CMW/C/GC/5 2211422E.docx (ENGLISH)	CMW/C/GC/5 2211422C.docx (CHINESE)
United Nations	联 合 国
CMW/C/GC/5	CMW/C/GC/5
International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families	保护所有移徙工人及其 家庭成员权利国际公约
Distr.: General	Distr.: General
21 July 2022	21 July 2022
Original: English	Chinese Original: English
Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families	保护所有移民工人及其 家庭成员权利委员会
General comment No. 5 (2021) on migrants’ rights to liberty and freedom from arbitrary detention and their connection with other human rights	关于移民人身自由权和免受任意拘留权及与其他人权之关联的第5号一般性意见(2021年)
I.	一.
Introduction	导言
1.	1.
The Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families is deeply concerned about the trend towards the criminalization of migration.	保护所有移民工人及其家庭成员权利委员会对移民刑罪化的趋势深感关切。
The trend is visible in the increasingly frequent use of detention of migrants across several regions of the world.	拘留移民的做法在世界若干区域日渐频繁，就是这一趋势的表现。
2.	2.
The Committee has consistently made recommendations in its concluding observations to States parties on issues affecting the rights of migrant workers and members of their families who are deprived of their liberty.	委员会一贯在结论性意见中就影响到被剥夺自由的移民工人及其家庭成员的权利的各种问题向缔约国提出建议。
The present general comment is the result of the Committee’s growing concern for the rights of migrant workers and members of their families who are deprived of their liberty.	由于委员会对被剥夺自由的移民工人及其家庭成员的权利的关切日渐加深，因此拟订了本一般性意见。
3.	3.
In the context of international migration, immigration control measures implemented by some States, such as automatic and mandatory detention, punishment during detention, the detention of children with their families and on their own, including with unrelated adults, the detention of pregnant women, victims of trafficking, asylum-seekers, refugees, stateless persons and other migrants in vulnerable situations, the separation of families in the context of detention and prolonged or indefinite detention, the barriers to access to legal remedies and international protection and inhuman and overcrowded conditions in detention centres may amount to violations of the rights of migrant workers and members of their families.	在国际移民方面，一些国家实施的移民管控措施可能构成对移民工人及其家庭成员权利的侵犯，例如自动和强制性拘留，拘留期间的处罚，将儿童与其家人一起拘留或单独拘留，包括与无亲属关系的成年人一起拘留，拘留孕妇、贩运受害者、寻求庇护者、难民、无国籍人和其他弱势移民，拘留中的家庭分离以及长期或无限期拘留，获得法律补救和国际保护方面的障碍，以及拘留中心的条件缺乏人道而且过度拥挤。
4.	4.
States parties to the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families have an obligation not to criminalize migration.	《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》缔约国负有避免移民刑罪化的义务。
The criminalization of migration has involved the manipulation of criminal law to punish migrants or seek to prevent irregular migration in a manner that is overwhelmingly disproportionate to, and inconsistent with, States’ obligations under the Convention and is often based on political strategies seeking to deter irregular migration, rather than a commitment to upholding the rights of migrants.	移民刑罪化涉及通过操纵刑事法律处罚移民者，或者为了阻止非正常移民，所采取的方式在很大程度上与各国根据《公约》承担的义务既不相称又不一致，出发点往往是试图通过政治手段慑止非正常移民，而不是致力于维护移民的权利。
5.	5.
Since the 1990s, there has been a significant increase in the use of immigration detention. In many cases, it has become a mechanism for the mass arbitrary imprisonment of migrant workers and members of their families.	自1990年代以来，拘留移民的做法大幅增加，在许多情况下已成为一种大规模任意监禁移民工人及其家庭成员的机制。
In recent years, the Committee has witnessed with concern the increasing involvement and influence of private prison corporations in immigration enforcement, alongside the expansion of the immigration detention system.	近些年来，委员会关切地注意到，随着移民拘留制度的扩展，私营监狱公司越来越多地参与移民执法，影响也不断扩大。
Immigration detention has become an industry, with private prison contractors – and in some cases States – reporting sizeable annual profits from detaining migrants and asylum-seekers, including those awaiting a decision on their applications and migrants in the process of being deported.	移民拘留已经成为一种产业，私人监狱承包商，有时是国家，通过拘留移民和寻求庇护者，包括等候申请结果者和处于驱逐程序中的移民，每年获得可观的利润。
The Committee notes with extreme concern that immigration detention disproportionately affects poor migrants and people of colour, who at the same time have the greatest difficulties in mounting their legal defence or obtaining legal assistance in immigration, asylum and international protection procedures.	委员会极为关切地注意到，拘留移民对于贫困移民和有色人种的影响尤为严重，在移民、庇护和国际保护程序中依法进行辩护或获得法律援助方面，这些人面临的困难也最为严峻。
6.	6.
Detention has numerous effects on the health and personal integrity of migrants.	拘留对移民的健康和人格完整有多种影响。
Detention aggravates existing health conditions and causes new ones to arise, including anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, suicidal ideation and in some cases suicide, worsening migrants’ vulnerability and exclusion.	拘留加剧了已有的健康状况，并导致发生新的健康状况，包括焦虑、抑郁、创伤后应激障碍、自杀意念以及某些情况下的自杀，加剧了移民的脆弱性和受排斥程度。
Those negative effects are the result of various factors, including the indeterminate duration of detention, the arbitrariness and uncertainty surrounding it, family separation, overcrowding, lack of access to food, safe water and medical care, prolonged detention in solitary confinement, lack of access to nationality or of enjoyment of nationality rights and deliberate physical and psychological abuse by State officials, private guards or other detainees.	这些负面影响是各种因素造成的，包括拘留期限不定、拘留的任意性和不确定性、家庭分离、过度拥挤、无法获得食物、安全用水和医疗保健、长期单独监禁、无法获得国籍或享有国籍权，以及国家官员、私营公司警卫人员或其他被拘留者故意进行身体和心理虐待。
Such abuse may consist of torture or other cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment and punishment, sexual violence, disappearance, extortion and trafficking for the purpose of exploitation, which includes exploitation of prostitution and other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour and services, slavery, practices similar to slavery, servitude and the removal of organs.	这种虐待可能包括酷刑或其他残忍、不人道和有辱人格的待遇和处罚、性暴力、失踪、勒索和以剥削为目的的贩运，其中包括利用卖淫和其他形式的性剥削、强迫劳动和服务、奴役、类似奴役的做法、劳役和切除器官。
7.	7.
Those factors have been aggravated in the context of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, which has posed unprecedented challenges for States, migrant workers and members of their families.	在冠状病毒病大流行(COVID-19疫情)的背景下，这些因素变得更加严重，给国家、移民工人及其家庭成员带来了前所未有的挑战。
The Committee is concerned that, in the context of immigration detention, many of the detention facilities where migrants, asylum-seekers, refugees and stateless persons are detained do not meet minimum sanitary requirements and have limited or no access to health services.	委员会感到关切的是，在移民拘留的情况下，关押移民、寻求庇护者、难民和无国籍人士的很多拘留设施不符合最起码的卫生要求，获得保健服务的机会有限或没有。
The Committee notes with concern that there is a high risk that diseases such as COVID-19 are spreading among detainees.	委员会关切地注意到，COVID-19等疾病在被拘留者中传播的风险很高。
The situation has raised questions about the need to release people deprived of liberty on the basis of their migration status and to implement alternative measures to reduce the risk of spreading COVID-19 and other diseases.	这种情况引发的问题涉及到，是否需要释放因移民身份被剥夺人身自由的人，并采取替代措施以便降低COVID-19病毒和其他疾病传播的风险。
8.	8.
The main objective of the present general comment is to provide guidance to States on fulfilling their obligations under the Convention in relation to the rights of migrant workers and members of their families to liberty and protection against arbitrary detention and other human rights obligations arising from the intersection of those rights with other human rights.	本一般性意见的主要目的是，在移民工人及其家庭成员的人身自由权和得到保护免受任意拘留权这个问题上，以及这些权利与其他人权相互交织而产生的其他人权义务的问题上，指导各国履行《公约》规定的义务。
The Committee also seeks to provide guidance to States on implementing the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration and to other stakeholders on implementing initiatives to promote and protect human rights and to monitor compliance with human rights obligations.	委员会还力求就执行《安全、有序和正常移民全球契约》向各国提供指导，并就执行促进和保护人权的举措和监测人权义务的遵守情况向其他利益攸关方提供指导。
II.	二.
Regulatory framework on protection of the right to liberty of migrant workers and members of their families	保护移民工人及其家庭成员人身自由权的监管框架
A.	A.
Right to liberty and security of person in the Convention	《公约》中的人身自由和安全权
9.	9.
The right to liberty applies to all forms of detention and must be guaranteed to all persons, without discrimination, including all migrant workers, regardless of their migration status.	人身自由权适用于所有形式的拘留，必须毫无歧视地保障所有人的这项权利，包括所有移民工人，无论其移民身份如何。
Article 16 of the Convention provides for the protection of the right to liberty and security of person of all migrant workers and members of their families, while establishing other related rights and guarantees, including the right to effective protection by the State against violence committed by public officials or private individuals, groups or institutions, the assurance of lawfulness and non-arbitrariness of identity verification procedures, the prohibition of arbitrary and unlawful arrest and detention and the guarantee of a number of specific procedural safeguards in the event of administrative or criminal detention, including the rights to consular assistance, to access to judicial remedies to challenge the legality of detention and to compensation in the event of unlawful arrest or detention.	《公约》第16条规定保护所有移民工人及其家庭成员的人身自由和安全权，同时确立了其他相关权利和保障，包括受到国家的有效保护，以免遭到公职人员或个人、团体或机构施以暴力的权利，保证身份核查程序的合法性和非任意性，禁止任意和非法逮捕和拘留，在行政或刑事拘留的情况下保证若干具体的程序性保障，包括获得领事援助的权利，获得司法补救以质疑拘留的合法性的权利，以及在受到非法逮捕或拘留的情况下获得赔偿的权利。
10.	10.
Article 17 of the Convention recognizes the right of all migrant workers and members of their families who have been deprived of their liberty to be treated with humanity and with respect for the inherent dignity of the human person and for their cultural identity.	《公约》第17条承认所有被剥夺自由的移民工人及其家庭成员有权得到人道的对待，并尊重其固有人格尊严和文化特性。
States parties should therefore guarantee adequate conditions in detention centres, taking into consideration the individual circumstances and necessities of each detainee and ensuring that conditions of detention adhere to all relevant international standards and do not amount to torture or ill-treatment.	因此，缔约国应当保证拘留中心的适当条件，考虑到每个被拘留者的个人情况和需要，并确保拘留条件符合所有相关国际标准，不构成酷刑或虐待。
In addition to those rights, other interrelated rights include the prohibition of torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment (article 10), due process guarantees (article 18), the principles of legality and humanitarian considerations related to the status of the individual (article 19) and the prohibition of imprisonment merely on the grounds of failure to fulfil a contractual obligation (article 20).	除了这些权利之外，其他相互关联的权利包括禁止酷刑和残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚(第10条)、正当程序保障(第18条)、与个人身份有关的合法性原则和人道主义考虑原则(第19条)以及禁止仅由于未履行合同义务实行监禁(第20条)。
B.	B.
Other international and regional legal instruments	其他国际和区域法律文书
11.	11.
The right to liberty and security of person is recognized in the main international and regional human rights instruments, including article 3 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, article 9 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, article 37 (b)–(d) of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, article 14 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, article 6 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, article 7 of the American Convention on Human Rights, article 5 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, article 14 of the Arab Charter on Human Rights and article 12 of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations Human Rights Declaration.	人身自由和安全权在主要的国际和区域人权文书中得到承认，包括《世界人权宣言》第三条、《公民及政治权利国际公约》第九条、《儿童权利公约》第37条(b)至(d)项、《残疾人权利公约》第十四条、《非洲人权和民族权宪章》第6条、《美洲人权公约》第7条、《保护人权与基本自由公约》第5条、《阿拉伯人权宪章》第14条和《东南亚国家联盟人权宣言》第12条。
C.	C.
Definition of deprivation of liberty	剥夺人身自由的定义
12.	12.
Migrant workers and members of their families face various challenges to their right to liberty and security of person, one of which is the deprivation of liberty as a result of having violated immigration laws in the State of transit or destination or for purposes such as screening, identification, registration, reception, immigration procedures, implementation of a return decision or the protection and alternative care of children.	移民工人及其家庭成员在人身自由和安全权方面面临各种挑战，其中之一是因违反过境国或目的地国的移民法而被剥夺人身自由，或因筛查、身份识别、登记、接收、移民程序、执行遣返决定或儿童保护和替代照料等目的而被剥夺人身自由。
States have adopted different terminology for regulating immigration detention in both administrative and criminal law.	各国在行政法和刑法中采用了不同的术语规范移民拘留。
The Committee notes with concern that countries use such terms to refer to deprivation of liberty for immigration reasons or immigration detention as “filing and accommodation”, “processing”, “reception”, “retention” and “placement”.	委员会关切地注意到，一些国家将出于移民原因的剥夺自由或移民拘留称为“备案和住宿”、“处理”、“接收”、“留置”和“安置”。
The term “detention” is rarely used, and its renaming is usually intended to prevent those measures from receiving scrutiny, thereby avoiding procedural safeguards that should be applied before and during any deprivation of liberty.	“拘留”一词很少使用，其更名通常是为了防止这些措施受到检查，从而避免在任何剥夺人身自由之前和期间应当适用的程序保障。
13.	13.
The Committee therefore considers it necessary to clarify the concept of deprivation of liberty.	因此，委员会认为有必要澄清剥夺人身自由的概念。
Article 4 (2) of the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment defines deprivation of liberty as any form of detention or imprisonment or the placement of a person in a public or private custodial setting which that person is not permitted to leave at will by order of any judicial, administrative or other authority.	《禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚公约任择议定书》第4条第2款将剥夺自由定义为任何形式的拘留或监禁，或将某人置于公共或私人扣押之下，根据任何司法、行政或其他公共机关的命令而不准其随意离开。
Such deprivation of liberty begins at the time of arrest and extends until the person is released.	这种剥夺自由从抓捕时开始，一直延续到所涉人员被释放。
Irrespective of how that measure is defined in the national policy, law or practice, or the reasons giving rise to it, if the measure results in a deprivation of liberty in which migrants or members of their families are unable to leave the place of detention at will, the Committee understands the measure to be a form of detention to which articles 16 and 17 of the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families apply.	无论这种措施在国家政策、法律或实践中是如何定义的，也无论引起该措施的原因是什么，如果该措施导致剥夺自由，使移民或其家庭成员不能随意离开拘留地点，委员会就认为该措施是适用《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》第16条和第17条的一种拘留形式。
14.	14.
In addition, the Committee considers that detention for “reasons related to migration status” or “immigration detention” refers to any situation in which a person is deprived of liberty on grounds related to that person’s migration status, regardless of the name or reason given for carrying out the deprivation of liberty, or the name of the facility or place where the person is being held while deprived of liberty.	此外，委员会认为，出于“与移民身份有关的原因”的拘留或“移民拘留”，是指出于与个人移民身份有关的理由剥夺个人自由的任何情况，无论剥夺自由的名义和理由是什么，也无论被剥夺自由的人被关押的设施或地点的名称如何。
Accordingly, immigration detention includes the detention of migrants in prisons, police stations, immigration detention centres, closed reception facilities, health-care facilities and any other enclosed spaces, such as international or transit areas at air, land and maritime ports.	因此，移民拘留包括将移民拘留在监狱、警察局、移民拘留中心、封闭的接收设施、保健设施和任何其他封闭空间，如机场、陆地口岸和海港的国际或过境区。
“Reasons related to migration status” is understood by the Committee to be a person’s migratory or residence status, or lack thereof, relating to irregular entry, stay or exit.	委员会对“与移民身份有关的原因”的理解是，一个人的移民或居留身份，或缺乏这种身份，与非正常入境、逗留或出境有关。
D.	D.
Types of deprivation of liberty to which migrant workers and members of their families might be exposed	移民工人及其家庭成员可能面临的剥夺人身自由类型
15.	15.
The grounds for deprivation of liberty of migrant workers and members of their families are diverse, and the type of deprivation of liberty imposed will depend thereon, including criminal detention in prisons, immigration detention, involuntary institutionalization and confinement in restricted areas of air, land and maritime ports.	剥夺移民工人及其家庭成员人身自由的理由多种多样，剥夺人身自由的类型视情况而定，包括监狱中的刑事拘留、移民拘留、非自愿机构收容和在机场、陆地口岸和海港限制区的监禁。
The present general comment, however, is focused solely on the relevant reasons for deprivation of liberty related to an immigration situation and whether or not detention is a result of the migrant’s irregular entry or stay in the State of destination, transit or return.	然而，本一般性意见仅侧重于与移民状况有关的剥夺自由的相关原因，以及拘留是否是移民非正常进入或停留在目的地国、过境国或返回国的结果。
E.	E.
Prohibition of arbitrary detention	禁止任意拘留
16.	16.
The prohibition of arbitrary detention is absolute;	绝对禁止任意拘留。
it is a non-derogable rule of customary international law, or a jus cogens norm.	这是习惯国际法中一项不容克减的规则，即强行法规范。
The prohibition of arbitrary deprivation of liberty also protects migrants, in accordance with article 16 (4) of the Convention.	根据《公约》第16条第4款，禁止任意剥夺人身自由给予移民同样的保护。
Any use of detention in the context of migration must therefore be based on a legitimate State objective, provided for in national law, employed always as an exceptional measure of last resort compatible with the criteria of necessity and proportionality, limited in scope and duration, imposed only where less restrictive alternatives have been considered and found inadequate to meet legitimate purposes, and subject to periodic re-evaluation and judicial review.	因此，在移民背景下使用拘留手段必须基于合法的国家目的，合乎国家法律规定，始终作为符合必要性和相称性标准的最后手段使用，在范围和期限上有所限制，只有在考虑了限制性较小的替代办法并发现不足以满足合法目的时才可使用，并予以定期重新评估和司法审查。
In addition, the conditions of detention must be proportionate to the legitimate aim sought and must always meet minimum international standards.	此外，拘留条件必须与寻求的合法目的相称，并且必须始终符合最起码的国际标准。
The arbitrariness test is illustrated in the figure below.	下图是任意性检验标准的示意图。
Arbitrariness test	任意性的检验标准
1.	1.
Detention as an exceptional measure of last resort	拘留应当是作为最后手段的一种例外措施
17.	17.
The Committee considers immigration detention to be an undesirable measure.	委员会认为移民拘留是一种不可取的措施。
There should always be a presumption in law against detention and therefore in favour of freedom.	法律中应当始终有一个反对拘留的推定，从而维护自由。
Deprivation of liberty in the immigration context therefore should be an exceptional measure of last resort.	因此，在移民背景下，剥夺人身自由应当是万不得已的例外措施。
The relevant authorities must carry out a context-specific and individualized assessment of the situation, in which relevant factors must be considered on a case-by-case basis, not on the basis of a mandatory rule for a broad category, and ensure that the period of detention is as short as possible.	有关权力机关必须对情况进行具体和个别的评估，在评估中必须逐案考虑相关因素，而不是根据一个广泛类别的强制性规则，而且要确保尽可能缩短拘留期。
Any compulsory, automatic, systematic or widespread detention of migrant workers and members of their families is arbitrary.	对移民工人及其家庭成员的任何强制、自动、系统或广泛的拘留都是任意性的。
In addition, the Committee considers that the prohibition of arbitrary detention also extends to the use of detention as a deterrent or as a general migration management tool to contain immigration.	此外，委员会认为，禁止任意拘留还包括禁止将拘留作为一种慑止手段或遏制移民的一般移民管理工具。
18.	18.
In a context such as the COVID-19 pandemic, the Committee urges States to review the cases of migrants in immigration detention with a view to releasing them.	在COVID-19疫情的类似情况下，委员会敦促各国审查涉及移民拘留的移民案件，以期释放有关人员。
In cases where legitimate immigration policy goals, such as deportation or removal, remain viable despite COVID-19 mitigation-related border closures and other emergency measures, States should expand the use of alternatives to detention so that the detainee population is reduced to the lowest possible level to prevent the spread of the virus in detention facilities.	如果尽管采取了与COVID-19缓解措施相关的边境关闭和其他紧急措施，但合法的移民政策目标，如递解出境或勒令离境仍然可行，各国应当扩大拘留替代措施的使用，将被拘留的人数减少到尽可能低的水平，以防病毒在拘留设施中传播。
However, if emergency measures nullify the objective of an individual’s detention order, States must promptly release the person into the community, providing any necessary care and assistance to ensure their well-being outside detention.	然而，如果个人拘留令因紧急措施的实施而无法达到目的，国家就必须立即将所涉人员释放到社区，提供任何必要的照顾和援助，以确保他们在拘留之外的福祉。
2.	2.
Non-arbitrariness	非任意性
19.	19.
The principle of non-arbitrariness of detention is a rule of jus cogens.	拘留的非任意性原则是一项强行法规则。
The Convention prohibits arbitrary detention, understanding arbitrary detention to be any deprivation of liberty that exceeds the limits of reasonableness.	《公约》禁止任意拘留，将任意拘留理解为超出合理限度的任何剥夺自由行为。
It is not sufficient for the detention to pursue a legitimate purpose and be permitted by law, rather, it must meet the criteria of necessity and proportionality, be based on an individualized assessment and be periodically reassessed to ensure that it continues to meet those criteria.	拘留目的合法和得到法律的允许是不够的，还必须符合必要性和相称性的标准，基于个性化评估，并定期重新评估，以确保继续符合这些标准。
(a)	(a)
Legitimate objective	合法目的
20.	20.
Any deprivation of liberty in a migration context must be based on a legitimate objective of the State.	在移民背景下，任何剥夺人身自由的行为都必须基于国家的合法目的。
Although the Convention does not list the legitimate purposes that make immigration detention permissible, immigration detention can be justified only if there is a risk that the migrant will evade immigration proceedings or to guarantee the implementation of a deportation order.	虽然《公约》没有列出什么是允许拘留移民的合法目的，但只有在存在移民逃避移民程序的风险或为了保证执行驱逐令的情况下，移民拘留才是合理的。
The threat posed in those two scenarios must be substantiated by proven facts and be based on an individualized assessment.	这两种情况下，所构成的威胁必须有确凿的事实证明，并基于个性化的评估。
21.	21.
The Committee has noted previously that the mere fact of entering or remaining in an irregular situation in a State is not sufficient reason to mandate the immigration detention of migrant workers and members of their families, because that exceeds the legitimate purpose or interest of States to control and regulate migration.	委员会以前曾指出， 以非正常身份进入或停留在一个国家的事实本身不足以成为授权对移民工人及其家庭成员进行移民拘留的理由，因为这超出了国家控制和管理移民的合法目的或利益。
The Committee agrees with the view of the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, that detention based solely on migration status, as such, can even amount to torture, in particular where it is intentionally imposed or perpetuated for such purposes as deterring, intimidating or punishing migrants in irregular situations, coercing them into withdrawing their requests for asylum, subsidiary protection or other stay, agreeing to voluntary repatriation or providing information or fingerprints, or with a view to extorting money or sexual acts or for reasons based on discrimination of any kind, including discrimination based on migration status.	委员会同意酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚问题特别报告员的观点，仅仅基于移民身份的拘留本身甚至可以构成酷刑，特别是为了慑止、恐吓或处罚非正常情况下的移民，迫使他们撤回申请庇护、辅助保护或其他滞留的请求，同意自愿遣返或提供信息或指纹等目的，或者是为了勒索钱财或性行为，或者是出于任何种类的歧视，包括基于移民身份的歧视而故意实施或持续实施的拘留。
(b)	(b)
Legality	合法性
22.	22.
It is an obligation recognized by States that their acts must comply with national legal rules.	国家承认的一项义务是，国家的行为必须符合国家法律规则。
Immigration detention can be legal only when it is previously authorized, and clearly and exhaustively provided for, by law and is in line with the procedures established by law.	移民拘留只有在法律事先授权、有明确和详尽规定并符合法定程序的情况下才是合法的。
It is prohibited for the law to leave ample discretion to the authorities in the decision and enforcement of immigration detention.	法律不得在移民拘留的裁定和执行方面给权力机关留有充分的酌处权。
23.	23.
To guarantee the right to liberty, States should establish in their laws a presumption in favour of freedom, which is consistent with the right to liberty, the principle that immigration detention should be an exceptional measure of last resort and the duty of States to assess whether any less coercive measures are available before resorting to detention in immigration procedures involving migrant workers and members of their families.	为保障人身自由权，各国应当在法律中确立有利于自由的推定，这符合人身自由权，符合移民拘留应当是作为最后手段的一种例外措施的原则，也符合各国在涉及移民工人及其家庭成员的移民程序中诉诸拘留手段之前评估是否还有任何强制性较低的措施的义务。
(c)	(c)
Necessity	必要性
24.	24.
In application of the principle of necessity, immigration detention can be used only where it is strictly essential to achieve the established legitimate end.	按照必要性原则，移民拘留只能在对实现既定合法目的绝对必要的情况下使用。
Before imposing deprivation of liberty on migrant workers and members of their families, the decision-making authority must start from the fact that deprivation of liberty will always be the most harmful measure for the person concerned.	在剥夺移民工人及其家庭成员的人身自由之前，作出决定的权力机关必须从剥夺自由一贯是对有关人员最有害的措施这一事实出发。
Therefore, it must evaluate and apply all available alternatives to detention, such as non-custodial measures or less coercive measures, that are less harmful to the individual.	因此，这类机关必须评估和应用所有可用的拘留替代措施，如对个人伤害较小的非监禁措施或强制性较低的措施。
(d)	(d)
Proportionality	相称性
25.	25.
The proportionality test should take into consideration the potential effects of detention on the physical and mental health of the migrant.	相称性的检验标准应当考虑到拘留对移民身心健康的潜在影响。
The State has a heightened duty of care to provide effective protection to migrants in vulnerable situations.	国家有为弱势移民提供有效保护的重大责任。
If deprivation of liberty meets the requirements of having a legitimate objective, legality, necessity and proportionality, it is the duty of the authorities to carry out an assessment by contrasting the gravity of the measure implemented with the importance of satisfying the established legitimate purpose.	如果剥夺人身自由符合具有合法目的、合法性、必要性和相称性的要求，权力机关有责任进行评估，将所采取措施的严重性与满足既定合法目的的重要性进行比对。
III.	三.
General measures for the implementation of the provisions of the Convention concerning protection of the right to liberty	执行《公约》关于保护人身自由权条款的一般措施
A.	A.
Jurisdiction	管辖权
26.	26.
States parties have an obligation to respect and guarantee the rights enshrined in the Convention to all migrant workers and members of their families within their territory or subject to their jurisdiction, pursuant to article 7.	根据第7条，缔约国有义务尊重和保障领土内或管辖下的所有移民工人及其家庭成员的权利。
With regard to the right to liberty, the responsibility of States parties encompasses not only human rights violations against migrants in places of detention under their jurisdiction and within their territory, but extends to places of detention outside their territory, if the State has effective de jure or de facto control over that territory.	关于人身自由权，缔约国的责任不仅包括管辖下和领土内的拘留场所侵犯移民人权的行为，而且，如果国家在法律上或事实上有效控制领土以外的某一地区，这方面的责任就还包括该地区的拘留场所发生的侵犯移民人权行为。
27.	27.
That implies that, through the design, financing, administration or supply of places of detention abroad, State authorities can participate in acts that violate human rights.	这意味着，通过设计、资助、管理或提供国外拘留场所，国家权力机关有可能参与侵犯人权的行为。
Similarly, if a State party decides to move migrant workers to detention centres outside its territory, the State is obliged to ensure that the rights recognized in the Convention and other international and regional human rights instruments are respected and guaranteed in those centres.	同样，如果一个缔约国决定将移民工人移送到境外的拘留中心，该国就有义务确保《公约》和其他国际和区域人权文书承认的权利在这些中心得到尊重和保障。
28.	28.
If migrant workers seek asylum in a State and are then transferred to places of detention outside the State’s territory, the Committee considers that their cases should generally be processed in the territory of the State where they arrived, or the State that otherwise has jurisdiction over them.	如果移民工人在一个国家寻求庇护，然后被移送到该国境外的拘留场所，委员会认为，他们的案件一般应当在所抵达的国家或对之有管辖权的国家境内处理。
Nevertheless, if States reach agreements to transfer asylum-seekers for the processing of their cases, they should take into account when signing such agreements that States cannot dismiss their obligations under international human rights law, international refugee law and international criminal law.	然而，如果各国达成协议移交寻求庇护者以处理相关案件，在签署此类协议时就应当考虑到，各国不能解除自己根据国际人权法、国际难民法和国际刑法承担的义务。
B.	B.
Personnel carrying out detentions	执行拘留的人员
29.	29.
The Committee notes that some States resort to private personnel or private security companies to guard migrant workers and members of their families who are deprived of their liberty.	委员会注意到，有些国家使用私人或私营保安公司看守被剥夺人身自由的移民工人及其家庭成员。
The Committee recalls that States have an increased duty of care for persons deprived of their liberty and should act with due diligence to avoid violations of the personal integrity of such persons.	委员会回顾，各国对被剥夺人身自由者负有更大的照料责任，并应尽责行事，避免侵犯这些人的人格完整。
It agrees with the views of the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention and the Working Group on the use of mercenaries as a means of violating human rights and impeding the exercise of the right of peoples to self-determination, that, if a State subcontracts the management, safety or security of immigration detention centres to private enterprises, it remains responsible for the manner and conditions in which the subcontractors hold individuals in detention.	委员会同意任意拘留问题工作组和以雇佣军为手段侵犯人权并阻挠行使民族自决权问题工作组的意见，即使一个国家将移民拘留中心的管理、安全或安保分包给私营企业，也仍然应当对分包商拘留个人的方式和条件负责。
Because the State has an obligation to care for detainees, it has an obligation to actively prevent acts of torture and ill-treatment by its agents and to act with due diligence to prevent abuse by private agents in particular.	国家有义务照料被拘留者，因此也就有义务积极防止其代理人的酷刑和虐待行为，并尽职尽责地采取行动，特别是防止私营代理人的虐待行为。
30.	30.
In principle, security personnel in detention facilities must be from the public sector.	原则上，拘留设施的保安人员必须出自公共部门。
However, States parties may use private security services provided that a correct monitoring scheme is put in place and that the private security service personnel receive adequate training on human rights norms and standards for the treatment of detainees, in accordance with international instruments on persons deprived of liberty.	然而，缔约国可以使用私营保安服务，条件是建立了正确的监督制度，并且私营保安服务人员按照有关被剥夺人身自由者的国际文书，接受了关于人权规范和被拘留者待遇标准的适当培训。
States must take appropriate steps to prevent, investigate, punish and redress human rights violations committed by all personnel.	各国必须采取适当步骤，防止、调查、处罚和纠正所有人员犯下的侵犯人权行为。
Specific mechanisms should be established to ensure their accountability and guarantee that migrants who are victims of human rights violations have access to judicial remedy.	应当建立具体机制，确保追究这类人员的责任，并保证人权受到侵犯的移民能够获得司法补救。
In addition, the actions of private security personnel must be governed in a coordinated manner with public personnel in detention centres.	此外，在拘留中心，必须与公共人员一道协调管理私人保安人员的行动。
C.	C.
Legal obligation of States parties to take measures to implement the provisions of the Convention	缔约国采取措施执行《公约》条款的法律义务
31.	31.
Article 84 of the Convention establishes the obligation of States parties to adopt the legislative and other measures necessary to implement the provisions of the Convention.	《公约》第84条规定，缔约国有义务采取立法及其他必要措施执行《公约》的各项规定。
For the standards and guidelines set out in the present general comment to be effectively implemented, it is necessary for States to develop and strengthen their human rights capacity.	为了有效实施本一般性意见中提出的标准和方针，各国有必要发展和加强自身的人权能力。
That includes allocating sufficient resources for the implementation of alternatives to detention, such as non-custodial measures or less coercive measures, ensuring that, in exceptional cases where deprivation of liberty is permitted, detention centres have the equipment and conditions and supervising security personnel, whether public or private, necessary to carry out such a measure and provide adequate training on international human rights law and the specific rights of groups in vulnerable situations, including training in the identification of victims of trafficking, stateless persons, unaccompanied children, older persons and pregnant women, for all officials who have contact with migrants.	这包括调拨充分资源用于实施替代拘留的措施，如非拘禁措施或强制性较低的措施，确保在允许剥夺人身自由的特殊情况下，拘留中心具备执行此类措施所必需的设备和条件，监督公共或私人保安人员，并对所有与移民接触的官员开展关于国际人权法和弱势群体特定权利的适当培训，包括识别贩运受害者、无国籍人、无人陪伴儿童、老年人和孕妇的培训。
IV.	四.
Fundamental principles of the Convention regarding the right to liberty of migrant workers and members of their families	《公约》关于移民工人及其家庭成员人身自由权的基本原则
A.	A.
Principle of non-discrimination	不歧视原则
32.	32.
The principle of non-discrimination is fundamental in international human rights instruments, being regarded as a jus cogens norm.	不歧视原则是国际人权文书的基本原则，被视为强行法规范。
Article 7 of the Convention underpins all of its provisions, establishing a duty for States parties to respect and ensure the rights provided for in the Convention to all migrant workers and members of their families within their territory or subject to their jurisdiction, without discrimination.	《公约》第7条是《公约》所有条款的基础，规定缔约国有义务尊重和确保领土内或管辖下的所有移民工人及其家庭成员享有《公约》规定的权利，不得歧视。
33.	33.
States are not only obliged to ensure that their legal provisions and practices are not discriminatory against migrant workers and members of their families, but must also put in place the positive measures necessary to prevent, reduce and eliminate the conditions and attitudes that perpetuate or cause de facto or de jure discrimination against migrant workers and members of their families.	各国不仅有义务确保其法律规定和做法不歧视移民工人及其家庭成员，而且还必须采取必要的积极措施，防止、减少和消除对移民工人及其家庭成员所受歧视起固化作用的、或在事实上或法律上造成这种歧视的各种条件和态度。
34.	34.
The Committee recognizes that States enjoy the sovereign power to establish their immigration policies and laws.	委员会承认各国享有制定移民政策和法律的主权。
In doing so, they must nonetheless ensure full respect for their international human rights obligations, in particular respect for the human dignity of migrant workers and members of their families, and the principle of non-discrimination.	然而，在这样做的时候，各国必须确保充分尊重国际人权义务，特别是尊重移民工人及其家庭成员的尊严和不歧视原则。
The Committee calls upon States to adopt a human rights-based approach to migration and to review their legislation, policies and practices on the detention of migrants, ensuring that national laws are harmonized with international human rights norms that prohibit arbitrary detention and inhuman treatment.	委员会呼吁各国对移民采取基于人权的办法，并审查本国关于拘留移民的立法、政策和做法，确保国家法律与禁止任意拘留和不人道待遇的国际人权规范相一致。
B.	B.
Principle of non-criminalization of migration	移民非刑罪化原则
35.	35.
The Committee reiterates that irregular entry, stay or exit may constitute at most administrative offences and should never be considered criminal offences, given that they do not infringe fundamental legally protected values, and as such are not crimes per se against persons, property or national security.	委员会重申，非正常入境、逗留或出境最多可构成行政违法行为，绝不应被视为刑事违法行为，由于这些行为没有侵害基本的受法律保护的价值观，因此本身不是针对人身、财产或国家安全的犯罪。
Accordingly, migrants should never be classified or treated as criminals on the basis of their irregular migration status.	所以，绝不应根据移民的非正常移民身份将他们归类或视为罪犯。
The Committee opposes the treatment of migration by States framing it as a threat to local communities and the consequent adoption of national laws, policies or practices designating migrants as “dangerous” or “harmful” persons, or even “criminals”.	委员会反对一些国家将移民视为对当地社区的威胁，并因此通过国家法律、政策或做法，将移民定性为“危险”或“有害”的人，甚至是“罪犯”。
Such practices only aggravate migrants’ vulnerability and make them more likely to become victims of discrimination, xenophobia, violence, trafficking and other human rights violations.	这种做法只会加剧移民的脆弱性，使他们更有可能成为歧视、仇外、暴力、贩运和其他侵犯人权行为的受害者。
The Committee notes with concern that one of the consequences of the criminalization of migration is the increasing association, both in legal documents and in public opinion, of migrants in an irregular situation with criminals.	委员会关切地注意到，将移民刑罪化的后果之一是，法律文件和公众舆论都越来越多地将非正常身份的移民与罪犯联系在一起。
36.	36.
The most obvious manifestation of such treatment is the regulation of migration within criminal law and the consequent criminalization of irregular entry or stay of migrant workers and members of their families.	这种对待最明显的表现是刑法中对移民的规定，以及随之而来的对移民工人及其家庭成员非正常入境或居留的刑罪化。
Migration irregularity is not the result of a decision of the migrant, but of restrictive policies of the State that prevent the exercise of the right to freedom of movement.	移民的非正常性不是移民所作决定的结果，而是国家阻止行使人口流动自由权的限制性政策的结果。
Criminalizing irregular entry into a country exceeds the legitimate interest of States to control and regulate irregular migration and leads to unnecessary detention.	将非正常入境刑罪化超出了国家控制和管理非正常移民的合法利益，并导致不必要的拘留。
States should refrain from using armed forces or any similar security forces to detain migrants as a means of implementing immigration policy.	各国应当避免使用武装部队或任何类似的安全部队拘留移民，以此作为实施移民政策的手段。
37.	37.
Other examples of sanctioning migration include encouraging local populations to inform authorities about the migration status of migrant workers and members of their families and imposing on service providers and other relevant individuals the obligation to provide information and exchange data when migrant workers and members of their families attend schools, health centres or workplaces.	制裁移民的其他例子包括鼓励当地居民向权力机关报告移民工人及其家庭成员的移民状况，并规定服务提供者和其他相关个人有义务就移民工人及其家庭成员在学校、保健中心或工作场所的活动提供信息和交换数据。
Such obligations produce the same negative and often disproportionate effects on the human rights of migrants who are in an irregular situation, as does the direct criminalization of migration.	这种义务和对移民的直接刑罪化一样，对非正常身份移民的人权产生了同样的负面影响，而且往往是不相称的影响。
The Committee notes that the indiscriminate use of immigration detention as a mechanism to deter migration or to combat irregular migration is ineffective at achieving those ends.	委员会注意到，不加区别地使用移民拘留作为阻止移民或打击非正常移民的机制，无助于实现这些目标。
It is economically more onerous than the regular migration pathway and is in violation of multiple rights of migrants.	这种办法造成的经济负担比管理正常的移民通道更加繁重，侵犯了移民的多项权利。
C.	C.
Principle of exceptionality of immigration detention	移民拘留的例外原则
38.	38.
Immigration policy should be based on a presumption of freedom, and not of detention.	移民政策应当基于有利于自由的推定，而不是拘留。
Although the right to liberty is not unlimited, the Committee reiterates that, since any deprivation of liberty is highly burdensome and restrictive of the human rights of individuals, detention or any other form of deprivation of liberty on grounds relating to an individual’s migration status must be governed by the principle of exceptionality, that is, deprivation of liberty should serve as the last possible measure only, once all the less harmful alternatives have been considered and ruled out.	虽然人身自由权不是无限的，但委员会重申，由于任何剥夺人身自由的行为都是对个人人权的沉重负担和限制，基于个人移民身份的拘留或任何其他形式的剥夺人身自由必须遵循例外原则，也就是说，剥夺人身自由仅应当作为可能的最后措施，只有在考虑并排除了所有危害性较轻的替代办法之后方可采用。
D.	D.
Principle of non-detention of migrant children	不拘留移民儿童的原则
39.	39.
Several international and regional bodies and special procedure mandate holders have argued that the detention of children on grounds related to their migration status, or that of their parents, is not governed by the principle of exceptionality.	若干国际和区域机构以及特别程序任务负责人认为，基于涉及儿童移民身份或儿童父母移民身份的理由拘留儿童的做法，不在例外原则的适用范围之内。
The Committee reiterates, as established in joint general comment No. 4 of the Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families/No. 23 of the Committee on the Rights of the Child (2017) on State obligations regarding the human rights of children in the context of international migration in countries of origin, transit, destination and return, that, as a general principle, migrant children, whether accompanied by their families, unaccompanied or separated from their families, should never be detained and should not be deprived of liberty for migration-related reasons.	委员会重申，正如关于原籍国、过境国、目的地国和返回国在具国际移民背景儿童的人权方面的国家义务的保护所有移民工人及其家庭成员权利委员会第4号和儿童权利委员会第23号联合一般性意见(2017年)所述，作为一项一般原则，移民儿童，无论是否有家人陪伴、无人陪伴或与家人分离，都决不应当被拘留，也不应当由于与移民有关的原因被剥夺人身自由。
The detention of children is therefore always prohibited under international human rights law, because it is unnecessary and disproportionate.	因此，国际人权法一贯禁止拘留儿童，因为这不必要，也不相称。
It constitutes a violation of a child’s rights and contravenes the principle of non-discrimination, the best interests of the child, the rights to life, survival, development and participation, as well as every child’s rights to liberty and security of person and family life.	这构成对儿童权利的侵犯，与不歧视原则、儿童的最大利益、生命权、生存权、发展权和参与权，以及每个儿童享有人身和家庭生活自由和安全的权利背道而驰。
40.	40.
The Committee takes note of the global study on children deprived of liberty.	委员会注意到关于被剥夺人身自由儿童的全球研究。
The Independent Expert leading the study indicated that, around the world, at least 330,000 children were deprived of their liberty for migration-related reasons every year, by at least 77 States, while at least 21 States did not resort to such measures or claimed not to do so.	领导这项研究的独立专家指出，在世界各地，至少77个国家每年至少有330,000名儿童因移民相关原因被剥夺人身自由，而至少有21个国家没有采取或声明没有采取此类措施。
Detention puts children at increased risk of developing physical and mental health issues and of becoming victims of abuse.	拘留增加了儿童出现身心健康问题和成为虐待受害者的风险。
Children in detention, in particular unaccompanied children and children separated from their families, are also at risk of being subjected to other forms of harm, such as sexual and gender-based violence, trafficking, neglect, abuse and exploitation.	被拘留的儿童，特别是无人陪伴的儿童和与家人失散的儿童，也有可能遭受其他形式的伤害，如性暴力和性别暴力、贩运、忽视、虐待和剥削。
41.	41.
The Committee considers that even a short period of detention is a violation of a child’s rights and can constitute cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment.	委员会认为，即使是短期拘留也是对儿童权利的侵犯，并可能构成残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇。
States must therefore seek the eradication of deprivation of liberty of children for reasons related to migration status.	因此，各国必须力求消除因移民身份相关原因剥夺儿童人身自由的现象。
Any kind of immigration detention of children should be forbidden by law, and such a prohibition should be fully implemented in practice.	法律应当禁止对儿童的任何形式移民拘留，这种禁律应在实践中得到充分执行。
42.	42.
It is not permissible for children to be deprived of their liberty in detention centres with their parents under the pretext of preserving family unity in detention.	不允许以维护被拘留者的家庭团聚为借口，将儿童与父母一道关入拘留中心，剥夺其人身自由。
States should take measures to ensure the freedom of the family group.	各国应当采取措施确保家庭群体的自由。
The child’s best interests require keeping the family together, unless there is a danger posed to the child by staying with his or her parents or caretakers, and the imperative requirement not to deprive the child of liberty extends to the child’s family and to implementing measures for the care and reception of the child and his or her family.	儿童的最大利益要求家庭团聚，除非儿童与其父母或照料者在一起会有危险，而且，不得剥夺儿童人身自由的强制性要求适用于儿童的家庭，也适用于为照料和接纳儿童及其家庭而实施的措施。
43.	43.
States must always ensure that the places intended for the care and protection of such children do not in reality result in material deprivation of liberty, especially those places that are not formally detention centres, but fit the above definition of deprivation of liberty.	各国必须始终确保用于照料和保护此类儿童的场所在现实中不会导致实际上的剥夺人身自由，特别是那些虽然不是正式的拘留中心，但符合上述剥夺人身自由定义的场所。
Unaccompanied migrant children should be surrendered to the care of their family members or adequately trained social workers.	无人陪伴的移民儿童应当交给其家庭成员或训练有素的社会工作者照料。
Children born within a detention situation should be provided with the nationality of the detaining State.	在拘留状态下出生的儿童应获得拘留国的国籍。
44.	44.
In order to ensure that migrant or asylum-seeking children are not placed in immigration detention or in closed alternative care facilities for children, child protection and welfare actors should take primary responsibility for children in the context of international migration.	为了确保移民儿童或寻求庇护儿童不被置于移民拘留所或封闭的儿童替代照料设施，儿童保护和福利行为者应对国际移民背景下的儿童承担主要责任。
When a migrant child is first detected by immigration authorities, child protection or welfare officials should immediately be informed and be responsible for screening the child for protection, shelter and other needs.	移民部门一旦发现移民儿童，就应立即通知儿童保护或福利官员，并由其负责甄别所涉儿童的保护、庇护和其他需求。
E.	E.
Principle of non-detention of persons in vulnerable situations	不拘留弱势人员的原则
45.	45.
In the case of migrant workers and members of their families who are in vulnerable situations, States’ duty of due diligence to effectively protect is greater than in other cases;	相较于其他问题，国家对处于弱势的移民工人及其家庭成员具有提供有效保护的更大尽责义务。
they should, in particular, take reasonable measures to prevent the deprivation of liberty of those persons.	各国尤其应当采取合理措施，防止剥夺这些人的人身自由。
States should avoid detaining migrants who have specific needs or who are particularly at risk of exploitation, abuse, gender-based violence, including sexual violence, or other human rights violations in the context of detention.	各国应避免拘留有特殊需要或特别容易遭受剥削、虐待、包括性暴力在内的性别暴力或其他侵犯人权行为的移民。
That includes pregnant and breastfeeding women, older persons, persons with disabilities, survivors of torture or trauma, persons who are victims of crimes such as trafficking, migrants with special physical or mental health needs, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex persons, refugees, asylum-seekers and stateless persons.	这包括孕妇和哺乳期妇女、老年人、残疾人、酷刑或创伤幸存者、贩运等罪行的受害者、有特殊身体或精神健康需求的移民、男女同性恋者、双性恋者、跨性别者和间性者、难民、寻求庇护者和无国籍人士。
Statelessness determination procedures are essential, given that the lack of a country of nationality to be returned to leaves stateless persons at higher risk of arbitrary and indefinite detention.	无国籍状态甄别程序至关重要，因为没有可返回的国籍国会使无国籍人面临被任意和无限期拘留的更大风险。
The Committee agrees with the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment that the threshold for ill-treatment can be reached very quickly, if not immediately, for the detention of migrants in vulnerable situations.	委员会同意酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚问题特别报告员的意见，对弱势移民实行拘留，即使没有直接触碰虐待的门槛，也到了相差无几的地步。
V.	五.
Legal obligations of States parties to the Convention to protect the right to liberty of migrant workers and members of their families	《公约》缔约国保护移民工人及其家庭成员人身自由权的法律义务
A.	A.
Obligation to consider alternatives to detention in each individual case before imposing detention	在实施拘留之前逐案考虑拘留替代办法的义务
46.	46.
The Committee considers that States should take measures to abolish immigration detention.	委员会认为，各国应当采取措施废除移民拘留。
It emphasizes that, through the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration, States committed to prioritizing non-custodial alternatives, in accordance with international law, and to taking a human rights-based approach to any detention of migrants, using detention as a measure of last resort only.	委员会强调，通过《安全、有序和正常移民全球契约》，各国承诺根据国际法优先考虑非拘禁替代办法，并对任何拘留移民的行为采取基于人权的方针，仅将拘留作为最后手段。
The Committee considers that States have an obligation to review and implement all available alternative measures before resorting to detention, in accordance with the principles of necessity and proportionality.	委员会认为，各国有义务根据必要性和相称性原则，在诉诸拘留之前审查和实施所有可用的替代措施。
47.	47.
The Committee notes that, while terms such as “alternative measures to detention”, “non-custodial measures”, “less restrictive measures”, “less onerous measures” and “less invasive measures” are often used interchangeably in different contexts, they fundamentally address the same legal concept.	委员会注意到，虽然“拘留的替代措施”、“非拘禁措施”、“限制性较小的措施”、“负担较少的措施”和“侵入性较小的措施”等术语在不同的情况下经常被交替使用，但从根本上涉及的是同一个法律概念。
The Committee interprets alternatives to detention as being all community-based care measures or non-custodial accommodation solutions – in law, policy or practice – that are less restrictive than detention, and which must be considered in the context of lawful detention decision procedures to ensure that detention is necessary and proportionate in all cases, with the aim of respecting the human rights and avoiding the arbitrary detention of migrants, asylum-seekers, refugees and stateless persons.	委员会对拘留替代办法的解释是，在法律、政策或实践中，所有基于社区的照料措施或非拘禁住宿解决办法，与拘留相比限制较少，必须结合合法拘留决定程序加以考虑，以确保拘留在所有情况下都是必要和相称的，目的是尊重人权，避免任意拘留移民、寻求庇护者、难民和无国籍人士。
Alternatives to detention must respect the right to personal freedom and therefore not create onerous restrictions or conditions, but rather generate other legitimate mechanisms and measures that are in line with human rights standards.	拘留的替代办法必须尊重个人自由权，因此不会造成繁重的限制或条件，而是产生符合人权标准的其他合法机制和措施。
In cases where detention no longer has a legal basis, for example, when deportation, expulsion or removal is no longer a viable objective, alternatives to detention are no longer applicable.	在拘留不再有法律依据的情况下，例如，当递解出境、驱逐或勒令离境不再是一种可行的目标时，拘留的替代办法不再适用。
48.	48.
However, the Committee notes that many of the alternative measures employed by States appear to emulate measures from the field of criminal justice, such as bail, home-based detention or other restrictions on movement, such as electronic surveillance or periodic reporting to the authorities.	然而，委员会注意到，各国采用的许多替代措施似乎仿效刑事司法领域的措施，如保释、居家拘留或其他行动限制，如电子监控或定期向主管机关报告。
Those measures are often excessively restrictive and are not appropriate in the context of migration.	这些措施往往限制性过强，不适合移民情况。
In some cases, they can exacerbate the stigmatization of migrants, unnecessarily interfere with their personal freedom and generate excessively onerous requirements, and may even amount to de facto detention.	在某些情况下，这类措施会加剧对移民的污名化，不必要地干涉他们的人身自由，并产生过于繁琐的要求，甚至可能构成事实上的拘留。
49.	49.
The Committee wishes to highlight that alternatives to detention are intended to be more humane, to have less harmful physical and psychological effects on individuals, in particular individuals in vulnerable situations, and to be designed to protect people’s health, well-being and human rights.	委员会愿强调指出，拘留替代办法的本意是更加人道，对个人，特别是弱势个人的有害身心影响较小，目的是保护人的健康、福祉和人权。
Evidence suggests that, when properly implemented, such measures can be more effective than detention in assisting people to cope better with immigration procedures, including when migrants’ cases are rejected and they are asked to return voluntarily and independently.	有证据表明，如果执行得当，这种措施在帮助人们更好地应对移民程序方面可能比拘留更有效，包括在移民的案件被拒绝，他们被要求自愿和独立返回的情况下。
Alternative measures to detention can also be significantly less costly than detention, given their lower operating costs.	拘留的替代措施也可能比拘留成本低得多，因为其运作成本较低。
The Committee considers that, owing to the risk of the spread of COVID-19 and other diseases, there is an even greater need for States to improve the systematic consideration of alternative measures to immigration detention before imposing custodial measures.	委员会认为，由于COVID-19和其他疾病传播的风险，各国更有必要在实施拘留措施之前，更系统地考虑移民拘留的替代措施。
50.	50.
The Committee recommends that States emphasize community-based non-custodial measures that include case management and other forms of support, are adapted to the specific needs and vulnerabilities of each person or family and allow people to live freely within communities.	委员会建议，各国应当强调，包括案件管理和其他形式支持在内的基于社区的非拘禁措施，要适应每个人或每个家庭的具体需求和脆弱性，并允许人们在社区内自由生活。
Legal assistance, psychosocial support and the protection of the rights to education, housing and health care for migrant workers and members of their families must be guaranteed.	必须保证向移民工人及其家庭成员提供法律援助、社会心理支持以及对教育、住房和医疗保健权利的保护。
If such alternatives to imposing restrictions on the rights of migrants are used, the safeguards surrounding them should be as stringent as those applied to detention situations.	如果使用这类办法替代对移民权利施加的限制，围绕这些办法的保障就应该与适用于拘留的保障一样严格。
Such safeguards include ensuring that the alternative measure is established by law, limited in duration, not discriminatory in its purpose and effect, not arbitrary and subject to procedural safeguards, including regular judicial review and independent supervision, and that they protect the rights and dignity of the individual.	这些保障包括确保替代措施由法律规定，有时间限制，在目的和效果上没有歧视性，是非任意性的，有程序保障，包括定期司法审查和独立监督，并且保护个人的权利和尊严。
Officials should review the effects of such alternative measures on the rights of migrants and verify that no unnecessary restrictions are imposed on migrants, in order to identify the least invasive alternative measures to detention.	官员应审查此类替代措施对移民权利的影响，并核实没有对移民施加不必要的限制，以便确定侵入性最小的拘留替代措施。
B.	B.
Duration of detention	拘留期限
51.	51.
Detention should never be excessive or indefinite during the course of immigration proceedings, because it would then become arbitrary.	在移民诉讼过程中，拘留决不能过度或没有期限，如果那样就会变成任意拘留。
States should therefore establish in their legislation the maximum period of detention allowable during the course of immigration proceedings.	因此，各国应当在立法中规定移民程序中允许的最长拘留期限。
Moreover, detention should be permitted only for the shortest possible period of time, and it should also be under frequent review to assess whether it remains necessary and is still the only option.	此外，应当只允许时间尽可能短的拘留，而且还应经常审查，以评估拘留是否仍然必要，是否仍然是唯一的选择。
Once the period of detention established by law has elapsed, the detainee must automatically be released.	一旦法律规定的拘留期限已到，被拘留者就必须自动获释。
Released persons should be provided with a document protecting them against renewed detention.	应当向获释人员提供文件，保护他们不被再次拘留。
Renewed detention is in contravention of the legally defined maximum detention period.	再次拘留违反法律规定的最长拘留期限。
52.	52.
If there are obstacles to identifying migrants who are in an irregular situation or deporting them from the territory, or if the return is not legally possible due to the application of the principle of non-refoulement or other international or domestic obligations, thereby making deportation or expulsion impossible, the detained person must be immediately released in order to avoid indefinite detention, which would be arbitrary.	如果在甄别身份不正常的移民或将他们递解出境方面存在障碍，或者如果由于适用不推回原则或其他国际或国内义务而在法律上不可能返回，从而使递解出境或驱逐出境成为不可能，则必须立即释放被拘留者，以避免无限期拘留，因为无限期的拘留是任意拘留。
Similarly, the exercise of rights by migrants deprived of their liberty cannot be grounds for prolonging detention.	同样，被剥夺人身自由的移民行使权利不能成为延长拘留的理由。
Any deprivation of liberty implemented on the grounds that detainees are exercising their rights to access to justice or due process guarantees, or to apply for asylum or international protection, would therefore be arbitrary.	因此，以被拘留者行使其诉诸司法或正当程序保障的权利，或申请庇护或国际保护的权利为由实施的任何剥夺自由都是任意的。
Detaining stateless persons when there is no real prospect of removal would thereby render the detention arbitrary, and the detained stateless person must therefore be immediately released.	在没有真正的离境前景情况下拘留无国籍人会使拘留具有任意性，因此必须立即释放被拘留的无国籍人。
C.	C.
Right to access to justice	诉诸司法的权利
53.	53.
The Committee reiterates that the right of access to justice is of a dual nature.	委员会重申，诉诸司法的权利具有双重性。
On the one hand, it constitutes a human right in itself, inherent in all persons, and on the other hand, it is a principle and precondition that imposes obligations on States to ensure that all persons can stand before the law to claim their rights.	一方面，它本身就是人人固有的一项人权，另一方面，它是一项原则和先决条件，规定各国有义务确保所有人都能在法律面前主张自己的权利。
The Convention recognizes that respect for the rule of law, due process and access to justice are fundamental to all aspects of migration governance.	《公约》确认，尊重法治、正当程序和诉诸司法是移民治理各个方面的基础。
That implies that States must guarantee that all persons within their territory or subject to their jurisdiction, regardless of their nationality or migration status, have access to justice.	这意味着各国必须保证领土内或管辖下的所有人，无论国籍或移民身份如何，都能诉诸司法。
54.	54.
The Committee recalls that migrants may face multiple obstacles to access to justice, such as language barriers, lack of information or knowledge about applicable laws, absence of support networks, lack of firewalls to protect personal information and data and fear of being detected by the authorities or of being detained or deported if they seek access to justice.	委员会回顾，移民在诉诸司法方面可能面临多重障碍，例如语言障碍、缺乏关于适用法律的信息或知识、缺乏支持网络、缺乏保护个人信息和数据的防火墙，以及担心被主管部门发现，如果寻求诉诸司法，还会担心被拘留或驱逐出境。
Therefore, in order to ensure that migrants enjoy the right of access to justice and due process on an equal footing with others, States should adopt procedural or compensatory measures that help to reduce or eliminate obstacles and shortcomings that prevent or hinder the effective defence of migrants’ interests.	因此，为了确保移民在与其他人平等的基础上享有诉诸司法和正当程序的权利，各国应当采取程序性或补偿性措施，帮助减少或消除阻碍或妨碍有效维护移民利益的障碍和缺陷。
The Committee recommends that States parties take all measures necessary to ensure that migrant workers and members of their families who are deprived of their liberty have access to justice in transit and destination States and to information on their rights as migrants before, during and after their entry and stay in transit and destination countries, in a language and format that they understand, regardless of whether they are still present in those countries.	委员会建议缔约国采取一切必要措施，确保被剥夺人身自由的移民工人及其家庭成员能够在过境国和目的地国诉诸司法，并在他们入境和停留在过境国和目的地国之前、期间和之后，以他们理解的语言和形式提供关于他们作为移民的权利的信息，无论他们是否仍身处这些国家。
55.	55.
In order to guarantee access to justice for all migrant workers and members of their families, the Committee urges States parties to intensify efforts to ensure that migrant workers are aware of their rights before travelling and to facilitate their access to legal recourse and redress for any violations of their rights that occur while in transit and upon arrival in destination countries.	为了保证所有移民工人及其家庭成员能够诉诸司法，委员会敦促缔约国加紧努力，确保移民工人在旅行前了解自己的权利，并为他们在过境和抵达目的地国时遭遇的侵权行为诉诸法律和获得补救提供便利。
Even after their return to their country of origin or to a third State, those guarantees should always be upheld for migrant workers and members of their families through consular services and judicial cooperation.	即使在他们返回原籍国或第三国之后，也应当通过领事服务和司法合作，始终维护对移民工人及其家庭成员的这些保障。
The Committee highlights that the reparation of the harm caused to a migrant by the violation of a human right requires comprehensive reparation.	委员会强调，对侵犯人权行为给移民造成的伤害进行赔偿需要全面的赔偿。
The State should implement measures to ensure the enjoyment of the rights that have been violated and to redress the consequences of those violations.	国家应当采取措施，确保被侵犯权利的享有，并纠正这些侵权行为的后果。
In doing so, the State should implement different measures of reparation in order to redress the harm integrally, such as restitution, compensation, rehabilitation, satisfaction and guarantees of non-repetition.	在这样做时，国家应当采取不同的赔偿措施，以完整地补救伤害，如恢复原状、补偿、复原、抵偿和保证不重犯。
D.	D.
Judicial guarantees	司法保障
56.	56.
The Committee is acutely aware that migrant workers and members of their families are often severely impeded in gaining access to national courts and to monitoring and complaint mechanisms, owing to a lack of adequate safeguards during their detention.	委员会敏锐地意识到，移民工人及其家庭成员在诉诸国家法院以及监测和投诉机制方面往往受到严重阻碍，因为他们在被拘留期间缺乏足够的保障。
Barriers include lack of legal representation and legal aid services, lack of child-friendly processes and safeguards, insufficient consular protection, limited availability of interpreters and translators or other accessible formats or methods of receiving information and communicating, lack of effective remedies to challenge the legality of detention and lack of specific rules on the obligations of the courts to apply sanctions or award compensation for violations of the human rights of migrants.	障碍包括缺乏法律代表和法律援助服务，缺乏对儿童友好的程序和保障，领事保护不足，口译员和笔译员或其他获取信息和沟通的可用形式或方法有限，缺乏质疑拘留合法性的有效补救措施，以及缺乏关于法院对侵犯移民人权行为实施制裁或裁定赔偿的义务的具体规则。
57.	57.
The Committee recalls that, under the Convention, States parties must ensure that laws, policies and practices are in full respect of procedural safeguards for migrant workers and members of their families in all administrative and judicial proceedings relating to their immigration or international protection status.	委员会忆及，根据《公约》，缔约国必须确保法律、政策和做法在所有涉及移民身份或国际保护身份的行政和司法程序中充分尊重对移民工人及其家庭成员的程序保障。
That includes asylum or determination procedures for refugee status, all forms of additional protection, statelessness determination procedures and other special protection regimes and policies that may apply to them.	这包括庇护或难民地位甄别程序、所有形式的额外保护、无国籍状态甄别程序以及可能适用于他们的其他特别保护制度和政策。
58.	58.
The due process guarantees detailed below should be ensured by States parties, to respect access to justice for migrant workers and members of their families who are in detention.	缔约国应当确保下文详述的正当程序保障，尊重被拘留的移民工人及其家庭成员诉诸司法的权利。
1.	1.
Right to be informed of the reasons for detention	被告知拘留原因的权利
59.	59.
The right to information is essential for the exercise of other rights, such as access to justice.	知情权对于行使其他权利，如诉诸司法的权利至关重要。
The authorities responsible for the detention must inform the migrant worker about the reasons for detention immediately preceding, or at the latest at the commencement of, the detention.	负责拘留的权力机关必须在拘留之前或最迟在拘留开始时告知移民工人拘留的原因。
Such notification should be given in a language and format that the person understands, taking into consideration factors such as age, ethnic and cultural background, disability and educational level.	这种通知应以当事人理解的语言和形式发出，同时考虑到年龄、族裔和文化背景、残疾和教育水平等因素。
60.	60.
The Committee reiterates that States parties should prepare model notification forms containing information, including in accessible formats, on, inter alia, resources available in the languages, means or methods of communication most frequently used or understood by migrant workers who are in an irregular situation in the countries concerned.	委员会重申，缔约国应当制作通知表模板，包括无障碍格式，其中载有的信息尤其应当用在有关国家处于非正常状况的移民工人最常使用或理解的语言、交流手段或方法提供各种材料。
Migrants should be given adequate time and support to read or access them and should also be given copies.	应该给予移民足够的时间和支持阅读或查阅这些文件，也应该为他们提供副本。
The forms should always accompany a detention order containing specific information on the facts of and the legal basis for the detention, the place of detention and information on, and an explanation of, migrants’ rights and how to claim those rights.	这些表格应始终是拘留令的附带材料，其中包含关于拘留的事实和法律依据及拘留地点的具体信息，以及关于移民权利和如何主张这些权利的信息和解释。
2.	2.
Judicial review of detention	拘留的司法审查
61.	61.
The Committee reaffirms that all migrant workers and members of their families who are deprived of their liberty have the right to bring proceedings before a court so that the court can rule without delay on the lawfulness or arbitrariness, including the legitimate objective, legality, necessity and proportionality of their detention.	委员会重申，所有被剥夺人身自由的移民工人及其家庭成员都有权向法院提起诉讼，以便法院能够毫不拖延地就其拘留的合法性或任意性，包括合法目的、合法性、必要性和相称性做出裁决。
That guarantee seeks to prevent deprivation of liberty from becoming arbitrary detention.	这项保障力求防止剥夺人身自由变成任意拘留。
If migrant workers and members of their families are detained within the criminal law context, they must be brought promptly before a judge or court to assess the legality and non-arbitrariness of their detention.	如果移民工人及其家庭成员根据刑法被拘留，就必须被迅速带见法官或法院，以评估其拘留的合法性和非任意性。
The authority assessing the lawfulness of detention must be independent from the entity that ordered or carried out the detention, in order to prevent the assessment from becoming a mere formality that prevents an impartial analysis.	评估拘留合法性的机构必须独立于下令或实施拘留的实体，以防评估流于形式，妨碍公正的分析。
The assessment must also be carried out by an official authorized by law to exercise judicial functions and with the power to order the release of the migrant worker.	评估还必须由法律授权行使司法职能并有权下令释放移民工人的官员进行。
62.	62.
In the light of the effects that the deprivation of liberty have on the human rights of migrants, the Committee considers that, as a general rule, the procedure and the decision ordering the detention of a migrant must be carried out and dictated by a judge or court.	鉴于剥夺自由对移民人权的影响，委员会认为，一般情况下，下令拘留移民的程序和决定必须由法官或法院执行和下达。
In addition, States must guarantee migrants their right to appeal before a higher court.	此外，各国必须保障移民向更高一级法院上诉的权利。
That right should be guaranteed at the moment of deprivation of liberty, as well as periodically throughout the duration of the detention.	这项权利应当在剥夺人身自由时得到保障，并在整个拘留期间定期得到保障。
The necessity for the continuation of any detention should be automatically reviewed at reasonable intervals by a court.	法院应当在合理的时间间隔内自动审查继续拘留的必要性。
The scope of judicial review should not be confined to a formal assessment of the individual’s migration status; it requires an individual assessment of the elements pertaining to the arbitrariness of the measure.	司法审查的范围不应局限于对个人移民身份的正式评估，而是要求对与措施的任意性相关的因素进行单独评估。
The Committee stresses that legal remedies must be in place to allow migrant workers and members of their families to challenge the arbitrariness of detention or the legality of a deportation or expulsion order.	委员会强调，法律补救措施必须到位，以允许移民工人及其家庭成员对拘留的任意性或者递解令或驱逐令的合法性提出质疑。
States must ensure that judicial remedies include the power to suspend any detention, deportation or expulsion decision in order to effectively protect the rights of migrant workers.	各国必须确保司法补救措施包括中止任何拘留、递解或驱逐决定的权力，以有效保护移民工人的权利。
The principle of non-refoulement must be strictly respected.	必须严格遵守不推回原则。
3.	3.
Consular assistance and protection	领事协助和保护
63.	63.
Under articles 16 (7) (b) and 23 of the Convention, migrant workers and members of their families have the right to communicate with the consular or diplomatic authorities of their home State or those of another State representing their interests.	根据《公约》第16条第7款(b)项和第23条，移民工人及其家庭成员有权与原籍国或代表该国利益的其他国家的领事或外交机关联系。
States of destination or transit have an obligation under article 16 (7) to:	根据第16条第7款，目的地国或过境国有义务：
(a)	(a)
inform migrant workers of that right without delay and of the rights derived from other relevant treaties, in a language and format that they understand;	以移民工人理解的语言和形式，毫不拖延地告知他们这项权利以及其他相关条约规定的权利；
(b)	(b)
inform the consular or diplomatic authorities of the detention of a migrant worker, upon his or her request;	应移民工人的请求，将拘留移民工人的情况通知领事或外交机关；
(c)	(c)
facilitate communication between the migrant worker and those authorities; and	便利移民工人与这些机关之间的沟通；
(d)	(d)
communicate and meet with the legal representatives of those authorities and make arrangements with them for the migrant worker’s legal representation.	与这些机关的法律代表沟通和会面，并与他们就移民工人的法律代理作出安排。
64.	64.
The Committee is aware of the particular situation of refugees or asylum-seekers who fear or have been subjected to persecution, or who have other reasons to avoid contact with the consular authorities of their State of origin or residence.	委员会意识到惧怕受到迫害或实际遭受迫害的难民或寻求庇护者的特殊情况，或出于其他理由避免与原籍国或居住国领事机关联系的人的特殊情况。
In such cases, the State under whose jurisdiction the person is living must respect the migrant’s decision not to exercise his or her right to consular assistance and protection if the person wishes to apply for asylum.	在这种情况下，如果当事人希望申请庇护，该人所居的管辖国必须尊重移民不行使其领事援助和保护权利的决定。
States should also be aware that stateless persons find themselves in a vulnerable situation, given that consular assistance and protection are unavailable due to their status.	各国还应意识到，无国籍人身处弱势地位，因为他们的身份无法获得领事援助和保护。
65.	65.
The Committee emphasizes that the right to consular assistance and protection is essential for enforcing access to justice for migrant workers and is particularly pressing when it comes to persons deprived of their liberty, regardless of whether they are detained on criminal or immigration-related grounds.	委员会强调，获得领事援助和保护的权利对于移民工人诉诸司法至关重要，对于被剥夺人身自由的人来说尤其紧迫，无论他们是因刑事原因还是因与移民有关的原因被拘留。
The Committee therefore considers that States of origin should ensure access to effective consular assistance and protection, including by providing sufficient human, technical and financial resources.	因此，委员会认为，原籍国应确保提供有效的领事援助和保护，包括提供足够的人力、技术和财力资源。
4.	4.
Free legal and interpretation assistance	免费法律和翻译援助
66.	66.
In the context of immigration detention, migrant workers and members of their families have the right to legal advice and legal representation, provided by the State free of charge for persons who cannot afford it, making the rights to due process and access to justice truly operational.	在移民拘留的情况下，移民工人及其家庭成员有权获得国家为负担不起的人免费提供的法律咨询和法律代理，以便能够真正行使正当程序权和诉诸司法权。
States should make qualified interpreters available to migrant workers who cannot understand or speak the language used during the proceedings.	各国应当为不懂或不会说诉讼所用语言的移民工人提供合格的翻译。
Even for migrant workers who understand the language of the country in which they currently reside, it is important that they are provided with an interpreter and that the information is provided in understandable terms and formats free of technicalities and adapted to their age, ethnic and cultural background and any other circumstance that may affect their level of understanding.	即使对于懂得目前居住国语言的移民工人来说，也必须为他们提供一名翻译，并以可理解的非技术性术语和格式提供信息，要适合他们的年龄、族裔和文化背景以及可能影响他们理解水平的任何其他情况。
67.	67.
The Committee recognizes the fundamental work of non-governmental organizations, university legal clinics and pro bono lawyers, among others, in the legal representation of migrants.	委员会承认非政府组织、大学法律诊所和公益律师等在移民法律代理方面的重要工作。
However, the Committee recalls that their efforts do not relieve States from their responsibility to provide migrants with free legal assistance and representation.	然而，委员会回顾，这些方面的努力并没有解除国家向移民提供免费法律援助和代理的责任。
Moreover, States should always allow non-governmental organizations, university legal clinics and pro bono lawyers to carry out their work unhindered.	此外，各国应始终允许非政府组织、大学法律诊所和公益律师不受阻碍地开展工作。
5.	5.
Right to be notified of the decision on immigration proceedings	被告知移民程序决定的权利
68.	68.
The Committee recognizes that, in order to gain full access to justice, migrants must obtain a well-founded and reasoned decision on their immigration or international protection proceedings so that they can appeal that decision, if necessary, and defend their rights adequately.	委员会认识到，为了充分诉诸司法，移民必须获得关于其移民或国际保护程序的理由充分和论述详尽的决定，以便他们在必要时可以对该决定提出上诉，并充分捍卫自己的权利。
Notification of that decision must be made in a personal and written manner to the migrant and, where appropriate, to his or her legal representatives, allowing sufficient time for appeal.	必须以当面和书面方式将这一决定通知移民，并酌情通知其法律代表，为上诉留出足够的时间。
E.	E.
Prohibition of torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment	禁止酷刑和残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚
69.	69.
The Committee has received information about various acts of violence, in particular sexual violence, child and forced labour and trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation, perpetrated against migrants who have been deprived of their liberty.	委员会收到了关于被剥夺人身自由的移民遭受到各种暴力行为的信息，特别是性暴力、童工和强迫劳动以及以性剥削为目的的贩运。
Women, children, persons with disabilities and lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex persons are highly vulnerable to abuse in immigration detention centres.	妇女、儿童、残疾人以及男女同性恋、双性恋、跨性别者和间性者在移民拘留中心极易受到虐待。
In some cases, the abuse amounts to torture.	在某些情况下，所受的虐待等同于酷刑。
The Committee notes that migrants are at an increased risk of human rights violations while in detention, and States have an obligation to prevent, investigate, prosecute and punish any acts of torture, cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment or other human rights violations by detention facility personnel, detainees or any other person.	委员会指出，移民在被拘留期间人权遭受侵犯的风险越来越大，各国有义务防止、调查、起诉和处罚拘留设施人员、被拘留者或任何其他人实施的任何酷刑、残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚行为或其他侵犯人权行为。
70.	70.
Information received by the Committee also indicates that some States place migrants in solitary confinement.	委员会收到的资料还表明，一些国家将移民单独监禁。
That practice has severely negative health effects and, in some cases, has led to suicide or irreparable psychological damage.	这种做法对健康产生严重的负面影响，在某些情况下，导致了自杀或不可挽回的心理伤害。
The Committee recalls that solitary confinement is not appropriate to manage or ensure the protection of migrants, asylum-seekers, refugees, persons in need of complementary or subsidiary protection, stateless persons, victims of trauma, torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or persons with disabilities.	委员会回顾，单独监禁不适合用于管理移民、寻求庇护者、难民、需要补充或辅助保护的人、无国籍人、创伤、酷刑或残忍、不人道或有辱人格待遇的受害者或残疾人，或不适合用于确保对这些人的保护。
The Committee agrees with the Human Rights Committee and the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, that prolonged solitary confinement constitutes an act of torture.	委员会同意人权事务委员会和酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚问题特别报告员的意见，长期单独监禁构成酷刑行为。
71.	71.
The Committee has received reports of migrants who have been returned to detention centres where they were at risk of torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment.	委员会收到报告称，一些移民被送回有可能遭受酷刑或残忍、不人道或有辱人格待遇的拘留中心。
The Committee has maintained that the principle of non-refoulement, the prohibition of the transfer of persons by force, in any form, to countries where they may become victims of persecution or serious human rights violations, includes the prohibition of the return of persons to locations where they are subjected to inhuman and degrading conditions of detention, the absence of necessary medical treatment, especially during a pandemic or any other serious public emergency, or threats to the enjoyment of the rights to life and to health (articles 9–10 and 28 of the Convention).	委员会坚持认为，不推回原则就是禁止以任何形式用武力将人移送到可能成为迫害或严重侵犯人权行为受害者的国家，包括禁止将人遣返到拘留条件不人道和有辱人格、缺乏必要医疗的地方，特别是在疫情或任何其他严重的公共紧急状态期间，或者是享有生命权和健康权面临威胁的地方(《公约》第9至第10条和第28条)。
Furthermore, the Committee recalls that the rejection and return at national borders of persons who might require international protection, without analysing individual rights and claims to protection, is in violation of the prohibition of collective expulsion and the principle of non-refoulement.	此外，委员会回顾，在国家边境拒绝和遣返可能需要国际保护的人，而不分析个人权利和保护声请，是违反禁止集体驱逐和不驱回原则的行为。
F.	F.
Prohibition of slavery, servitude and forced or compulsory labour	禁止奴隶制、奴役和强迫或强制劳动
72.	72.
Article 11 of the Convention requires all States parties to take effective measures against all forms of forced or compulsory labour imposed on migrant workers.	《公约》第11条要求所有缔约国采取有效措施，反对强加给移民工人的一切形式的强迫或强制劳动。
The Committee expresses its concern about the presence of human trafficking networks within immigration detention centres.	委员会对移民拘留中心内存在人口贩运网络表示关切。
The Committee has also received reports of detained migrants who have been subjected, under threat of punishment, to prolonged forced and/or underpaid or unpaid labour.	委员会还收到报告称，被拘留的移民在处罚威胁下长期从事强迫劳动和/或报酬过低或无报酬的劳动。
73.	73.
The Committee highlights that the prohibition of slavery, servitude, forced or compulsory labour and trafficking in persons is absolute under international law and is a norm of jus cogens.	委员会强调，根据国际法，绝对禁止奴隶制、奴役、强迫或强制劳动和贩运人口，这是一项强行法规范。
States have an obligation to ensure that migrants who are deprived of their liberty are protected from all forms of slavery, servitude, forced or compulsory labour and trafficking.	各国有义务确保被剥夺人身自由的移民受到保护，免遭一切形式的奴役、劳役、强迫或强制劳动和贩运。
States should establish mechanisms to identify victims of trafficking and abuse by traffickers and should provide victims with protection and assistance.	各国应建立机制，识别贩运者贩运和虐待的受害者，并向受害者提供保护和援助。
Furthermore, States should conduct prompt, effective and impartial investigations into all cases of trafficking and abuse by traffickers and prosecute and punish the perpetrators of such acts and their accomplices, including in the case of public officials.	此外，各国应当对贩运者犯下的所有贩运和虐待案件进行迅速、有效和公正的调查，并起诉和处罚此类行为的肇事者及其帮凶，包括公职人员。
The obligation to investigate, prosecute and punish any act of international human trafficking requires judicial cooperation from all States involved.	调查、起诉和处罚任何国际人口贩运行为的义务需要所有有关国家的司法合作。
G.	G.
Right to privacy and family life	隐私权和家庭生活权
74.	74.
Migrant workers and members of their families have the right to privacy and to family life without interference.	移民工人及其家庭成员有权享有隐私权和不受干涉的家庭生活。
Those rights are closely linked to the principle of non-detention of children and the principle of the best interests of the child being taken as a primary consideration.	这些权利与不拘留儿童的原则和将儿童的最大利益作为首要考虑的原则密切相连。
The Committee considers that it is the right of migrant children with families not to be deprived of their liberty and that such children and families should be granted measures for their care and reception.	委员会认为，有家庭的移民儿童有权不被剥夺自由，应当为照料和接纳这类儿童和家庭采取措施。
H.	H.
Right to health	健康权
75.	75.
Information received by the Committee indicates that migrants who are deprived of their liberty often face serious difficulties in gaining access to health services and medical care in detention centres.	委员会收到的资料表明，被剥夺人身自由的移民在拘留中心获得保健服务和医疗方面往往面临严重困难。
Reproductive health care for women held in detention, in particular pregnant women, is reportedly often inadequate.	据报告，被拘留的妇女，特别是孕妇的生殖保健往往不足。
76.	76.
States should ensure that detained migrants have access to physical and mental health services, including sexual and reproductive health services and psychological care.	各国应确保被拘留的移民获得身心健康服务，包括性健康和生殖健康服务以及心理护理。
In the absence of adequate conditions in detention centres, detained migrants in need of medical care should be transferred to adequate facilities.	在拘留中心缺乏适当条件的情况下，需要医疗护理的被拘留移民应被移送到适当的设施。
Moreover, taking into account the psychological and physical effects of detention on migrants, States should assess detained migrants’ physical and mental health on a regular basis.	此外，考虑到拘留对移民的心理和生理影响，各国应定期评估被拘留移民的身心健康。
States should take all measures necessary to ensure that all migrant workers and members of their families who are deprived of their liberty, regardless of their migration status, enjoy, both in law and in practice, access to health services under the same conditions as nationals of the State party.	各国应当采取一切必要措施，确保所有被剥夺人身自由的移民工人及其家庭成员，无论其移民身份如何，在法律上和实践中享有与缔约国国民同等的医疗服务。
77.	77.
In a context such as the COVID-19 pandemic, the Committee agrees with the Subcommittee on Prevention of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment and the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination that States should take the precautionary measures necessary to prevent the spread of the virus and implement emergency measures to ensure that detained migrants have access to appropriate levels of medical and preventive care and maintain contact with their families and the outside world.	在COVID-19疫情的类似情况下，委员会同意防范酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚小组委员会 和消除种族歧视委员会 的意见，各国应当采取必要的预防措施，防止病毒传播，并采取紧急措施，确保被拘留的移民能够获得适当水平的医疗和预防护理，并与家人和外界保持联系。
The Committee recalls its guidance note on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the human rights of migrants, issued jointly with the Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants, and the guidance note on equitable access to COVID-19 vaccines for all migrants, issued jointly with several special procedure and other human rights-related mandate holders.	委员会回顾与移民人权特别报告员联合发布的关于COVID-19疫情对移民人权影响的指导说明，以及与若干特别程序及其他人权相关任务负责人联合发布的关于所有移民平等获得COVID-19疫苗的指导说明。
The Committee urges States to fully implement the recommendations therein, paying special attention to integrating migrant workers into national COVID-19 prevention and response plans and policies, ensuring that they take into account the gender, age and diversity of migrants and that they respect the right to health, including by ensuring that the provision of tests, essential medicines, prevention measures, treatment and vaccines are provided in a non-discriminatory manner, and to provide equitable access to COVID-19 vaccination for all migrants on a non-discriminatory basis, regardless of their nationality, migration status or situation of statelessness.	委员会敦促各国充分执行其中的建议，特别注意将移民工人纳入国家COVID-19预防和应对计划和政策，确保这些计划和政策考虑到移民的性别、年龄和多样性，尊重健康权，包括确保以不歧视的方式提供检测、基本药物、预防措施、治疗和疫苗，并在不歧视的基础上向所有移民提供平等获得COVID-19疫苗接种的机会，无论其国籍、移民身份或无国籍状况如何。
I.	I.
Right to property and obligation to protect identity and personal documents	财产权和保护身份及个人证件的义务
78.	78.
Migrant workers and members of their families have the right not to be arbitrarily deprived of their property.	移民工人及其家庭成员有权不被任意剥夺财产。
In that regard, State authorities are obliged to protect the identity and personal documents of migrant workers and members of their families.	在这方面，国家权力机关有义务保护移民工人及其家庭成员的身份和个人证件。
Nevertheless, it is common practice for State authorities to retain people’s belongings during immigration detention, including cellular telephones, cash, bank cards and identity and personal documents.	然而，在移民拘留期间，国家权力机关通常会扣留人们的物品，包括手机、现金、银行卡以及身份证和个人证件。
In some cases, the property is never returned to the owner.	在某些情况下，财产永远不会物归原主。
79.	79.
The Committee considers that, while States have a legitimate interest in, and legal and ethical responsibilities for, ensuring the safety of migrant workers and members of their families in detention and may take measures to that end, such as temporarily withholding the belongings of detainees, it is not within the interest of migrants to have their belongings withheld for longer than the detention period.	委员会认为，虽然各国在确保被拘留的移民工人及其家庭成员的安全方面有合法利益以及法律和道德责任，并可为此采取措施，例如暂时扣留被拘留者的物品，但扣留物品超过拘留期不符合移民的利益。
States should therefore set clear criteria and establish an inventory of retained belongings.	因此，各国应当制定明确的标准，并建立扣留物品清单。
It is also necessary to ensure that migrants have access to their belongings whenever necessary, that indispensable belongings are not withheld and that belongings that are withheld do not include essential items, such as medicines, devices needed by persons with complex communication or mobility requirements, the telephone numbers of close relations and identity documents.	还必须确保移民在必要时可以取用自己的物品，不扣留不可或缺的物品，被扣留的物品不包括基本物品，如药品、有复杂通信或行动要求的人所需的设备、近亲的电话号码和身份证件。
For all other belongings, custody must be supervised, and it must be ensured that those belongings are returned to the migrant at the end of detention.	对于所有其他物品，必须监督保管，并且必须确保在拘留结束时将这些物品归还给移民。
Migrants should be provided with a receipt or similar document with an inventory of retained belongings and the rationale for their retention.	应向移民提供收据或类似文件，列明扣留物品的清单和扣留的理由。
80.	80.
The Committee recalls that the right to identity, including the right to a name, birth registration and a nationality, is central to the enjoyment of all other rights recognized in the Convention and other international treaties.	委员会回顾，身份权，包括姓名权、出生登记权和国籍权，是享有《公约》和其他国际条约承认的所有其他权利的核心。
Withholding migrants’ identity documents is never appropriate;	扣留移民的身份证件从来都不恰当。
it violates the right not only to property, but also to identity, and leaves migrant workers and members of their families more vulnerable to violations of their other rights.	这不仅侵犯了财产权，也侵犯了身份权，使移民工人及其家庭成员的其他权利更容易受到侵犯。
The Committee also recalls that each child of a migrant worker has the right to birth registration and nationality, pursuant to article 29 of the Convention.	委员会还回顾，根据《公约》第29条，移民工人的每个子女都有权获得出生登记和国籍。
J.	J.
Conditions of detention	拘留条件
81.	81.
The Committee considers that poor conditions of detention may constitute torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment and may increase the risk of violations of other rights, including the right to health, food, adequate housing, safe water and sanitation.	委员会认为，恶劣的拘留条件可能构成酷刑或残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇，并可能增加侵犯其他权利的风险，包括健康权、食物权、适当住房权、安全用水和卫生设施权。
In addition, torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment may occur if inadequate detention conditions are intentionally imposed, encouraged or tolerated by the State on the basis of discrimination of any kind, including migration status, or in order to deter migrant workers and members of their families from continuing their immigration or international protection proceedings, or to intimidate or punish them for doing so.	此外，如果国家基于任何种类的歧视，包括移民身份，故意强加、鼓励或容忍不适当的拘留条件，或者为了阻止移民工人及其家庭成员继续其移民或国际保护程序，或者由于他们这样做而加以恐吓或惩罚，就可能发生酷刑或残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇。
82.	82.
Immigration detention facilities must therefore meet the highest standards to ensure the dignity and well-being of detainees.	因此，移民拘留设施必须合乎最高标准，以确保被拘留者的尊严和福祉。
The Committee stresses that detention should never take place in facilities with punitive characteristics.	委员会强调，拘留决不应发生在具有处罚性质的设施中。
Any detention of migrants must take place in appropriate, sanitary, non-punitive facilities and should not take place in prisons.	对移民的任何拘留都必须使用适当、卫生、非处罚性的设施，不应当使用监狱。
83.	83.
In order to guarantee that immigration detention takes place in non-punitive facilities, States must ensure, among other things, that:	为了保证移民拘留使用的是非处罚性设施，各国必须确保，除其他外：
(a)	(a)
migrant workers are not detained with persons prosecuted for or convicted of crimes;	移民工人不与因犯罪而被起诉或定罪的人关押在一起；
(b)	(b)
men and women remain separated, taking into consideration the particular needs of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex persons;	男女保持分开关押，同时考虑到男女同性恋、双性恋、跨性别者和间性者的特殊需求；
(c)	(c)
sufficient space is provided and overcrowding is avoided at all costs;	提供足够的空间，不惜一切代价避免过度拥挤；
(d)	(d)
facilities have open spaces for coexistence and recreation;	设施内有供共处和娱乐的开放空间；
(e)	(e)
adequate cleaning and lighting is provided; and	提供足够的清洁和照明；
(f)	(f)
other measures are taken that enable detainees to have an adequate standard of living, which includes appropriate clothing and bedding, heating, sufficient food in line with the physical and health conditions of the migrants and their religious beliefs, and access to safe water and sanitation and to health care, including health-care professionals, independent from detaining authorities.	采取其他措施，使被拘留者能够享有适当生活水准，包括适当的衣物和被褥、供暖、符合移民身体和健康状况及其宗教信仰的充足食物，获得安全用水和卫生设施以及独立于拘留机关的医疗保健，包括医疗保健专业人员。
In addition to physical conditions, States should ensure that there are sufficient staff, both men and women, who must receive adequate training in human rights and gender sensitivity and who must be qualified to work with groups of persons who are in vulnerable situations.	除了物质条件之外，各国应确保有足够的男女工作人员，他们必须接受人权和性别敏感意识方面的适当培训，必须有与弱势群体一起工作的资质。
K.	K.
Monitoring human rights in places of detention	监督拘留场所的人权状况
84.	84.
It is essential that States effectively and credibly monitor the conditions in immigration detention centres, including privately run immigration detention facilities.	各国必须有效和可信地监测移民拘留中心的条件，包括私营移民拘留设施的条件。
States are obliged to take the legislative and other measures necessary to ensure the constant monitoring of detention centres, with no restricted areas.	各国有义务采取必要的立法和其他措施，确保不间断地监督拘留中心，没有禁区。
The Committee stresses that the authority responsible for monitoring places of detention must be independent and impartial.	委员会强调，负责监督拘留场所的机关必须独立和公正。
It is not permissible for the same authority responsible for implementing the immigration policy or in charge of detention centres to carry out that task.	不允许负责执行移民政策或负责拘留中心的同一机构执行这项任务。
It is necessary to strengthen, on the basis of various cooperation strategies, including by the institutions involved, the system of mental health management available to migrants, in order to avoid behaviours that could endanger their integrity or their lives, and, when necessary, to provide them with the appropriate treatment to respond to the traumatic situation that they may be experiencing, ensuring that staff in contact with them have the ability to warn them of such situations and to maintain the appropriate level of emotional stability themselves.	有必要在各种合作战略的基础上，包括由有关机构加强向移民提供的心理健康管理系统，避免可能危及其人身完整或生命的行为，并在必要时向他们提供适当的治疗，应对他们可能经历的创伤情况，确保与他们接触的工作人员有能力就这种情况向他们发出警告，并保持自己适当水平的情绪稳定。
85.	85.
Even if there is an authority or body responsible for the supervision of places of detention, the participation of national human rights institutions and civil society organizations, which do not replace the obligations of States, is essential and relevant for the defence of the rights of migrant workers and members of their families.	即使有负责监督拘留场所的机关或机构，国家人权机构和民间社会组织的参与对于维护移民工人及其家庭成员的权利不可或缺，关系重大，但并不取代国家的义务。
The Committee recalls that national human rights institutions play a crucial role in promoting and monitoring the effective implementation of international human rights standards at the national level, therefore, their work must be fully guaranteed.	委员会回顾，国家人权机构在促进和监测国际人权标准在国家一级的有效实施方面发挥着至关重要的作用，因此，必须充分保证这类机构的工作。
States should authorize access to detention facilities, including privately run immigration detention facilities, for national human rights institutions, civil society organizations, academia and international and regional bodies, such as the Subcommittee on Prevention of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, the United Nations Children’s Fund and the International Committee of the Red Cross, to ensure independent and autonomous monitoring.	各国应允许国家人权机构、民间社会组织、学术界以及国际和区域机构，如防范酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚小组委员会、联合国人权事务高级专员办事处、联合国难民事务高级专员公署、联合国儿童基金会和红十字国际委员会，进入拘留设施，包括私人经营的移民拘留设施，以确保独立和自主的监督。
Information and documentation relating to the facility and persons held there, and the possibility of conducting private and confidential interviews with detainees and staff, must be available for independent monitoring entities.	必须向独立的监督实体提供与移民拘留设施和其中关押的人员有关的信息和文件，以及与被拘留者和工作人员进行私下和保密面谈的可能性。
86.	86.
To enable independent monitoring of immigration detention facilities, States should take measures to allow monitoring entities, among other things, to:	为了能够对移民拘留设施进行独立监督，各国应采取措施，除其他外，允许监督实体：
(a)	(a)
visit any place where immigration detention might occur and to do so unannounced;	访问任何可能发生移民拘留的地方，并且不事先通知；
(b)	(b)
choose the places that they want to visit and the persons whom they want to interview;	选择想去的地方和想采访的人；
(c)	(c)
obtain any information that they need, including requesting reports before, during and after their monitoring visits and receiving a prompt response to such requests;	获得需要的任何信息，包括在进行监督访问之前、期间和之后要求得到报告，并得到对这种要求的迅速答复；
(d)	(d)
make public the results of their inspections and recommendations, while preventing the disclosure of information that might put a migrant at risk; and	公布检查结果和建议，同时防止披露有可能使移民面临风险的信息；
(e)	(e)
ensure that migrants or staff who are interviewed by the monitoring entities are not subjected to reprisals.	确保接受监督实体约谈的移民或工作人员不会遭到打击报复。
87.	87.
The Committee recalls that the objective of the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, as provided for in the preamble and article 1 thereof, is to establish a system of regular visits undertaken by independent international and national bodies to places where persons are deprived of their liberty, in order to prevent torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, which is a non-derogable obligation under international law.	委员会回顾，《禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚公约任择议定书》序言和第1条规定，该议定书的目标是建立一个由独立国际机构和国家机构对存在剥夺人身自由的地方进行定期查访的制度，以防范酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚，这是国际法规定的一项不容克减的义务。
States parties to the Optional Protocol should ensure that detention facilities are monitored by such bodies, in particular by their national mechanisms for the prevention of torture.	《任择议定书》缔约国应确保拘留设施受到此类机构的监督，特别是受到国家防范酷刑机制的监督。
88.	88.
In the context of public emergencies, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, States should take steps to ensure that monitoring is carried out in such a way that allows for international and national bodies to carry out their mandate in detention facilities in line with the principle to do no harm, minimizing the need for physical contact, but offering opportunities for preventive involvement.	在类似COVID-19疫情的公共紧急情况下，各国应采取措施，确保开展监督的方式允许国际和国家机构根据不造成伤害的原则在拘留设施中执行任务，最大限度地减少身体接触的需要，但同时还要提供预防性干预的机会。
VI.	六.
Supervision and accountability	监督和问责
89.	89.
States should establish independent monitoring and accountability mechanisms in immigration detention centres and generate systematic reporting mechanisms.	各国应当在移民拘留中心建立独立的监督和问责机制，并建立系统的报告机制。
That can be achieved through cooperation between detention authorities and other stakeholders, such as national human rights institutions, parliamentarians, civil society, academia and international organizations.	这可以通过拘留主管机关和其他利益攸关方，如国家人权机构、议员、民间社会、学术界和国际组织之间的合作加以实现。
States should also provide support to all interested parties that file complaints on behalf of victims of crime, abuse or human rights violations in immigration detention centres.	各国还应当向代表移民拘留中心犯罪、虐待或侵犯人权行为受害者提出指控的所有相关方提供支持。
Furthermore, States should establish official mechanisms and procedures to provide effective remedies for human rights violations perpetrated in detention centres, provide comprehensive redress to victims and hold State and private authorities accountable for such violations.	此外，各国应当建立官方机制和程序，为拘留中心犯下的侵犯人权行为提供有效补救，为受害者提供全面赔偿，并追究国家和私人机关对这种侵权行为的责任。
VII.	七.
Access to information and data collection and indicators	获取信息、数据收集和指标
90.	90.
The Committee notes that States do not usually provide accessible public information or disaggregated data on the number, age, gender and nationality of migrants detained or on the conditions of their detention.	委员会注意到，各国通常不提供关于被拘留移民的人数、年龄、性别和国籍或拘留条件的公开信息或分类数据。
The Committee recommends that States adopt mechanisms to allow access to public information on the rights and conditions of migrant workers deprived of their liberty.	委员会建议各国建立机制，允许获取关于被剥夺人身自由的移民工人的权利和状况的公共信息。
The Committee also recommends that States collect and process such information for the development of evidence-based public policies.	委员会还建议各国收集和处理此类信息，以制定循证公共政策。
States should implement information systems to establish whether and where a migrant is detained, which is also conducive to strengthened efforts to search for missing migrants.	各国应当实施信息系统，以确定移民是否被拘留以及被拘留在何处，这也有利于加强寻找失踪移民的努力。
Such systems should safeguard the rights to privacy and data protection that protect asylum-seekers, refugees, stateless persons and members of other groups in vulnerable situations in need of additional protection, and the principle of confidentiality in the field of data protection.	这种系统应保障为寻求庇护者、难民、无国籍人和处于弱势地位、需要额外保护的其他群体成员提供保护的隐私权和数据保护权，并保障数据保护领域的保密原则。
VIII.	八.
Dissemination and use of the present general comment and reporting	本一般性意见的传播和使用以及相关报告
91.	91.
States parties should broadly disseminate the present general comment to all stakeholders, including State authorities, national human rights institutions, the private sector, including private detention facilities, civil society, the media and all migrants, regardless of their status.	缔约国应当向所有利益攸关方广泛传播本一般性意见，包括国家主管机关、国家人权机构、包括私营拘留设施在内的私营部门、民间社会、媒体和所有移民，无论其身份如何。
92.	92.
The relevant parts of the present general comment should be incorporated into the official pre-employment training and other official training of all employees, in particular technical staff, and of the authorities and staff responsible for the administration of immigration detention and law enforcement.	本一般性意见的相关部分应当纳入所有雇员，特别是技术人员，以及负责管理移民拘留和执法的主管人员和员工的正式就业前培训和其他正式培训。
93.	93.
States parties should include in their reports submitted under article 73 of the Convention information on the measures taken in the implementation of the present general comment and the results achieved.	缔约国应在根据《公约》第73条提交的报告中列入资料，说明为落实本一般性意见所采取的措施和取得的成果。
IX.	九.
Ratification or accession and reservations to the Convention	批准或加入《公约》以及对《公约》的保留
94.	94.
The Committee encourages States that have not yet done so to ratify or accede to the Convention, including the formulation of binding declarations under articles 76 and 77.	委员会鼓励尚未批准或加入《公约》的国家批准或加入《公约》，包括根据第76和77条发表具有约束力的声明。
95.	95.
States parties are encouraged to review, amend or withdraw reservations made during ratification or accession, with a view to ensuring that migrant workers and members of their families who are deprived of their liberty fully enjoy their rights under the Convention.	鼓励缔约国审查、修订或撤销在批准或加入时所作的保留，以确保被剥夺人身自由的移民工人及其家庭成员充分享有《公约》规定的权利。
1	1
Committee and the Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants, “Guidance note on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the human rights of migrants”, 26 May 2020.	委员会和移民人权特别报告员，“关于COVID-19疫情对移民人权影响的指导说明”，2020年5月26日。
2	2
Joint general comment No. 4 of the Committee/No. 23 of the Committee on the Rights of the Child (2017) on State obligations regarding the human rights of children in the context of international migration in countries of origin, transit, destination and return, para. 6.	关于原籍国、过境国、目的地国和返回国在具国际移民背景儿童的人权方面的国家义务的委员会第4号和儿童权利委员会第23号联合一般性意见(2017年)，第6段。
3	3
Joint general comments No. 3 and No. 4 of the Committee/No. 22 and No. 23 of the Committee on the Rights of the Child (2017) on the human rights of children in the context of international migration.	关于具国际移民背景儿童的人权问题的委员会第3和第4号及儿童权利委员会第22和第23号联合一般性意见(2017年)。
4	4
A/HRC/37/50, para. 28.	A/HRC/37/50, 第28段。
5	5
See also Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, revised deliberation No. 5 (A/HRC/39/45, annex), para. 24.	另见任意拘留问题工作组经修订的第5号审议意见(A/HRC/39/45, 附件)，第24段。
6	6
See also Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, revised deliberation No. 5, para. 10.	另见任意拘留问题工作组经修订的第5号审议意见，第10段。
7	7
A/74/136.	A/74/136.
8	8
Joint general comment No. 4 of the Committee/No. 23 of the Committee on the Rights of the Child (2017), para. 5.	委员会第4号和儿童权利委员会第23号联合一般性意见(2017年)，第5段。
9	9
See OHCHR and Global Migration Group, “Principles and guidelines, supported by practical guidance, on the human rights protection of migrants in vulnerable situations”.	见人权高专办和全球移民小组，《弱势移民人权保护原则、准则和辅助实用导则》。
10	10
A/HRC/37/50, para. 19.	A/HRC/37/50, 第19段。
11	11
Human Rights Committee, general comment No. 20 (1992) on the prohibition of torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, para. 6; and A/66/268, para. 76.	人权事务委员会，关于禁止酷刑或其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚的第20号一般性意见(1992年)，第6段和A/66/268, 第76段。
12	12
Committee’s general comment No. 2 (2013) on the rights of migrant workers in an irregular situation and members of their families, para. 72.	委员会关于身份不正常的移民工人及其家庭成员权利的第2号一般性意见(2013年)，第72段。
13	13
See CAT/OP/10.	见CAT/OP/10。
14	14
CERD/C/GRC/CO/20-22, para. 23;	CERD/C/GRC/CO/20-22, 第23段；
CERD/C/ESP/CO/21-23, para. 22;	CERD/C/ESP/CO/21-23, 第22段；
and CERD/C/NOR/CO/21-22, para. 36.	CERD/C/NOR/CO/21-22,第36段。
15	15
Human Rights Committee, general comment No. 35 (2014) on liberty and security of person, para. 18.	人权事务委员会关于人身自由和安全的第 35 号一般性意见(2014 年)，第 18 段。