CEDAW/C/GC/39 2224375E.docx (English)	CEDAW/C/GC/39 2224375C.docx (Chinese)
CEDAW/C/GC/39	CEDAW/C/GC/39
Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women	消除对妇女歧视委员会
General recommendation No. 39 (2022) on the rights of Indigenous women and girls	关于土著妇女和女童权利的第39号一般性建议(2022年)
Contents	目录
Page	页次
1.	1.
Introduction	导言
2	2
2.	2.
Objectives and scope	目标和范围
4	4
3.	3.
Legal framework	法律框架
5	5
4.	4.
General obligations of States parties in relation to the rights of Indigenous women and girls under articles 1 and 2	缔约国根据《公约》第一和二条在土著妇女和女童权利方面的一般义务
6	6
A.	A.
Equality and non-discrimination, with a focus on Indigenous women and intersecting forms of discrimination	平等和不歧视，重点是土著妇女和女童以及交叉形式歧视
6	6
B.	B.
Access to justice and plural legal systems	获得司法救助和多元法律制度
10	9
5.	5.
Obligations of States parties in relation to specific dimensions of the rights of Indigenous women and girls	缔约国涉及土著妇女和女童权利各具体层面的义务
13	12
A.	A.
Prevention of and protection from gender-based violence against Indigenous women and girls (arts. 3, 5, 6, 10 (c), 11, 12, 14 and 16)	防止和保护土著妇女和女童免遭性别暴力(第三、五、六、十(c)、十一、十二、十四和十六条)
13	12
B.	B.
Right to effective participation in political and public life (arts. 7, 8 and 14)	有效参与政治和公共生活的权利(第七、八和十四条)
16	15
C.	C.
Right to education (arts. 5 and 10)	受教育权(第五和十条)
18	16
D.	D.
Right to work (arts. 11 and 14)	工作权(第十一和十四条)
19	17
E.	E.
Right to health (arts. 10 and 12)	健康权(第十和十二条)
20	18
F.	F.
Right to culture (arts. 3, 5, 13 and 14)	文化权(第三、五、十三和十四条)
21	19
G.	G.
Rights to land, territories and natural resources (arts. 13 and 14)	土地、领土和自然资源权(第十三和十四条)
23	20
H.	H.
Rights to food, water and seeds (arts. 12 and 14)	食物权、水权和种子权(第十二和十四条)
23	21
I.	I.
Right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment (arts. 12 and 14)	享有清洁、健康和可持续环境的权利(第十二和十四条)
24	22
I.	一.
Introduction	导言
1.	1.
The present general recommendation provides guidance to States parties on legislative, policy and other relevant measures to ensure the implementation of their obligations in relation to the rights of Indigenous women and girls under the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women.	本一般性建议为缔约国采取立法、政策和其他相关措施以确保履行《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》规定的与土著妇女和女童权利有关的义务提供指导。
There are an estimated 476.6 million Indigenous Peoples globally, of whom more than half (238.4 million) are women.	全球估计有4.766亿土著人民，其中一半以上(2.384亿)是妇女。
Discrimination and violence are recurrent phenomena in the lives of many Indigenous women and girls living in rural, remote and urban areas.	许多生活在农村、偏远地区和城市的土著妇女和女童在生活中反复面临歧视和暴力。
The present general recommendation applies to Indigenous women and girls both inside and outside Indigenous territories.	本一般性建议适用于土著领土之内和之外的土著妇女和女童。
2.	2.
The present general recommendation takes into account the voices of Indigenous women and girls as driving actors and leaders inside and outside their communities.	本一般性建议顾及了土著妇女和女童在其社区内外作为推动者和领导者的声音。
It identifies and addresses different forms of intersectional discrimination faced by Indigenous women and girls and their key role as leaders, knowledge-bearers and transmitters of culture among their peoples, communities and families, as well as society as a whole.	它确定并探讨了土著妇女和女童面临的不同形式交叉歧视，以及她们作为领导者、知识拥有者和文化传递者在其人民、社区、家庭和整个社会中的关键作用。
The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women has consistently identified patterns of discrimination faced by Indigenous women and girls in the exercise of their human rights, and the factors that continue to exacerbate discrimination against them. Such discrimination is often intersectional and based on factors such as sex; gender;	消除对妇女歧视委员会一如既往地查明了土著妇女和女童在行使人权时所面临歧视的模式， 以及继续加剧她们所受歧视的因素。
Indigenous origin, status or identity;race; ethnicity; disability; age; language;socioeconomic status;and HIV/AIDS status.	此类歧视往往相互交叉，并基于生理性别、社会性别和土著出身、地位或身份以及种族、民族、残疾、年龄、语言、社会经济状况、艾滋病毒/艾滋病状况等因素。
3.	3.
Intersectional discrimination against Indigenous women and girls must be understood in the context of the multifaceted nature of their identity.	必须从土著妇女和女童身份多面性的角度理解她们受到的交叉歧视。
They face discrimination and gender-based violence, frequently committed by State and non-State actors.	她们面临经常由国家和非国家行为体实施的歧视和性别暴力。
These forms of violence and discrimination are widespread and are often treated with impunity.	这些形式的暴力和歧视十分普遍，且往往不受惩罚。
Indigenous women and girls often have an inextricable link and relation to their peoples, lands, territories, natural resources and culture.	土著妇女和女童往往与其人民、土地、领土、自然资源和文化有着千丝万缕的联系和关系。
To ensure compliance with articles 1 and 2 and other relevant provisions of the Convention, State action, legislation and policies must reflect and respect the multifaceted identity of Indigenous women and girls.States parties should also take into consideration the intersectional discrimination experienced by Indigenous women and girls on the basis of factors such as sex; gender;Indigenous origin, status or identity;race; ethnicity; disability; age; language;socioeconomic status; and HIV/AIDS status.	要确保《公约》第一和二条以及其他相关条款得到遵守，国家行动、立法和政策必须反映和尊重土著妇女和女童身份的多面性。 缔约国还应考虑到土著妇女和女童因生理性别、社会性别和土著出身、地位或身份以及种族、民族、残疾、年龄、语言、社会经济状况、艾滋病毒/艾滋病状况等因素而经历的交叉歧视。
4.	4.
State action to prevent and address discrimination against Indigenous women and girls throughout their lifespan must integrate a gender perspective, an intersectional perspective, an Indigenous women and girls perspective, an intercultural perspective and a multidisciplinary perspective.	防止和应对土著妇女和女童在其整个生命周期所受歧视的国家行动必须纳入性别视角、交叉视角、土著妇女和女童视角、跨文化视角和多学科视角。
A gender perspective takes into consideration the discriminatory norms, harmful social practices, stereotypes and inferior treatment that have affected Indigenous women and girls historically and still affect them in the present.race;An intersectional perspective requires States to consider the multitude of factors that combine to increase the exposure of Indigenous women and girls to, and exacerbate the consequences of, unequal and arbitrary treatment on the basis of sex; gender; Indigenous origin, status or identity;ethnicity;disability;age; language; socioeconomic status;and HIV/AIDS status, among other factors.	性别视角考虑到了历史上影响到、现在仍然影响着土著妇女和女童的歧视性规范、有害社会习俗、陈规定型观念和低人一等待遇。 交叉视角则要求国家考虑到多种因素，这些因素相互叠加，可使土著妇女和女童更多地受到基于生理性别、社会性别和土著出身、地位或身份以及种族、民族、残疾、年龄、语言、社会经济状况、艾滋病毒/艾滋病状况等因素的不平等和任意对待，并加剧了这种待遇的后果。
States should take into consideration the interdependence and interconnectedness of all these factors in their adoption of laws, policies, national budgets and interventions related to Indigenous women and girls.	各国在通过与土著妇女和女童有关的法律、政策、国家预算和干预措施时，应考虑到所有这些因素的相互依存和相互联系。
Indigenous women and girls suffer intersectional discrimination both inside and outside their territories.	土著妇女和女童在其领土内外都受到交叉歧视。
Intersectional discrimination against them is structural, embedded in constitutions, laws and policies, as well as government programmes, action and services.	对她们的交叉歧视是结构性歧视，内嵌于宪法、法律和政策以及方案、政府行动和服务。
5.	5.
An Indigenous women and girls perspective entails understanding the distinction between their experiences, realities and needs in the area of human rights protection and those of Indigenous men, based on their sex and gender differences.	土著妇女和女童视角意味着了解她们在人权保护领域的经历、现实和需求方面基于生理和社会性别差异与土著男子的不同。
It also involves considering the status of Indigenous girls as developing women, which requires interventions to be appropriate to their age, development and condition.	它还涉及考虑土著女童作为发展中妇女的身份，这要求干预措施适合其年龄、发展和状况。
An intercultural perspective involves considering the diversity of Indigenous Peoples, including their cultures, languages, beliefs and values, and the social appreciation and value of this diversity.	跨文化视角则涉及考虑土著人民的多样性，包括其文化、语言、信仰和价值观，以及社会对这种多样性的了解和珍视。
Lastly, a multidisciplinary perspective requires an appreciation of the multifaceted identity of Indigenous women and girls and of how law, health, education, culture, spirituality, anthropology, economy, science and work, among other aspects, have shaped and continue to shape the social experience of Indigenous women and girls and to promote discrimination against them. These perspectives and approaches are key to preventing and eradicating discrimination against Indigenous women and girls and to achieving the goal of social justice when their human rights are violated.	最后，多学科视角要求了解土著妇女和女童身份的多面性，以及法律、卫生、教育、文化、精神观、人类学、经济、科学和工作等方面如何已经并仍然在塑造土著妇女和女童的社会经验，并助长对她们的歧视。这些视角和方法对于防止和消除对土著妇女和女童的歧视、在她们的人权受到侵犯时实现社会正义的目标至关重要。
6.	6.
The prohibition of discrimination under articles 1 and 2 of the Convention must be strictly applied to ensure the rights of Indigenous women and girls, including those living in voluntary isolation or initial contact, to self-determination and to access to and the integrity of their lands, territories and resources, culture and environment. The prohibition of discrimination should also be implemented to ensure their rights to effective and equal participation in decision-making and to consultation, in and through their own representative institutions, in order to obtain their free, prior and informed consent before the adoption and implementation of legislative or administrative measures that may affect them.	必须严格执行《公约》第一和二条关于禁止歧视的规定，以确保土著妇女和女童，包括自愿与世隔离或初步接触外界的土著妇女和女童享有自决权，并有权享有其土地、领土和资源、文化及环境并确保其完整性。还应执行关于禁止歧视的规定，以确保她们有权有效、平等地参与决策，并在其自己的代表机构内或通过其自己的代表机构进行协商，以便在对其可能有影响的立法或行政措施得到通过和执行之前，事先征得其自由和知情同意。
This set of rights lays the foundation for a holistic understanding of the individual and collective rights of Indigenous women.	这一系列权利奠定了全面了解土著妇女个人和集体权利的基础。
The violation of any of these or related rights constitutes discrimination against Indigenous women and girls.	侵犯上述任何权利或其他相关权利都构成对土著妇女和女童的歧视。
7.	7.
In implementing the present general recommendation, the Committee calls upon States parties to take into consideration the challenging context in which Indigenous women and girls exercise and defend their human rights.	委员会呼吁缔约国在执行本一般性建议时，考虑到土著妇女和女童在行使和维护其人权方面面临的挑战。
They are heavily affected by existential threats connected to climate change, environmental degradation, the loss of biodiversity and barriers in gaining access to food and water security.	她们因与气候变化、环境退化、生物多样性丧失以及实现粮食和水安全方面障碍有关的生存威胁而受到严重影响。
Extractive activities carried out by business enterprises and other industrial, financial, public and private actors often have a devastating impact on the environment, air, land, waterways, oceans, territories and natural resources of Indigenous Peoples and may infringe the rights of Indigenous women and girls.	工商企业和其他工业、金融、公共和私营行为体进行的采掘活动往往对土著人民的环境、空气、土地、水道、海洋、领土和自然资源造成破坏性影响，并可能侵犯土著妇女和女童的权利。
Indigenous women and girls are at the forefront of the local, national and international demand and action for a clean, safe, healthy and sustainable environment. Many Indigenous women who are environmental human rights defenders face killings, harassment, criminalization and the ongoing discrediting of their work.	土著妇女和女童在地方、国家和国际层面率先要求采取行动确保清洁、安全、健康和可持续环境。 许多作为环境人权维护者的土著妇女被杀害、骚扰和刑事定罪，其工作持续受到诋毁。
States parties have an obligation to ensure that State actors and business enterprises take measures without delay to guarantee a clean, healthy and sustainable environment and planetary system, including the prevention of foreseeable loss and damage, socioeconomic and environmental violence, and all forms of violence against Indigenous women who are environmental human rights defenders and their communities and territories. States parties also have an obligation to address the effects of colonialism, racism, assimilation policies, sexism, poverty, armed conflicts, militarization, forced displacement and the loss of territories, sexual violence as a tool of war, and other alarming human rights abuses frequently perpetrated against Indigenous women and girls and their communities.	缔约国有义务确保国家行为体和工商企业毫不拖延地采取措施，保障清洁、健康和可持续的环境和地球系统，包括防止可预见的灭失和损坏、社会经济和环境暴力以及针对作为人权维护者的土著妇女及其社区和领土的一切形式暴力。 缔约国还有义务消除殖民主义、种族主义、同化政策、性别歧视、贫困、武装冲突、军事化、强迫流离失所和丧失领土、以性暴力作为战争工具以及其他令人震惊的经常针对土著妇女和女童及其社区的侵犯人权行为的影响。
II.	二.
Objectives and scope	目标和范围
8.	8.
The Committee considers self-identification, according to international standards, to be a guiding principle in international law in determining the status of rights holders as Indigenous women and girls.	委员会认为，根据国际标准 作出自我认同是确定权利持有人的土著妇女和女童身份的一项国际法指导原则。
However, the Committee recognizes that some Indigenous women and girls may prefer not to disclose their status owing to structural and systemic racism and discrimination, as well as colonial and colonization policies.	然而，委员会认识到，由于结构性和系统性的种族主义和歧视，加之殖民和殖民化政策，一些土著妇女和女童可能不愿披露自己的身份。
The present general recommendation and the rights under the Convention are applicable to all Indigenous women and girls, inside and outside their territories;in their countries of origin, in transit and in their countries of destination;and as migrants, as refugees during their forced or involuntary displacement cycle and as stateless persons.	本一般性建议和《公约》规定的权利适用于所有土著妇女和女童，无论她们位于其领土之内还是之外，身处原籍国、过境国还是目的地国，是作为移民、正在被迫或非自愿流离失所的难民还是作为无国籍人。
9.	9.
Gender-based violence, including psychological, physical, sexual, economic, spiritual, political and environmental violence, is adversely affecting the lives of many Indigenous women and girls.	性别暴力，包括心理、身体、性、经济、精神、政治和环境暴力，正在对许多土著妇女和女童的生活产生不利影响。
Indigenous women often suffer violence in the home, in the workplace and in public and educational institutions;while receiving health services and navigating child welfare systems;as leaders in political and community life;as human rights defenders;when deprived of liberty;and when confined to institutions.	土著妇女经常在家中、在工作场所及公共和教育机构中遭受暴力，还在接受保健服务和利用儿童福利制度、作为政治和社区生活的领导者、作为人权维护者、被剥夺自由、受困于收容机构时遭遇暴力。
Indigenous women and girls are disproportionately at risk of rape and sexual harassment;gender-based killings and femicide;disappearances and kidnapping;trafficking in persons;contemporary forms of slavery;exploitation, including exploitation of prostitution of women; sexual servitude;forced labour; coerced pregnancies;State policies mandating forced contraception and intrauterine devices;and domestic work that is not decent, safe or adequately remunerated.The Committee highlights, in particular, the gravity of discrimination and gender-based violence against Indigenous women and girls with disabilities who are living in institutions.	土著妇女和女童面临尤为严重的强奸和性骚扰、基于性别的杀戮和杀害妇女行为、失踪和绑架、人口贩运、 当代形式奴隶制、剥削包括利用妇女卖淫营利行为、 性奴役、强迫劳动、强迫怀孕、准许强制避孕和置放宫内避孕器的国家政策以及不体面、不安全和报酬不足的家务工作风险。 委员会特别强调，生活在收容机构中的土著残疾妇女和女童遭受的歧视和性别暴力十分严重。
10.	10.
The Committee calls upon States parties to promptly engage in data collection efforts to fully assess the situation of Indigenous women and girls and the forms of discrimination and gender-based violence that they face.States must undertake efforts to collect data, disaggregated by a range of factors, including sex;age;Indigenous origin, status or identity;and disability status, and collaborate with Indigenous women and their organizations, as well as academic institutions and non-profit organizations, in that regard.	委员会促请缔约国迅速开展数据收集工作，以充分评估土著妇女和女童的状况以及她们面临的各种形式歧视和性别暴力。 各国必须努力收集按性别、年龄以及土著出身、地位或身份和残疾等一系列因素分列的数据，并就此与土著妇女及其组织以及学术和非营利机构协作。
The Committee also underscores that Indigenous Peoples must have control over data collection processes in their communities and over how the data are stored, interpreted, used and shared.	委员会还着重指出，土著人民必须控制其社区的数据收集进程，以及这些信息的存储、解释、使用和分享。
11.	11.
One of the root causes of discrimination against Indigenous women and girls is the lack of effective implementation of their rights to self-determination and autonomy and related guarantees, as manifested, inter alia, in their continued dispossession of their lands, territories and natural resources.	歧视土著妇女和女童行为的根源之一是，她们的自决和自治权及相关保障得不到有效落实，这尤其表现在她们继续被剥夺土地、领土和自然资源。
The Committee acknowledges that the vital link between Indigenous women and their lands often forms the basis of their culture, identity, spirituality, ancestral knowledge and survival.Indigenous women face a lack of legal recognition of their rights to land and territories and wide gaps in the implementation of existing laws to protect their collective rights.	委员会承认，土著妇女与其土地之间的重要联系往往构成其文化、身份、精神观、祖传知识和生存的基础。 土著妇女的土地和领土权得不到法律承认，而保护其集体权利的现行法律在执行方面存在巨大不足。
Governments and third-party actors frequently carry out activities related to investment, infrastructure, development, conservation, climate change adaptation and mitigation initiatives, tourism, mining, logging and extraction without securing the effective participation and obtaining the consent of the Indigenous Peoples affected.	各国政府和第三方行为体经常不经受影响土著人民的有效参与和同意就开展与投资、基础设施、发展、保护、适应和减缓气候变化举措、旅游业、采矿、采伐和采掘有关的活动。
The Committee has a broad understanding of the right of Indigenous women and girls to self-determination, including their ability to make autonomous, free and informed decisions concerning their life plans and health.	委员会对土著妇女和女童的自决权，包括她们就其生活计划和健康作出自主、自由和知情决定的能力有着广泛的了解。
12.	12.
The Committee acknowledges that Indigenous women and girls have struggled and continue to struggle against forced assimilation policies and other large-scale human rights violations, which may in certain instances amount to genocide.	委员会承认，土著妇女和女童一直并将继续与强迫同化政策和其他在某些情况下可能构成种族灭绝的大规模侵犯人权行为抗争。
Some of these assimilation policies – in particular the forced placement in residential schools and institutions and the displacement of Indigenous Peoples from their territories in the name of development – have resulted in killings, disappearances, sexual violence and psychological abuse, and may amount to cultural genocide.	这其中的一些同化政策，特别是强迫土著人民在寄宿学校和收容机构中安置以及以发展为名将他们赶出其领土，导致了杀戮、失踪、性暴力和心理虐待，并可能构成文化灭绝。
It is critical for States parties to address the consequences of historic injustices and to provide support and reparations to the affected communities as part of the process of ensuring justice, reconciliation and the building of societies free from discrimination and gender-based violence against Indigenous women and girls.	缔约国必须消除历史不公正的后果，并向受影响社区提供支持和赔偿，作为确保正义、和解和建设没有针对土著妇女和女童的歧视和性别暴力的社会进程的一部分。
The Committee highlights, in particular, the need for States to act proactively to protect the rights of Indigenous women and girls living in urban settings, where they face racism, discrimination, assimilation policies and gender-based violence.	委员会特别强调，各国需要积极主动地采取行动，保护生活在城市住区的土著妇女和女童的权利，因为她们面临种族主义、歧视、同化政策和性别暴力。
III.	三.
Legal framework	法律框架
13.	13.
The rights of Indigenous women and girls derive from the articles of the Convention, as further developed in the Committee’s general recommendations, and from specific international instruments for the protection of the rights of Indigenous Peoples, such as the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and the International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention, 1989 (No. 169) concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries.	土著妇女和女童的权利源自《公约》条款，并通过委员会的一般性建议得到进一步发展，还源自保护土著人民权利的具体国际文书，如《联合国土著人民权利宣言》和国际劳工组织(劳工组织)《1989年独立国家土著和部落人民公约》(第169号)。
The Committee considers the Declaration an authoritative framework for interpreting State party and core obligations under the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women.All of the rights recognized in the Declaration are relevant to Indigenous women, both as members of their peoples and communities and as individuals, and, ultimately, in relation to the guarantees against discrimination in the Convention itself.	委员会认为，《宣言》是解释《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》规定的缔约国义务和核心义务的权威性框架。 《宣言》承认的所有权利都与土著妇女相关，无论是作为土著人民和土著社区成员，还是作为个人，并最终都与《公约》本身规定的防止歧视的保障有关。
In addition, all core international human rights treaties contain relevant protections for the rights of Indigenous women and girls.	此外，所有核心国际人权条约都载有保护土著妇女和女童权利的相关规定。
14.	14.
In addressing the rights of Indigenous girls, the Committee also makes reference to the Convention on the Rights of the Child and to the Committee on the Rights of the Child general comment No. 11 (2009) on indigenous children and their rights.	在探讨土著女童的权利问题时，委员会还提到《儿童权利公约》和儿童权利委员会关于土著儿童及其权利的第11号一般性意见(2009年)。 缔约国有义务保护土著女童不受一切形式的歧视。
States parties have an obligation to protect Indigenous girls from all forms of discrimination.
The creation of an enabling and safe environment for the leadership and effective participation of Indigenous girls is paramount to the full enjoyment of their rights to territories, culture and a clean, healthy and sustainable environment.	创造有利和安全的环境以促进土著女童的领导力和有效参与对于她们充分享有领土、文化权利以及清洁、健康和可持续环境至关重要。
The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women recognizes, moreover, the status of Indigenous girls as developing women, which calls for a State response tailored to their best interests and needs and the adaptation of government procedures and services to the age, development, evolving capacities, and condition of Indigenous girls.	此外，消除对妇女歧视委员会承认土著女童作为发展中妇女的身份，这就要求各国根据她们的最大利益和需要作出反应，并根据土著女童的年龄、发展、不断变化的能力和状况调整政府程序和服务。
15.	15.
The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women should also be interpreted in a manner that takes into consideration the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, in which States agreed that the achievement of gender equality and the empowerment of women and girls is paramount to sustainable development and the end of poverty.	对《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》的解释也应考虑到《2030年可持续发展议程》，其中各国一致认为，实现性别平等和增强妇女和女童权能对于可持续发展和消除贫困至关重要。
The Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action is also an important reference document in the present general recommendation.	《北京宣言》和《行动纲要》也是本一般性建议的重要参考文件。
The Committee also makes reference to the resolutions adopted by the Commission on the Status of Women related to Indigenous women.	委员会还提到妇女地位委员会通过的有关土著妇女的决议。
IV.	四.
General obligations of States parties in relation to the rights of Indigenous women and girls under articles 1 and 2 of the Convention	缔约国根据《公约》第一和二条在土著妇女和女童权利方面的一般义务
A.	A.
Equality and non-discrimination, with a focus on Indigenous women and girls and intersecting forms of discrimination	平等和不歧视，重点是土著妇女和女童以及交叉形式歧视
16.	16.
The prohibition of discrimination in articles 1 and 2 of the Convention applies to all rights of Indigenous women and girls under the Convention, including, by extension, those set out in the Declaration, which is of fundamental importance to the interpretation of the Convention in the current context.	《公约》第一和二条关于禁止歧视的规定适用于《公约》规定的土著妇女和女童的所有权利，包括进而由对于在当前背景下解释《公约》具有根本重要性的《宣言》规定的权利。
The prohibition of discrimination is an important pillar and foundational principle of international human rights law.	禁止歧视是国际人权法的重要支柱和基本原则。
Indigenous women and girls have the right to be free from all forms of discrimination on the basis of their sex;gender; Indigenous origin, status or identity;race; ethnicity; disability; age; language;socioeconomic status;and HIV/AIDS status, among other factors.	土著妇女和女童有权不受基于生理性别、社会性别和土著出身、地位或身份以及种族、民族、残疾、年龄、语言、社会经济状况、艾滋病毒/艾滋病状况等因素的一切形式歧视。
17.	17.
Discrimination against Indigenous women and girls and its effects should be understood in both their individual and collective dimensions.	对土著妇女和女童的歧视及其影响应从个人和集体两个层面加以理解。
In its individual dimension, discrimination against Indigenous women and girls takes intersecting forms and is carried out by both State and non-State actors, including those in the private sphere, on the basis of sex;gender;Indigenous origin, status or identity;race; ethnicity; disability; age; language;socioeconomic status;and HIV/AIDS status; among other factors.	在个人层面，对土著妇女和女童的歧视采取交叉形式，由国家和非国家行为体，包括私人领域的行为体基于生理性别、社会性别和土著出身、地位或身份以及种族、民族、残疾、年龄、语言、社会经济状况、艾滋病毒/艾滋病状况等因素实施。
Racism, discriminatory stereotypes, marginalization and gender-based violence are interrelated violations experienced by Indigenous women and girls.	土著妇女和女童遭遇的相互关联的侵犯行为包括种族主义、歧视性陈规定型观念、边缘化和性别暴力。
Discrimination and gender-based violence threaten the individual autonomy, personal liberty and security, privacy and integrity of all Indigenous women and girls and may also harm the collective and its well-being.	歧视和性别暴力威胁到所有土著妇女和女童的个人自主、人身自由和安全、隐私和人格完整，还可能损害集体及其福祉。
As indicated in general recommendation No. 29 (2013) on the economic consequences of marriage, family relations and their dissolution, Indigenous women as individuals can suffer discrimination in the name of ideology, tradition, culture, religious and customary laws and practices.	如关于婚姻、家庭关系及其解除的经济后果的第29号一般性建议(2013年)所述，土著妇女作为个人会因意识形态、传统、文化、宗教和习惯法及习惯做法而遭受歧视。
In addition, Indigenous women, including those with disabilities, often face the arbitrary removal and abduction of their children.They also face discriminatory and gender-biased decisions concerning the custody of their children – whether married or unmarried – or alimony following divorce.Indigenous women and girls as individuals have the right to be free from discrimination and human rights violations throughout their life cycle and to choose their own paths and life plans.	此外，土著妇女，包括残疾妇女，往往面临子女被任意带走和绑架的问题。 她们还在子女(不论婚生或非婚生子女)监护权或离婚后赡养费方面面临歧视性和具有性别偏见的决定。 土著妇女和女童作为个人有权在其整个生命周期中不受歧视、人权不受侵犯，并有权选择自己的生活道路和计划。
18.	18.
In its collective dimension, discrimination, together with gender-based violence, against Indigenous women and girls threatens and disrupts the spiritual life, connection with Mother Earth, cultural integrity and survival, and social fabric of Indigenous Peoples and communities.	在集体层面，对土著妇女和女童的歧视和性别暴力威胁和破坏了土著人民和社区的精神生活、与地球母亲的联系、文化完整性和生存以及社会结构。
Discrimination and gender-based violence have a harmful effect on the continuance and preservation of the knowledge, cultures, views, identities and traditions of Indigenous Peoples.	歧视和性别暴力对延续和保存土著人民的知识、文化、观点、身份和传统产生了有害影响。
The failure to protect the rights to self-determination, collective security of tenure over ancestral lands and resources, and effective participation and consent of Indigenous women in all matters affecting them constitutes discrimination against them and their communities.	如不能保护土著妇女的自决权、对祖传土地和资源的集体保有权保障并确保她们对影响自己的所有事项的有效参与和同意，就构成了对她们及其社区的歧视。
19.	19.
As indicated in the preamble to the Declaration, collective rights are indispensable for the existence, well-being and integral development of Indigenous Peoples, including Indigenous women and girls.	如《宣言》序言所述，集体权利对于土著人民，包括土著妇女和女童的生存、福祉和整体发展是必不可少的。
The individual rights of Indigenous women and girls should never be neglected or violated in the pursuit of collective or group interests, as respect for both dimensions of their human rights is essential.	在追求集体或群体利益时，绝不应忽视或侵犯土著妇女和女童的个人权利，因为从两个层面尊重她们的人权至关重要。
20.	20.
Discrimination against Indigenous women and girls is perpetuated by gender stereotypes but also by forms of racism fuelled by colonialism and militarization.	对土著妇女和女童的长期歧视不仅源自性别陈见，而且源自殖民主义和军事化助长的各种形式种族主义。
These underlying causes of discrimination are reflected directly and indirectly in laws and policies that impede the access of Indigenous women and girls to land use and ownership, the exercise of their rights over their territories, natural and economic resources, and their access to credit, financial services and income-generating opportunities.	这些造成歧视的根本原因直接和间接地反映在法律和政策中，阻碍了土著妇女和女童获得土地使用权和所有权，行使对自己领土、自然和经济资源的权利，以及获得信贷、金融服务和创收机会；
The underlying causes also impede the recognition and protection of and support for collective and cooperative forms of land ownership and use. Legal protections for the land rights of Indigenous women remain weak, which frequently exposes them to dispossession, displacement, confinement, expropriation and exploitation. The lack of legal title to the territories of Indigenous Peoples increases their vulnerability to illegal incursions and to the implementation of development projects without their free, prior and informed consent by both State and non-State actors.	还阻碍了对集体和合作形式土地所有权和使用权的承认、保护和支持。 对土著妇女土地权利的法律保护仍然薄弱，这常常使她们遭受剥夺、流离失所、监禁、没收和剥削。 土著人民对领土没有合法所有权，这使他们更容易遭受非法入侵，更容易受到国家和非国家行为体未经他们自由、事先和知情同意而实施发展项目的伤害。
Indigenous women and girls – in particular those who are widows, heads of households or orphans – disproportionately face barriers in gaining access to land, resulting in the loss of their livelihoods and threatening their culture, their intrinsic link to their environment, their food and water security and their health.	土著妇女和女童，特别是寡妇、女户主或孤女，在获得土地方面面临尤其严重的障碍，导致她们丧失生计，并威胁到她们的文化、与环境的内在联系、粮食和水安全以及健康。
21.	21.
Indigenous women and girls worldwide still do not enjoy equality before the law under article 15 of the Convention.	世界各地的土著妇女和女童仍然未能根据《公约》第十五条享有在法律面前平等的地位。
In many parts of the world, Indigenous women lack the capacity to conclude contracts and administer property independent of their husband or a male guardian.	在世界许多地方，土著妇女缺乏独立于丈夫或男性监护人订立合同和管理财产的能力。
They also experience challenges in owning, holding, controlling, inheriting and administering land, in particular when they are widowed and have to care for their families on their own.	她们在拥有、持有、控制、继承和管理土地方面也面临挑战，尤其是在她们作为寡妇，必须独自照顾家庭时。
Inheritance laws – in both the State and Indigenous legal systems – frequently discriminate against Indigenous women.Indigenous women with disabilities commonly experience the denial of legal capacity, which leads to further human rights violations, including in the areas of access to justice, institutionalized violence and forced sterilization.Contrary to article 9 of the Convention, many laws still discriminate against Indigenous women and girls in relation to the transmission of their nationality and Indigenous status to their children when they marry non-Indigenous persons.	无论是在国家还是土著法律制度中，继承法都经常歧视土著妇女。 土著残疾妇女通常被剥夺法律能力，这导致她们在获得司法救助、制度化暴力和强迫绝育等领域的人权进一步受到侵犯。 与《公约》第九条相反，许多法律仍然对与非土著人结婚的土著妇女和女童在将其国籍和土著身份传给子女方面实行歧视。
These laws can result in transgenerational discrimination and forced assimilation, which fall within the scope and meaning of discrimination against women as defined in article 1 of the Convention.Therefore, States must ensure that Indigenous women and girls can acquire, change, retain or renounce their nationality and/or Indigenous status, transfer it to their children and spouse and have access to information on these rights, as part of ensuring their rights to self-determination and self-identification.	这些法律会造成跨代歧视和强迫同化，这属于《公约》第一条所界定的歧视妇女的范围和含义。 因此，各国必须确保土著妇女和女童能够获得、改变、保留或放弃其国籍和(或)土著身份，将其传给子女和配偶，并获得关于这些权利的信息，作为确保其自决权和自我认同权的一部分。
22.	22.
The Committee, in its general recommendation No. 34 (2016) on the rights of rural women, underscored the importance of the rights of Indigenous women to land and collective ownership, natural resources, water, seeds, forests and fisheries under article 14 of the Convention.	委员会在其关于农村妇女权利的第34号一般性建议(2016年)中强调了土著妇女根据《公约》第十四条享有土地和集体所有权、自然资源、水、种子、森林和渔业权利的重要性。
These rights are also guaranteed to Indigenous women as members of their peoples and communities by the Declaration and related international legal norms.The key barriers to these rights are the incompatibility of national laws with international law;the ineffective implementation of laws at the national and local levels;discriminatory gender stereotypes and practices, in particular in rural areas;lack of political will;and the commercialization, commodification and financialization of land and natural resources.	《宣言》和相关国际法律规范也保障土著妇女作为其人民和社区成员享有这些权利。 享有这些权利的主要障碍是国内法与国际法不一致、国家和地方两级法律执行不力、特别是在农村地区的歧视性性别陈见和做法、缺乏政治意愿以及土地和自然资源的商业化、商品化和金融化。
Indigenous customary laws, misogyny and existing institutions may also be barriers.Indigenous women with disabilities often face intersecting forms of discrimination on the basis of their sex;gender;disability; and Indigenous origin, status or identity, reflected in the denial of their full legal capacity, which further increases their risk exposure to exploitation, violence and abuse and undermines their rights to land, territories and resources.	土著习惯法、厌女症和现有体制也可能构成障碍。 土著残疾妇女常常面临基于生理性别、社会性别、残疾以及土著出身、地位或身份的交叉形式歧视，这反映在她们被剥夺了充分的法律能力，进而使他们遭受剥削、暴力和虐待的风险进一步加大，损害了他们对土地、领土和资源的权利。
Moreover, lesbian, bisexual, transgender and intersex Indigenous women and girls regularly face intersecting forms of discrimination.The Committee is concerned about the forms of inequality, discrimination and gender-based violence that affect Indigenous women and girls in the digital space, including the Internet, social media and all technology platforms.	此外，女同性恋、双性恋、跨性别者和间性者土著妇女和女童经常面临交叉形式歧视。 委员会关切地注意到，在数字空间，包括互联网、社交媒体和所有技术平台上，土著妇女和女童受到各种形式的不平等、歧视和性别暴力的影响。
23.	23.
The Committee recommends that States parties:	委员会建议缔约国：
(a)	(a)
Develop comprehensive policies to eliminate discrimination against Indigenous women and girls, centred around the effective participation of those living inside and outside Indigenous territories, and pursue collaboration with Indigenous Peoples more broadly.The policies should include measures to address intersectional discrimination faced by Indigenous women and girls, including persons with disabilities and those with albinism;older women;lesbian, bisexual, transgender and intersex women;women and girls in situations of poverty;women living in rural and urban areas;forcibly displaced, refugee and migrant women inside and outside their countries;and women and girls who are widows, heads of households or orphaned owing to national and international armed conflicts.States parties should collect data, disaggregated by age and disability status, on the forms of gender-based discrimination and violence faced by Indigenous women and girls, and undertake these efforts in ways that respect the languages and cultures of Indigenous Peoples;	制定全面政策，围绕生活在土著领土内外的土著妇女和女童的有效参与，消除对土著妇女和女童的歧视，并更广泛地与土著人民开展合作。 这些政策应包括解决土著妇女和女童，包括残疾者和白化病患者，老年妇女，女同性恋、双性恋、跨性别者和间性者妇女，贫困妇女和女童，生活在农村和城市地区的妇女，在本国和外国的被迫流离失所、难民和移民妇女以及因国内和国际武装冲突而成为寡妇、女户主或孤儿的妇女和女童所面临交叉歧视的措施。缔约国应收集按年龄和残疾状况分列、关于土著妇女和女童所面临各种形式基于性别的歧视和暴力的数据，并以尊重土著人民语言和文化的方式开展这些工作；
(b)	(b)
Provide, in their periodic reports to the Committee, information on legislative, judicial, administrative, budgetary, and monitoring and evaluation measures, as well as other measures, specific to Indigenous women and girls;	在提交委员会的定期报告中提供信息，说明专门针对土著妇女和女童的立法、司法、行政、预算、监测和评价措施以及其他措施；
(c)	(c)
Repeal and amend all legislative and policy instruments, such as laws, policies, regulations, programmes, administrative procedures, institutional structures, budgetary allocations and practices, that directly or indirectly discriminate against Indigenous women and girls;	废除和修正所有直接或间接歧视土著妇女和女童的立法和政策文书，如法律、政策、条例、方案、行政程序、体制结构、预算拨款和做法；
(d)	(d)
Ensure that Indigenous women are equal before the law and have equal capacity to conclude contracts and administer and inherit property, and also ensure the recognition of the legal capacity of Indigenous women with disabilities and support mechanisms for the exercise of legal capacity;	确保土著妇女在法律面前平等，并具有签订合同、管理和继承财产的平等能力，还确保承认土著残疾妇女的法律能力和支持行使法律能力的机制；
(e)	(e)
Adopt legislation to fully ensure the rights of Indigenous women and girls to land, water and other natural resources, including their right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment, and that their equality before the law is recognized and respected, as well as ensuring that Indigenous women in rural and urban areas have equal access to ownership, title, possession and control of land, water, forests, fisheries, aquaculture and other resources that they have owned, occupied or otherwise used or acquired, including by protecting them against discrimination and dispossession;	通过立法，充分确保土著妇女和女童对土地、水和其他自然资源的权利，包括享有清洁、健康和可持续环境的权利，确保她们在法律面前的平等得到承认和尊重，并确保农村和城市地区的土著妇女有平等机会获得、拥有、占有和控制土地、水、森林、渔业、水产养殖和她们拥有、占用或以其他方式使用或获得的其他资源，包括保护他们不受歧视和剥夺；
(f)	(f)
Ensure that Indigenous women and girls have adequate access to information on existing laws and remedies to claim their rights under the Convention.	确保土著妇女和女童有充分机会获得关于现行法律和补救措施的信息，以主张《公约》规定的权利。
Information should be accessible in their own languages and in culturally appropriate formats of communication, such as community radio.Information should also be made available for Indigenous women and girls with disabilities in Braille, easy to read, sign language and other modes;	应以她们自己的语言和文化上适当的交流形式(如社区电台)提供信息。 还应向土著残疾妇女和女童提供盲文、易读、手语和其他形式的信息；
(g)	(g)
Guarantee that Indigenous women and girls are protected from discrimination by both State and non-State actors, including businesses and companies, inside and outside their territories, especially in the areas of political participation, representation, education, employment, health, social protection, decent work, justice and security;	保障土著妇女和女童在其领土内外不受国家和非国家行为体，包括工商企业和公司的歧视，特别是在政治参与、代表权、教育、就业、卫生、社会保障、体面工作、正义和安全等领域；
(h)	(h)
Adopt effective measures to legally recognize and protect the lands, territories, natural resources, intellectual property, scientific, technical and Indigenous knowledge, genetic information and cultural heritage of Indigenous Peoples, and take steps to fully ensure respect for their rights to free, prior and informed consent;to self-determination of their own life plan;and to effective participation, in particular marginalized groups of Indigenous women and girls, such as those with disabilities, in decision-making on matters affecting them;	采取有效措施，在法律上承认和保护土著人民的土地、领土、自然资源、知识产权、科技和土著知识、遗传信息和文化传统，并采取步骤，充分确保尊重其自由、事先和知情同意权，对自己生活计划的自决权，以及处于边缘地位的土著妇女和女童群体特别是残疾妇女和女童有效参与对其有影响事项的决策的权利；
(i)	(i)
Adopt effective measures to eliminate and prevent all forced assimilation policies and other patterns of denials of cultural and other rights vested in Indigenous Peoples, including the prompt investigation, accountability, justice and reparations for past and present assimilation policies and practices that significantly compromise Indigenous cultural identity, and establish and ensure that truth, justice and reconciliation bodies are vested with adequate and sufficient resources.	采取有效措施，消除和防止一切强迫同化政策及以其他模式剥夺土著人民文化权利和其他权利，包括对过去和现在严重损害土著文化特性的同化政策和做法进行迅速调查、追责、伸张正义和赔偿，设立真相，正义与和解机构并确保它们拥有充分、充足的资源。
B.	B.
Access to justice and plural legal systems	获得司法救助和多元法律制度
24.	24.
Access to justice for Indigenous women requires a multidisciplinary and holistic approach that reflects an understanding that their access is linked to other human rights challenges that they face, including racism, racial discrimination and the effects of colonialism; sex- and gender-based discrimination;discrimination on the basis of socioeconomic status;disability-based discrimination;barriers in gaining access to their lands, territories and natural resources;the lack of adequate and culturally pertinent health and education services;and disruptions and threats to their spiritual lives.	土著妇女获得司法救助需要采取多学科的整体办法，反映一种认识，即她们获得司法救助关涉她们面临的其他人权挑战，包括种族主义、种族歧视和殖民主义的影响，性歧视和性别歧视，社会经济地位歧视，残疾歧视，在获得自己土地、领土和自然资源方面的障碍，缺乏适当和文化上相关的保健和教育服务以及对其精神生活的干扰和威胁。
As indicated by other global human rights mechanisms, Indigenous Peoples must have access to justice that is guaranteed both by States and through their Indigenous customary and legal systems.	正如其他全球人权机制所显示的，土著人民必须能够获得司法救助，并且在这方面既得到国家的保障，也通过其土著习惯和法律制度得到保障。
25.	25.
The Committee reiterates that the right of Indigenous Peoples to maintain their own judicial structures and systems is a fundamental component of their rights to autonomy and self-determination. At the same time, Indigenous justice systems and their practices should be consistent with international human rights standards, as indicated in the Declaration.	委员会重申，土著人民有权维持自己的司法结构和制度，这是其自治和自决权的一个基本组成部分。 与此同时，土著司法系统及其做法应符合《宣言》所述国际人权标准。
Accordingly, the Committee considers the Convention an important reference for both non-Indigenous and Indigenous justice systems in addressing cases related to discrimination against Indigenous women and girls.	因此，委员会认为，《公约》是非土著和土著司法系统处理歧视土著妇女和女童案件的重要参考。
26.	26.
In its general recommendation No. 33 (2015) on women’s access to justice, the Committee recognized six essential components of access. These interrelated components – justiciability, availability, accessibility, good quality, provision of remedies for victims, and accountability of justice systems – are also applicable in the case of Indigenous women and girls, who should be provided with access to justice and remedies with a gender perspective, an intersectional perspective, an Indigenous women and girls perspective, an intercultural perspective and a multidisciplinary perspective, as defined in paragraphs 4 and 5 of the present general recommendation.	在关于妇女获得司法救助的第33号一般性建议(2015年)中，委员会确认了获得司法救助的六个基本组成部分。这些相互关联的组成部分——可诉性、可用性、可得性、优质、向受害者提供补救和司法系统问责制——也适用于土著妇女和女童案件，应当如本一般性建议第4和5段所界定的，从性别平等、交叉、土著妇女和女童、跨文化和多学科的视角向她们提供获得司法救助和补救的机会。
27.	27.
According to the six essential components, States must ensure that all justice systems, both Indigenous and non-Indigenous, act in a timely fashion to offer appropriate and effective remedies for Indigenous women and girls who are victims and survivors of discrimination and gender-based violence. Doing so entails having available interpreters, translators, anthropologists, psychologists, health-care professionals, lawyers, cultural mediators with experience, and Indigenous spiritual and medicinal authorities, as well as training, incorporating a gender perspective, on the realities, cultures and views of Indigenous women and girls.	根据这六个基本组成部分，各国必须确保所有司法系统，包括土著和非土著司法系统，及时采取行动，为作为歧视和性别暴力受害者和幸存者的土著妇女和女童提供适当和有效的补救。要做到这一点，就必须为其提供口译员、笔译员、人类学家、心理学家、保健专业人员、律师、经验丰富的文化调解员、土著精神和医学权威，并就土著妇女和女童的现实、文化和观点提供纳入性别平等视角的培训。
Justice systems should also have in place methods to collect evidence that are appropriate and compatible with their culture and views.	司法系统还应制定适当且符合其文化和观点的证据收集方法。
Justice officials should be consistently trained on the rights of Indigenous women and girls and the individual and collective dimensions of their identity, with the goal of instilling in the officials a substantial degree of Indigenous cultural competence.	司法官员应不断接受关于土著妇女和女童权利及其个人和集体层面身份的培训，目的是培养相当程度的土著文化能力。
In that regard, it is key to respect the different conceptions of justice and processes that non-Indigenous and Indigenous systems have, and to actively listen to and collaborate with Indigenous Peoples. Justice can be a process of reconciliation and healing for them, with the goal of restoring harmony to their territories and communities. States should also proactively recruit and appoint Indigenous women justices.	在这方面，关键是要尊重非土著和土著制度对于司法和程序的不同概念，积极听取土著人民意见并与之合作。司法可以是一个和解和治愈其创伤的过程，其目标是恢复其领土和社区的和谐。各国还应积极主动地征聘和任命土著女法官。
28.	28.
States parties should ensure the establishment, maintenance and funding of courts and judicial and other bodies throughout their territories in urban, rural and remote areas.Indigenous justice systems should also be easily available, adequate and effective.Information on how to avail themselves of judicial avenues in both the non-Indigenous and Indigenous justice systems should be available to and disseminated among Indigenous women and girls.Basic judicial services and free legal aid services should be available in close proximity to Indigenous women and communities.States must adopt measures to ensure that Indigenous women know where to seek justice and that justice systems are accessible, fair and affordable.	缔约国应确保在其境内各城市、农村和偏远地区设立和维持法院、司法机构和其他机构并为其提供资金。 土著司法系统也应易用、充分和有效。应向土著妇女和女童提供并传播关于如何利用非土著和土著司法系统的司法途径的信息。 还应就近向土著妇女和社区提供基本司法服务和免费法律援助服务。 各国必须采取措施，确保土著妇女知道在哪里寻求正义，并确保司法系统可用、公平和负担得起。
29.	29.
Indigenous women face obstacles in their access to both non-Indigenous and Indigenous justice systems which can be particularly acute in the case of Indigenous women and girls with disabilities.They are routinely denied their right to a legal remedy.As a result, many cases of discrimination and gender-based violence against Indigenous women and girls end in impunity.The barriers that they encounter in gaining access to justice and reparations include a lack of information in Indigenous languages on the legal remedies available in both non-Indigenous and Indigenous justice systems.Other barriers include the costs of legal assistance and the lack of free legal aid;disrespect of due process guarantees;absence of interpreters, including for sign language;court fees;long distances to courts;reprisals and retribution against those who report crimes; lack of identity cards and forms of identification;and lack of training for justice officials on the rights and specific needs of Indigenous women and girls.Indigenous women and girls with disabilities frequently face barriers with regard to the physical accessibility of buildings that house law enforcement agencies and the judiciary, and to the accessibility of critical information, transportation, communications, procedures and support services.	土著妇女在获得非土著和土著司法系统救助方面面临障碍，其中土著残疾妇女和女童面临的障碍尤其严重。她们通常被剥夺了获得法律补救的权利。因此，许多针对土著妇女和女童的歧视和性别暴力案件最终未受惩处。她们在获得司法救助和赔偿方面遇到的障碍包括缺乏关于非土著和土著司法系统所提供法律补救办法的土著语言信息。其他障碍包括法律援助费用高昂和缺乏免费法律援助、正当程序保障得不到尊重、没有口译员包括手语口译员、法庭费用高昂、距离法院很远、罪行举报者受报复和惩罚、缺乏身份证和各种形式身份证明、司法官员缺乏关于土著妇女和女童权利和具体需要的培训。土著残疾妇女和女童在进出执法和司法机构所在建筑物以及获取关键信息、交通、通信、程序和支助服务方面经常面临障碍。
30.	30.
In non-Indigenous justice systems, Indigenous women and girls frequently face racism, structural and systemic racial discrimination, and forms of marginalization, and often have to participate in procedures that are not culturally appropriate and do not take into account Indigenous traditions and practices.Judicial structures tend to reflect ongoing colonialism.Obstacles include the remoteness of Indigenous territories, which force Indigenous women and girls to travel long distances to file complaints;illiteracy;and lack of knowledge of existing laws and judicial avenues.Indigenous women are often not provided with the interpretation services that are necessary for them to fully participate in legal proceedings, and there is a lack of culturally appropriate methods of evidence collection.Among justice officials, there is a dearth of training on the rights of Indigenous women and girls in their individual and collective dimensions.Indigenous women and girls also have limited access to specialized medical care when they suffer acts of rape and sexual violence.	在非土著司法系统中，土著妇女和女童经常面临种族主义、结构性和系统性种族歧视以及各种形式的边缘化，往往不得不参与文化上不适当、也没有考虑到土著传统和做法的程序。司法结构往往反映出持续的殖民主义。 障碍包括土著领土地处偏远，迫使土著妇女和女童长途跋涉提出申诉； 文盲以及缺乏关于现行法律和司法途径的知识。土著妇女经常得不到充分参与法律诉讼所必需的口译服务，而证据收集方法也缺乏文化上的适当性。 司法官员缺乏关于土著妇女和女童个人和集体层面权利的培训。 土著妇女和女童在遭到强奸和性暴力侵害时，获得专门医疗护理的机会也有限。
31.	31.
Often, Indigenous justice systems are male dominated, and they discriminate against women and girls, providing limited space for them to participate, voice their concerns and hold decision-making positions.The Committee has expressed its concern in the past about the influence of gender stereotypes on the activity of Indigenous legal systems.In general, the Committee has recommended that both Indigenous and non-Indigenous justice systems adopt measures to comply with international human rights standards.	土著司法系统往往以男性为主，歧视妇女和女童，使她们参与、表达关切和担任决策职位的空间有限。 委员会表示关切性别陈见对土著法律系统活动的影响。 总而言之，委员会已建议土著和非土著司法系统采取措施，遵守国际人权标准。
32.	32.
Indigenous women also tend to be overrepresented in prisons, affected by arbitrary pretrial detention and face discrimination, gender-based violence, inhumane treatment and forms of torture when they are in conflict with the law.These problems are aggravated by deficiencies in the legal support provided by legal aid counsel.The Committee highlights the right of every Indigenous girl who is in conflict with the law to a fair trial, equality before the law and the equal protection of the law.	土著妇女入狱的比例也往往过高，尤其会受到任意审前羁押的影响，在触犯法律时面临歧视、性别暴力、不人道待遇和各种形式的酷刑。这些问题因法律援助律师提供的法律支助不足而更加严重。委员会强调指出，每一位触犯法律的土著女童都有权得到公正审判、在法律面前的平等和法律的平等保护。
33.	33.
The Committee recommends that States parties:	委员会建议缔约国:
(a)	(a)
Ensure that Indigenous women and girls have effective access to adequate non-Indigenous and Indigenous justice systems, free from racial and/or gender-based discrimination, bias, stereotypes, retribution and reprisals;	确保土著妇女和女童能够有效利用适当的非土著和土著司法系统，不遭遇种族和(或)性别歧视、偏见、陈规定型观念和报复；
(b)	(b)
Adopt measures to ensure that Indigenous women and girls with disabilities have physical access to law enforcement and judiciary buildings, information, transportation, support services, and procedures critical to their access to justice;	采取措施，确保土著残疾妇女和女童能够实际进出执法和司法机构所在建筑物，利用相关信息、交通、支助服务和对其获得司法救助至关重要的程序；
(c)	(c)
Provide continuous training to judges and all law enforcement officials in both the non-Indigenous and Indigenous justice systems on the rights of Indigenous women and girls and the need for an approach to justice that is guided by gender, intersectional, Indigenous women and girls, intercultural and multidisciplinary perspectives, as defined in paragraphs 4 and 5.Training on Indigenous justice should be part of training for all legal professionals;	向非土著和土著司法系统的法官和所有执法官员提供持续培训，内容涉及土著妇女和女童的权利，以及需要如第4和第5段所界定的，采取以性别、交叉、土著妇女和女童、跨文化和多学科视角为指导的司法方法。 关于土著司法的培训应成为所有法律专业人员培训的一部分；
(d)	(d)
Recruit, train and appoint Indigenous women justices and other court personnel in both non-Indigenous and Indigenous justice systems;	在非土著和土著司法系统中征聘、培训和任命土著女法官和其他法院工作人员；
(e)	(e)
Ensure equal access to justice for all Indigenous women and girls, including through the provision of procedural accommodations and adjustments for those who need them owing to age, disability or illness, which may include sign language interpretation and other communication support, as well as longer time frames for submissions;	确保所有土著妇女和女童平等获得司法救助，包括为因年龄、残疾或疾病而需要程序便利和调整的人提供程序便利和调整，其中可能包括手语传译和其他交流支持，以及延长提交文件的时限；
(f)	(f)
Ensure that justice systems include interpreters, translators, anthropologists, psychologists and health-care professionals specialized and trained in the needs of Indigenous women and girls, giving priority to qualified Indigenous women, and provide information on legal remedies in both the non-Indigenous and Indigenous justice systems in Indigenous languages and in accessible formats. Awareness-raising campaigns should be undertaken to make known these legal remedies and avenues, as well as the means to report cases of structural and systemic violence. Follow-up mechanisms are critical in cases of gender-based violence and discrimination against Indigenous women and girls;	确保司法系统配置在土著妇女和女童需要方面具备专门知识和受过培训的口译员、笔译员、人类学家、心理学家和保健专业人员，优先考虑合格的土著妇女， 并以土著语言和无障碍形式提供关于非土著和土著司法系统的法律补救办法的信息。应开展宣传运动，使人们了解这些法律补救办法和途径，以及报告结构性和系统性暴力案件的手段。 后续机制对于针对土著妇女和女童的性别暴力和歧视案件至关重要；
(g)	(g)
Ensure that Indigenous women and girls without sufficient means and whose legal capacity has been removed have access to free and quality legal aid, including in cases of gender-based violence against women.States parties should financially support non-governmental organizations that provide free and specialized legal assistance to Indigenous women and girls;	确保没有足够手段和法律能力被剥夺的土著妇女和女童能够获得免费、优质的法律援助，包括在针对妇女的性别暴力案件中。缔约国应在财政上支持向土著妇女和女童提供免费和专门法律援助的非政府组织；
(h)	(h)
Guarantee that judicial institutions, remedies and services are available in urban areas and in proximity to Indigenous territories;	保证在城市地区和土著领土附近设立司法机构、提供补救和服务；
(i)	(i)
Adopt criminal justice, civil and administrative measures and policies that consider the historical conditions of poverty, racism and gender-based violence, which have affected and continue to affect Indigenous women and girls;	考虑到已经并继续影响到土著妇女和女童的贫困、种族主义和性别暴力等历史条件，采取刑事司法、民事和行政措施和政策；
(j)	(j)
Adopt measures to ensure that all Indigenous women and girls have access to information and education on existing laws, the legal system and how to gain access to both non-Indigenous and Indigenous justice systems.These measures can take the form of awareness-raising campaigns, community trainings, and legal and mobile clinics that offer this information;	采取措施，确保所有土著妇女和女童都能获得关于现行法律、法律制度以及如何利用非土著和土著司法系统的信息和教育。这些措施可以采用宣传运动、社区培训以及提供这方面信息的流动法律咨询所等形式；
(k)	(k)
Ensure that Indigenous women and girls effectively enjoy the rights to a fair trial, equality before the law and equal protection of the law;	确保土著妇女和女童切实享有公平审判权、法律面前的平等和法律的平等保护；
(l)	(l)
Ensure that integral reparations for human rights violations are a key component of the administration of justice in both non-Indigenous and Indigenous systems, including consideration for spiritual and collective harm.	确保对侵犯人权行为进行整体赔偿，包括考虑到精神和集体伤害，是非土著和土著制度司法的一个关键组成部分。
V.	五.
Obligations of States parties in relation to specific dimensions of the rights of Indigenous women and girls	缔约国涉及土著妇女和女童权利各具体层面的义务
A.	A.
Prevention of and protection from gender-based violence against Indigenous women and girls (arts. 3, 5, 6, 10 (c), 11, 12, 14 and 16)	防止和保护土著妇女和女童免遭性别暴力(第三、五、六、十(c)、十一、十二、十四和十六条)
34.	34.
Gender-based violence against Indigenous women and girls is a form of discrimination under article 1 of the Convention and, therefore, engages all obligations under the Convention.Under article 2 of the Convention, States parties must adopt measures without delay to prevent and eliminate all forms of gender-based violence against Indigenous women and girls.Similarly, article 22 of the Declaration requires States to pay particular attention to the full protection of the rights of Indigenous women and to ensure their right to live free from violence and discrimination.The prohibition of gender-based violence against women is a principle of customary international law and applies to Indigenous women and girls.	根据《公约》第一条，针对土著妇女和女童的性别暴力是一种歧视，因此涉及《公约》规定的所有义务。根据《公约》第二条，缔约国必须毫不拖延地采取措施，防止和消除针对土著妇女和女童的一切形式性别暴力。 同样，《宣言》第22条要求各国特别注意充分保护土著妇女的权利，并确保她们在不受暴力和歧视情况下生活的权利。 禁止针对妇女的性别暴力是习惯国际法的一项原则，适用于土著妇女和女童。
35.	35.
Gender-based violence disproportionately affects Indigenous women and girls.Available statistics indicate that Indigenous women are more likely to experience rape than non-Indigenous women.It is estimated that one in three Indigenous women is raped during her lifetime.While there is a growing body of evidence of the magnitude, nature and consequences of gender-based violence globally, knowledge of its incidence against Indigenous women is limited and tends to vary considerably by issue and region.The Committee highlights the need for States to engage in data collection efforts, in collaboration with Indigenous organizations and communities, to understand the scope of the problem of gender-based violence against Indigenous women and girls.It also highlights the need for discrimination, stereotypes and social legitimization of gender-based violence against them to be addressed by States.	性别暴力对土著妇女和女童的影响尤为严重。 现有统计数据显示，土著妇女比非土著妇女更容易遭到强奸。 据估计，每三名土著妇女中就有一名在其一生中遭到强奸。虽然越来越多的证据表明全球所发生性别暴力的规模、性质和后果，但对土著妇女遭受性别暴力情况的了解有限，而且往往因问题和区域不同而大有差异。委员会强调指出，各国需要与土著组织和社区合作开展数据收集工作，以了解针对土著妇女和女童的性别暴力问题的范围。它还强调指出，各国需要解决歧视、陈规定型观念和针对妇女的性别暴力被社会合法化的问题。
36.	36.
The Committee is alarmed at the many forms of gender-based violence committed against Indigenous women and girls, which occurs in all spaces and spheres of human interaction, including the family, community, public spaces, the workplace, educational settings and the digital space.Violence can be psychological, physical, sexual, economic, political or a form of torture.Spiritual violence is frequently perpetrated against Indigenous women and girls, harming the collective identity of their communities and their connection to their spiritual life, culture, territories, environment and natural resources.Violence against Indigenous women and girls with disabilities and older Indigenous women often occurs in institutions, in particular those that are closed and segregated.Indigenous women and girls are frequently victims of rape, harassment, disappearances, killings and femicide.	委员会感到震惊的是，针对土著妇女和女童的多种形式性别暴力 发生在人类交往的所有空间和领域，包括家庭、 社区、公共空间、工作场所、教育环境和数字空间。暴力可以是心理、身体、性、经济、政治暴力或某种形式的酷刑。土著妇女和女童经常遭受精神暴力，这损害了其社区的集体特征及其与精神生活、文化、领土、环境和自然资源的联系。暴力侵害土著残疾妇女和女童以及老年土著妇女的行为经常发生在收容机构，特别是其中封闭和隔离的机构。土著妇女和女童经常成为强奸、骚扰、失踪、杀戮和杀害女性行为的受害者。
37.	37.
Forced displacement is a major form of violence that affects Indigenous women and girls, severing their connection to their lands, territories and natural resources and permanently harming their life plans and communities.They are also adversely affected by environmental violence, which can take the form of environmental harm, degradation, pollution or State failures to prevent foreseeable harm connected to climate change.Other forms of violence affecting them include the exploitation of prostitution;contemporary forms of slavery, such as domestic servitude; forced surrogacy; the targeting of older unmarried women as witches or carriers of bad spirits;the stigmatization of married women who cannot bear children;and female genital mutilation.The Committee underscores, in particular, the problem of trafficking in persons affecting Indigenous women and girls, resulting from the militarization of Indigenous territories by national armies, organized crime, mining and logging operations and drug cartels, as well as the expansion of military bases on Indigenous lands and territories.	强迫流离失所是影响土著妇女和女童的一种主要暴力形式，切断了她们与自己土地、领土和自然资源的联系，永久性地损害了她们的生活计划和社区。她们还受到环境暴力的不利影响，而环境暴力的形式可以是环境损害、退化、污染或国家未能防止与气候变化有关的可预见损害。影响她们的其他形式暴力包括利用卖淫营利、当代形式奴隶制如家庭奴役、强迫代孕、将年长的未婚妇女当作巫婆或恶灵携带者加以针对、对不能生育的已婚妇女施加污名和切割女性生殖器。具体而言，委员会着重论述了因国家军队、有组织犯罪、采矿和伐木作业、贩毒集团使土著领土军事化以及在土著土地和领土上扩大军事基地而造成的影响土著妇女和女童的贩运人口问题。
38.	38.
Gender-based violence against Indigenous women and girls is drastically underreported, and perpetrators regularly enjoy impunity, owing to Indigenous women’s and girls’ extremely limited access to justice, as well as biased or flawed criminal justice systems Racism, marginalization, poverty, and alcohol and substance abuse increase the risk of gender-based violence against them. They suffer gender-based violence perpetrated or tolerated by both State and non-State actors. State actors include members of governments, armed forces, law enforcement authorities and public institutions, including in the health and education sectors and in prisons.Non-State actors include private individuals, businesses, private companies, paramilitary and rebel groups, illegal actors, and religious institutions.	由于土著妇女和女童得到司法救助的机会极其有限，加上刑事司法系统存在偏见或缺陷，针对土著妇女和女童的性别暴力极少得到举报，施害者经常逍遥法外。 种族主义、边缘化、贫困、酗酒和药物滥用增加了她们遭受性别暴力的风险。 她们遭受了国家和非国家行为体两方面实施或纵容的性别暴力。国家行为体包括政府、武装部队、执法当局和公共机构的成员，包括卫生和教育部门以及监狱的工作人员。 非国家行为体包括个人、企业、私营公司、准军事和反叛团体、非法行为体和宗教机构。
39.	39.
States parties have a due diligence obligation to prevent, investigate and punish perpetrators and to provide reparations to Indigenous women and girls who are victims of gender-based violence.This obligation is applicable to both non-Indigenous and Indigenous justice systems.Due diligence should be implemented with gender, intersectional, Indigenous women, intercultural and multidisciplinary perspectives, as defined in paragraphs 4 and 5, and bearing in mind the gendered causes and impacts of the violence experienced by Indigenous women.	缔约国有应尽义务防止、调查和惩罚施害者，并向遭受性别暴力侵害的土著妇女和女童提供赔偿。这一义务既适用于非土著司法系统，也适用于土著司法系统。应当如第4和5段界定的，从性别、交叉、土著妇女、跨文化和多学科的视角开展尽职调查，同时铭记土著妇女遭受暴力的性别原因和影响。
40.	40.
Gender-based violence against Indigenous women and girls undermines the collective spiritual, cultural and social fabric of Indigenous Peoples and their communities and causes collective and sometimes intergenerational harm.Sexual violence against Indigenous women and girls has been used by a plurality of actors during armed conflicts and times of unrest as a weapon of war and as a strategy to control and harm Indigenous communities.	针对土著妇女和女童的性别暴力破坏了土著人民及其社区的集体精神、文化和社会结构，造成集体伤害，有时甚至造成代际伤害。在武装冲突和动乱时期，许多行为体将针对土著妇女和女童的性暴力作为战争武器以及控制和伤害土著社区的战略.
41.	41.
States should have an effective legal framework and adequate support services in place to address such gender-based violence. Such frameworks must include measures to prevent, investigate, punish perpetrators, and provide assistance and reparations to Indigenous women and girls who are victims, as well as services to address and mitigate the harmful effects of gender-based violence. This general obligation extends to all areas of State action, including legislative, executive and judicial branches, at the regional, national and local levels, as well as privatized services. It requires the formulation of legal norms, including at the constitutional level, and the design of public policies, programmes, institutional frameworks and monitoring mechanisms aimed at eliminating all forms of gender-based violence against Indigenous women and girls, whether committed by State or non-State actors.	各国应建立有效的法律框架并提供适当的支助服务，以处理此类性别暴力。这种框架必须包括预防、调查和惩罚施害者的措施，并向受害的土著妇女和女童提供援助和赔偿及服务，以应对和减轻性别暴力的有害影响。这项一般性义务延伸到国家行动的所有领域，包括区域、国家和地方各级的立法、行政和司法部门，以及私有化的服务。这需要制定法律规范，包括宪法一级的法律规范，并设计公共政策、方案、体制框架和监测机制，以消除一切形式、无论是国家行为体还是非国家行为体所为的针对土著妇女和女童的性别暴力。
42.	42.
The Committee recommends that States parties:	委员会建议缔约国：
(a)	(a)
Adopt and effectively implement legislation that prevents, prohibits and responds to gender-based violence against Indigenous women and girls, incorporating gender, intersectional, Indigenous women and girls, intercultural, and multidisciplinary perspectives, as defined in paragraphs 4 and 5.Legislation and its implementation should also adequately consider the life cycle of all Indigenous women and girls, including those with disabilities;	通过并有效实施立法，纳入第4和5段所界定的性别、交叉、土著妇女和女童、跨文化和多学科视角，预防、禁止和应对针对土著妇女和女童的性别暴力。立法及其实施还应充分考虑到所有土著妇女和女童，包括其中残疾妇女和女童的生命周期；
(b)	(b)
Recognize, prevent, address, sanction and eradicate all forms of gender-based violence against Indigenous women and girls, including environmental, spiritual, political, structural, institutional and cultural violence, as well as violence attributable to extractive industries;	承认、防止、处理、制裁和消除一切形式针对土著妇女和女童的性别暴力，包括环境、精神、政治、结构、体制和文化暴力，以及归因于采掘业的暴力；
(c)	(c)
Ensure that Indigenous women and girls have timely and effective access to both non-Indigenous and Indigenous justice systems, including protection orders and prevention mechanisms, when needed, and the effective investigation of cases of missing and murdered Indigenous women and girls, free from all forms of discrimination and bias;	确保土著妇女和女童能够及时有效地诉诸非土著和土著司法系统，包括必要的保护令和预防机制，并有效调查土著妇女和女童失踪和被谋杀案件，而不受任何形式歧视和偏见影响；
(d)	(d)
Repeal all laws that prevent or deter Indigenous women and girls from reporting gender-based violence, such as guardianship laws that deprive women of legal capacity or restrict the ability of women with disabilities to testify in court;the practice of so-called “protective custody”;restrictive immigration laws that discourage women, including migrant and non-migrant domestic workers, from reporting such violence;and laws allowing for dual arrests in cases of domestic violence or for the prosecution of women when the perpetrator is acquitted;	废除所有防止或阻止土著妇女和女童举报性别暴力的法律，例如剥夺妇女法律能力或限制残疾妇女出庭作证能力的监护法、所谓“保护性拘押”做法、不鼓励妇女包括移民和非移民家庭佣工妇女举报此类暴力行为的限制性移民法、允许在家庭暴力案件中逮捕双方或在施害者无罪释放后起诉妇女的法律；
(e)	(e)
Ensure that support services, including medical treatment, psychosocial counselling and professional training, and reintegration services and shelters are available, accessible and culturally appropriate for Indigenous women and girls who are victims of gender-based violence.All services should be designed with intercultural and multidisciplinary perspectives, as defined in paragraph 5, and be vested with sufficient financial resources;	确保向遭受性别暴力的土著妇女和女童提供支助服务，包括医疗、心理咨询和专业培训，并提供易得并在文化上适当的重返社会服务和庇护所。所有服务的设计都应考虑到第5段所界定的交叉和多学科视角，并应给予充分的财政资源；
(f)	(f)
Provide resources for Indigenous women and girl survivors of gender-based violence to have access to the legal system to report cases of such violence.Resources can include transportation, legal aid and representation, and access to information in Indigenous languages;	与土著社区和组织合作，系统地收集分类数据并开展研究，以评估针对土著妇女和女童的性别暴力特别是性暴力和性剥削的规模、严重性和根源，为预防和应对此类暴力的措施提供信息。
(g)	(g)
States should act with due diligence to prevent all forms of violence, inhumane treatment and torture against Indigenous women and girls who are deprived of liberty. States must ensure that when these acts do occur, they are appropriately investigated and sanctioned.States should also adopt measures to ensure that Indigenous women and girls who are deprived of liberty know where and how to report these acts.States should further prioritize policies and programmes to promote the social reintegration of Indigenous women and girls who have been deprived of liberty, with respect for their culture, views and languages;	各国应尽责地采取行动，防止针对被剥夺自由的土著妇女和女童的一切形式暴力、不人道待遇和酷刑。各国必须确保在这些行为确实发生时，对其进行适当的调查和惩处。各国还应采取措施，确保被剥夺自由的土著妇女和女童知道在哪里以及如何举报这些行为。各国应进一步优先考虑促进被剥夺自由的土著妇女和女童重新融入社会的政策和方案，同时尊重她们的文化、观点和语言；
(h)	(h)
States must adhere to their obligations under international human rights law and international humanitarian law in situations of armed conflict, including the prohibition of all forms of discrimination and gender-based violence against civilians and enemy combatants, as well as of harm to land, natural resources and the environment;	各国必须在武装冲突局势中遵守国际人权法和国际人道法规定的义务，包括禁止针对平民和敌方战斗人员的一切形式歧视和性别暴力，以及对土地、自然资源和环境的损害；
(i)	(i)
Systematically collect disaggregated data and undertake studies, in collaboration with Indigenous communities and organizations, to assess the magnitude, gravity and root causes of gender-based violence against Indigenous women and girls, in particular sexual violence and exploitation, to inform measures to prevent and respond to such violence.	与土著社区和组织合作，系统地收集分类数据并开展研究，以评估针对土著妇女和女童的性别暴力特别是性暴力和性剥削的规模、严重性和根源，为预防和应对此类暴力的措施提供信息。
B.	B.
Right to effective participation in political and public life (arts. 7, 8 and 14)	有效参与政治和公共生活的权利(第七、八和十四条)
43.	43.
Indigenous women and girls tend to be excluded from decision-making in local, national and international processes, as well as in their own communities and Indigenous systems.Under article 7 of the Convention, they have the right to effective participation at all levels in political, public and community life.This right includes participation in decision-making within their communities, as well as with ancestral and other authorities;consent and consultation processes over economic activities carried out by State and private actors in Indigenous territories; public service and decision-making positions at the local, national regional and international levels;and their work as human rights defenders.	土著妇女和女童往往被排除在地方、国家和国际进程的决策之外，也被排除在自己社区和土著系统的决策之外。 根据《公约》第七条，她们有权有效参与各级政治、公共和社区生活。 这项权利包括参与其社区内部的决策以及与祖传和其他当局一道的决策，对国家和私人行为体在土著领土上所开展经济活动的监督、同意和协商，地方、国家、区域和国际各级的公共服务和决策性职位，加之自己作为人权维护者的工作。
44.	44.
Indigenous women and girls face multiple and intersecting barriers to effective, meaningful and real participation.Such barriers include political violence; lack of or unequal educational opportunities;illiteracy;racism;sexism;discrimination based on class and economic status; language constraints; the need to travel long distances to gain access to any form of participation;the denial of access to health-care services, including sexual and reproductive health care and rights;and the lack of access to, economic support for and information on legal, political, institutional, community and civil society processes to vote, run for political office, organize campaigns and secure funding.The barriers to participation can be particularly high in armed conflict contexts, including in transitional justice processes, in which Indigenous women and girls and their organizations are often excluded from peace negotiations or attacked and threatened when they do try to participate. States parties should act promptly to ensure that all Indigenous women and girls have access to computers, the Internet and other forms of technology to facilitate their full inclusion in the digital world.	土著妇女和女童在有效、真正和有意义参与方面面临多重交叉障碍。这些障碍包括政治暴力、缺乏教育机会或教育机会不平等、文盲、种族主义、性别歧视、阶级和经济地位歧视、语言限制、需要长途跋涉才有机会进行任何形式的参与、获得保健服务包括性和生殖保健的机会和权利被剥夺，还包括没有机会利用法律、机构、社区和民间社会进程进行投票、竞选政治职位、组织竞选活动和获得资金，也得不到相关的经济支持和信息。 在武装冲突情况下，包括在过渡期正义进程中，参与的障碍会特别严重，因为土著妇女和女童及其组织往往被排除在和平谈判之外，或在试图参与时受到攻击和威胁。缔约国应迅速采取行动，确保所有土著妇女和女童都能使用计算机、互联网和其他形式的技术，以推动她们充分融入数字世界。
45.	45.
The Committee acknowledges the threats faced by Indigenous women human rights defenders, whose work is protected by the right to participate in political and public life. At particular risk are Indigenous women and girls who are environmental human rights defenders in the course of advancing their land and territorial rights, and those opposing the implementation of development projects without the free, prior and informed consent of the Indigenous Peoples concerned.In many cases, Indigenous women and girl human rights defenders face killings; threats and harassment; arbitrary detentions;forms of torture;and the criminalization, stigmatization and discrediting of their work. Many Indigenous women and girls’ organizations face obstacles to their recognition as legal entities at the national level, the lack of which challenges their access to funding and their ability to work freely and independently.The Committee considers that States parties should adopt immediate gender-responsive measures to publicly recognize, support and protect the life, liberty, security and self-determination of Indigenous women and girl human rights defenders, and to ensure safe conditions and an enabling environment for their advocacy work, free from discrimination, racism, killings, harassment and violence.	委员会承认土著妇女人权维护者面临的威胁，而她们的工作受到参与政治和公共生活权利的保护。一些土著妇女和女童面临的风险尤其大，这包括正在推进其土地和领土权利的环境人权维护者，以及反对在未经有关土著人民自由、事先和知情同意而实施发展项目的人。在许多情况下，土著妇女和女童人权维护者面临杀害、威胁和骚扰、任意拘留、各种形式的酷刑以及对其工作的犯罪化、污名化和抹黑。许多土著妇女和女童组织在作为国家一级法人得到承认方面面临障碍，而得不到承认对她们获得资金和自由独立开展工作的能力构成挑战。委员会认为，缔约国应立即采取促进性别平等的措施，公开承认、支持和保护土著妇女和女童人权维护者的生命、自由、安全和自决权，并确保她们开展宣传工作有安全的条件和有利的环境，且免遭歧视、种族主义、杀戮、骚扰和暴力之害。
46.	46.
The Committee recommends that States parties:	委员会建议缔约国：
(a)	(a)
In accordance with the general recommendations No. 23 (1997) on women in political and public life and No. 25 (2004) on temporary special measures, and articles 18, 19, 32.1 and 44 of the Declaration, promote the meaningful, real and informed participation of Indigenous women and girls in political and public life and at all levels, including in decision-making positions, which may include temporary special measures, such as quotas, targets, incentives and efforts to ensure parity in representation;	根据关于妇女参与政治和公共生活的第23号一般性建议(1997年)和关于暂行特别措施的第25号一般性建议(2004年)，并根据《宣言》第18、19、32.1和44条，促进土著妇女和女童有意义、真正和知情地参与各级政治和公共生活，包括担任决策性职位，其中可能包括暂行特别措施，如配额、指标、奖励措施和确保代表性均等的努力；
(b)	(b)
Establish accountability mechanisms to prevent political parties and trade unions from discriminating against Indigenous women and girls, and ensure that they have effective access to gender-responsive judicial remedies to report such violations when they occur.It is also critical to train public servants on the right of Indigenous women and girls to effectively participate in public life;	建立问责机制，防止政党和工会歧视土著妇女和女童，并确保她们能够有效利用促进性别平等的司法补救措施，在发生此类侵权行为时进行举报。 还必须对公务员进行关于土著妇女和女童有效参与公共生活的权利的培训；
(c)	(c)
Disseminate accessible information among Indigenous women and girls, as well as in society in general, on opportunities to exercise their right to vote, participate in public life and stand for election, and promote their recruitment into public service, including at the decision-making level.Measures to facilitate accessibility for women and girls with disabilities can include the use of sign language, easy read and Braille;	在土著妇女和女童以及整个社会中传播关于行使投票权、参与公共生活和竞选机会的可用信息，并促进她们应聘进入公共服务部门，包括决策层。便利残疾妇女和女童的无障碍措施可包括使用手语、易读文字和盲文；
(d)	(d)
Act with due diligence to prevent, investigate and punish all forms of political violence against Indigenous women politicians, candidates, human rights defenders and activists at the national, local and community levels, and recognize and respect ancestral forms of organization and the election of representatives;	在国家、地方和社区各级尽责地防止、调查和惩处针对土著女性政治人物、候选人、人权维护者和活动人士的一切形式政治暴力，并承认和尊重祖传的组织形式和代表选举；
(e)	(e)
Create, promote and ensure the access of Indigenous women to political office through campaign financing;skills training;incentives;awareness-raising activities for political parties to nominate them as candidates; and adequate health-care and childcare facilities, as well as support services for caring for older persons, adopt the necessary legislative measures and reforms to ensure the right of political participation of Indigenous women and girls, and create incentives and monitoring mechanisms, as well as penalties for failure by political parties to implement temporary special measures to increase the political participation of Indigenous women and girls;	创造、促进和确保土著妇女担任政治职务的机会，途径包括开展竞选筹资，提供技能培训和激励措施，开展宣传活动推动各政党提名她们为候选人，提供适当的保健和儿童保育设施以及支持照顾老年人的服务，采取必要的立法措施和改革，确保土著妇女和女童的政治参与权，建立奖励和监测机制，并对政党未能执行暂行特别措施以增加土著妇女和女童的政治参与进行惩罚；
(f)	(f)
Ensure that economic activities, including those related to logging, development, investment, tourism, extraction, mining, climate mitigation and adaptation programmes, and conservation projects are only implemented in Indigenous territories and protected areas with the effective participation of Indigenous women, including full respect for their right to free, prior and informed consent and the adequate consultation processes. It is key that these economic activities do not adversely impact human rights, including those of Indigenous women and girls;	确保土著领土和保护区内的经济活动，包括与采伐、开发、投资、旅游业、采掘、采矿、气候减缓和适应方案以及保护项目有关的活动，只有在得到土著妇女的有效参与，包括充分尊重她们自由、事先和知情同意的权利并经过充分协商的情况下才会开展。必须确保这些经济活动不对人权，包括土著妇女和女童的人权产生不利影响；
(g)	(g)
In line with general recommendation No. 30 (2013) on women in conflict prevention, conflict and post-conflict situations and Security Council resolution 1325 (2000) and subsequent resolutions, ensure and create spaces for Indigenous women and girls to participate as decision makers and actors in peacebuilding efforts and transitional justice processes;	根据关于妇女在预防冲突、冲突及冲突后局势中的作用的第30号一般性建议(2013年)和安全理事会第1325(2000)号决议及其后各项决议，确保土著妇女和女童作为决策者和行为体参与建设和平努力和过渡期正义进程，并为其创造空间；
(h)	(h)
Take proactive and effective steps to recognize, support and protect the life, integrity and work of Indigenous women human rights defenders, and ensure that they conduct their activities in safe, enabling and inclusive environments. State measures should include the creation of specialized government mechanisms to protect women human rights defenders with their genuine and meaningful participation and in collaboration with Indigenous Peoples.	积极主动地采取有效步骤，承认、支持和保护土著妇女人权维护者的生命、完整性和工作，并确保她们在安全、有利和包容的环境中开展活动。国家措施应包括建立专门的政府机制，在妇女真正和有意义的参与下，与土著人民合作保护妇女人权维护者。
C.	C.
Right to education (arts. 5 and 10)	受教育权(第五和十条)
47.	47.
Indigenous women and girls face multiple barriers to enrolment, retention, and completion at all levels of education and in non-traditional fields.Some of the most important educational barriers for them include: the lack of education facilities designed, established or controlled by Indigenous Peoples; poverty; discriminatory gender stereotypes and marginalization; limited cultural relevance of educational curricula; instruction solely in the dominant language; and the scarcity of sexuality education. Indigenous women and girls frequently must travel long distances to schools and are at risk of gender-based violence en route and upon arrival. While at school, they may experience sexual violence, corporal punishment or bullying. Gender-based violence and discrimination in education is particularly acute when forced assimilation policies are implemented in schools. Indigenous girls with disabilities face particular barriers to access and retention, including lack of physical accessibility; school officials’ refusal to enrol them; and reliance on segregated schools for children with disabilities. Forced and/or child marriages, sexual violence and adolescent pregnancies, the disproportionate burden of family responsibilities, child work, natural disasters and armed conflicts can also hamper Indigenous girls’ access to school.	土著妇女和女童在各教育等级和非传统领域的入学、坚持在校学习和完成学业方面面临多重障碍。他们面临的一些最重要的教育障碍包括：缺乏由土著人民设计、建立或控制的教育设施，贫困，歧视性性别陈见和边缘化，教育课程的文化相关性有限，仅以主导语言授课以及缺乏性教育。土著妇女和女童往往必须长途跋涉才能上学，在途中和抵达时都有遭受性别暴力的风险。在学校期间，她们可能遭受性暴力、体罚或欺凌。在学校实施强迫同化政策时，教育中的性别暴力和歧视尤其严重。土著残疾女童在获得受教育机会和坚持在校学习方面面临特殊障碍，包括缺乏实际无障碍环境、学校官员拒绝招收她们入学以及残疾儿童依赖隔离学校。强迫婚姻和(或)童婚、性暴力和少女怀孕、过度负担家庭责任、童工、自然灾害和武装冲突也会阻碍土著女童上学。
48.	48.
The Committee recommends that States parties:	The Committee recommends that States parties:
(a)	(a)
Ensure that Indigenous women and girls fully enjoy the right to education by:	确保土著妇女和女童充分享有受教育权，为此：
(i)	㈠
Guaranteeing their equal access to quality education at all levels of education, including by supporting Indigenous Peoples to realize the rights guaranteed in articles 14 and 15 of the Declaration;	保障她们在所有教育等级平等获得优质教育，包括支持土著人民实现《宣言》第14和15条所保障的权利；
(ii)	㈡
Addressing discriminatory stereotypes related to Indigenous origin, history, culture and the experiences of Indigenous women and girls;	消除与土著妇女和女童的土著出身、历史、文化和经历有关的歧视性陈规定型观念；
(iii)	㈢
Creating scholarship and financial aid programmes to promote Indigenous women’s and girls’ enrolment, including in non-traditional fields such as science, technology, engineering and mathematics and information and communication technology (ICT), and recognize and protect Indigenous knowledge and the contributions of Indigenous Peoples, including women, to science and technology;	设立奖学金和财政援助方案，促进土著妇女和女童入学，包括入读科学、技术、工程和数学以及信息和通信技术(信通技术)等非传统领域，承认和保护土著知识以及土著人民包括妇女对科学和技术的贡献；
(iv)	㈣
Creating interdisciplinary support systems for Indigenous women and girls to reduce their unequal share of unpaid care work and combat child marriage and to assist victims in reporting acts of gender-based violence and labour exploitation.Social support systems should be operationally effective, accessible and culturally responsive;	建立跨学科支助系统，推动土著妇女和女童降低她们在无酬照护工作中的不平等份额，打击童婚，并协助受害者举报性别暴力和劳工剥削行为。社会支持系统应运作有效、易于利用并符合文化需求；
(b)	(b)
Ensure quality education that is inclusive, accessible and affordable for all Indigenous women and girls, including those with disabilities.States should remove barriers and provide adequate resources and facilities to ensure that Indigenous women and girls with disabilities have access to an education. States should guarantee the availability of age-appropriate sexual education based on scientific research;	确保所有土著妇女和女童，包括其中的残疾妇女和女童，都能获得包容、可得和负担得起的优质教育。各国应消除障碍，提供充足的资源和设施，确保土著残疾妇女和女童有机会接受教育。各国应保证提供基于科学研究的适龄性教育；
(c)	(c)
Promote the adoption of curricula that reflect Indigenous education, languages, cultures, history, knowledge systems and epistemologies. These efforts should extend to all schools, including those in the mainstream.The adoption of curricula should be done with the participation of Indigenous women and girls.	促进采用反映土著教育、语言、文化、历史、知识体系和认识论的课程。这些努力应扩大到所有学校，包括主流学校。应在土著妇女和女童的参与下采用课程。
D.	D.
Right to work (arts. 11 and 14)	工作权(第十一和十四条)
49.	49.
Indigenous women have limited access to decent, safe and adequately remunerated employment, which undermines their economic autonomy. They contribute significantly to the agricultural sector but are overrepresented in subsistence agriculture; low-skilled, part-time, seasonal, low-paid or unpaid jobs; and home-based activities. A significant number of Indigenous women and girls also engage in domestic work with low remuneration and unsafe working conditions. Their overrepresentation in informal employment translates into weak income, benefits and social protection. They also face discriminatory gender stereotypes and racial prejudice in the workplace, including frequent prohibition from wearing their attire or using their languages. Indigenous women often face forms of gender-based violence and harassment at work, and their treatment can amount to forced labour and forms of slavery. States should create equal opportunities for Indigenous women and girls to gain access to the needed education and training necessary to increase their employment prospects and to facilitate their transition from the informal to the formal economy. States should also guarantee that Indigenous Peoples and women continue to pursue and benefit from their occupations, without discrimination.	土著妇女在获得体面、安全和报酬适当的就业方面机会有限，这损害了她们的经济自主权。她们对农业部门的贡献巨大，但在自给农业、低技能、非全时、季节性、低报酬或无报酬工作和家庭活动中所占比例过高。大量土著妇女和女童还从事报酬低、工作条件不安全的家政工作。她们在非正规就业中的比例过高，导致收入、福利和社会保障微薄。她们还在工作场所面临歧视性性别成见和种族偏见，包括经常被禁止穿着自己的服装或使用自己的语言。土著妇女在工作中经常面临各种形式的性别暴力和骚扰，所受待遇则与强迫劳动和各种形式奴役相当。各国应为土著妇女和女童创造平等机会，使其获得必要的教育和培训，以增加就业前景，并为其从非正规经济部门向正规经济部门过渡提供便利。各国还应保证土著人民和妇女不受歧视地继续从事自己的职业并从中受益。
50.	50.
The Committee recommends that States parties:	委员会建议缔约国：
(a)	(a)
Ensure equal, safe, just and favourable conditions of work and income security for Indigenous women and girls, including by:	确保土著妇女和女童享有平等、安全、公正和有利的工作条件和收入保障，包括：
(i)Expanding and promoting vocational and professional training opportunities for them;	㈠ 扩大和促进她们的职业和专业培训机会；
(ii)Expanding opportunities for Indigenous women to run businesses and become entrepreneurs.States should support Indigenous-women-led businesses and help Indigenous communities to generate wealth by improving access to capital and business opportunities;	㈡扩大土著妇女经营企业和成为企业家的机会。 各国应支持土著妇女领导的企业，并通过改善获得资本和商业机会等途径，帮助土著社区创造财富；
(iii)Facilitating their transition from the informal to the formal economy, if desired;	㈢如果她们愿意，为她们从非正规经济部门向正规经济部门过渡提供便利；
(iv)Protecting the occupational health and safety of Indigenous women in all forms of work;	㈣保护土著妇女在各种形式工作中的职业健康和安全；
(v)Expanding the coverage of social protection and provide adequate childcare services for Indigenous women, including those who are self-employed;	㈤扩大社会保护的覆盖面，为土著妇女包括自营职业者提供适足的儿童护理服务；
(vi) Guaranteeing that Indigenous Peoples and women can continue to pursue and benefit from their occupations, without discrimination, and also guaranteeing the collective rights to the land on which these occupations take place;	㈥扩大社会保护的覆盖面，为土著妇女包括自营职业者提供适足的儿童护理服务；
(vii) Fully incorporating the right to just and favourable conditions of work and the principle of equal pay for work of equal value into legal and policy frameworks, paying special attention to Indigenous women and girls who are working legally.States parties should promote entrepreneurship by ensuring that Indigenous women have equal access to loans and other forms of financial credit, without collateral, to enable them to create their own businesses and advance their economic autonomy;	㈦将享受公正和良好的工作条件的权利和同值工作同等报酬的原则充分纳入法律和政策框架， 特别关注合法工作的土著妇女和女童。 缔约国应促进创业精神，确保土著妇女有平等机会获得无需抵押的贷款和其他形式金融信贷，使她们能够创办自己的企业，促进她们的经济自主；
(b)	(b)
Take steps to prevent discrimination, racism, stereotypes, gender-based violence and sexual harassment against Indigenous women in the workplace and to establish and enforce effective reporting and accountability mechanisms, including through regular labour inspections;	采取步骤，防止在工作场所针对土著妇女的歧视、种族主义、陈规定型观念、性别暴力和性骚扰，并建立和落实有效的报告和问责机制，包括为此定期进行劳动监察；
(c)	(c)
Ensure that Indigenous women and girls have access to vocational and professional skills training, including in science, technology, engineering and mathematics, as well as ICT and other fields from which Indigenous Peoples have historically been excluded.	确保土著妇女和女童有机会获得职业和专业技能培训，包括科学、技术、工程和数学以及信通技术和土著人民历来被排斥在外的其他领域的培训。
E.	E.
Right to health (arts. 10 and 12)	健康权(第十和十二条)
51.	51.
Indigenous women and girls have limited access to adequate health-care services, including sexual and reproductive health services and information, and face racial and gender-based discrimination in health systems. Their right to free, prior and informed consent is often not respected in the health sector. Health professionals are often race- and gender-biased, insensitive to the realities, culture and views of Indigenous women and do not speak Indigenous languages, and they rarely offer services respecting the dignity, privacy, informed consent and reproductive autonomy of Indigenous women. Indigenous women frequently experience difficulties in securing access to sexual and reproductive health information and education, including about family planning methods, contraception and access to safe and legal abortion. They are often victims of gender-based violence in the health system, including obstetrics violence;coercive practices, such as involuntary sterilizations or forced contraception;and barriers to their ability to decide on the number and spacing of their children.Indigenous midwives and birth attendants are often criminalized, and technical knowledge is undervalued by non-Indigenous health systems.Pandemics have a disproportionate impact on Indigenous women and girls, and States parties must ensure access to culturally acceptable health-care services, testing and vaccination during such emergencies.	土著妇女和女童获得适当保健服务，包括性和生殖保健服务和信息的机会有限，在保健系统中面临种族和性别歧视。她们的自由、事先和知情同意权在卫生部门往往得不到尊重。保健专业人员往往具有种族和性别偏见，对土著妇女的现实、文化和观点不敏感，不讲土著语言，很少提供尊重土著妇女尊严、隐私、知情同意和生殖自主的服务。土著妇女往往在获得性和生殖健康信息和教育，包括计划生育方法、避孕和安全合法堕胎信息和教育方面遇到困难。她们经常在卫生系统中因性别暴力包括产科暴力、强迫性做法如非自愿绝育或强迫避孕、决定自己生育数量和间隔的能力受阻而受害。土著助产士和助产人员往往被入刑，非土著卫生系统会低估技术知识的价值。大流行病对土著妇女和女童的影响特别严重，缔约国必须确保她们能够在此类紧急情况下获得文化上可接受的保健服务、检测和疫苗接种。
52.	52.
The Committee recommends that States parties:	委员会建议缔约国：
(a)	(a)
Ensure that quality health services and facilities are available, accessible, affordable, culturally appropriate and acceptable for Indigenous women and girls, including those with disabilities, older women, and lesbian, bisexual, transgender and intersex women and girls, and ensure that free, prior and informed consent, confidentiality and privacy are respected in the provision of health services;	确保土著妇女和女童，包括残疾、老年以及女同性恋、双性恋、跨性别者和间性者妇女和女童，能够使用可得、负担得起、文化上适当和可接受的优质保健服务和设施，并确保在提供保健服务时尊重自由、事先和知情同意、保密和隐私；
(b)	(b)
Guarantee that Indigenous women and girls receive prompt, comprehensive and accurate information, in accessible formats, on sexual and reproductive health services and affordable access to such services, including safe abortion services and modern forms of contraception;	保证土著妇女和女童以无障碍方式及时获得关于性和生殖保健服务的全面和准确信息，并以负担得起的方式获得此类服务，包括安全堕胎服务和现代避孕方法；
(c)	(c)
Ensure that health information is widely disseminated in Indigenous languages, including through conventional and social media;	确保以土著语言广泛传播保健信息，包括通过传统媒体和社交媒体进行传播；
(d)	(d)
Ensure the recognition of Indigenous health systems, ancestral knowledge, practices, sciences and technologies, and prevent and sanction the criminalization thereof;	确保承认土著保健系统、祖传知识、做法、科学和技术，并防止和惩处将其入刑的行为；
(e)	(e)
Provide gender-responsive and culturally responsive training, with gender and intercultural perspectives, as defined in paragraphs 4 and 5, to health professionals, including community health workers and birth attendants, who treat Indigenous women and girls, and encourage Indigenous women to enter the medical profession;	向保健专业人员，包括治疗土著妇女和女童的社区保健工作者和助产士提供促进性别平等和符合文化需求的培训，同时考虑到第4和5段界定的性别和跨文化视角，并鼓励土著妇女从事医疗工作；
(f)	(f)
Adopt steps to prevent all forms of gender-based violence, coercive practices, discrimination, gender stereotypes and racial prejudice in the provision of health services.	采取步骤，防止在提供保健服务时发生一切形式的性别暴力、胁迫性做法、歧视、性别陈见和种族偏见。
F.	F.
Right to culture (arts. 3, 5, 13 and 14)	文化权(第三、五、十三和十四条)
53.	53.
Culture is an essential component of the lives of Indigenous women and girls.It is intrinsically linked to their lands, territories, histories and community dynamics. There are many sources of culture for Indigenous women and girls, including languages, dress and the way they prepare food, practice Indigenous medicine, respect sacred places, practice religion and their traditions, and transmit the history and heritage of their communities and peoples. Indigenous women have a right not only to enjoy their culture but also to challenge aspects of their culture that they consider discriminatory, such as outdated laws, policies and practices contrary to international human rights law and gender equality. According to article 12 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, Indigenous Girls also have the right to express their views and to participate in cultural matters affecting them, either directly or through a representative, in accordance with their age and maturity. States should also ensure that Indigenous women and girls can participate fully in sports and recreational activities, free from all forms of discrimination.	文化是土著妇女和女童生活的重要组成部分，与她们的土地、领土、历史和社区动态有着内在的联系。土著妇女和女童的文化来源众多，包括语言、服饰以及她们准备食物、使用土著医药、敬仰圣地、信奉宗教和传统、传递自己社区和人民历史和传统的方式。土著妇女不仅有权享受其文化，而且有权挑战其文化中她们认为具有歧视性的方面，如有悖于国际人权法和性别平等的过时法律、政策和做法。根据《儿童权利公约》第12条，土著女童还有权根据其年龄和成熟程度，直接或通过代表发表自己的意见，并参与影响到她们的文化事务。各国还应确保土著妇女和女童能够充分参与体育和娱乐活动，而不受任何形式的歧视。
54.	54.
The dispossession, lack of legal recognition and unauthorized use of Indigenous territories, lands and natural resources, as well as environmental degradation, including biodiversity loss, pollution and climate change, are direct threats to the self-determination, cultural integrity and survival of Indigenous women and girls, as are the unauthorized use and appropriation of their technical knowledge, spiritual practice, and cultural heritage by State actors and third parties. States should protect and preserve Indigenous languages, culture and knowledge, including through the use of digital tools; sanction the unauthorized appropriation and use of such languages, culture and knowledge; and respect and protect the lands, territories and sacred places of Indigenous Peoples.	土著领土、土地和自然资源遭到剥夺、得不到法律承认和被未经授权使用，以及环境退化，包括生物多样性丧失、污染和气候变化，直接威胁到土著妇女和女童的自决、文化完整性和生存，同样的还有国家和第三方未经授权使用和盗用她们的技术知识、精神实践和文化遗产。各国应保护和保存土著语言、文化和知识，途径包括使用数字工具，处罚未经授权盗用和使用这些语言、文化和知识，并尊重和保护土著人民的土地、领土和圣地。
55.	55.
The Committee recommends that States parties:	委员会建议缔约国：
(a)	(a)
Ensure the individual and collective rights of Indigenous women and girls to maintain their culture, identity and traditions and to choose their own path and life plans;	确保土著妇女和女童享有维护其文化、特性和传统，选择自己的生活道路和计划的个人和集体权利；
(b)	(b)
Respect, protect and expand the rights of Indigenous Peoples to land, territories, resources and a safe, clean, sustainable and healthy environment as a precondition for preserving the culture of Indigenous women and girls;	尊重、保护和扩大土著人民对土地、领土、资源以及安全、清洁、可持续和健康环境的权利，以此作为保存土著妇女和女童文化的先决条件；
(c)	(c)
Act with due diligence to prevent, investigate, punish transgressors and provide reparations to victims in cases of unauthorized use or appropriation of the cultural knowledge and heritage of Indigenous women and girls without their free, prior and informed consent and adequate benefit-sharing;	尽责地采取行动，防止、调查和惩罚未经土著妇女和女童自由、事先和知情同意并充分分享惠益而擅自使用或盗用其文化知识和遗产的行为，并向受害者提供赔偿；
(d)	(d)
Collaborate with Indigenous Peoples, including women, to develop culturally appropriate education programmes and curricula;	与土著人民包括妇女协作，制定文化上适当的教育方案和课程；
(e)	(e)
Study the relationship between technology and culture, as digital tools can be important in transmitting and preserving Indigenous languages and culture. Where digital tools are used to support the transmission and preservation of Indigenous cultures, they should be made accessible to and be culturally appropriate for Indigenous women and girls;	研究技术和文化之间的关系，因为数字工具对于传递和保存土著语言和文化十分重要。在使用数字工具支持传递和保存土著文化时，应使这些工具能被土著妇女和女童所获得，并在文化上适当；
(f)	(f)
Recognize and protect Indigenous women’s intellectual property; cultural heritage; scientific and medical knowledge; forms of literary, artistic, musical and dance expressions; and natural resources.In adopting measures, States parties must take into account the preferences of Indigenous women and girls.Measures can include the recognition, registration and protection of the individual or collective authorship of Indigenous women and girls under national intellectual property rights regimes and should prevent the unauthorized use of their intellectual property, cultural heritage, scientific and medical knowledge, forms of literary, artistic, musical and dance expressions; and natural resources by third parties. States should also respect the principle of free, prior and informed consent of Indigenous women authors and artists and the oral or other customary forms of transmission of their traditional knowledge, cultural heritage and scientific, literary or artistic expressions;	承认和保护土著妇女的知识产权、文化传统、科学和医学知识以及文学、艺术、音乐、舞蹈表现形式和自然资源。在采取措施时，缔约国必须考虑到土著妇女和女童的偏好。这些措施可包括根据国家知识产权制度承认、登记和保护土著妇女和女童的个人或集体创作权，并应防止未经授权使用其知识产权、文化传统、科学和医学知识以及文学、艺术、音乐、舞蹈表现形式和自然资源。各国还应尊重关于土著妇女作家和艺术家自由、事先和知情同意的原则，并尊重其传统知识、文化传统和科学、文学或艺术表现形式的口头或其他习惯传递方式；
(g)	(g)
Act with due diligence to respect and protect the sacred places of Indigenous Peoples and their territories, and hold those who violate them accountable.	尽责地尊重和保护土著人民的圣地和领土，并追究侵犯者的责任。
G.	G.
Rights to land, territories and natural resources (arts. 13 and 14)	土地、领土和自然资源权(第十三和十四条)
56.	56.
Land and territories are an integral part of the identity, views, livelihood, culture and spirit of Indigenous women and girls. Their lives, well-being, culture and survival are intrinsically linked to the use and enjoyment of their lands, territories and natural resources.The limited recognition of ownership of their ancestral territories;the absence of titles to their lands and legal protection of their traditions and heritage;and the lack of recognition of Indigenous Peoples’ land and native title rights at the treaty, constitutional and legislative levels in many countries undermine and fuel disrespect for their rights by State and private actors, specifically the rights to collective ownership, possession use and enjoyment of land and resources. Lack of recognition of Indigenous land rights can lead to poverty; food and water insecurity; and barriers to access to natural resources needed for survival, and can create unsafe conditions, which give rise to gender-based violence against Indigenous women and girls. States are required under international law to delimit, demarcate, title and ensure security of title to Indigenous Peoples’ territories to prevent discrimination against Indigenous women and girls.	土地和领土是土著妇女和女童身份、观点、生计、文化和精神观的组成部分。她们的生活、福祉、文化和生存与使用和享有其土地、领土和自然资源有着内在的联系。许多国家在条约、宪法和立法层面只有限地承认她们对祖传领土的所有权，不给予她们土地所有权，且不为其传统和遗产提供法律保护，不承认土著人民的土地和土著产权，这破坏并助长了国家和私人行为体对土著人民权利的不尊重，特别是对土地和资源的集体所有权、占有权、使用权和享有权的不尊重。土著土地权得不到承认会导致贫困、粮食和水不安全，并阻碍获得生存所需的自然资源，还会造成不安全条件，进而引发针对土著妇女和女童的性别暴力。根据国际法，各国必须对土著人民领土进行划界、标界、授予所有权，并确保所有权的安全，以防止针对土著妇女和女童的歧视。
57.	57.
The Committee recommends that States parties:	委员会建议缔约国：
(a)	(a)
Recognize the rights of Indigenous Peoples and women to individual and collective ownership and control over lands encompassed by their customary land tenure systems, and develop policies and laws that adequately reflect this recognition in the local and national economies;	承认土著人民和妇女对其习惯土地保有制度所涵盖的土地享有个人和集体所有权和控制权，并制定政策和法律，在地方和国家经济部门中充分反映这一承认；
(b)	(b)
Recognize legally the right to self-determination and the existence and rights of Indigenous Peoples to their lands, territories and natural resources in treaties, constitutions and laws at the national level;	在国家层面的条约、宪法和法律中依法承认土著人民的自决权和生存权以及对其土地、领土和自然资源的权利；
(c)	(c)
Require the free, prior and informed consent of Indigenous women and girls before authorizing economic, development, extractive and climate mitigation and adaptation projects on their lands and territories and affecting their natural resources.It is recommended to design free, prior and informed consent protocols to guide these processes;	在批准在土著妇女和女童的土地和领土上实施影响其自然资源的经济、发展、采掘以及气候减缓和适应项目之前，必须获得土著妇女和女童的自由、事先和知情同意。建议制定自由、事先和知情同意规程，用以指导这些进程；
(d)	(d)
Prevent and regulate activities by businesses, corporations and other private actors that may undermine the rights of Indigenous women and girls to their lands, territories and environment, including measures to punish, ensure the availability of remedies, grant reparations and prevent the repetition of these human rights violations;	防止和管制工商企业、公司和其他私人行为体进行可能损害土著妇女和女童对其土地、领土和环境的权利的活动，包括采取措施进行惩处，确保提供救济，给予赔偿，并防止再次发生这些侵犯人权的行为；
(e)	(e)
Adopt a comprehensive strategy to address discriminatory stereotypes, attitudes and practices that undermine Indigenous women’s rights to land, territories and natural resources.	通过一项全面战略，消除损害土著妇女土地、领土和自然资源权的歧视性定型观念、态度和做法。
H.	H.
Rights to food, water and seeds (arts. 12 and 14)	食物权、水权和种子权(第十二和十四条)
58.	58.
Indigenous women and girls have a key role in their communities in securing food, water and forms of livelihood and survival.The dispossession of their territories, forced displacement and lack of recognition of Indigenous land rights limits their opportunities to achieve food and water security and to manage these needed natural resources. The implementation of extractive and other economic activities and development projects can cause food and water contamination, disruption and degradation and can obstruct key forms of ancestral farming. Climate change and other forms of environmental degradation also threaten food security and contaminate and disrupt water supplies. States should adopt urgent measures to ensure that Indigenous women and girls have adequate access to sufficient food, nutrition and water. Of particular concern is the increasing commercialization of seeds, which are an essential part of the ancestral knowledge and cultural heritage of Indigenous Peoples.This commercialization of seeds often occurs without benefit-sharing with Indigenous women. The proliferation of transgenic or genetically modified crops is of concern to Indigenous Peoples and often occurs without the participation of Indigenous women or girls.	土著妇女和女童可在其社区中就保障食物、水及各种形式生计和生存发挥关键作用。 她们被剥夺了领土、被迫流离失所，其土著土地权得不到承认，这限制了她们实现粮食和水安全、管理这些所需自然资源的机会。进行采掘和其他经济活动、实施发展项目会造成粮食和水被污染和破坏并退化，还会妨碍主要形式的祖传耕作。气候变化和其他形式的环境退化也威胁到粮食安全，并污染和破坏供水。各国应采取紧急措施，确保土著妇女和女童能够适当获得充足的食物、营养和水。特别令人关切的是，作为土著人民祖传知识和文化遗产重要组成部分的种子日益被商业化。种子商业化的利益往往没有与土著妇女分享。 转基因作物的扩散令土著人民十分关切，并往往是在没有土著妇女或女童参与的情况下发生的。
59.	59.
The Committee recommends that States parties:	委员会建议缔约国：
(a)	(a)
Ensure adequate access of Indigenous women and girls to sufficient food, water and seeds, and acknowledge their contribution to food production, sovereignty and sustainable development;	确保土著妇女和女童能够适当获得充足的食物、水和种子，并承认她们对粮食生产、主权和可持续发展的贡献；
(b)	(b)
Protect ancestral forms of farming and sources of livelihood for Indigenous women, and ensure the meaningful participation of Indigenous women and girls in the design, adoption and implementation of agrarian reform schemes and the management and control of natural resources;	保护土著妇女的祖传耕作方式和谋生方法，确保土著妇女和女童切实参与土地改革计划的设计、通过和实施以及对自然资源的管理和控制；
(c)	(c)
Exercise due diligence to prevent, investigate and punish gender-based violence committed against Indigenous women and girls when they are performing agricultural work, procuring food and fetching water for their families and communities, and ensure that they have access to the benefits of scientific progress and technological innovation to be able to achieve food and water security and that they are compensated for their contributions and technical knowledge.Their scientific contributions should also be recognized by States parties.	履行应尽职责，防止、调查和惩处针对为其家庭和社区从事农业劳动、采购食物和取水的土著妇女和女童实施的性别暴力，确保她们能够获得科学进步和技术创新的惠益，从而能够实现粮食和水安全，并确保她们的贡献和技术知识得到补偿。缔约国也应承认她们的科学贡献。
I.	I.
Right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment (arts. 12 and 14)	享有清洁、健康和可持续环境的权利(第十二和十四条)
60.	60.
The right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment encompasses a safe and stable climate; safe and adequate food and water;healthy ecosystems and biodiversity; a non-toxic environment; participation; access to information; and access to justice in environmental matters.Indigenous women and girls refer to “Mother Earth”, a concept that reflects the vital link that they have with a healthy environment and their lands, territories and natural resources. Human-caused pollution, contamination, deforestation, burning of fossil fuels and loss of biodiversity threaten that link. The failure of States to take adequate action to prevent, adapt to and remediate these serious instances of environmental harm constitutes a form of discrimination and violence against Indigenous women and girls that needs to be promptly addressed. Moreover, States should take steps to recognize the contribution of Indigenous women through their technical knowledge of biodiversity conservation and restoration, including them in decision-making, negotiations and discussions concerning climate action and mitigation and adaptation measures. States should also act promptly to support the work of Indigenous women and girls who are environmental human rights defenders and ensure their protection and security.	享有清洁、健康和可持续环境的权利包括享有安全和稳定的气候、安全和适当的食物和水、健康的生态系统和生物多样性、无毒的环境，还包括参与、有机会获取信息并就环境事项获得法律救济。土著妇女和女童提到“地球母亲”，这一概念反映了她们与健康环境以及自己的土地、领土和自然资源之间的重要联系。人类造成的污染、沾染、毁林、燃烧矿物燃料和生物多样性丧失威胁着这一联系。各国未能采取适当行动预防、适应和补救这些严重损害环境的情况，这构成了针对土著妇女和女童的一种歧视和暴力，需要立即加以应对。此外，各国应采取步骤，承认土著妇女通过其生物多样性养护和恢复方面的技术知识所作的贡献，将她们纳入关于气候行动及缓解和适应措施的决策、谈判和讨论。各国还应迅速采取行动，支持土著妇女和女童作为环境人权维护者开展的工作，并确保她们的保护和安全。
61.	61.
The Committee recommends that States parties:	委员会建议缔约国：
(a)	(a)
Ensure that laws and policies related to the environment, climate change and disaster risk reduction reflect the specific impacts of climate change and other forms of environmental degradation and harm, including the triple planetary crisis;	确保与环境、气候变化和减少灾害风险有关的法律和政策反映气候变化和其他形式环境退化和损害，包括地球三大危机的具体影响；
(b)	(b)
Ensure that Indigenous women and girls have equal opportunities to meaningfully and effectively participate in decision-making related to the environment, disaster-risk reduction and climate change;	确保土著妇女和女童有平等机会切实、有效地参与涉及环境、减少灾害风险和气候变化的决策；
(c)	(c)
Ensure that effective remedies and accountability mechanisms are in place to hold those responsible for environmental harm accountable, and ensure access to justice for Indigenous women and girls in environmental matters;	确保建立有效的补救和问责机制，追究环境损害责任人的责任，并确保土著妇女和女童在环境问题上能够获得司法救助；
(d)	(d)
Ensure the free, prior and informed consent of Indigenous women and girls in matters affecting their environment, lands, cultural heritage and natural resources, including any proposal to designate their lands as a protected area for conservation or climate change mitigation purposes or carbon sequestration and trading or to implement a green energy project on their lands, and any other matter having a significant impact on their human rights.	确保在处理影响土著妇女和女童的环境、土地、文化遗产和自然资源的事项，包括任何旨在将其土地指定为保护区以进行养护或减缓气候变化或进行碳固存和交易、或在其土地上实施绿色能源项目的提案时，并在处理任何对其人权有重大影响的其他事项时，获得她们的自由、事先和知情同意。
1	1
International Labour Organization (ILO), Implementing the ILO Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention No. 169: Towards an Inclusive, Sustainable and Just Future (Geneva, 2019), p. 13; and Department of Economic and Social Affairs, State of the World’s Indigenous Peoples, vol. 5, Rights to Lands, Territories and Resources (United Nations publication, 2021), p. 119.	国际劳工组织(劳工组织)，《执行劳工组织土著和部落人民公约(第169号)：迈向包容、可持续和公正的未来》(2019年，日内瓦)，第13页；经济和社会事务部，《世界土著人民状况，第5卷：土地、领土和资源权利》(联合国出版物，2021年)，第119页。
2	2
See, for example, general recommendation No. 34 (2016) on the rights of rural women, paras. 14–15. For more discussion of the work of the Committee in the area of Indigenous women, see United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women) and Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, “Recomendaciones Generales y Observaciones Finales del Comité para la Eliminación de la Discriminación contra la Mujer sobre mujeres indígenas y/o afrodescendientes realizadas a Estados de América Latina” (Clayton, Panama, 2017).	例如见关于农村妇女权利的第34号一般性建议(2016年)，第14-15段。关于委员会在土著妇女领域工作的更多讨论，见联合国促进性别平等和增强妇女权能署(妇女署)和消除对妇女歧视委员会，“消除对妇女歧视委员会关于拉丁美洲土著妇女和(或)非洲裔妇女的一般性建议和最后意见”(2017年，巴拿马克莱顿)。
3	3
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, art. 2.	《联合国土著人民权利宣言》，第2条。
4	4
General recommendation No. 37 (2018) on the gender-related dimensions of disaster risk reduction in the context of climate change, paras. 1–9.	关于气候变化背景下减少灾害风险所涉性别方面的第37号一般性建议(2018年)，第1-9段。
5	5
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, arts. 9 and 33.	《联合国土著人民权利宣言》，第9和33条。
6	6
Ibid., art. 33.1; see also ILO, Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention No. 169, art. 1;United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, “Who are Indigenous Peoples?”, fact sheet; and working paper on the concept of Indigenous Peoples (E/CN.4/Sub.2/AC.4/1996/2, paras. 69–70).	同上，第33.1条；另见劳工组织，《土著和部落人民公约》(第169号)，第1条； 联合国土著问题常设论坛，《谁是土著人民？ 》，实况报道；关于土著人民概念的工作文件(E/CN.4/Sub.2/AC.4/1996/2)，第69-70段。
7	7
General recommendation No. 38 (2020) on trafficking in women and girls in the context of global migration, paras. 18–35.	关于全球移民背景下贩运妇女和女童问题的第38号一般性建议(2020年)，第18-35段。
8	8
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, art. 6.	《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》，第六条。
9	9
CEDAW/C/OP.8/CAN/1, paras. 95–99 and 111–127.	CEDAW/C/OP.8/CAN/1，第95-99和111-127段。
10	10
See United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, art. 8;Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, art. II; and Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, art. 6.	见《联合国土著人民权利宣言》，第8条；《防止及惩治灭绝种族罪公约》，第二条；《国际刑事法院罗马规约》，第六条。
11	11
See United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, art. 8.	见《联合国土著人民权利宣言》，第8条。
12	12
See Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, general recommendation No. 23 (1997) on the rights of indigenous peoples, paras. 3–6.	见消除种族歧视委员会关于土著人民权利的第23号一般性建议(1997年)，第3-6段。
13	13
Committee on the Rights of the Child, general comment No. 12 (2009) on the right of the child to be heard, para. 2.	儿童权利委员会，关于儿童表达意见的权利的第12号一般性意见(2009年)，第2段。
14	14
General Assembly resolution 70/1, para. 20. See also targets 2.3 and 4.5 of the Sustainable Development Goals, as well as Goal 5.	大会第70/1号决议，第20段。另见可持续发展目标具体目标2.3和4.5以及目标5。
15	15
See Commission on the Status of Women resolutions 49/7 and 56/4.See also the agreed conclusions of the Commission at its sixty-sixth session (E/2022/27, chap. I, sect. A.).	见妇女地位委员会第49/7和56/4号决议。另见委员会第六十六届会议商定结论(E/2022/27，第一章，A节)。
16.	16
General recommendation No. 28 (2010) on the core obligations of States parties under article 2 of the Convention, para. 9;and United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, para. 2.	关于缔约国在《公约》第二条之下核心义务的第28号一般性建议(2010年)，第9段；《联合国土著人民权利宣言》，第2条。
17	17
Committee on the Rights of the Child, general comment No. 11 (2009) on indigenous children and their rights under the Convention, para. 30.	儿童权利委员会，关于土著儿童及其在《公约》下的权利的第11号一般性意见(2009年)，第30段。
18	18
A/HRC/30/41, paras. 15–17.	A/HRC/30/41，第15-17段。
19	19
See, for example, CEDAW/C/81/D/68/2014, para. 18.3.	例如见CEDAW/C/81/D/68/2014，第18.3段。
20	20
Para. 56.	第56段。
21	21
Department of Economic and Social Affairs, State of the World’s Indigenous Peoples, vol. 5, p. 121.	经济和社会事务部，《世界土著人民状况》，第5卷，第121页。
22	22
General recommendation No. 34, para. 59.	第34号一般性建议，第59段。
23	23
See A/HRC/EMRIP/2014/3/Rev.1, paras. 35–42; and Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Indigenous Women and their Human Rights in the Americas (OEA/Ser.L/V/II. Doc. 44/17, para. 138).	见A/HRC/EMRIP/2014/3/Rev.1，第35-42段；美洲人权委员会，《美洲土著妇女及其人权》(OEA/Ser.L/V/II.Doc.44/17，第138段)。
24	24
A/HRC/24/50, para. 5.	A/HRC/24/50，第5段。
25	25
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, art. 34; and general recommendation No. 33 (2015) on women’s access to justice, para. 5.	《联合国土著人民权利宣言》，第34条；关于妇女获得司法救助的第33号一般性建议(2015年)，第5段。
26	26
Article 34 of the Declaration provides that Indigenous Peoples have the right to promote, develop and maintain their institutional structures and their distinctive customs, spirituality, traditions, procedures, practices and, in the cases where they exist, juridical systems or customs, in accordance with international human rights standards.	《宣言》第34条规定，土著人民有权根据国际人权标准，促进、发展和保持其机构构架及其独特的习俗、精神观、传统、程序、做法，以及原有的(如果有的话)司法制度或习惯。
27	27
Para. 14.	第14段。
28	28
A/HRC/42/37, para. 25.	A/HRC/42/37，第25段。
29	29
A/HRC/30/41, para. 42.	A/HRC/30/41，第42段。
30	30
CEDAW/C/MEX/CO/7-8, para. 34.	CEDAW/C/MEX/CO/7-8，第34段。
31	31
General recommendation No. 33, para. 62.	第33号一般性建议，第62段。
32	32
Committee on the Rights of the Child, general comment No. 24 (2019) on children’s rights in the child justice system, paras. 40, 49 and 103.	儿童权利委员会，关于儿童司法系统中的儿童权利问题的第24号一般性意见(2019年)，第40、49和103段。
33	33
Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, general comment No. 2 (2014) on accessibility, para. 37.	残疾人权利委员会，关于无障碍的第2号一般性意见(2014年)，第37段。
34	34
Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Indigenous Women and their Rights in the Americas, para. 156.	美洲人权委员会，《美洲土著妇女及其人权》，第156段。
35	35
General recommendation No. 35 (2017) on gender-based violence against women, updating general recommendation No. 19, para. 21.	关于基于性别的暴力侵害妇女行为的第35号一般性建议(2017年，更新第19号一般性建议)，第21段。
36	36
Ibid., para. 2.	同上，第2段。
37	37
A/HRC/30/41, para. 47.	A/HRC/30/41，第47段。
38.	38
Ibid.	同上。
39.	39
UN-Women and others, Breaking the Silence on Violence against Indigenous Girls, Adolescents and Young Women (New York, 2013), p. 4. See also Inter-Agency Support Group on Indigenous Peoples’ Issues, “Elimination and responses to violence, exploitation and abuse of indigenous girls, adolescents and young women”, thematic paper towards the preparation on of the World Conference on Indigenous Peoples, pp. 1–2 and 4–10.	妇女署和其他方面，《打破对暴力侵害土著女童、青少年和青年妇女行为的沉默》(2013年，纽约)，第4页。另见土著人民问题机构间支助小组，“消除和应对针对土著女童、青少年和青年妇女的暴力、剥削和虐待”，为筹备世界土著人民大会编写的专题文件，第1-2和4-10页。
40	40
A/HRC/50/26, paras. 7–10 and 24–34.	A/HRC/50/26，第7-10和24-34段。
41.	41
A/HRC/30/41, paras. 113–117.	A/HRC/30/41，第113-117段。
42.	42
General recommendation No. 35, para. 20.	第35号一般性建议，第20段。
43	43
CEDAW/C/OP.8/CAN/1, paras. 132–172.	CEDAW/C/OP.8/CAN/1，第132-172段。
44	44
Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Indigenous Women and their Rights in the Americas, paras. 85 and 86.	美洲人权委员会，《美洲土著妇女及其人权》，第85和86段。
45	45
UN-Women and others, Breaking the Silence, pp. 13–16, 19 and 20.	妇女署和其他方面，《打破沉默》，第13-16、19和20段。
46	46
Ibid.	同上。
47	47
Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Indigenous Women, para. 230.See also general recommendation No. 33, para. 64.	美洲人权委员会，《土著妇女》，第230段。另见第33号一般性建议，第64段。
48	48
General recommendation No. 35, para. 24 (b).	第35号一般性建议，第24(b)段。
49	49
Ibid., para. 29 (c) (iii).	同上，第29(c)㈢段。
50	50
A/HRC/30/41, paras. 38 and 39.	A/HRC/30/41，第38和39段。
51	51
See United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, guidelines for States on the effective implementation of the right to participate in public affairs, pp. 10–19.	见联合国人权事务高级专员，《各国有效落实参与公共事务权利的准则》，第10-19页。
52	52
General recommendation No. 34, para. 54.	第34号一般性建议，第54段。
53	53
Ibid.	同上。
54	54
General recommendation No. 36 (2017) on the right of girls and women to education, para. 41;and general recommendation No. 34, para. 42.	关于女童和妇女受教育权的第36号一般性建议(2017年)，第41段；第34号一般性建议，第42段。
55	55.
Ibid.	同上。
56.	56
General recommendation No. 34, para. 43.	第34号一般性建议，第43段。
57.	57
Ibid.	同上。
58	58
Ibid., paras. 40–41.	同上，第40-41段。
59	59
Ibid., para. 50.	同上，第50段。
60.	60
Committee on the Rights of the Child, general comment No. 11, para. 38.	儿童权利委员会，第11号一般性意见，第38段。
61.	61
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, general comment No. 17 (2005) on the right of everyone to benefit from the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he or she is the author, para. 32.	经济、社会及文化权利委员会，关于人人有权享受对其本人的任何科学、文学和艺术作品所产生的精神和物质利益的保护的第17号一般性意见(2005年)，第32段。
62.	62
A/HRC/45/38, paras. 5–9.	A/HRC/45/38，第5-9段。
63	63
General recommendation No. 34, para. 57.	第34号一般性建议，第57段。
64	64
See Human Rights Council resolution 48/13.	见人权理事会第48/13号决议。
65	65
General recommendation No. 37, para. 26.	第37号一般性建议，第26段。
66	66
Ibid., para. 36.	同上，第36段。