelf (Federal Republic of Germany/Denmark; | 北海大陆架案（德意志联邦共和国诉丹麦； |
| Federal Republic of Germany/Netherlands) ICJ Reports 1969, 3 (dissenting opinion of Judge Tanaka), at p. 182; | 德意志联邦共和国诉荷兰），《1969年国际法院案例汇编》，第3页，Tanaka法官的反对意见，第182页； |
| Case
Concerning the Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited
(Belgium v. Spain) (Second Phase) ICJ Reports 1970,3 (separate opinion
of Judge Ammoun), at p. 304; | 巴塞罗那电车、电灯及电力有限公司案（比利时诉西班牙）（第二阶段），《1970年国际法院案例汇编》，第3页，Ammoun法官的个别意见，第304页； |
| Military
and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v.
United States of America) ICJ Reports 1986, 14 (separate opinion of
President Nagendra Singh) p. 153; | 尼加拉瓜境内和针对尼加拉瓜的军事和准军事活动案（尼加拉瓜诉美利坚合众国），《1986年国际法院案例汇编》，第14页，Nagendra Singh院长的个别意见，第153页； |
| Military
and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v.
United States of America) ICJ Reports 1986, 14 (separate opinion of
Judge Sette-Camara) pp. 199 et seq; | 尼加拉瓜境内和针对尼加拉瓜的军事和准军事活动案（尼加拉瓜诉美利坚合众国），《1986年国际法院案例汇编》，第14页，Sette-Camara法官的个别意见，第199页及以下各页； |
| Application
of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of
Genocide (Bosnia Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro)) ICJ
Reports 1993, 325 (separate opinion of Judge ad hoc Lauterpacht) p. 440; | 《防止及惩治灭绝种族罪公约》的适用案（波斯尼亚黑塞哥维那诉南斯拉夫（塞尔维亚和黑山）），《1993年国际法院案例汇编》，第325页，专案法官Lauterpacht的个别意见，第440页； |
| Legality
of Use of Force (Yugoslavia v. United States of America) Request for
the Indication of Provisional Measures, ICJ Reports 1999, 916
(dissenting opinion of judge ad hoc Kreća) pp. 53-61, paras. 10–17; | 使用武力的合法性案（南斯拉夫诉美利坚合众国），请求指出临时措施，《1999年国际法院案例汇编》，第916页，专案法官Kreća的反对意见，第53-61页，第10-17段； |
| Arrest
Warrant of 11 April 2000 (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Belgium)
ICJ Reports 2002, 3 (dissenting opinion of Judge Al-Khasawneh) p. 95,
para. 3; | 2000年4月11日逮捕证案（刚果民主共和国诉比利时），《2002年国际法院案例汇编》，第3页，Al-Khasawneh法官的反对意见，第95页，第3段； |
| Oil
Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America) ICJ
Reports 2003, 161 (separate opinion of Judge Buergenthal), para. 23. | 石油平台案（伊朗伊斯兰共和国诉美利坚合众国），《2003年国际法院案例汇编》，第161页，Buergenthal法官的个别意见，第23段。 |
| See
also The Arbitral Award in the Matter between the Government of Kuwait
and American Independent Oil Company, (1982) 21 ILM 976, para 90. | 另见科威特政府诉美国独立石油公司案的仲裁裁决(1982年)，《国际法材料》，第21卷，第976页，第90段。 |
| Azanian People’s Organisation (AZAPO) v Truth and Reconciliation 1996 (4) SA 562 (C), 574B. | 阿扎尼亚人民组织诉真相与和解委员会，1996 (4) SA 562 (C), 574B。 |
| Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua (Nicaragua. v. United States), 1986 ICJ Reports 14 at para 190. | 尼加拉瓜境内和针对尼加拉瓜的军事和准军事活动案(尼加拉瓜诉美国)，《1986年国际法院案例汇编》，第14页，第190段。 |
| Id., para. 190. | 同上，第190段。 |
| Questions
Relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v
Senegal), Judgment of 20 July 2012, ICJ Reports 2012, para. 99. | 与起诉或引渡义务有关的问题案(比利时诉塞内加尔)，2012年7月20日的判决，《2012年国际法院案例汇编》，第99段。 |
| Id. | 同上。 |
| See paras 92, 95 and 97 of the Jurisdictional Immunities of the State case. | 见国家管辖豁免案第92、95和97段。 |
| See
also para 64 in the Armed Activities in the Congo case (New Application
2002: DRC v Rwanda) concerning the consequences of jus cogens on
jurisdiction and para 64 in the Al-Adsani case. | 另见刚果境内武装活动案(2002年新申诉：刚果民主共和国诉卢旺达)关于强制法对管辖权影响的第64段，以及Al-Adsani案第64段。 |
| See
also Jones & Others v. United Kingdom (Applications nos. 34356/06
and 40528/06), E.C.H.R. para. 198 (Jan. 14, 2014) (finding that “by
February 2012, no jus cogens exception to State immunity had yet
crystallised”). | 另见Jones及其他人诉联合王国(申诉号34356/06和40528/06)，欧洲人权法院，第198段(2014年1月14日) (判定“截至2012年2月，尚未因强制法而出现对国家豁免的任何例外”)。 |
| Para 93 of the Jurisdiction Immunities of the State case. | 见国家管辖豁免案第93段。 |
| For
a contrary position see Judge Cançado Trindade’s dissenting opinion in
the Jurisdictional Immunities case, the joint separate of Judges
Higgins, Kooijmans and Buergenthal in the Arrest Warrant case, the
dissenting opinions of Judges Oda, Al-Khasawneh and Judge ad hoc van
den Wyngaert in the Arrest Warrant case. | 相反的立场见国家管辖
豁免案中Cançado
Trindade法官的反对意见、逮捕证案中Higgins、Kooijmans、Buergenthal法官联合提出的个别意见，以及逮捕证案中
Oda、Al-Khasawneh法官以及专案法官van den Wyngaert的反对意见。 |
| With
respect to national court decisions, in Jurisdictional Immunities of
the State the Court cited to decisions in Canada, Greece, New Zealand,
Poland, Slovenia, and the United Kingdom where sovereign immunity was
acknowledged even in the face of allegations of jus cogens violations. | 关于国内法院的裁决，国际法院在国家管辖豁免案中援引了加拿大、希腊、新西兰、波兰、斯洛文尼亚和联合王国的裁决，这些国家即使在面对违反强制法的指控时也承认国家豁免。 |
| Jurisdictional Immunities of the State, para. 96. | 国家管辖豁免案第96段。 |
| For
the United States, intermediate courts have rejected an implied
exception to sovereign immunity where the foreign State was accused of
violating jus cogens norms. | 美国的中级法院在外国被指控违反强制法规范的案件中，拒绝将违反强制法作为主权豁免的例外情况。 |
| See Siderman de Blake v. Argentina, 965 F.2d 699 (9th Cir. 1992); | 见Siderman de Blake诉阿根廷，965 F.2d 699 (9th Cir. 1992)； |
| Princz v. Germany, 26 F.3d 1166 (D.C. Cir. 1994); | Princz诉德国，26 F.3d 1166 (D.C. Cir. 1994)； |
| Smith v. Libya, 101 F.3d 239 (2d Cir. 1997); and Sampson v. Germany, 250 F.3d 1145 (7th Cir. 2001). | Smith诉利比亚，101 F.3d 239 (2d Cir. 1997)，以及Sampson诉德国，250 F.3d 1145 (7th Cir. 2001)。 |
| For immunity of officials, compare Ye v. Zemin, 383 F.3d 620, 625-27 (7th Cir. 2004); | 关于官员的豁免，对比Ye诉Zemin，383 F.3d 620, 625-27 (7th Cir. 2004)； |
| Matar v. Dichter, 563 F.3d 9, 14-15 (2d Cir. 2009); | Matar 诉Dichter，563 F.3d 9, 14-15 (2d Cir. 2009)； |
| Giraldo
v. Drummond Co., 493 Fed. Appx. 106 (D.C. Cir. 2012) (acknowledging
immunity of foreign government officials despite allegations of jus
cogens violations), with Yousuf v. Samantar, 699 F.3d 763, 776–77 (4th
Cir. 2012) (denying immunity). | Giraldo诉Drummond公司，
493 Fed. Appx. 106 (D.C. Cir. 2012) (不顾违反强制法的指控，对外国官员予以豁免)与Yousuf
诉Samantar，699 F.3d 763, 776–77 (4th Cir. 2012) (不予豁免)。 |
| Para. 95 of the Jurisdiction Immunities of the State case. | 国家管辖豁免案第95段。 |
| Id. at 95 referring to its judgement in the Arrest Warrant case. | 同上。 第95段，提到逮捕证案判决的部分。 |
| Armed Activities on the Territory of Congo case at para. 64. | 刚果境内武装活动案，第64段。 |
| Questions
relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v.
Senegal), Judgment of 20 July 2012, I.C.J. Reports 2012, 422 at para 99. | 与起诉或引渡义务有关的问题案(比利时诉塞内加尔)，2012年7月20日的判决，《2012年国际法院案例汇编》，第422页，第99段。 |
| Ibid. | 同上。 |
| See, e.g., Andrew Jacovides International Law and Diplomacy: Selected Writings (2011), 18. | 例如见Andrew Jacovides 《国际法与外交选读》(International Law and Diplomacy: Selected Writings)(2011年)，第18页。 |
| Cf.
Case concerning the Delimitation of Maritime Boundary between
Guinea-Bissau and Senegal, Arbitral Award, 31 July 1989, Vol XX UNRIAA,
119, at para 44 (suggesting a jus cogens norm can develop as either
custom or by the formation of a general principle of law). | 比较几内亚比绍和塞内加尔海洋疆界划界案，仲裁裁决，1989年7月31日，《国际仲裁裁决汇编》第二十卷，第119页，第44段(表明强制法规范既可以作为惯例发展，也可以通过形成一般法律原则发展)。 |
| See
also Siderman de Blake v. Argentina, 965 F.2d at 715 (arguing that jus
cogens is derived from fundamental values of the international
community, rather than the choice of states). | 另见Siderman de Blake 诉阿根廷，965 F.2d，第715页(主张强制法源于国际社会的基本价值观，而不是国家的选择)。 |
| For
example, the commentary to Draft Article 50 of the Draft Articles on
the Law of Treaties clarifies that “[n]or would it be correct to say
that a provision in a treaty possesses the character of jus cogens
merely because the parties have stipulated that no derogation from that
provision is to be permitted, so that another treaty which conflicted
with that provision would be void” (para. 2). | 例如，《条约法条款草案》第50条草案的评注明确指出，“只是因为缔约方规定某条款不允许任何克减，以至与该条款冲突的其他条约无效，就说条约中的这项条款具有强制法性质也是不对的”(第(2)段)。 |
| See para. 99 of Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite. | 见与起诉或引渡义务有关的问题案第99段。 |
| See
Jurisdictional Immunities of the State at 94 and Armed Activities on
the Territory of the Congo (New Application 2002: DRC v Rwanda) at para
64. | 见国家管辖豁免案第94段和刚果境内武装活动案(2002年新申诉：刚果民主共和国诉卢旺达)第64段。 |
| See
also generally Erika de Wet “Jus Cogens and Obligations Erga Omnes” in
Dinah Shelton (Ed) The Oxford Handbook of International Human Rights
Law (2013). | 另见Erika de Wet《强制法与普遍义务》(Jus Cogens and Obligations Erga Omnes)，Dinah Shelton (编)《牛津大学国际人权法手册》(2013年)。 |
| Stichting
Mothers of Srebrenica and Others v. Netherlands, App no. 65542/12 (ECHR
2013) (holding that jus cogens does not trump immunity of international
organizations). | 斯雷布雷尼察母亲基金会及其他组织诉荷兰，申诉号65542/12(欧洲人权法院，2013年)(强制法没有成为国际组织豁免的例外情况)。 |
| Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide at paras 100–104. | 《防止及惩治灭绝种族罪公约》的适用案第100至104段。 |
| Prosecutor
v. Furundzija (Judgment) ICTY-95-17/1 (10 December 1998) at para 157
(mentioning lack of a statute of limitations and not allowing a
political offence exemption in extradition treaties for jus cogens
torture violations as two possible implications of jus cogens
violations). | 检方诉Furundzija (判决) ICTY-95-17/1 (1998年12月10日)，第157段(提到缺乏时效以及因违反禁止酷刑的强制法而不适用引渡条约中的政治犯不引渡原则，作为违反强制法的两项可能后果)。 |
| Examples,
in this regard, include Belgium v. Senegal, Jurisdictional Immunities
of State and the Armed Activities in the Congo case. | 例如，在这方面，包括比利时诉塞内加尔案、国家管辖豁免案和刚果境内武装活动案。 |
| During
the consideration of the Commission’s report during the 2013 session of
the Sixth Committee of the General Assembly, several delegations
expressed support for the consideration of the topic of jus cogens. | 大会第六委员会2013年届会审议国际法委员会报告期间，一些代表对审议强制法专题表示支持。 |
| Portugal for example, highlighted the topic as “of utmost importance”. | 例如，葡萄牙强调该专题“极为重要”。 |
| See Summary Records of the 17th Meeting of the Sixth Committee, 28 October 2013 (A/C.6/68/SR.17), para. 88. | 见第六委员会第17次会议简要记录，2013年10月28日(A/C.6/68/SR.17)，第88段。 |
| Similarly
Iran expressed support for the consideration of the topic, See Summary
Records of the 26th Meeting of the Sixth Committee, 5 November 2013
(A/C.6/68/SR.26), para. 4. | 伊朗也对审议本专题表示支持，见第六委员会第26次会议简要记录，2013年11月5日(A/C.6/68/SR.26)，第4段。 |
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