| United Nations |
联 合 国 |
| CED/C/GC/1 |
CED/C/GC/1 |
| International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance |
保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约 |
| Committee on Enforced Disappearances |
强迫失踪问题委员会 |
| General comment No. 1 (2023) on enforced disappearance in the context of migration |
关于移民背景下的强迫失踪问题的第1号一般性意见(2023年) |
| I. |
一. |
| Introduction |
导言 |
| 1. |
1. |
| For the purposes of the present general comment, the term “migrants” is used to refer to persons who move away from their place of usual residence, whether within a country or across an international border, temporarily or permanently, and for a variety of reasons, such as family reunification or moving away from international or non-international armed conflicts, persecution, discrimination, natural disasters, environmental degradation, the effects of climate change, difficult economic situations or high crime rates. |
在本一般性意见中，“移民”一词是指出于各种原因，如家庭团聚或逃离国际或非国际武装冲突、迫害、歧视、自然灾害、环境退化、气候变化的影响、经济困难或高犯罪率，而暂时或永久离开其常住地的人，无论是在同一个国家还是须跨越国际边界。 |
| Numbers of migrants worldwide remain high. |
全世界的移民人数仍然很高。 |
| 2. |
2. |
| Migrants are in situations of particular vulnerability, which may arise from their personal characteristics or socioeconomic status, the circumstances in which they travel – including their undocumented status and language barriers – or the treatment or conditions that they face in countries of origin, transit and destination, including border areas. |
移民的处境特别脆弱，其原因可能是他们的个人特征或社会经济地位、他们旅途中遇到的问题(包括没有合法身份、存在语言障碍)，也可能是他们在原籍国、过境国和目的地国(包括边境地区)所面临的待遇或条件。 |
| The universal human rights and fundamental freedoms of migrants must be respected, protected and fulfilled at all times. |
移民的普世人权和基本自由必须始终得到尊重、保护和实现。 |
| Although States have a sovereign prerogative to manage their borders and regulate access to their territories, they must do so in full compliance with their obligations under international law, in particular human rights law, international humanitarian law, international refugee law and the law of the sea. |
尽管各国有主权权力控制其边界和规范出入境事务，但在这样做的过程中必须完全履行自身的国际法义务， 特别是人权法、国际人道法、国际难民法和海洋法规定的义务。 |
| 3. |
3. |
| Already in a situation of vulnerability and faced with restrictive immigration policies and dehumanizing border governance tactics, thousands of migrants die, disappear or go missing each year, leading to humanitarian crises in many regions of the world. |
移民已经处于弱势，并面临着限制性移民政策和非人性化的边境治理策略， 每年有数以千计的移民死亡或失踪，导致世界许多地区出现了人道危机。 |
| The issue is a high priority at the international level. |
这个问题是国际上的高度优先事项。 |
| In its resolution 74/148 on the protection of migrants, the General Assembly called for international cooperation to save lives, prevent the deaths of and injuries to migrants and identify migrants who have died or gone missing. |
大会在关于保护移民的第74/148号决议中，呼吁开展国际合作，拯救生命，防止移民死伤，并查明死亡或失踪移民的身份。 |
| The objectives of the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration, adopted in 2018, include addressing and reducing vulnerabilities in migration, saving lives and establishing coordinated efforts on missing migrants, and countering trafficking in persons in the context of international migration (objectives 7, 8 and 10). |
2018年通过的《安全、有序和正常移民全球契约》的目标包括：应对和减少移民的脆弱性，拯救生命，在失踪移民问题上开展协调一致的努力，打击国际移民背景下的人口贩运(目标7、8和10)。 |
| 4. |
4. |
| Missing persons, as understood by the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) for the purposes of its operations, are persons whose whereabouts are unknown to their relatives and/or who, on the basis of reliable information, have been reported missing in accordance with national legislation in connection with an international or non-international armed conflict, a situation of internal violence or disturbances, natural catastrophes or any other situation that may require the intervention of a competent State authority. |
红十字国际委员会在其业务活动中所称的失踪人员，是指亲属不知其下落的人，以及(或是)根据可靠信息，按国家法律报告因国际或非国际武装冲突、国内暴力或动乱局势、自然灾害或可能需要国家主管当局干预的其他任何情况而失踪的人。 |
| The International Organization for Migration (IOM), as part of its Missing Migrants Project, collects data on migrants who have died at the external borders of States or in the process of migrating towards an international destination, including as a result of transport accidents, shipwrecks or violent attacks or owing to medical complications during their journeys. |
国际移民组织(移民组织)在其失踪移民项目中，收集在国家外部边界或在向国际目的地移民过程中死亡的移民数据，包括因交通事故、海难或暴力袭击，或因旅途中出现医疗问题而死亡的移民数据。 |
| Some missing migrants could be victims of disappearance, including enforced disappearance. |
一些失踪移民可能是强迫失踪之类的失踪案件的受害者。 |
| The principal distinctive element between a migrant going missing and a migrant becoming a victim of disappearance is the commission of a crime against a migrant, as provided in articles 2, 3 and 5 of the Convention. |
移民失踪与移民成为失踪案件受害者之间的主要区别在于，是否如《公约》第二、第三和第五条所示，对移民实施了犯罪行为。 |
| 5. |
5. |
| The Committee notes with great concern that deaths and cases of disappearance are widely reported along various migration routes. |
委员会极为关切地注意到，在各条移民路线上，死亡和失踪案件被广为报告。 |
| The issue was first addressed by the Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances in 2017, in its report on enforced disappearance in the context of migration, and has not improved since. |
2017年，强迫或非自愿失踪问题工作组在其关于移民背景下强迫失踪问题的报告中首次提出了这一问题， 但此后情况并没有改善。 |
| However, accurate data on the number of victims of disappearance among missing migrants are not available or are inaccurate, owing to a lack of systematic data collection and shared databases, insufficient cooperation among States and lack of political will, barriers (linked, inter alia, to the situation of vulnerability of migrants and their relatives) to reporting cases of disappearance falling under articles 2 and 3 of the Convention, and the failure of authorities to conduct serious, effective and diligent searches and investigations. |
然而，关于失踪移民中失踪案件受害者人数的数据仍然匮乏或极不准确， 原因包括：缺乏系统的数据收集工作和共享数据库，各国间合作不力，缺乏政治意愿，在报告属于《公约》第二条和第三条意义上的失踪案件方面存在障碍(除其他外，与移民及其亲属的脆弱处境有关)，以及当局未能认真、有效、尽职地开展搜查和调查。 |
| This lack of accurate and disaggregated data hinders the adoption of policies and strategies to prevent the enforced disappearance of migrants and increases the vulnerability of migrants to becoming victims of this crime. |
缺乏准确的分类数据，这阻碍了采取防止移民被强迫失踪的政策和战略，并使移民更容易成为这一罪行的受害者。 |
| 6. |
6. |
| Different factors contribute directly or indirectly to the disappearance of migrants (falling under articles 2 and 3 of the Convention), or the risk thereof. |
不同的因素直接或间接促成了《公约》第二条和第三条意义上的移民失踪，或促成了移民失踪的危险。 |
| Various practices by some States and their agents in the context of restrictive and dehumanizing border governance directly contribute to the disappearance of migrants. |
一些国家及国家人员在限制性和非人性化的边境治理方面采取的各种做法直接导致了移民失踪。 |
| These practices include immigration detention, “pushbacks” and “chain pushbacks” on land or at sea, the systematic failure of search and rescue, and collusion between State agents and organized criminal groups engaged in trafficking in persons. |
这些做法包括：移民拘留、陆地或海上的“驱回”和“连锁驱回”、搜救工作的彻底失败 以及国家人员与从事贩运人口的有组织犯罪集团相互勾结。 |
| 7. |
7. |
| Furthermore, other factors – including rigid, securitized and increasingly militarized migration and border governance policies of States, which are often grounded in deterrence, coupled with discriminatory attitudes and practices against and a general trend of criminalization of migrants and those who assist them, and widespread impunity of those who violate the rights of migrants – indirectly contribute to the disappearance of migrants, by forcing them to choose increasingly dangerous routes that traverse hostile environments or areas affected by armed conflict or other situations of violence and to turn to criminal networks of smugglers or traffickers, which expose them to human rights violations and exploitation, including becoming victims of enforced disappearance. |
此外，其他因素――包括国家往往以威慑手段，采用僵化、安全化和日益军事化的移民和边境治理政策，加上对移民和协助移民者的歧视态度和做法以及将他们定罪的普遍趋势，而且侵犯移民权利者普遍逍遥法外，――凡此种种间接导致了移民失踪，迫使他们选择越来越危险的路线，穿越敌对环境或受武装冲突或其他暴力局势影响的地区，并求助于走私或贩运犯罪网络，这使他们受到剥削，人权受到侵犯，包括成为强迫失踪案件的受害者。 |
| This phenomenon affects all regions of the world, without exception. |
这一现象毫无例外地影响到世界所有区域。 |
| 8. |
8. |
| Among the factors that contribute to the enforced disappearance of migrants, the issue of discrimination is of specific concern: |
在造成移民强迫失踪的因素中，歧视问题特别令人关切： |
| (a) |
(a) |
| Discrimination may trigger migration among those exposed to structural or direct discrimination in their country of origin or residence; |
歧视可能引发在原籍国或居住国受到结构性歧视或直接歧视的人移民； |
| (b) |
(b) |
| Migration policies may contain discriminatory elements, such as restrictions on visas or residence permits for persons from certain countries or regions or for persons of certain nationalities; |
移民政策可能含有歧视性内容，例如对来自某些国家或区域的人或某些国籍的人的签证或居留许可施加限制； |
| (c) |
(c) |
| Certain groups of migrants may face discrimination during the migration process on the basis of migratory or socioeconomic status or other personal characteristics, such as religion, race, colour, ethnic or national origin, age, sex, sexual orientation or gender identity, which makes them even more vulnerable to becoming victims of enforced disappearance; |
某些移民群体在移民过程中可能因移民身份或社会经济地位或其他个人特征，如宗教、种族、肤色、族裔或民族血统、年龄、性别、性取向或性别认同而受到歧视，这使他们更容易成为强迫失踪案件的受害者； |
| (d) |
(d) |
| Discrimination may also affect the enjoyment by victims and their relatives of their rights concerning access to justice, including, but not limited to, participation in the investigation and search, access to legal aid, information in a language that they understand, protection and support, and presence during court proceedings. |
歧视还可能影响受害者及其亲属享有诉诸司法的权利，包括但不限于参与调查和搜寻、获得法律援助、以他们所懂得的语言获得信息、受到保护和支持以及出庭的权利。 |
| 9. |
9. |
| The Committee emphasizes that the principle of non-discrimination is fundamental in international human rights instruments, being regarded as a jus cogens norm. |
委员会强调，不歧视原则是国际人权文书的基本原则，被视为强行法规范。 |
| It must be adhered to at all times by States parties in the implementation of their obligations under the Convention relating to the prevention of and response to cases of disappearance. |
缔约国在履行《公约》规定的预防和应对失踪案件的义务时，必须始终遵守这一原则。 |
| Indeed, as set out in article 1 of the Convention, no one shall be subjected to enforced disappearance and no exceptional circumstances may be invoked as a justification for enforced disappearance. |
事实上，正如《公约》第一条所规定的，任何人不应遭受强迫失踪，任何特殊情况不得用来作为强迫失踪的辩护理由。 |
| Consequently, the obligations of States parties under the Convention apply regardless of the nationality, origin or migratory status of the victims. |
因此，无论受害者的国籍、血统或移民身份如何，缔约国根据《公约》承担的义务在此均适用。 |
| 10. |
10. |
| As the contexts and modalities of enforced disappearance evolve over time, the Committee aims to ensure a prompt and proactive response to present-day realities. |
随着强迫失踪的背景和形式随着时间的推移而发生变化，委员会的目标是确保对当今的现实作出迅速、积极的反应。 |
| Considering the serious and highly worrying developments in enforced disappearance in the context of migration, and given the inherently preventive character of the Convention, the Committee decided to focus its first general comment on assisting States parties to fulfil their relevant obligations under the Convention with regard to preventing and responding to this crime. |
考虑到在移民背景下的强迫失踪问题的严重并令人极为担忧的趋势，并鉴于《公约》本来就具有预防性质，委员会决定将其第一份一般性意见的重点放在协助缔约国履行《公约》规定的预防和应对这一罪行的相关义务上。 |
| The Committee is thereby addressing one aspect of the ongoing human rights concerns and humanitarian crisis in the context of migration, building upon the existing universal and regional legal and policy instruments applicable to the multiple human rights violations that migrants face throughout their journeys, through the lens of the obligations established under the Convention. |
因此，委员会通过《公约》规定的义务，在适用于移民在整个旅途中面临的多种侵犯人权行为的现有全球和区域法律和政策文书的基础上，特此讨论移民背景下持续存在的人权关切和人道危机的一个方面。 |
| The Committee is also further developing its standards in this regard, including through its Guiding Principles for the Search for Disappeared Persons (2019) and its statement on non-State actors in the context of the Convention (2023), which provide a clear, authoritative and interpretative position on how to prevent and react to enforced disappearance in the context of migration. |
委员会还在进一步制定这方面的标准，包括通过《搜寻失踪人员指导原则》(2019年)和关于《公约》框架内的非国家行为体的声明(2023年)，就如何预防和应对移民背景下的强迫失踪问题提供了明确、权威的解释性立场。 |
| 11. |
11. |
| In the present general comment, the Committee draws on its experience in reviewing States parties’ reports, the jurisprudence of human rights treaty bodies, the recommendations of the Human Rights Council and its special procedures, two rounds of consultations with States, experts and other stakeholders on the concept note and a preliminary draft, and regional consultations held in Latin America and the Caribbean, Asia and the Pacific, Europe, and Africa, including the Middle East and North Africa. |
在本一般性意见中，委员会借鉴了以下方面的经验：审议缔约国的报告、人权条约机构的判例、人权理事会及其特别程序的建议、与各国、专家和其他利益攸关方就概念说明和初稿进行的两轮磋商，以及在拉丁美洲和加勒比、亚洲和太平洋、欧洲、非洲包括中东和北非举行的区域磋商。 |
| II. |
二. |
| Objectives and scope of the general comment |
一般性意见的目标和范围 |
| 12. |
12. |
| The Committee is deeply concerned about the growing trend of enforced disappearance in the context of migration. |
委员会深感关切的是，移民背景下的强迫失踪问题日趋严重。 |
| It appeals to States parties to take urgent measures to prevent and respond to this phenomenon, guided by the present general comment, to ensure full compliance with their legal obligations. |
委员会呼吁缔约国遵循本一般性意见，采取紧急措施，预防和应对这一现象，以确保充分履行其法律义务。 |
| The Committee intends, in the present general comment, to clarify possible legal uncertainties under the Convention and to encourage future States parties by providing clear positions on an issue of global concern. |
委员会在本一般性意见中就一个全球关注的问题明确表明立场，意在澄清《公约》下可能存在的法律不确定性，并鼓励其他国家加入。 |
| 13. |
13. |
| Given the preventive character of the Convention, the present general comment is also aimed at assisting States parties in developing and implementing national policies to protect migrants from becoming victims of enforced disappearance and to combat impunity. |
鉴于《公约》具有预防性质，本一般性意见的目的还在于协助缔约国制定和执行国家政策，保护移民成为强迫失踪案件的受害者，打击有罪不罚现象。 |
| 14. |
14. |
| The Committee recognizes the particular situation of vulnerability of migrants themselves, and of their relatives, who are frequently also migrants and often encounter obstacles and discrimination when searching for their disappeared loved ones. |
委员会认识到，移民本身及其亲属尤其易受伤害，后者往往也是移民，他们在寻找失踪亲人时经常遇到障碍和歧视。 |
| A further objective of the general comment is thus to assist States in their efforts to ensure access to justice for victims, with a view to contributing to international efforts to improve the often dire human rights situation of migrants. |
因此，本一般性意见的另一个目标是协助各国努力确保受害者能诉诸司法，以推动国际社会努力改善移民往往十分糟糕的人权状况。 |
| 15. |
15. |
| Given the often cross-border character of enforced disappearance in the context of migration, the general comment is aimed at fostering international and regional cooperation on prevention, search and investigation with regard to the disappearance of migrants, in compliance with States parties’ obligations under the Convention. |
鉴于移民背景下的强迫失踪问题往往具有跨国性质，本一般性意见旨在促进国际和区域合作，按照缔约国根据《公约》所承担的义务，预防、搜寻和调查移民失踪案件。 |
| III. |
三. |
| Preventive mechanisms |
预防机制 |
| A. |
A. |
| Prohibition of the secret detention of migrants |
禁止秘密拘留移民 |
| 16. |
16. |
| To prevent migrants from becoming victims of enforced disappearance in the context of immigration detention, they must always be able, from the outset of their detention and regardless of its duration, to communicate with their relatives, consular authorities, legal representatives or any other person whom they could inform about their fate or whereabouts. |
为了防止移民在移民拘留期间成为强迫失踪案件的受害者， 无论拘留时间长短，他们必须从拘留一开始，就始终能够与他们的亲属、领事机构、法律代表或他们可以告知自己的命运或下落的其他任何人联系。 |
| Deprivation of liberty for immigration-related reasons should always be a measure of last resort, and migrants should be deprived of their liberty only if there are no alternatives to detention. |
出于与移民有关的理由剥夺自由始终应是最后手段，只有在除拘留外别无选择的情况下才应剥夺移民的自由。 |
| Moreover, in view of the non-derogability of the prohibition of enforced disappearances under article 1 (2) of the Convention, emergency situations must not be used to justify any form of deprivation of liberty of migrants that could amount to enforced disappearance. |
此外，鉴于《公约》第一条第二款禁止强迫失踪的规定不可克减，紧急情况不得用来作为可能构成强迫失踪的以任何形式剥夺移民自由的理由。 |
| Children should never be deprived of their liberty for reasons related to their or their parents’ migratory or residence status, or lack thereof, or solely on the basis of being unaccompanied or separated, and unaccompanied minors who are apprehended in the course of migration should be referred to child protection authorities. |
不得以儿童或其父母的移民或居留身份或无此种身份为由，或仅以孤身或离散为由剥夺儿童的自由， 在移民过程中被逮捕的孤身未成年人应移交儿童保护机构。 |
| The prohibition of secret detention under article 17 of the Convention is especially important for the prevention of cases of disappearance, and extends to situations in which migrants are deprived of their liberty by non-State actors acting with the support, authorization or acquiescence of the State. |
《公约》第十七条禁止秘密拘留，这条规定对于防止失踪案件尤其重要，并适用于非国家行为体在国家支持、授权或默许下剥夺移民自由的情况。 |
| 17. |
17. |
| The absolute prohibition, under article 17 (1) of the Convention, of the secret detention of any person, including migrants, encompasses any form of deprivation of liberty, including incommunicado detention and transfer to a secret location, regardless of the pretext used to justify it and of its duration. |
《公约》第十七条第一款绝对禁止秘密拘留任何人， 包括移民，这涵盖了任何形式的剥夺自由，包括隔离羁押和转移到秘密地点， 不论剥夺自由所用的理由和时间长短。 |
| States parties must ensure that, if migrants are deprived of their liberty, they are afforded, without exception and irrespective of the place of deprivation of liberty, de jure and de facto, all the fundamental legal safeguards provided for under article 17 (2) of the Convention and other human rights treaties. |
缔约国必须确保，如果移民被剥夺自由，不论其被剥夺自由的地点在何处，一律在法律上和事实上向其提供《公约》第十七条第二款和其他人权条约规定的所有基本法律保障。 |
| This includes the following measures: |
这包括以下措施： |
| (a) |
(a) |
| Establishing in legislation the conditions under which migrants may be deprived of their liberty; |
在法律中规定移民在何种条件下可被剥夺自由； |
| (b) |
(b) |
| Specifying which authorities are competent to order the deprivation of liberty; |
说明哪个主管机关有权下令剥夺自由； |
| (c) |
(c) |
| Guaranteeing that migrants deprived of their liberty are held solely in officially recognized and supervised places of deprivation of liberty; |
保证被剥夺自由的移民只能关押在官方认可并加以监督的场所； |
| (d) |
(d) |
| Guaranteeing that migrants deprived of their liberty are informed about their rights from the very outset, in a language that they understand, have effective access to counsel and, where necessary, a professional interpreter, and are authorized to communicate without delay with their relatives or any person of their choice, and with their consular or other diplomatic authorities, if they so wish, including the right to be visited; |
保证被剥夺自由的移民从一开始就以他们所懂得的语言被告知自己的权利，能够切实获得律师帮助，必要时获得专业口译服务，并有权毫不拖延地与其亲属或自己选择的任何人联系，如果他们愿意，还有权与其领事机构或其他外交机构联系，包括有权得到探视； |
| (e) |
(e) |
| Guaranteeing, without restriction under any circumstances and irrespective of the place of deprivation of liberty or of migratory status, the right of persons deprived of their liberty, or any persons with a legitimate interest, to take proceedings before a court in order to challenge the lawfulness of the deprivation of liberty. |
保障被剥夺自由者或任何有合法利益的人有权向法院提起诉讼，对剥夺自由的合法性提出质疑，此项权利在任何情况下都不受限制，也不论被剥夺自由的地点在何处或移民身份如何。 |
| 18. |
18. |
| States parties should also ensure that allegations of secret detention are effectively, thoroughly, promptly and impartially investigated and that those responsible are prosecuted and, if found guilty, punished in accordance with the gravity of their acts. |
缔约国还应确保对秘密拘留的指控进行有效、彻底、迅速和公正的调查，并起诉责任人，如认定有罪，则根据其行为的严重程度予以处罚。 |
| 19. |
19. |
| States parties must guarantee that migrants deprived of their liberty are able to contact and be contacted locally by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), national refugee bodies or other competent agencies and to communicate with them in private. |
缔约国必须保证被剥夺自由的移民能够在当地主动或被动与联合国难民事务高级专员公署(难民署)、国家难民机构或其他主管机构联系，并与他们进行私密交流。 |
| Information on such contact and the means for making it should be made available. |
应提供这种联系信息和联系方式。 |
| 20. |
20. |
| In accordance with article 17 (3) of the Convention, States parties must keep up-to-date official registers and records of all migrants deprived of their liberty, transferred and released, without exception and irrespective of the place or duration of the deprivation of liberty. |
根据《公约》第十七条第三款，缔约国必须维持所有被剥夺自由、转移和释放的移民的最新官方登记册和记录，无一例外，不论剥夺自由的地点或时间长短。 |
| These registers and records must, at a minimum, contain the information listed in article 17 (3) and must be filled out and maintained diligently and without delay. |
这些登记册和记录必须至少包含第十七条第三款所列的信息，并且必须认真填写保存，不得延误。 |
| In addition to the information listed in article 17 (3), and while ensuring full respect for the principles governing individual data protection in accordance with article 19, States parties are invited to consider the inclusion of photographs of persons deprived of their liberty, because some migrants may not carry identity documents or may use a false identity. |
除了第十七条第三款所列的信息外，请缔约国在确保根据第十九条充分尊重关于个人数据保护原则的同时，考虑放上被剥夺自由者的照片，因为有些移民可能没有携带身份证件或可能使用假身份。 |
| Registers and records must be made promptly available, upon request, to any judicial or other competent authority or institution authorized for that purpose by the law of the State party concerned or any relevant international legal instrument to which the State concerned is a party. |
收到要求时，必须及时将登记册和(或)记录提供给有关缔约国在这方面有法律授权的任何司法或其他主管机关或机构，或该国已加入的任何相关国际法律文书所授权的司法或其他主管机关或机构。 |
| 21. |
21. |
| The State party must provide without delay information about migrants who have been deprived of their liberty to any person with a legitimate interest, such as relatives, their representatives or their counsel. |
缔约国必须毫不拖延地向任何有合法利益的人，如亲属、其代表或律师，提供被剥夺自由的移民的信息。 |
| At a minimum, such information should include the information listed in article 18 (1) of the Convention, and States must ensure that persons with a legitimate interest have a real possibility of gaining access to it. |
这类信息至少应包括《公约》第十八条第一款所列信息，各国必须确保有合法利益的人确实有可能获得这些信息。 |
| The right of persons with a legitimate interest to have access to and to receive information may be restricted only in accordance with the provisions of article 20 (1). |
只有根据第二十条第一款的规定，才可以限制有合法利益的人获取和接收信息的权利。 |
| States parties should ensure that regulations on data protection or privacy are not used as grounds for withholding information. |
缔约国应确保有关数据保护或隐私的法规不被用作拒绝提供信息的理由。 |
| 22. |
22. |
| States parties should also compile and make publicly available exhaustive lists of all places of deprivation of liberty and ensure that independent and impartial monitors, such as national human rights institutions, national preventive mechanisms, civil society organizations and international organizations, have full access to any location where migrants are deprived of their liberty, whether run by the State party or run privately. |
缔约国还应汇编并公布所有剥夺自由地点的详尽清单， 并确保独立和公正的监督机构，如国家人权机构、国家预防机制、民间社会组织和国际组织，能够充分进入任何剥夺移民自由的地点，无论是缔约国的公办还是私营拘留场所。 |
| Access to sites of deprivation of liberty must be guaranteed in law, in accordance with article 17 (2) (e) of the Convention, and in practice. |
必须根据《公约》第十七条第二款第(五)项在法律上和实践中保障可以进入剥夺自由场所。 |
| States parties should therefore establish independent and impartial monitoring and accountability mechanisms in places of deprivation of liberty. |
因此，缔约国应在剥夺自由场所建立独立公正的监督和问责机制。 |
| Moreover, States parties should ensure that persons deprived of their liberty have access to appropriate mechanisms to report violations of their rights to the relevant authorities. |
此外，缔约国应确保被剥夺自由者能够利用适当机制，向有关当局报告侵犯其权利的行为。 |
| B. |
B. |
| Data collection |
数据收集 |
| 23. |
23. |
| The lack of reliable data and statistics on disappeared and deceased migrants is one of the main obstacles to preventing and responding to their disappearances. |
缺乏失踪和死亡移民的可靠数据和统计资料，这是预防和应对移民失踪问题的主要障碍之一。 |
| The Committee emphasizes that the regular and systematic collection of disaggregated data and the generation of accurate statistics are crucial to understanding the scale of the problem of the disappearance of migrants and to devising policies for effective prevention, search, investigation, punishment and elimination, with a differential approach. |
委员会强调，定期、系统地收集分类数据，生成准确的统计数据，对于了解移民失踪问题的严重程度和制定以差异化方式有效预防、搜寻、调查、惩罚和消除移民失踪的政策至关重要。 |
| States parties should create and regularly update a single, nationwide database of disappeared persons that includes basic information about migrants who may be victims of a disappearance, including the following: age, sex, gender identity, sexual orientation, nationality, ethnic origin and religious affiliation; |
缔约国应建立一个单一的全国失踪人员数据库并定期更新，其中列入可能成为失踪案件受害者的移民的基本信息，包括：年龄、性别、性别认同、性取向、国籍、族裔血统和宗教信仰； |
| the place, date, context and circumstances of the person’s disappearance, including all evidence relevant to determining whether it was a case of enforced disappearance; and the status of relevant search and investigation procedures and of procedures for the exhumation, identification and return of remains. |
失踪的地点、日期、背景和情形，包括与确定是否为强迫失踪案件有关的一切证据；相关搜寻和调查程序的现状，以及挖掘、辨认和归还遗骸的程序现状。 |
| States parties that are countries of origin should create a register of their nationals who have disappeared abroad and States parties that are countries of origin, transit, destination or return should ensure that the registration of migrants at border control points involves the individual examination of all applications for entry so as to allow for an effective search in the event of a person’s disappearance. |
作为原籍国的缔约国应建立一个登记册，登记在国外失踪的本国国民， 而作为原籍国、过境国、目的地国或返回国的缔约国应确保在边境口岸对移民进行登记时，对所有入境申请进行个别审查，以便在有人失踪时开展有效的搜寻工作。 |
| The authorities responsible for entering the relevant data must do so in a consistent and exhaustive manner, immediately after being informed of a case of disappearance. |
负责输入相关数据的主管机关在获悉失踪案件后，必须立即以一致和详尽的方式输入相关数据。 |
| States parties must ensure that such data are not shared or used for the purposes of immigration enforcement. |
缔约国必须确保不为移民执法的目的分享或使用此类数据。 |
| 24. |
24. |
| The Committee recommends the standardization of data collection in order to facilitate data-sharing between countries of origin, transit, destination and return. |
委员会建议将数据收集工作标准化，以方便原籍国、过境国、目的地国和返回国之间共享数据。 |
| Furthermore, States parties should ensure that databases on disappeared and missing migrants are interconnected and interoperable at the national and international levels in order to facilitate the cross-checking of information. |
此外，缔约国应确保失踪移民数据库在国家和国际层面互连互通，以方便信息的交叉核对。 |
| Any exchange of personal data, both nationally and across borders or jurisdictions, should meet internationally accepted standards on data and privacy. |
交换任何个人数据，无论是在国内交换还是跨境或跨司法辖区交换，都应符合国际公认的数据和隐私标准。 |
| Moreover, personal data, in particular biometric data, should be used only for the purposes of searching for disappeared migrants, in accordance with article 19 (1) of the Convention, and of providing information to persons with a legitimate interest, in accordance with article 18. |
此外，根据《公约》第十九条第一款，个人数据尤其是生物特征数据，只能用于寻找失踪移民，以及根据第十八条向有合法利益的人提供信息。 |
| 25. |
25. |
| The absence of record-keeping throughout the handling of persons in the context of irregular border crossings further increases the risk of their becoming victims of human rights violations, including enforced disappearance. |
在处理非正常过境人员的整个过程中没有记录，这进一步增加了他们成为强迫失踪等侵犯人权行为受害者的风险。 |
| It also renders any accountability impossible, including effective inquiries and investigations. |
它还使得任何问责行动，包括有效的询问和调查无法开展。 |
| Consequently, States parties must keep records of their handling of persons in the context of irregular border crossings, and footage from border surveillance equipment should be preserved and made accessible to those mandated with overseeing border operations, as well as to authorities in charge of the search for disappeared migrants and the investigations into their disappearances. |
因此，缔约国必须保留其处理非正常过境人员的记录， 并应保存边境监控设备的录像，供负责监督边境行动的人员以及负责搜寻失踪移民和调查移民失踪案件的主管机关查阅。 |
| 26. |
26. |
| In addition to collecting data, States parties should conduct contextual analyses to identify possible patterns in cases of the disappearance of migrants and the underlying structural failures that enable these crimes, and possible ties between authorities and criminal networks involved in trafficking in persons and the smuggling of migrants. |
除收集数据之外，缔约国还应进行背景分析，以查明移民失踪案件的可能模式和促成这些犯罪行为的潜在结构性缺陷， 以及主管机关与参与贩运人口和偷运移民的犯罪网络之间可能存在的联系。 |
| For this purpose, the Committee recommends the collection of qualitative data. |
为此，委员会建议收集定性数据。 |
| In order to identify trends and patterns in cases of the disappearance of migrants in the context of trafficking in persons, States parties should cooperate with a broad range of actors, including anti-trafficking and migration professionals. |
为了查明与人口贩运有关的移民失踪案件的趋势和模式，缔约国应当与反贩运和移民从业人员在内的各种行为体合作。 |
| C. |
C. |
| Policies and non-criminalization |
政策与非刑罪化 |
| 27. |
27. |
| Policies that criminalize migrants, and migration itself, lack the mechanisms necessary to allow for the prior assessment of the risks and circumstances in each individual case. |
将移民定罪的政策以及移民活动本身缺乏必要的机制，无法对每个个案的风险和具体情况事先加以评估。 |
| Instead, such policies focus on deterring entry and heighten the risk of migrants becoming victims of human rights violations, including enforced disappearance. |
相反，这种政策侧重于是阻止移民入境，增加了移民成为强迫失踪等侵犯人权行为受害者的风险。 |
| Consequently, the Committee urges States parties to adopt evidence-based policies to foster access to regular, safe and orderly migration, in accordance with the objectives of and commitments made in the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration. |
因此，委员会敦促缔约国根据《安全、有序和正常移民全球契约》的目标和承诺，采取循证政策，促进正常、安全和有序的移民。 |
| Specifically, States parties should work towards enhancing pathways for regular migration, addressing and reducing vulnerabilities in migration, saving lives, countering trafficking in persons and the smuggling of migrants, training and adequately equipping border authorities, finding alternatives to detention, facilitating consular assistance and, if appropriate, consular access to relevant information about disappeared persons, and eliminating discrimination. |
具体而言，缔约国应努力加强正常移民的途径，应对和减少移民活动的脆弱性，拯救生命，打击贩运人口和偷运移民，培训边防人员并为其提供适当装备，寻找拘留的替代办法，便利领事援助，并酌情便利领事获取失踪人员的相关信息，消除歧视。 |
| In addition, States parties must guarantee the rights of every person to seek legal protection based on an individual risk assessment and of access to justice through legal remedies, including in situations where military forces are involved in border control. |
此外，缔约国必须保障每个人根据个人风险评估寻求法律保护的权利，以及获得法律补救办法的权利，包括在军队参与边境管制的情形中。 |
| States parties must end, investigate and punish practices of collective expulsions and pushbacks at borders or failure to act diligently to rescue migrants who are at sea, in the desert, in impassable forests, exposed to extreme temperatures or in other life-threatening situations. |
缔约国必须停止在边境进行集体驱逐和驱回，停止不尽职尽责地采取行动，营救在海上、沙漠、无法逾越的森林、面临严寒酷暑或处于其他危及生命的情形的移民，对相关做法进行调查并加以惩罚。 |
| 28. |
28. |
| Given the role played by non-State actors in many cases of the disappearance of migrants, States parties should, in cooperation with countries of origin, transit, destination and return, increase efforts to counter any form of exploitation or trafficking in persons and address the abuses and rights violations occurring in the context of smuggling and corruption. |
鉴于非国家行为体在许多移民失踪案件中所扮演的角色， 缔约国应与原籍国、过境国、目的地国和返回国合作，加大力度打击任何形式的剥削或贩运人口行为，并着手解决与偷运和腐败相关的虐待和侵犯人权行为。 |
| States parties are encouraged to accede to and implement international instruments for the suppression of transnational organized crime, such as the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, the Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, and the United Nations Convention against Corruption, and other relevant international and regional instruments, as part of their efforts to prevent the disappearance of migrants. |
委员会鼓励缔约国加入并执行打击跨国有组织犯罪的各项国际文书，如《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约关于预防、禁止和惩治贩运人口特别是妇女和儿童行为的补充议定书》、《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约关于打击陆、海、空偷运移民的补充议定书》、《联合国反腐败公约》及其他相关国际和区域文书，努力防止移民失踪。 |
| 29. |
29. |
| Special consideration must be given to the rights of migrant children, in particular unaccompanied minors. |
必须特别考虑移民儿童的权利，特别是孤身未成年人的权利。 |
| The separation of children from their families increases the risk of enforced disappearance and should be avoided, unless it is determined to be in the best interests of the child in compliance with international standards. |
应当避免儿童与家人分离，这会增加强迫失踪的风险，除非根据国际标准确定这样做符合儿童的最大利益。 |
| States parties should take effective measures to ensure the protection of unaccompanied or separated migrant children housed in reception centres, or other places of accommodation, from becoming victims of human rights violations, including disappearance falling under articles 2 and 3 of the Convention. |
缔约国应采取有效措施，确保接待中心或其他收容场所的孤身或离散移民儿童得到保护，使其人权免遭侵犯，包括《公约》第二条和第三条意义上的失踪。 |
| Children born on migrant routes or in places of deprivation of liberty are at additional risk of wrongful removal (art. 25) and it is therefore paramount to ensure their registration at birth. |
在移民途中或在被剥夺自由地点出生的儿童更有可能遭到非法劫持(第二十五条)，因此务必确保对他们进行出生登记。 |
| To respect their best interests, States parties should grant children at international borders the right to access to the territory, regardless of the documentation that they have or lack, and to be referred to authorities in charge of evaluating their needs in terms of protection of their rights, ensuring their procedural safeguards. |
为尊重儿童的最大利益，缔约国应给予身处国际边境儿童入境的权利，无论他们是否拥有证件或拥有何种证件，并将其转交给负责评估其权利保护需求的主管部门，确保对他们的程序保障。 |
| Respect for the best interests of the child and family unity should be prioritized by, for example, promptly identifying migrant children at border controls or in other circumstances, assigning a guardian to unaccompanied children and putting in place best interests determination procedures. |
应优先考虑尊重儿童的最大利益，优先考虑家庭团聚，例如，在边境口岸或其他场合及时识别移民儿童，为孤身儿童指定监护人，并制定最大利益确定程序。 |
| 30. |
30. |
| The criminalization of both migration and the provision of assistance to migrants directly contributes to the heightened risk of disappearance faced by migrants, as it places them in a situation of vulnerability. |
将移民行为和向移民提供援助定为刑事犯罪，这使移民处于弱势地位，直接加剧了他们面临的失踪风险。 |
| The Committee urges States parties to avoid criminalizing migration, both in law and in practice, and to facilitate a supportive environment for persons or organizations providing humanitarian or legal assistance to migrants. |
委员会敦促缔约国在法律和实践中避免将移民行为定为刑事犯罪，并为向移民提供人道或法律援助的个人或组织创造有利环境。 |
| States parties must ensure that human rights defenders, civil society actors, journalists and anyone providing such assistance are not exposed to reprisals or intimidation and are not criminalized or prosecuted for their involvement in search and rescue operations concerning migrants, in monitoring and documenting violations or in providing any other form of assistance to migrants. |
缔约国必须确保人权维护者、民间社会行为体、记者和任何提供这类援助的人不因参与对移民的搜救行动、监测和记录侵权行为或向移民提供其他任何形式的援助而遭到报复或恐吓，或被定罪或起诉。 |
| To this end, States parties should review the terminology used in certain types of legislation, such as legislation on countering trafficking, smuggling and terrorism. |
为此，缔约国应审查某些类型的立法，如关于打击贩运、偷运和恐怖主义的立法中使用的术语。 |
| D. |
D. |
| Non-refoulement and the prohibition of pushbacks |
不推回和禁止驱回 |
| 31. |
31. |
| Article 16 (1) of the Convention enshrines the non-derogable principle of non-refoulement of any persons to another State where there are substantial grounds for believing that they would be in danger of being subjected to enforced disappearance. |
《公约》第十六条第一款规定了一项不得克减的原则，即如果有充分理由相信，将某人推回到另一国家，有造成此人遭受强迫失踪的危险，任何缔约国均不得采取上述行动。 |
| States parties should explicitly incorporate this principle into national legislation and refrain from creating legal exceptions aimed at its circumvention. |
缔约国应将这一原则明确纳入国家法律， 避免为规避这一原则而制造法律例外。 |
| The prohibition of refoulement applies wherever the State party exercises jurisdiction or effective control over the persons concerned, including at sea and on vessels. |
禁止推回适用于缔约国对有关人员行使管辖权或有效控制的任何地方，包括海上和船上。 |
| It also applies whenever States parties decide to externalize migration management to third countries. |
缔约国决定将移民管理事务外部化给第三国时，这一原则也适用。 |
| 32. |
32. |
| The principle of non-refoulement requires States parties to ensure that each person’s case is examined individually, impartially and independently by competent administrative and judicial authorities, in conformity with international due process standards. |
不推回原则要求缔约国确保主管行政和司法机关按照国际正当程序标准，对每个人的案件进行单独、公正、独立的审查。 |
| This process should include an assessment of whether there is a risk of the person being transferred on to a third country where they may be subjected to enforced disappearance (“chain refoulement”). |
这一程序应包括对有关人员是否有被转移到他们可能遭受强迫失踪的第三国(“连锁推回”)的风险进行评估。 |
| Lists of “safe countries” must not be used as an alternative to individual assessments of risk. |
“安全国家”名单不得用来替代单独的风险评估。 |
| Moreover, any diplomatic assurances must be evaluated with the utmost care. |
此外，对任何外交保证必须极其谨慎地进行评估。 |
| A decision to return any individuals after such an assessment must be communicated to the migrants in a language that they understand, and in writing if requested, and must be subject to an appeal, with suspensive effect, before an independent and impartial authority. |
在评估后作出的遣返决定必须以移民所懂得的语言，经他们要求，应以书面方式传达给他们， 并可向独立公正的主管机关提出具有中止效力的上诉。 |
| 33. |
33. |
| To ensure respect for the principle of non-refoulement in practice, States parties should build the institutional capacity necessary to conduct individual assessments, with duly trained personnel and adequate funding, and consider establishing national independent border monitoring mechanisms. |
为确保在实践中尊重不推回原则，缔约国应建立起进行单独评估所需的机构能力，配备接受过适当训练的人员和充足的经费，并考虑建立独立的国家边境监测机制。 |
| Furthermore, States parties should provide training to border officials and staff involved in asylum, return, surrender or extradition procedures and to law enforcement officials, in general, on the concept of enforced disappearance and on the assessment of the related risks. |
此外，缔约国应向边防人员和参与庇护、遣返、移交或引渡程序的工作人员以及一般执法人员提供关于“强迫失踪”概念及相关风险评估的培训。 |
| 34. |
34. |
| The Committee calls upon States parties to avoid indirect refoulement resulting from the creation of conditions that leave migrants no option but to return to a country where there are substantial grounds to believe that they would be in danger of being subjected to enforced disappearance or transferred to another country where they would face such a risk. |
委员会呼吁缔约国避免造成间接推回，以免造成移民别无选择，只能返回有充分理由相信他们有可能遭受强迫失踪的国家，或被转移到他们可能面临这种风险的另一个国家。 |
| 35. |
35. |
| Pushbacks, and any other form of collective expulsion that do not allow for an individual assessment, constitute a flagrant violation of article 16 of the Convention. |
驱回以及其他任何不考虑进行单独评估的集体驱逐形式，构成对《公约》第十六条的公然违反。 |
| In the absence of an internationally agreed legal definition of the term, the Committee considers that pushbacks constitute measures taken by States, sometimes involving third countries or non-State actors, which result in migrants being summarily forced back, without an individual assessment of their human rights protection needs, to the country or territory, or to sea, whether it be territorial waters or international waters, from where they attempted to cross or crossed an international border. |
鉴于在移民领域，没有关于“驱回”的国际公认的法律定义，委员会认为，“驱回”即国家采取各种措施，导致试图穿越或已经穿越一条国际边界的移民，在没有对其人权保护需求进行个案评估的情况下，即刻遭到强制返回国际边界另一侧的国家或领土或海洋(无论是领海还是国际水域)，有时涉及第三国或非国家行为体。 |
| The Committee is of the view that, when pushbacks involve the deprivation of liberty of migrants and the concealment of their fate or whereabouts, they amount to enforced disappearance within the meaning of article 2 of the Convention, regardless of the duration of the deprivation of liberty. |
委员会认为，当驱回涉及剥夺移民自由和隐瞒其命运或下落时，无论剥夺自由的时间长短，都构成《公约》第二条意义上的强迫失踪。 |
| They may also constitute a violation of articles 17 and 18, which prohibit secret detention and guarantee the right of access to information about persons deprived of their liberty, and of other articles of the Convention, depending on the circumstances. |
视具体情况而定，驱回还可能违反禁止秘密拘留和保障获得关于被剥夺自由者的信息的权利的第十七条和第十八条以及《公约》其他条款。 |
| The same applies to cases where pushbacks are carried out by non-State actors or intergovernmental organizations that act with the support, authorization or acquiescence of the State party. |
这同样适用于非国家行为体或政府间组织在缔约国支持、授权或默许下实施的驱回行动。 |
| In addition, the seizure and destruction of individuals’ personal belongings, identity documents or mobile phones after their apprehension may lead to enforced disappearance, given that individuals are left without any means to communicate their whereabouts to relatives or prove their identity. |
此外，逮捕后没收和销毁个人的个人物品、身份证件或手机可能导致强迫失踪，因为个人没有任何手段将其下落告知亲属或证明其身份。 |
| 36. |
36. |
| By obstructing access to applicable legal frameworks and procedural safeguards, pushbacks place migrants outside the protection of the law, make them vulnerable and may result in human rights violations incompatible with States’ obligations under international human rights law. |
通过阻碍利用适用的法律框架和程序保障，驱回将移民置于法律保护之外，使他们处于弱势地位，并可能导致违反国家根据国际人权法承担的义务侵犯人权的行为。 |
| Such obligations concern not only the prohibition of refoulement and collective expulsion, but also the prohibition of torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, the right to liberty and the right to life. |
这种义务不仅涉及禁止推回和集体驱逐， 而且也涉及禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚， 并涉及自由权 和生命权。 |
| Pushbacks that do not involve the deprivation of liberty also raise grave concerns because they effectively remove the persons subjected to them from any protection of the law and contribute to a risk of disappearance. |
不涉及剥夺自由的驱回也令人严重关切，因为这种驱回实际上将遭受驱回的人排除在任何法律保护之外，并增加了他们失踪的风险。 |
| The Committee strongly urges States parties to refrain from such practices, including chain pushbacks, and from indirect pushbacks that result from a deliberate failure to search and rescue at sea or on land. |
委员会强烈敦促缔约国不要采取这种做法，包括不要实行连锁驱回，也不要故意不在海上或陆地上进行搜救而实行间接驱回。 |
| States parties, therefore, must refrain from conducting pushbacks, must effectively investigate, prosecute and punish any allegations of such practices and must not deny their occurrence. |
因此，缔约国必须避免采取驱回行动，必须对任何关于这种做法的指控切实进行调查、提出起诉并予以惩处，并且不得否认这种做法的发生。 |
| IV. |
四. |
| Obligations to search and investigate |
搜寻和调查的义务 |
| 37. |
37. |
| The Committee recalls that the obligations to search for disappeared persons, conduct effective investigations into cases of alleged disappearance, including those falling within article 3 of the Convention, and prosecute and punish perpetrators are fundamental to ending this heinous crime and preventing its reoccurrence. |
委员会认为，搜寻失踪人员、切实调查指称的失踪案件(包括属于《公约》第三条范围内的案件)以及起诉和惩罚犯罪者的义务，对于制止这一滔天罪行、不让其再次发生至关重要。 |
| In migration contexts, cases of disappearance are often not reported, for example, owing to obstacles faced by relatives living in another country, language, cultural or knowledge barriers and fear among relatives or witnesses who may themselves have an irregular migratory status. |
由于居住在另一个国家的亲属面临障碍，语言、文化或知识不通，以及亲属或证人本身可能具有非正规移民身份而心存恐惧等种种原因，移民背景下的失踪案件往往不被报告。 |
| Authorities should initiate the search and investigation ex officio as soon as they become aware of or have indications, through any means, that a person has been subjected to disappearance. |
主管机关一旦通过任何手段了解到或有迹象表明有人失踪，便应依职权立即展开搜寻和调查。 |
| The burden of proof should not be on the victims or relatives. |
举证责任不应由受害者或亲属承担。 |
| 38. |
38. |
| All individuals, irrespective of their migratory status, must be guaranteed the right to report an enforced disappearance (art. 12 (1)). |
必须保障所有人，不论其移民身份如何，都有权报告强迫失踪案件(第十二条第一款)。 |
| For the right to report to be effective, States parties should endeavour to raise awareness about existing reporting mechanisms and provide professional interpreters whenever necessary. |
为使报告权能有效发挥作用，缔约国应努力宣传现有报告机制，并在必要时提供专业口译员。 |
| Moreover, witnesses or relatives must be able to report disappearance without fear of reprisals, including deportation or deprivation of liberty. |
而且，必须确保证人或亲属能够报告失踪情况而不必担心受到报复，包括被驱逐出境或剥夺自由。 |
| States parties should therefore create functional and accessible mechanisms to enable the reporting of a disappearance from another country, and promptly alert the competent authorities of the country in which the alleged disappearance took place. |
因此，缔约国应建立有效和可利用的机制，让人能够报告发生在另一国的失踪案件，并迅速提醒据称发生失踪案件的国家的主管部门。 |
| 39. |
39. |
| To ensure the effectiveness of the search, States parties should implement the Committee’s Guiding Principles for the Search for Disappeared Persons and other international standards. |
为确保搜寻工作取得效果，缔约国应执行委员会《搜寻失踪人员指导原则》和其他国际标准。 |
| The search should be conducted under the presumption that the person is alive; |
搜寻时应假定当事人还活着； |
| respect human dignity at every stage; |
在每个阶段尊重人的尊严； |
| be governed by a public policy; |
服从公共政策； |
| follow a differential approach; |
遵循差异化方针； |
| respect the right to participation; |
尊重参与权； |
| begin without delay; |
立即开始； |
| continue until the disappeared person’s fate and whereabouts have been determined with certainty; |
在确定失踪者的命运和下落之前一直继续下去； |
| be conducted on the basis of a comprehensive strategy; |
根据一项全面战略进行； |
| take into account the particular vulnerability of migrants; |
考虑到移民的特殊脆弱性； |
| be organized efficiently; |
组织有效； |
| use information in an appropriate manner; |
以适当的方式使用信息； |
| be coordinated; |
协调一致； |
| reinforce the criminal investigation; |
增进刑事侦查工作； |
| be carried out safely; |
保证安全； |
| be independent and impartial; |
保持独立公正； |
| and be governed by public protocols. |
并受公开规程规范。 |
| Investigations of cases of the disappearance of migrants must be transparent, thorough and impartial and must adopt a differential approach that considers the structural vulnerability of migrants and the intersectional vulnerability of particular groups of migrants, such as women, children, members of LGBTQI+ communities and those belonging to certain ethnic or racial groups. |
对移民失踪案件的调查必须做到透明、彻底和公正，必须采取差异化方针，考虑到移民的结构性脆弱性以及妇女、儿童、LGBTQI+人员以及属于某些族裔或种族群体的移民等特定群体的交叉脆弱性。 |
| 40. |
40. |
| When investigating cases of the disappearance of migrants, States should have a clear and comprehensive investigation strategy that guarantees the exhaustiveness and impartiality of the investigation and includes contextual analysis. |
在调查移民失踪案件时，各国应制定明确全面的调查战略，保证调查详尽公正，并包含背景分析。 |
| Once the perpetrators have been identified, they should be prosecuted and punished in accordance with the gravity of the crime, and the situation of vulnerability of migrants should be considered an aggravating circumstance. |
一旦找出犯罪人，便应根据罪行的严重程度对其进行起诉并予以惩罚，移民的脆弱处境应被视为加重处罚的情节。 |
| States parties applying a statute of limitations must take into account the fact that enforced disappearance is a continuous crime and that the term of limitation for criminal proceedings commences from the moment when the offence of enforced disappearance ceases. |
适用诉讼时效法规的缔约国必须考虑到，强迫失踪是一种持续性犯罪，刑事诉讼时效从强迫失踪罪停止之时起算。 |
| States parties must also take all the measures necessary to establish their competence to exercise jurisdiction over the offence of enforced disappearance occurring outside their territory, as provided for in article 9 of the Convention. |
缔约国还必须采取一切必要措施，根据《公约》第九条的规定，确立对境外发生的强迫失踪罪行使管辖权的权限。 |
| 41. |
41. |
| To facilitate search and investigation, States parties should ensure effective inter-institutional cooperation and coordination at the national level and among institutions from countries of origin, transit, destination and return. |
为方便搜查和调查工作，缔约国应当确保在国家层面以及在原籍国、过境国、目的地国和返回国的机构之间切实开展机构间合作与协调。 |
| Moreover, States parties should strive to create standardized protocols for search and investigation in cases of disappeared migrants across States and enable the exchange of all relevant information, including national registers of disappeared persons and DNA databases, while respecting international standards on data protection and privacy and not exposing migrants to further risk. |
此外，各缔约国应努力制定标准化的规程，以便在失踪移民案件中跨国进行搜寻和调查， 并促成交流所有相关信息，包括失踪人员国家登记册和DNA数据库，同时尊重关于数据保护和隐私的国际标准，不使移民面临进一步的风险。 |
| States parties must ensure that all competent institutions are adequately funded and equipped and have the necessary properly trained personnel. |
缔约国必须确保所有主管机构都配备充足的资金和设备，并拥有必要的训练有素的人员。 |
| 42. |
42. |
| States parties must ensure that the relatives of disappeared migrants, their representatives and any other person with a legitimate interest, irrespective of where they reside, are able and supported to gain access to information without delay and to take part in all stages of the search and investigation if they so wish. |
缔约国必须确保失踪移民的亲属、他们的代表和其他任何有合法利益的人，无论他们居住在何处，都能够毫不拖延地获得信息，如果愿意可以参与搜寻和调查的所有阶段，并得到相应的支持。 |
| In the course of the search and investigation process, States parties should use information provided by relatives, civil society organizations, international organizations and other States that has been gathered through the innovative use of information and communications technology. |
在搜寻和调查过程中，缔约国应运用亲属、民间社会组织、国际组织和其他国家通过创新使用信息和通信技术收集的信息。 |
| 43. |
43. |
| States parties should take all appropriate measures to search for, identify and return the remains of migrants who are found dead along migratory routes. |
缔约国应采取一切适当措施，搜寻、辨认和归还在移民路线上发现的死亡移民遗骸。 |
| To this end, States parties should investigate allegations of deaths along migratory routes and the existence of clandestine mass graves and establish a register of remains found. |
为此，缔约国应调查关于移民路线沿线发生死亡和存在秘密乱葬坑的指控，并建立一个寻获遗骸登记册。 |
| Exhumations of such sites must be conducted in full compliance with international standards. |
这些地点的挖掘工作必须完全按照国际标准进行。 |
| To facilitate the search for and the identification of remains, States parties should establish centralized DNA databases that contain the necessary genetic data, as well as ante-mortem and post-mortem information, and should promote the establishment of agreements, mechanisms and practices with all relevant countries – of possible origin, transit, destination and return – to multiply the options for DNA data matches concerning unidentified human remains. |
为便利搜寻和辨认遗骸，缔约国应建立DNA中央数据库，其中必须包含必要的基因数据以及生前和死后信息，并应促进与所有相关国家――可能的原籍国、过境国、目的地国和返回国――确立协议、机制和做法，以增加对身份不明的遗骸进行DNA数据匹配的选项。 |
| V. |
五. |
| Victims’ rights |
受害者的权利 |
| 44. |
44. |
| States parties have an obligation to ensure that all victims of enforced disappearance have access to their rights to truth and justice, reparation and guarantees of non-repetition, including when such disappearance occurs in the context of migration. |
缔约国有义务确保所有强迫失踪案件的受害者，包括在移民背景下发生强迫失踪时，都能行使了解真相、伸张正义、获得赔偿和保证不再发生的权利。 |
| Reparation should be understood in a broad sense that includes restitution, rehabilitation, satisfaction, including restoration of dignity and reputation, and guarantees of non-repetition. |
赔偿应从广义上理解，包括恢复原状、康复、抵偿(包括恢复尊严和名誉)和保证不再发生。 |
| In addition, all victims have a right to prompt, fair and adequate compensation (art. 24 (2)–(5)). |
此外，所有受害者都有权得到迅速、公正和充分的赔偿(第二十四条第二至五款)。 |
| 45. |
45. |
| In ensuring access to compensation and reparation, States parties must be sensitive to the specific needs of victims, taking into account, inter alia, their sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, age, nationality, ethnic origin, social status, disability, migratory status and other characteristics of the person or their relatives. |
在确保获得补偿和赔偿方面，缔约国必须敏感地注意受害者的具体需求，特别要考虑到受害者的性别、性取向、性别认同、年龄、国籍、族裔血统、社会地位、残疾状况、移民身份以及受害者或其亲属的其他特征。 |
| Such access must be guaranteed for those in any form of union comparable to marriage, even when not recognized under the law of the State party or the country in which relatives are located. |
必须保障那些处于任何类似于婚姻的结合形式中的人获得这种权利，即使缔约国或亲属所在国的法律不承认这种结合。 |
| 46. |
46. |
| Specific attention should be given to ensuring the necessary psychosocial and logistical support for relatives of disappeared persons. |
应特别注意确保向失踪者亲属提供必要的心理和后勤支持。 |
| Relatives should be provided with effective and quick access to humanitarian visas and temporary residence permits, and other measures should be taken to facilitate their participation in the search and investigation and their access to information about their loved ones. |
应向亲属提供有效快速的人道主义签证和临时居留许可，并应采取其他措施，便利他们参与搜寻和调查，获得有关其亲人的信息。 |
| States parties should ensure that disappeared migrants found alive and their relatives are not deported or expelled because of their irregular migratory status prior to the final decision in criminal proceedings, given that such action may impede access to justice. |
缔约国应确保在刑事诉讼最后裁决之前，被发现还活着的失踪移民及其亲属不会因其非正常移民身份而被递解出境或遭到驱逐，因为这类行动可能妨碍司法程序。 |
| The right of relatives to take part or be represented in the trial and in the search and investigation must be guaranteed. |
必须保障亲属参加或请人参加审判、搜寻和调查的权利。 |
| State authorities must maintain effective communication with relatives, including through the use of new technologies or, where appropriate, diplomatic and consular representation. |
国家当局必须与亲属保持有效沟通，包括使用新技术，或酌情通过外交和领事代表保持有效沟通。 |
| 47. |
47. |
| States parties should remove or simplify the administrative procedures in place for migrant victims of enforced disappearance found alive and the relatives of forcibly disappeared persons to obtain access to appropriate victim support services before, during and, for an appropriate time, after proceedings. |
缔约国应取消或简化现行的行政程序，以便被发现还活着的强迫失踪案件的移民受害者和强迫失踪者的亲属在诉讼之前、期间和之后的适当时间内获得适当的受害者支助服务。 |
| To achieve this, the creation of emergency funds aimed at covering the immediate economic expenses of relatives in the search process is fundamental, as is the ongoing training of civil servants in public institutions, including consular authorities, on issues of psychosocial approach, intersectional, intercultural and gender perspectives and the context of forced migration, in order to ensure that relatives are treated in a dignified manner and to avoid their revictimization. |
为实现这一目标，必须设立应急基金，以支付亲属在搜寻过程中的直接经济开支，还必须对包括领事机构在内的公共机构的公务员进行持续培训，培训内容涉及社会心理方法、交叉、跨文化和性别视角以及被迫移民的情况，以确保亲属得到有尊严的对待，并避免他们再次受害。 |
| Training should also include addressing the specific needs of migrants who disappeared as a result of trafficking in persons or illegal adoption. |
培训内容还应包括如何应对因贩运人口 或非法收养 而失踪的移民的具体需求。 |
| State bodies should also have a specialized system of care in place to provide relatives with social and psychological support, legal advice and medical care in a language that they understand. |
国家机构还应建立专门的关怀系统，以亲属所懂得的语言向他们提供社会和心理支持、法律咨询和医疗服务。 |
| 48. |
48. |
| States parties should use inter-State cooperation mechanisms to ensure continuity in the enjoyment of victims’ rights as they migrate from one State party to another, but also after they arrive in their country of destination or return to their country of origin. |
缔约国应利用国家间合作机制，确保受害者在从一个缔约国迁移到另一个缔约国途中，并在抵达目的地国或返回原籍国后，继续享有受害者的权利。 |
| Cooperation instruments should not be limited to the search, but should include all processes derived from the investigation, including locating and releasing disappeared persons from deprivation of liberty and exhuming, identifying and returning remains, ensuring their repatriation where necessary. |
合作手段不应仅限于搜寻，而且也应包括调查所引发的所有进程，包括发现和解救被剥夺自由的失踪人员，挖掘、辨认和归还遗骸，确保在必要时将其送返原籍。 |
| The repatriation of bodies must be timely and without cost to relatives and must follow strict protocols with regard to notification in order to avoid revictimization. |
遗体的送返必须及时，不给亲属带来任何费用，而且必须遵守严格的通知程序，以避免造成再次伤害。 |
| Whenever requested, consular offices or embassies should play a crucial role in facilitating communication with relatives based abroad. |
领事馆或大使馆只要接到请求，便应发挥关键作用，为与海外亲属联系提供便利。 |
| Efficient communication channels should be established between consular authorities in the country in which the person disappeared and all the national authorities of that country that may be able to provide information about the disappeared person, including prosecution authorities, places of deprivation of liberty, shelters, other consular missions, hospitals and communities of migrants abroad. |
失踪人员所在国的领事机构应与该国所有可能提供失踪人员信息的国家机构，包括检察机关、剥夺自由场所、收容所、其他领事使团、医院和海外移民社区建立有效的沟通渠道。 |
| 49. |
49. |
| Considering the situation of special vulnerability of relatives of disappeared persons, States parties must eliminate any harmful practices that limit or hamper their right to form and participate freely in organizations and associations focused on attempting to establish the circumstances of cases of enforced disappearance and the fate of disappeared persons in the context of migration, and to assist migrant victims of enforced disappearance. |
缔约国必须考虑到失踪人员亲属特别脆弱的处境，消除任何限制或妨碍他们自由组建、参加组织和协会的权利的有害做法，这些组织和协会的工作重点是设法查明强迫失踪案件的相关情节和移民背景下失踪人员的命运，并向强迫失踪案件的移民受害者提供帮助。 |
| VI. |
六. |
| Training and cooperation |
培训与合作 |
| 50. |
50. |
| States parties should ensure that the programmes that they implement in compliance with article 23 of the Convention include specific elements relating to the prevention, investigation, prosecution and punishment of enforced disappearance in the context of migration. |
缔约国应确保按照《公约》第二十三条实施的方案含有预防、调查、起诉和惩治移民背景下的强迫失踪行为体面的具体内容。 |
| In this context, particular attention should be paid to the concepts of enforced disappearance and non-discrimination, to the particular situation of vulnerability and needs of migrants and their relatives and to international cooperation mechanisms. |
在这方面，应特别注意强迫失踪和不歧视的概念、移民及其亲属的特殊脆弱处境和需求以及国际合作机制。 |
| Such training should be provided to law enforcement and civil or military security personnel, medical and forensic personnel, public officials, including border officials and other officials involved in border-control measures and the apprehension or deprivation of liberty of migrants, and other persons who may be involved in the custody or treatment of migrants deprived of their liberty. |
应向执法人员和民事或军事安保人员、医务和法医人员、公职人员(包括边防人员以及负责边境管制措施和逮捕或剥夺移民自由的其他官员)以及可能参与拘留或处理被剥夺自由的移民的其他人员提供此类培训。 |
| 51. |
51. |
| Given the often transnational nature of migration processes, cooperation and mutual legal assistance among States parties are crucial if they are to comply fully with their obligations under the Convention to prevent and investigate disappearance, search for disappeared persons and ensure the rights of victims. |
鉴于移民过程往往具有跨国性质，缔约国之间的合作和司法协助至关重要，只有这样，它们才能充分履行《公约》规定的义务，预防和调查失踪案件，搜寻失踪人员，并确保受害者的权利。 |
| To facilitate cooperation and assistance, States parties should adopt and implement bilateral and multilateral cooperation agreements, enhance existing institutional capacities or establish competent authorities and strengthen their capacities as necessary to ensure the effective coordination of search and investigation efforts, including the prompt and secure exchange of information and documentation that may help to locate persons disappeared during migration. |
为便利合作与援助，缔约国应当通过并执行双边和多边合作协定，加强现有机构能力或建立主管机关，并在必要时加强其能力，以确保有效协调搜寻和调查工作，包括迅速安全地交换可能有助于查找移民期间失踪人员的信息和记录。 |
| Such agreements should be subject to regular review and updated to reflect the requirements of the current circumstances. |
应定期审查和更新这些协定，以反映当前的要求。 |
| 52. |
52. |
| The Committee calls upon States of origin, transit, destination and return to establish transnational and regional or subregional mechanisms for the search for disappeared migrants to further facilitate the exchange of information and to guarantee access to justice for the victims and their relatives. |
委员会呼吁原籍国、过境国、目的地国和返回国建立跨国机制和区域或次区域机制，以搜寻失踪的移民，进一步促进信息交流，并保障受害者及其亲属能够诉诸司法。 |
| To facilitate the cross-border exchange of information, the Committee recommends the establishment of notification mechanisms and national contact points in charge of sharing information and communicating with counterparts and relatives. |
为便利跨境信息交流，委员会建议建立通知机制和国家联络人，负责与对应方和亲属交流信息和进行沟通。 |
| In creating such information-exchange mechanisms, States parties should take into account existing mechanisms, protocols and guidelines. |
缔约国在建立这种信息交流机制时，应考虑到现有的机制、规程和准则。 |
| 53. |
53. |
| Given the often transnational nature of migration and the focus of articles 15, 24 and 25 (2) and (3) of the Convention on assisting victims, States parties should take all the measures necessary to ensure mutual assistance among all States, in particular in the context of searching for and gathering information contained in the registers and databases of other States, notwithstanding their ratification status. |
鉴于移民活动往往具有跨国性质，而且《公约》第十五条、第二十四条和第二十五条第二和第三款注重于援助受害者，缔约国应采取一切必要措施，确保所有国家相互援助，特别是在搜索和收集其他国家的登记册和数据库中所载信息方面，而不论这些国家是否已批准《公约》。 |
| In addition, States parties should seek and provide assistance in the collection of data relevant to the disappearance of migrants and to the efforts to protect the human rights of migrants by the United Nations, regional mechanisms and international organizations with special expertise in this area. |
此外，缔约国应寻求并协助收集与移民失踪有关的数据，并协助联合国、区域机制和在这一领域具有专门知识的国际组织努力保护移民的人权。 |
| 54. |
54. |
| In some regions, specialized mechanisms have been created to facilitate transnational communication between victims or relatives and the authorities of the State where the disappearance is thought to have occurred. |
有些地区建立了专门机制，以便利受害者或亲属与据信发生失踪案件的国家当局跨国联系。 |
| The Committee encourages States parties to share good practices and lessons learned, with each other and with non-signatory States, in relation to prevention, search and investigation concerning the disappearance of migrants and to accountability of perpetrators. |
委员会鼓励各缔约国在彼此之间并与非缔约国分享预防、搜寻和调查移民失踪案件以及追究犯罪人责任方面的良好做法和经验教训。 |
| 55. |
55. |
| The present general comment should be translated into all national languages and disseminated widely to international, regional and national stakeholders, in particular all branches of government, security forces, migration and border authorities and personnel, medical personnel and social-care professionals, and to organizations of relatives of disappeared migrants, other civil society actors, academia and the media. |
本一般性意见应翻译成所有国家语言，并向各国际、区域和国家利益攸关方广泛传播，特别是政府各部门、安全部队、移民和边防部门及人员、医务人员和社会关怀专业人员，以及失踪移民亲属组织、其他民间社会行为体、学术界和媒体。 |
| VII. |
七. |
| Ratification |
批准 |
| 56. |
56. |
| The Committee encourages all States that have not yet done so to ratify the Convention and to recognize the competence of the Committee under articles 31 and 32. |
委员会鼓励所有尚未批准《公约》的国家批准《公约》，并承认第三十一和三十二条规定的委员会的权限。 |
| Adopted by the Committee at its twenty-fifth session (11–29 September 2023). |
委员会第二十五届会议(2023年9月11日至29日)通过。 |
| International Organization for Migration (IOM), “IOM definition of ‘migrant’”. |
国际移民组织(移民组织)，“移民组织对‘移民’的定义”。 |
| A/76/642, para. 11. |
A/76/642, 第11段。 |
| See also IOM, Global Migration Data Analysis Centre, “International migrant stocks”, Migration Data Portal. |
另见移民组织全球移民数据分析中心，“国际移民存量”，移民数据门户。 |
| Available at https://www.migrationdataportal.org/themes/international-migrant-stocks. |
可查阅https://www.migrationdataportal.org/themes/international-migrant-stocks. |
| Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration, objective 7. |
《安全、有序和正常移民全球契约》，目标7。 |
| See also the Guiding Principles for the Search for Disappeared Persons (CED/C/7, annex), principle 9; |
另见《搜寻失踪人员指导原则》(CED/C/7, 附件)，原则9； |
| and African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, Guidelines on the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearances in Africa (2022), para. 1.3.2. |
非洲人权和民族权委员会，《保护非洲所有人免遭强迫失踪准则》(2022年)，第1.3.2段。 |
| Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration, para. 4. |
《安全、有序和正常移民全球契约》，第4段。 |
| Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, general recommendation No. 38 (2020) on trafficking in women and girls in the context of global migration, para. 23. |
消除对妇女歧视委员会，关于全球移民背景下贩运妇女和女童问题的第38号一般性建议(2020年)，第23段。 |
| A/HRC/50/31, para. 24. |
A/HRC/50/31, 第24段。 |
| See also CED/C/GRC/CO/1, para. 28; |
另见CED/C/GRC/CO/1, 第28段； |
| CED/C/MEX/VR/1 (Findings), para. 20; |
CED/C/MEX/VR/1(Findings)，第20段； |
| and CED/C/MEX/VR/1 (Recommendations), paras. 39–42. |
CED/C/MEX/VR/1(Recommendations)，第39-42段。 |
| A/72/335, para. 1. |
A/72/335, 第1段。 |
| ICRC, Guiding Principles/Model Law on the Missing: Principles for Legislating the Situation of Persons Missing as a Result of Armed Conflict or International Violence – Measures to Prevent Persons from Going Missing and to Protect the Rights and Interests of the Missing and Their Families (Geneva, 2009), art. 2 (1). |
红十字国际委员会，《关于失踪人员问题的指导原则/法律范本：关于武装冲突或国际暴力事件中失踪人员状况的立法原则――防止人员失踪、保护失踪人员及其家人权益的措施》(2009年，日内瓦)，第2条第1款。 |
| The project data also include corpses found at border crossings that are categorized as the bodies of migrants on the basis of belongings and/or the characteristics of the death. |
项目数据还包括在过境点发现的尸体，从随身物品和(或)死亡特征来看这些是移民的尸体。 |
| A/76/642, para. 74. |
A/76/642, 第74段。 |
| Current efforts to record data are mainly carried out by non-governmental and international organizations. |
目前记录数据的工作主要由非政府组织和国际组织进行。 |
| According to the IOM Missing Migrants Project, more than 50,000 migrants have gone missing since 2014. |
据移民组织失踪移民项目称，自2014年以来，已有5万多名移民失踪。 |
| See also Julia Black, Global Migration Indicators 2021: Insights from the Global Migration Data Portal (Geneva, IOM, 2021), pp. 38 and 39. |
另见Julia Black, Global Migration Indicators 2021: Insights from the Global Migration Data Portal (2021年，日内瓦，移民组织)，第38和39页。 |
| A/HRC/36/39/Add.2. |
A/HRC/36/39/Add.2。 |
| A/72/335, para. 2; and A/HRC/36/39/Add.2, para. 56. |
A/72/335, 第2段；A/HRC/36/39/Add.2, 第56段。 |
| Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), “‘Lethal disregard’: search and rescue and the protection of migrants in the central Mediterranean Sea” (Geneva, 2021); and Noemi Magugliani and Jean-Pierre Gauci, “Migrant crossings in the Channel: non-assistance, securitisation, and accountability under international law”, Opinio Juris, 21 December 2021. |
联合国人权事务高级专员办事处(人权高专办)，“‘致命的漠视’：地中海中部的移民搜救和保护工作”(2021年，日内瓦)；Noemi Magugliani和Jean-Pierre Gauci, “Migrant crossings in the Channel: non-assistance, securitisation, and accountability under international law”, Opinio Juris, 2021年12月21日。 |
| A/HRC/36/39/Add.2, paras. 34–43. |
A/HRC/36/39/Add.2, 第34-43段。 |
| See also Human Rights Commission of Malaysia and Fortify Rights, “Sold like Fish”: Crimes against Humanity, Mass Graves, and Human Trafficking from Myanmar and Bangladesh to Malaysia from 2012 to 2015 (2019). |
另见马来西亚人权委员会和巩固权利组织，《“像鱼一样出售”：2012年至2015年的反人类罪、万人坑和从缅甸和孟加拉国到马来西亚的人口贩运》(2019年)。 |
| A/HRC/36/39/Add.2, paras. 50 and 51. |
A/HRC/36/39/Add.2, 第50和51段。 |
| CED/C/BRA/CO/1, para. 23 (c); and CED/C/MEX/VR/1 (Recommendations), para. 39. |
CED/C/BRA/CO/1, 第23(c)段；CED/C/MEX/VR/1(Recommendations)，第39段。 |
| Border Violence Monitoring Network, “EU member States’ use of new technologies in enforced disappearances: input for the thematic study by the UN Working Group in Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances on ‘new technologies and enforced disappearances’” (2023), para. 9. |
边境暴力监测网络，“欧盟成员国在强迫失踪案件中对新技术的使用：为联合国强迫或非自愿失踪问题工作组关于‘新技术与强迫失踪案件’的专题研究提供的材料”(2023年)，第9段。 |
| Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, general comment No. 5 (2021) on migrants’ rights to liberty and freedom from arbitrary detention and their connection with other human rights, para. 32. |
保护所有移民工人及其家庭成员权利委员会，关于移民人身自由权和免受任意拘留权及与其他人权之关联的第5号一般性意见(2021年)，第32段。 |
| The Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration contains several objectives that are of direct relevance to States parties’ obligations to prevent and respond to the disappearance of migrants and are directly related to the risk of disappearance during the process of migration. |
《安全、有序和正常移民全球契约》载有若干目标，这些目标与缔约国预防和应对移民失踪的义务直接相关，并与移民过程中的失踪风险直接相关。 |
| The following should be used as guidance for the development of prevention policies and strategies: objective 5 (Enhance availability and flexibility of pathways for regular migration), objective 7 (Address and reduce vulnerabilities in migration), objective 8 (Save lives and establish coordinated international efforts on missing migrants), objective 9 (Strengthen the transnational response to smuggling of migrants), objective 10 (Prevent, combat and eradicate trafficking in persons in the context of international migration) and objective 13 (Use immigration detention only as a measure of last resort and work towards alternatives). |
制定预防政策和战略时，应遵循以下目标：目标5(加强正常移民途径的可用性和灵活性)、目标7(应对和减少移民活动的脆弱性)、目标8(在失踪移民问题上拯救生命和开展协调一致的国际努力)、目标9(加强跨国对策，打击偷运移民)、目标10(预防、打击和消除国际移民背景下的人口贩运)和目标13(仅作为最后手段采取移民拘留措施并努力寻找替代办法)。 |
| See also the joint statement on illegal intercountry adoption (CED/C/9); |
另见《关于非法跨国收养的联合声明》(CED/C/9)； |
| African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, Guidelines on the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearances in Africa; |
非洲人权和民族权委员会，《保护非洲所有人免遭强迫失踪准则》； |
| the Inter-American Principles on the Human Rights of All Migrants, Refugees, Stateless Persons, and Victims of Trafficking in Persons; |
《美洲所有移民、难民、无国籍人和贩运人口受害者人权原则》； |
| and ICRC, “Declaration for the Dignified Treatment of all Missing and Deceased Persons and their Families as a Consequence of Migrant Journeys (the Mytilini Declaration)”. |
红十字国际委员会，《让所有移民途中失踪和死亡人员及其家属获得尊严待遇的宣言》(《米蒂利尼宣言》)。 |
| CED/C/10. |
CED/C/10。 |
| “Immigration detention” is understood to comprise any form of deprivation of liberty that relates to a person’s migration status, encompassing the person’s migratory or residence status, or lack thereof, whether relating to irregular entry or stay or not. |
“移民拘留”是指与一个人的移民身份有关的任何形式的剥夺自由，包括该人的移民或居留身份，或缺乏这种身份，无论是否与非正常入境或居留有关。 |
| Immigration detention refers to any situation in which a person is deprived of liberty on grounds related to that person’s migration status, regardless of the name or reason given for carrying out the deprivation of liberty, or the name of the facility or place where the person is being held while deprived of liberty. |
移民拘留是指出于与个人移民身份有关的理由剥夺个人自由的任何情况，不论剥夺自由的名义和理由是什么，也不论被剥夺自由的人被关押的设施或地点的名称如何。 |
| Accordingly, immigration detention includes the detention of migrants in prisons, police stations, immigration detention centres, closed reception facilities, health-care facilities and any other enclosed spaces, such as international or transit areas at air, land and maritime ports. |
因此，移民拘留包括将移民拘留在监狱、警察局、移民拘留中心、封闭的接收设施、卫生设施和任何其他封闭空间，如机场、陆地口岸和海港的国际或过境区。 |
| “Reasons related to migration status” is understood by the Committee on Migrant Workers to be a person’s migratory or residence status, or the lack thereof, relating to irregular entry, stay or exit (general comment No. 5 (2021), para. 14). |
移民工人问题委员会对“与移民身份有关的理由”的理解是，一个人的移民或居留身份，或缺乏这种身份，与非正常入境、居留或出境有关(第5号一般性意见(2021年)，第14段)。 |
| CED/C/MEX/VR/1 (Findings), para. 18. |
CED/C/MEX/VR/1(Findings)，第18段。 |
| Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, general comment No. 5 (2021), para. 38; |
保护所有移民工人及其家庭成员权利委员会，第5号一般性意见(2021年)，第38段； |
| and A/HRC/36/39/Add.2, para. 22. |
A/HRC/ 36/39/Add.2, 第22段。 |
| Key guidelines on enforced disappearance in the context of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19), issued by the Committee and the Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances, paras. 23 and 24. |
委员会与强迫或非自愿失踪问题工作组发布的关于冠状病毒病(COVID-19)大流行病背景下强迫失踪问题的关键准则，第23和24段。 |
| Committee on the Rights of the Child, general comment No. 6 (2005) on treatment of unaccompanied and separated children outside of their country of origin, para. 61; |
儿童权利委员会，关于远离原籍国无人陪伴和无父母陪伴的儿童待遇的第6号一般性意见(2005年)，第61段； |
| joint general comment No. 4 of the Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families/No. 23 of the Committee on the Rights of the Child (2017) on State obligations regarding the human rights of children in the context of international migration in countries of origin, transit, destination and return, paras. 5 and 8; Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, general comment No. 5 (2021), paras. 39–44; |
关于原籍国、过境国、目的地国和返回国在具国际移民背景儿童的人权方面的国家义务的保护所有移民工人及其家庭成员权利委员会第4号和儿童权利委员会第23号联合一般性意见(2017年)，第5和第8段；保护所有移民工人及其家庭成员权利委员会，第5号一般性意见(2021年)，第39-44段； |
| and A/75/183. |
A/75/183。 |
| Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, general comment No. 5 (2021), para. 44; Committee on the Rights of the Child, general comment No. 6 (2005), paras. 40 and 61–63; |
保护所有移民工人及其家庭成员权利委员会，第5号一般性意见(2021年)，第44段；儿童权利委员会，第6号一般性意见(2005年)，第40和61-63段； |
| joint general comment No. 3 of the Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families/No. 22 of the Committee on the Rights of the Child (2017) on the general principles regarding the human rights of children in the context of international migration, para. 32; |
关于具国际移民背景儿童的人权问题一般性原则的保护所有移民工人及其家庭成员权利委员会第3号和儿童权利委员会第22号联合一般性意见(2017年)，第32段； |
| and joint general comment No. 4 of the Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families/No. 23 of the Committee on the Rights of the Child (2017), paras. 12 and 13. |
保护所有移民工人及其家庭成员权利委员会第4号和儿童权利委员会第23号联合一般性意见(2017年)，第12和13段。 |
| CED/C/10, paras. 2–8; A/HRC/13/42; A/HRC/36/39/Add.2, paras. 21–24; |
CED/C/10, 第2-8段；A/HRC/13/42; A/HRC/36/39/Add.2, 第21-24段； |
| Human Rights Committee, general comment No. 36 (2018) on the right to life, paras. 57 and 58; |
人权事务委员会，关于生命权的第36号一般性意见(2018年)，第57和58段； |
| Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, general comment No. 5 (2021), para. 17; |
保护所有移民工人及其家庭成员权利委员会，第5号一般性意见(2021年)，第17段； |
| and Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Human Rights of Migrants and Other Persons in the Context of Human Mobility in Mexico (2013), paras. 175–240. |
美洲人权委员会，《墨西哥人口流动背景下的移民人权和其他人的人权》(2013年)，第175-240段。 |
| E/CN.4/2003/71, para. 67. |
E/CN.4/2003/71, 第67段。 |
| Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, general comment No. 5 (2021), paras. 12 and 13; and joint general comment No. 4 of the Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families/No. 23 of the Committee on the Rights of the Child (2017), para. 6. |
保护所有移民工人及其家庭成员权利委员会，第5号一般性意见(2021年)，第12和13段；保护所有移民工人及其家庭成员权利委员会第4号和儿童权利委员会第23号联合一般性意见(2017年)，第6段。 |
| Yrusta and Yrusta v. Argentina (CED/C/10/D/1/2013), para. 10.3. |
《Yrusta和Yrusta诉阿根廷》(CED/C/10/D/1/2013)，第10.3段。 |
| For example, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (see Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, general comments No. 2 (2013) on the rights of migrant workers in an irregular situation and members of their families, paras. 27–33, and No. 5 (2021), paras. 53, 58 and 65–67. |
例如，《公民及政治权利国际公约》、《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》、《儿童权利公约》、《禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚公约》(见保护所有移民工人及其家庭成员权利委员会，关于身份不正常的移民工人及其家庭成员权利的第2号一般性意见(2013年)，第27-33段，第5号一般性意见(2021年)，第53、58和65-67段。 |
| See also CED/C/GRC/CO/1, para. 31 (c) and (d); CED/C/FRA/CO/1, paras. 30 and 31; and A/HRC/37/50, paras. 73 and 74). |
另见CED/C/GRC/CO/1, 第31(c)和(d)段；CED/C/FRA/CO/1, 第30和31段；A/HRC/37/50, 第73和74段)。 |
| CED/C/GRC/CO/1, para. 31 (d). |
CED/C/GRC/CO/1, 第31(d)段。 |
| Ibid., para. 31 (a). |
同上，第31(a)段。 |
| UNHCR, Guidelines on the Applicable Criteria and Standards relating to the Detention of Asylum-Seekers and Alternatives to Detention (Geneva, 2012), para. 47 (vii). |
难民署，《拘留寻求庇护者和替代拘留方式适用条件标准导则》(2012年，日内瓦)，第47(七)段。 |
| CED/C/MEX/VR/1 (Recommendations), para. 111; |
CED/C/MEX/VR/1(Recommendations)，第111段； |
| CED/C/ITA/CO/1, paras. 28 and 29; |
CED/C/ITA/CO/1, 第28和29段； |
| CED/C/JPN/CO/1, paras. 35 and 36; |
CED/C/ JPN/CO/1, 第35和36段； |
| A/HRC/36/39/Add.2, paras. 23, 24 and 62; |
A/HRC/36/39/Add.2, 第23、24和62段； |
| and E/CN.4/1997/34, paras. 22–30. |
E/CN.4/1997/34, 第22-30段。 |
| CED/C/NLD/CO/1, para. 29. |
CED/C/NLD/CO/1, 第29段。 |
| Yrusta and Yrusta v. Argentina, paras. 10.5 and 10.6. |
《Yrusta和Yrusta诉阿根廷》，第10.5和10.6段。 |
| CED/C/NLD/CO/1, paras. 28 and 29. |
CED/C/NLD/CO/1, 第28和29段。 |
| CED/C/ITA/CO/1, para. 29. |
CED/C/ITA/CO/1, 第29段。 |
| A/HRC/36/39/Add.2, para. 88 (d); and Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, general comment No. 5 (2021), paras. 84–89. |
A/HRC/36/39/Add.2, 第88(d)段；保护所有移民工人及其家庭成员权利委员会，第5号一般性意见(2021年)，第84-89段。 |
| See also Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, general comment No. 2 (2013), paras. 39 and 48; |
另见保护所有移民工人及其家庭成员权利委员会，第2号一般性意见(2013年)，第39和48段。 |
| A/HRC/37/50, para. 73; and Association for the Prevention of Torture, International Detention Coalition and UNHCR, Monitoring Immigration Detention: Practical Manual (Geneva, Association for the Prevention of Torture and UNHCR, 2014). |
A/HRC/37/50, 第73段；防止酷刑协会、国际拘留问题联盟和难民署，《监测移民拘留：实用手册》(2014年，日内瓦，防止酷刑协会和难民署)。 |
| Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, general comment No. 5 (2021), para. 89. |
保护所有移民工人及其家庭成员权利委员会，第5号一般性意见(2021年)，第89段。 |
| CED/C/GRC/CO/1, para. 31 (e). |
CED/C/GRC/CO/1, 第31(e)段。 |
| A/HRC/36/39/Add.2, para. 56; and OHCHR and Global Migration Group, Principles and Guidelines, Supported by Practical Guidance, on the Human Rights Protection of Migrants in Vulnerable Situations (Geneva, 2018), pp. 60 and 61. |
A/HRC/36/39/Add.2, 第56段；人权高专办和全球移民小组，《弱势移民人权保护原则、准则和辅助实用导则》(2018年，日内瓦)，第60和61页。 |
| CED/C/COL/OAI/1, para. 17; CED/C/IRQ/OAI/1, para. 5; CED/C/BRA/CO/1, para. 13; and CED/C/NER/CO/1, para. 15. |
CED/C/COL/OAI/1, 第17段；CED/C/IRQ/OAI/1, 第5段；CED/C/BRA/CO/1, 第13段；CED/ C/NER/CO/1, 第15段。 |
| CED/C/HND/CO/1, para. 29. |
CED/C/HND/CO/1, 第29段。 |
| Guiding Principles for the Search for Disappeared Persons, principle 9 (3); and CED/C/19/2, para. 14. |
《搜寻失踪人员指导原则》，原则9(3)；CED/C/19/2, 第14段。 |
| CED/C/MEX/CO/1, para. 18. |
CED/C/MEX/CO/1, 第18段。 |
| Joint general comment No. 3 of the Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families/No. 22 of the Committee on the Rights of the Child (2017), para. 17. |
保护所有移民工人及其家庭成员权利委员会第3号和儿童权利委员会第22号联合一般性意见(2017年)，第17段。 |
| See ICRC, “Core dataset for the search for missing migrants” (Geneva, 2021). |
见红十字国际委员会，《搜寻失踪移民核心数据集》(2021年，日内瓦)。 |
| See also Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration, objective 8. |
另见《安全、有序和正常移民全球契约》，目标8。 |
| ICRC, “Guidelines on coordination and information-exchange mechanisms for the search for missing migrants” (Geneva, 2021), p. 18. |
红十字国际委员会，《搜寻失踪移民的协调和信息交流机制准则》(2021年，日内瓦)，第18页。 |
| See also A/77/196; and Christopher Kuner and Massimo Marelli, eds., Handbook on Data Protection in Humanitarian Action, 2nd ed. (Geneva, ICRC, 2020). |
另见A/77/196; Christopher Kuner和Massimo Marelli编辑，《人道行动中的数据保护手册》，第2版(2020年，日内瓦，红十字国际委员会)。 |
| A/HRC/36/39/Add.2, paras. 54 and 88; CED/C/GRC/CO/1, para. 30; |
A/HRC/36/39/Add.2, 第54和88段；CED/C/GRC/CO/1, 第30段； |
| CED/C/MEX/VR/1 (Findings), paras. 18–20; and European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, “12th General Report on the CPT’s activities”, 3 September 2002, paras. 32–50; |
CED/C/MEX/VR/1(Findings)，第18-20段；欧洲防止酷刑和不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚委员会，“关于欧洲防止酷刑委员会活动情况的第十二次一般性报告”，2002年9月3日，第32-50段； |
| and report to the Government of Greece on the visit to Greece from 17 to 29 September 2009, 17 November 2010, paras. 39 and 40. |
提交希腊政府的2009年9月17日至29日访问希腊的报告，2010年11月17日，第39和40段。 |
| European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, report to the Government of Croatia on the visit to Croatia from 10 to 14 August 2020, 3 December 2021, para. 22. |
欧洲防止酷刑和不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚委员会，提交克罗地亚政府的2020年8月10日至14日访问克罗地亚的报告，2021年12月3日，第22段。 |
| On the need to keep and review registers, see CED/C/GRC/CO/1, para. 31 (f) and (g); CED/C/MEX/CO/1, paras. 34 and 35; and CED/C/MEX/VR/1 (Recommendations), paras. 105–107. |
关于需要维持和检查登记册事宜，见CED/C/GRC/CO/1, 第31(f)和(g)段；CED/C/MEX/CO/1, 第34和35段；CED/C/MEX/ VR/1(Recommendations)，第105-107段。 |
| European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, report to the Government of Greece on the visit to Greece from 13 to 17 March 2020, 19 November 2020, para. 57; |
欧洲防止酷刑和不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚委员会，提交希腊政府的2020年3月13日至17日访问希腊的报告，2020年11月19日，第57段； |
| and report to the Government of Croatia on the visit to Croatia from 10 to 14 August 2020, paras. 14 and 22. |
提交克罗地亚政府的2020年8月10日至14日访问克罗地亚的报告，第14和22段。 |
| European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, report to the Government of Croatia on the visit to Croatia from 10 to 14 August 2020, paras. 5, 9 and 22. |
欧洲防止酷刑和不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚委员会，提交克罗地亚政府的2020年8月10日至14日访问克罗地亚的报告，第5、9和22段。 |
| On the use of technology as a tool to document cases of enforced disappearance, see Border Violence Monitoring Network, “EU Member States’ use of new technologies”, paras. 16–28. |
关于使用技术作为记录强迫失踪案件的工具，见边境暴力监测网络，“欧盟成员国对新技术的使用”，第16-28段。 |
| CED/C/MEX/VR/1 (Recommendations), paras. 16 and 17. |
CED/C/MEX/VR/1(Recommendations)，第16和17段。 |
| See also Committee on the Rights of the Child, general comment No. 6 (2005), para. 100. |
另见儿童权利委员会，第6号一般性意见(2005年)，第100段。 |
| Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, general recommendation No. 38 (2020), para. 109. |
消除对妇女歧视委员会，第38号一般性建议(2020年)，第109段。 |
| Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration, objectives 5, 7–11, 13, 14 and 17. |
《安全、有序和正常移民全球契约》，目标5、7-11、13、14和17。 |
| See also Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, general recommendation No. 38 (2020), paras. 56–60. |
另见消除对妇女歧视委员会，第38号一般性建议(2020年)，第56-60段。 |
| A/HRC/36/39/Add.2, para. 35; and Human Rights Commission of Malaysia and Fortify Rights, “Sold like Fish”. |
A/HRC/36/39/Add.2, 第35段；马来西亚人权委员会和巩固权利组织，“像鱼一样出售”。 |
| A/HRC/40/59; |
A/HRC/40/59; |
| and CED/C/GAB/CO/1, para. 20. |
CED/C/GAB/CO/1, 第20段。 |
| CED/C/MEX/CO/1, para. 23. |
CED/C/MEX/CO/1, 第23段。 |
| See also Committee on the Rights of the Child, general comment No. 6 (2005); joint general comment No. 3 of the Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families/No. 22 of the Committee on the Rights of the Child (2017); |
另见儿童权利委员会，第6号一般性意见(2005年)；保护所有移民工人及其家庭成员权利委员会第3号和儿童权利委员会第22号联合一般性意见(2017年)； |
| and joint general comment No. 4 of the Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families/No. 23 of the Committee on the Rights of the Child (2017). |
保护所有移民工人及其家庭成员权利委员会第4号和儿童权利委员会第23号联合一般性意见(2017年)。 |
| Convention on the Rights of the Child, art. 9; Committee on the Rights of the Child, general comment No. 14 (2013); |
《儿童权利公约》，第9条；儿童权利委员会，第14号一般性意见(2013年)； |
| joint general comment No. 3 of the Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families/No. 22 of the Committee on the Rights of the Child (2017), paras. 31 and 32; |
保护所有移民工人及其家庭成员权利委员会第3号和儿童权利委员会第22号联合一般性意见(2017年)，第31和32段； |
| joint general comment No. 4 of the Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families/No. 23 of the Committee on the Rights of the Child (2017), paras. 27–31; |
保护所有移民工人及其家庭成员权利委员会第4号和儿童权利委员会第23号联合一般性意见(2017年)，第27-31段； |
| and OHCHR, “Recommended principles to guide actions concerning children on the move and other children affected by migration”, June 2016, principle 5. |
人权高专办，“关于移民儿童和其他受移民影响儿童的建议行动指导原则”，2016年6月，原则5。 |
| Convention of the Rights of the Child, art. 20; |
《儿童权利公约》，第20条； |
| Committee on the Rights of the Child, general comment No. 6 (2005), paras. 50–53; |
儿童权利委员会，第6号一般性意见(2005年)，第50-53段； |
| joint general comment No. 4 of the Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families/No. 23 of the Committee on the Rights of the Child (2017), paras. 43 and 44; |
保护所有移民工人及其家庭成员权利委员会第4号和儿童权利委员会第23号联合一般性意见(2017年)，第43和44段； |
| and CED/C/GRC/CO/1, para. 27 (b). |
CED/C/GRC/CO/1, 第27(b)段。 |
| Joint general comment No. 4 of the Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families/No. 23 of the Committee on the Rights of the Child (2017), paras. 20–22. |
保护所有移民工人及其家庭成员权利委员会第4号和儿童权利委员会第23号联合一般性意见(2017年)，第20-22段。 |
| See also CED/C/ITA/CO/1, paras. 34 and 35; and CED/C/NLD/CO/1, paras. 32–39. |
另见CED/C/ITA/CO/1, 第34和35段；CED/C/NLD/CO/1, 第32-39段。 |
| Joint general comment No. 4 of the Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families/No. 23 of the Committee on the Rights of the Child (2017), para. 17 (a). |
保护所有移民工人及其家庭成员权利委员会第4号和儿童权利委员会第23号联合一般性意见(2017年)，第17(a)段。 |
| Committee on the Rights of the Child, general comment No. 6 (2005), paras. 19–22 and 81–83; |
儿童权利委员会，第6号一般性意见(2005年)，第19-22和81-83段； |
| joint general comment No. 3 of the Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families/No. 22 of the Committee on the Rights of the Child (2017), paras. 27–33; |
保护所有移民工人及其家庭成员权利委员会第3号和儿童权利委员会第22号联合一般性意见(2017年)，第27-33段； |
| and joint general comment No. 4 of the Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families/No. 23 of the Committee on the Rights of the Child (2017), paras. 27–38. |
保护所有移民工人及其家庭成员权利委员会第4号和儿童权利委员会第23号联合一般性意见(2017年)，第27-38段。 |
| CED/C/HND/CO/1, para. 27. |
CED/C/HND/CO/1, 第27段。 |
| CED/C/GRC/CO/1, para. 25 (b). |
CED/C/GRC/CO/1, 第25(b)段。 |
| See also OHCHR, “‘Lethal disregard’”, p. 28. |
另见人权高专办，“‘致命的漠视’”，第28页。 |
| A/73/314, paras. 58–75; and Martha Gionco and Jyothi Kanics, Resilience and Resistance: The Criminalisation of Solidarity across Europe (Brussels, The Greens/EFA in the European Parliament, 2022). |
A/73/314, 第58-75段；Martha Gionco和Jyothi Kanics, Resilience and Resistance: The Criminalisation of Solidarity across Europe (2022年，布鲁塞尔，欧洲议会绿党/欧洲自由联盟)。 |
| A/AC.96/951, para. 16; CED/C/NER/CO/1, para. 27 (a); CED/C/MNG/CO/1, paras. 30 and 31; CED/C/SVK/CO/1, paras. 14 and 15; CED/C/PER/CO/1, paras. 22 and 23; CED/C/AUT/CO/1, paras. 20 and 21; CED/C/GAB/CO/1, paras. 30 and 31; and European Court of Human Rights, Hirsi Jamaa and others v. Italy, Application No. 27765/09, Judgment, 23 February 2012, para. 23. |
A/AC.96/951, 第16段；CED/C/NER/CO/1, 第27(a)段；CED/C/MNG/CO/1, 第30和31段；CED/C/SVK/CO/1, 第14和15段；CED/C/PER/CO/1, 第22和23段；CED/C/AUT/CO/1, 第20和21段；CED/C/GAB/CO/1, 第30和31段；欧洲人权法院，Hirsi Jamaa等人诉意大利，第27765/09号申诉，判决书，2012年2月23日，第23段。 |
| A/HRC/50/31, para. 27. |
A/HRC/50/31, 第27段。 |
| Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, general comment No. 2 (2013), para. 51; Human Rights Committee, general comment No. 31 (2004) on the nature of the general legal obligation imposed on States parties to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, para. 10; and European Court of Human Rights, Hirsi Jamaa and others v. Italy, paras. 76–82. |
保护所有移民工人及其家庭成员权利委员会，第2号一般性意见(2013年)，第51段；人权事务委员会，关于《公民及政治权利国际公约》缔约国的一般法律义务的性质的第31号一般性意见(2004年)第10段；欧洲人权法院，Hirsi Jamaa等人诉意大利，第76-82段。 |
| A/HRC/37/50, para. 57; |
A/HRC/37/50, 第57段； |
| and European Court of Human Rights, Hirsi Jamaa and others v. Italy, para. 129. |
欧洲人权法院，Hirsi Jamaa等人诉意大利，第129段。 |
| See E.L.A. v. France (CED/C/19/D/3/2019); CED/C/NER/CO/1, para. 27 (b); CED/C/CHE/CO/1, paras. 23 and 24; CED/C/ITA/CO/1, paras. 26 and 27; CED/C/PER/CO/1, paras. 22 and 23; CED/C/AUT/CO/1, paras. 20 and 21; CED/C/GAB/CO/1, paras. 30 and 31; and European Court of Human Rights, K.I. v. France, Application No. 5560/19, Judgment, 15 April 2021. |
见E.L.A.诉法国(CED/C/19/D/3/2019)；CED/C/NER/CO/1, 第27(b)段；CED/C/CHE/CO/1, 第23和24段；CED/C/ITA/CO/1, 第26和27段；CED/C/PER/CO/1, 第22和23段；CED/C/AUT/ CO/1, 第20和21段；CED/C/GAB/CO/1, 第30和31段；欧洲人权法院，K.I.诉法国，第5560/19号申诉，判决书，2021年4月15日。 |
| CED/C/GRC/CO/1, para. 29 (d); |
CED/C/GRC/CO/1, 第29(d)段； |
| CED/C/CHE/CO/1, paras. 23 and 24; |
CED/C/CHE/CO/1, 第23和24段； |
| and European Court of Human Rights, M.A. and others v. Bulgaria, Application No. 5115/18, Judgment, 20 February 2020, paras. 79–84. |
欧洲人权法院，M.A.等人诉保加利亚，第5115/18号申诉，判决书，2020年2月20日，第79-84段。 |
| For examples of chain refoulement, see A/HRC/47/30, paras. 56–66. |
连锁推回的例子，见A/HRC/47/30, 第56-66段。 |
| CED/C/GRC/CO/1, para. 29 (d). |
CED/C/GRC/CO/1, 第29(d)段。 |
| Committee against Torture, general comment No. 4 (2017) on the implementation of article 3 in the context of article 22, paras. 19 and 20; |
禁止酷刑委员会，关于参照《公约》第22条执行第3条的第4号一般性意见(2017年)，第19和20段； |
| CED/C/PAN/CO/1, paras. 22 and 23; |
CED/C/PAN/CO/1, 第22和23段； |
| and CED/C/KAZ/CO/1, paras. 17 and 18. |
CED/C/KAZ/CO/1, 第17和18段。 |
| Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, general comment No. 2 (2013), para. 52. |
保护所有移民工人及其家庭成员权利委员会，第2号一般性意见(2013年)，第52段。 |
| Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, general comment No. 5 (2021), para. 64; |
保护所有移民工人及其家庭成员权利委员会，第5号一般性意见(2021年)，第64段； |
| CED/C/NER/CO/1, para. 27 (c); |
CED/C/ NER/CO/1, 第27(c)段； |
| CED/C/FRA/CO/1, para. 27; |
CED/C/FRA/CO/1, 第27段； |
| CED/C/MNG/CO/1, paras. 30 and 31; |
CED/C/MNG/CO/1, 第30和31段； |
| CED/C/SVK/CO/1, paras. 14 and 15; |
CED/ C/SVK/CO/1, 第14和15段； |
| CED/C/PER/CO/1, paras. 22 and 23; |
CED/C/PER/CO/1, 第22和23段； |
| and CED/C/GRC/CO/1, para. 29 (c). |
CED/C/GRC/CO/1, 第29(c)段。 |
| See Recommended Principles and Guidelines on Human Rights at International Borders; |
见《国际边界人权问题建议原则和准则》； |
| A/HRC/47/30; |
A/HRC/47/30； |
| A/HRC/50/31; |
A/HRC/50/31； |
| and CRC/C/GRC/CO/4-6. |
CRC/C/GRC/CO/4-6。 |
| A/HRC/37/50, para. 77; and CED/C/GRC/CO/1, para. 29 (e). |
A/HRC/37/50, 第77段；CED/C/GRC/CO/1, 第29(e)段。 |
| A/HRC/37/50, para. 43. |
A/HRC/37/50, 第43段。 |
| CED/C/CRI/CO/1, paras. 28 and 29. |
CED/C/CRI/CO/1, 第28和29段。 |
| A/HRC/47/30, para. 34. |
A/HRC/47/30, 第34段。 |
| See also Council of Europe, Pushed Beyond the Limits: Four Areas for Urgent Action to End Human Rights Violations at Europe’s Borders – Recommendation by the Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights (Strasbourg, 2022), p. 16. |
另见欧洲委员会，《超越极限：制止欧洲边境侵犯人权行为的四个紧急行动领域――欧洲委员会人权专员的建议》(2022年，斯特拉斯堡)，第16页。 |
| CED/C/GRC/CO/1, para. 28 (a); CED/C/MEX/VR/1 (Findings), paras. 19 and 20; and European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, report to the Government of Greece on the visit to Greece from 13 to 17 March 2020, para. 56. |
CED/C/GRC/CO/1, 第28(a)段；CED/C/MEX/VR/1(Findings)，第19和20段；欧洲防止酷刑和不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚委员会，提交希腊政府的2020年3月13日至17日访问希腊的报告，第56段。 |
| Article 4 of Protocol No. 4 to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (European Convention on Human Rights), securing certain rights and freedoms other than those already included in the Convention and in the first Protocol thereto as amended by Protocol No. 11; |
《保护人权与基本自由公约》(《欧洲人权公约》)第4号议定书第4条，确保《公约》及其经《第11号议定书》修正的《第一议定书》所载权利和自由以外的某些权利和自由； |
| article 22 (9) of the American Convention on Human Rights; |
《美洲人权公约》第22条第9款； |
| article 12 (5) of the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights; |
《非洲人权和民族权宪章》第12条第5款； |
| and article 26 (2) of the Arab Charter on Human Rights. |
《阿拉伯人权宪章》第26条第2款。 |
| European Court of Human Rights, Hirsi Jamaa and others v. Italy, paras. 185 and 186; |
欧洲人权法院，Hirsi Jamaa等人诉意大利，第185和186段； |
| N.D. and N.T. v. Spain, Applications No. 8675/15 and No. 8697/15, Judgment, 13 February 2020; |
N.D.和N.T.诉西班牙，第8675/15和第8697/15号申诉，判决书，2020年2月13日； |
| and Shahzad v. Hungary, Application No. 12625/17, Judgment, 8 July 2021. |
Shahzad诉匈牙利，第12625/17号申诉，判决书，2021年7月8日。 |
| A/HRC/37/50, paras. 52 and 53; |
A/HRC/37/50, 第52和53段； |
| and European Court of Human Rights, Hirsi Jamaa and others v. Italy. |
欧洲人权法院，Hirsi Jamaa等人诉意大利。 |
| Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Haitian Centre for Human Rights and others v. United States of America, Case No. 10.675, Decision on the Merits, 13 March 1997, para. 169. |
美洲人权委员会，海地人权中心等诉美利坚合众国，案件编号10.675, 关于实质问题的决定，1997年3月13日，第169段。 |
| European Court of Human Rights, Safi and others v. Greece, Application No. 5418/15, Judgment, 7 July 2022. |
欧洲人权法院，Safi等人诉希腊，第5418/15号申诉，判决书，2022年7月7日。 |
| A/HRC/47/30, paras. 72–75. |
A/HRC/47/30, 第72-75段。 |
| See also OHCHR, “‘Lethal disregard’”; and Human Rights Committee, A.S. et al. v. Italy (CCPR/C/130/D/3042/2017). |
另见人权高专办，“‘致命的漠视’”；人权事务委员会，A.S.等人诉意大利(CCPR/C/130/D/3042/2017)。 |
| CED/C/GRC/CO/1, para. 29 (a). |
CED/C/GRC/CO/1, 第29(a)段。 |
| CED/C/MEX/VR/1 (Recommendations), para. 36. |
CED/C/MEX/VR/1(Recommendations)，第36段。 |
| Guiding Principles for the Search for Disappeared Persons, principles 6 and 9; |
《搜寻失踪人员指导原则》，原则6和9； |
| A/HRC/36/39/Add.2, paras. 67 and 70; Human Rights Committee, general comment No. 36 (2018), para. 58; |
A/HRC/36/39/Add.2, 第67和70段；人权事务委员会，第36号一般性意见(2018年)，第58段； |
| and CED/C/ITA/CO/1, para. 23. |
CED/C/ITA/CO/1, 第23段。 |
| Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Gómez Palomino v. Peru, Judgment on Merits, Reparations and Costs, 22 November 2005, para. 106. |
美洲人权法院，Gómez Palomino诉秘鲁，关于实质问题、赔偿和费用的判决书，2005年11月22日，第106段。 |
| CED/C/MEX/VR/1 (Recommendations), para. 52. |
CED/C/MEX/VR/1(Recommendations)，第52段。 |
| Guiding Principles for the Search for Disappeared Persons, principles 5 and 9; A/HRC/36/39/Add.2, paras. 51, 54, 67–69, 77 and 78; |
《搜寻失踪人员指导原则》，原则5和9；A/HRC/36/39/Add.2, 第51、54、67-69、77和78段； |
| and Human Rights Committee, general comment No. 36 (2018), para. 58. |
人权事务委员会，第36号一般性意见(2018年)，第58段。 |
| For example, the Minnesota Protocol on the Investigation of Potentially Unlawful Death. |
例如，《关于调查潜在非法死亡的明尼苏达规程》。 |
| A/HRC/45/13/Add.3, paras. 87–89. |
A/HRC/45/13/Add.3, 第87-89段。 |
| CED/C/GRC/CO/1, para. 27 (c). |
CED/C/GRC/CO/1, 第27(c)段。 |
| See, for example, ICRC, “Core dataset for the search for missing migrants”. |
例见红十字国际委员会，《搜寻失踪移民核心数据集》。 |
| CED/C/GRC/CO/1, para. 27 (e); and CED/C/HND/CO/1, para. 25 (c). |
CED/C/GRC/CO/1, 第27(e)段；CED/C/HND/CO/1, 第25(c)段。 |
| Border Violence Monitoring Network, “EU Member States’ use of new technologies”, paras. 16–28. |
边境暴力监测网络，“欧盟成员国对新技术的使用”，第16-28段。 |
| A/HRC/36/39/Add.2, para. 69; Melanie Klinkner and Ellie Smith, The Bournemouth Protocol on Mass Grave Protection and Investigation (Bournemouth, Bournemouth University, 2020); |
A/HRC/36/39/Add.2, 第69段；Melanie Klinkner和Ellie Smith,《关于保护和调查万人坑的伯恩茅斯规程》(2020年，伯恩茅斯，伯恩茅斯大学)； |
| and International Commission on Missing Persons, “Investigatory standards”. |
失踪人员国际委员会，“调查标准”。 |
| CED/C/GRC/CO/1, para. 27 (d). |
CED/C/GRC/CO/1, 第27(d)段。 |
| See also International Commission on Missing Persons, The Missing: An Agenda for the Future – Conference Report (The Hague, 2014). |
另见失踪人员国际委员会，《失踪问题：今后的议程――会议报告》(2014年，海牙)。 |
| See also Declaration on the Protection of all Persons from Enforced Disappearance, art. 19; |
另见《保护所有人不遭受强迫失踪宣言》，第19条； |
| E/CN.4/1998/43, paras. 68–75; |
E/CN.4/1998/43, 第68-75段； |
| CED/C/JPN/CO/1, paras. 25, 26 and 40; |
CED/C/ JPN/CO/1, 第25、26和40段； |
| CCPR/C/MEX/CO/5, para. 12; |
CCPR/C/MEX/CO/5, 第12段； |
| and CCPR/C/MEX/CO/6, paras. 29 and 33. |
CCPR/C/MEX/CO/6, 第29和33段。 |
| CED/C/MEX/VR/1 (Recommendations), para. 47. |
CED/C/MEX/VR/1(Recommendations)，第47段。 |
| CED/C/HND/CO/1, para. 29; |
CED/C/HND/CO/1, 第29段； |
| CED/C/PAN/CO/1, para. 13; |
CED/C/PAN/CO/1, 第13段； |
| and CED/C/15/3, para. 12. |
CED/C/15/3, 第12段。 |
| See also A/HRC/54/22/Add.5. |
另见A/HRC/54/22/Add.5。 |
| CED/C/GAB/CO/1, para. 19. |
CED/C/GAB/CO/1, 第19段。 |
| See also the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime; |
另见《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约关于预防、禁止和惩治贩运人口特别是妇女和儿童行为的补充议定书》； |
| and Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, general recommendation No. 38 (2020). |
消除对妇女歧视委员会，第38号一般性建议(2020年)。 |
| See CED/C/9. |
见CED/C/9。 |
| Equipo de Estudios Comunitarios y Acción Psicosocial, Normas Mínimas desde la Perspectiva Psicosocial para los Procesos de Búsqueda de Personas Migrantes Desaparecidas: Mesa de Discusión en Centroamérica y México 2016–2019 (Guatemala City, 2019), p. 20. |
Equipo de Estudios Comunitarios y Acción Psicosocial, Normas Mínimas desde la Perspectiva Psicosocial para los Procesos de Búsqueda de Personas Migrantes Desaparecidas: Mesa de Discusión en Centroamérica y México 2016–2019 (Guatemala City, 2019), p. |
| A/73/178/Rev.1, para. 51; CED/C/MEX/CO/1, paras. 23 and 24; and CED/C/HND/CO/1, paras. 28 and 29. |
20. A/73/178/Rev.1, 第51段；CED/C/MEX/CO/1, 第23和24段；CED/C/HND/CO/1, 第28和29段。 |
| See articles 14 and 15 of the Convention. |
见《公约》第十四和十五条。 |
| See also CED/C/19/2, para. 14; CED/C/AUT/CO/1, para. 17; and CED/C/JPN/CO/1, paras. 27 and 28. |
另见CED/C/19/2, 第14段；CED/C/AUT/CO/1, 第17段；CED/C/JPN/CO/1, 第27和28段。 |
| Guiding Principles for the Search for Disappeared Persons, principle 2 (4). |
《搜寻失踪人员指导原则》，原则2(4)。 |
| Regional Conference on Migration, “Recommendations on regional coordination and information exchange mechanisms in the search for missing persons in the context of migration” (2022), p. 18: “Consular missions, together with relevant authorities from the country where the person disappeared, are responsible for conducting a search for the person reported as missing. |
移民问题区域会议，“关于搜寻失踪移民的区域协调和信息交流机制的建议”(2022年)，第18页：“领事使团应与失踪者所在国的有关机构一起，负责搜寻据报失踪的人。 |
| To this end, they should establish a network for immediate communication with prosecution authorities, detention centers, shelters, other consular missions, hospitals, communities of migrants abroad, etc. in order to activate the search. |
为此，它们应建立一个网络，与检察机关、拘留中心、收容所、其他领事使团、医院、海外移民社区等进行即时沟通，以便启动搜寻工作。 |
| In addition, it is important to continue with the proactive practice of maintaining contact with the instances described above to be able to identify cases that have not been reported at their consular offices.” |
此外，必须继续采取积极主动的做法，与上述机构保持联系，以便能够发现没有向领事馆报告的案件。” |
| Available at https://temas.crmsv.org/sites/default/files/Documentos%20Files/chld8_recomendaciones_busqueda_de_personas_desaparecidas_en_el_contexto_migratorio_eng_0.pdf. |
可查阅https://temas.crmsv.org/sites/default/files/Documentos%20Files/chld8_recomendaciones_busqueda_de_personas_desaparecidas_en_el_contexto_migratorio_eng_0.pdf. |
| CED/C/MEX/VR/1 (Recommendations), para. 52. |
CED/C/MEX/VR/1(Recommendations)，第52段。 |
| Guiding Principles for the Search for Disappeared Persons, principles 9 (3) and (4), 11 and 12; |
《搜寻失踪人员指导原则》，原则9(3)和(4)、11和12； |
| CED/C/MNE/CO/1, paras. 12–15; |
CED/C/MNE/CO/1, 第12-15段； |
| and CED/C/ITA/CO/1, paras. 24 and 25. |
CED/C/ITA/CO/1, 第24和25段。 |
| Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration, objective 8 (d). |
《安全、有序和正常移民全球契约》，目标8(d)。 |
| See also, for example, ICRC, “Guidelines on coordination and information-exchange mechanisms for the search for missing migrants”. |
例如，另见红十字国际委员会，《搜寻失踪移民的协调和信息交流机制准则》。 |
| ICRC, “Guidelines on coordination and information-exchange mechanisms for the search for missing migrants”; |
红十字国际委员会，《搜寻失踪移民的协调和信息交流机制准则》； |
| and Regional Conference on Migration, “Recommendations on regional coordination and information exchange mechanisms in the search for missing persons in the context of migration”. |
移民问题区域会议，“关于搜寻失踪移民的区域协调和信息交流机制的建议”。 |
| The latter recommendations are aimed at supporting States members of the Regional Conference on Migration to optimize existing mechanisms for information exchange as a means of facilitating the search for disappeared migrants. |
后一项建议旨在支持移民问题区域会议成员国优化现有的信息交流机制，作为便利寻找失踪移民的一种手段。 |
| They include a set of criteria for the exchange of information and standardization of processes, including criteria on the collection of data from relatives of disappeared persons, the forensic documentation of unidentified deceased persons, national databases, and data protection (pp. 8–10). |
其中列有一套信息交流和程序标准化的标准，包括从失踪人员亲属处收集数据的标准、身份不明死者的法医文件、国家数据库和数据保护问题(第8-10页)。 |
| Specific recommendations relate to existing information-exchange mechanisms in the region (Mexico, United States of America and Central America; pp. 11–17) and to the role of consular authorities and ministries of foreign affairs in the search for disappeared migrants. |
具体建议涉及该区域(墨西哥、美利坚合众国和中美洲；第11-17页)现有的信息交流机制，以及领事机构和外交部在搜寻失踪移民方面的作用。 |
| Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances, general comment on the right to the truth in relation to enforced disappearance (2010), para. 9; |
强迫或非自愿失踪问题工作组，关于在强迫失踪方面了解真相权的一般性意见(2010年)，第9段； |
| updated set of principles for the protection and promotion of human rights through action to combat impunity, principles 16 and 17; |
经更新的《采取行动打击有罪不罚现象、保护和增进人权的一套原则》，原则16和17； |
| Guiding Principles for the Search for Disappeared Persons, principles 11 and 12; |
《搜寻失踪人员指导原则》原则11和12； |
| and CED/C/GAB/CO/1, paras. 19 and 20. |
CED/C/GAB/CO/1, 第19和20段。 |
| For example, the Mecanismo de Apoyo Exterior, the mechanism for Mexican support abroad in search and investigation activities, between Mexico and States in Central America. |
例如，Mecanismo de Apoyo Exterior, 即墨西哥与中美洲国家之间的境外搜寻和调查活动支助机制。 |
