Template-WGAD-Opinion concerning communication WGAD通过的意见E 20240529.docx (English)	Template-WGAD-Opinion concerning communication WGAD通过的意见C 20240529.docx (Chinese)
United Nations	联 合 国
A/HRC/WGAD/2020/23	A/HRC/WGAD/2020/23
General Assembly	大 会
Distr.: General	Distr.: General
5 June 2020	5 June 2020
Original: English	Chinese Original: English
Human Rights Council	人权理事会
Working Group on Arbitrary Detention	任意拘留问题工作组
Opinions adopted by the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention at its eighty-seventh session, 27 April–1 May 2020	任意拘留问题工作组第八十七届会议(2020年4月27日至5月1日)通过的意见
Opinion No. 23/2020 concerning Maksud Ibragimov (Tajikistan)	关于Maksud Ibragimov的第23/2020号意见(塔吉克斯坦)
1.	1.
The Working Group on Arbitrary Detention was established in resolution 1991/42 of the Commission on Human Rights.	任意拘留问题工作组系根据人权委员会第1991/42号决议设立。
In its resolution 1997/50, the Commission extended and clarified the mandate of the Working Group.	人权委员会第1997/50号决议延长了工作组的任务并作出了明确说明。
Pursuant to General Assembly resolution 60/251 and Human Rights Council decision 1/102, the Council assumed the mandate of the Commission.	根据大会第60/251号决议和人权理事会第1/102号决定，人权理事会接管了人权委员会的任务。
The Council most recently extended the mandate of the Working Group for a three-year period in its resolution 42/22.	人权理事会最近一次在第42/22号决议中将工作组的任务延长三年。
2.	2.
In accordance with its methods of work (A/HRC/36/38), on 24 December 2019 the Working Group transmitted to the Government of Tajikistan a communication concerning Maksud Ibragimov.	工作组依照其工作方法(A/HRC/36/38)，于2019年12月24日向塔吉克斯坦政府转交了关于Maksud Ibragimov的来文。
3.	3.
The Government replied to the communication on 8 October 2019.	该国政府于2019年10月8日对来文作出答复。
The Government submitted a late response on 28 April 2020.	该国政府于2020年4月28日逾期提交答复。
The Government has not replied to the communication.	该国政府尚未对来文作出答复。
The State is a party to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.	该国已加入《公民及政治权利国际公约》。
The State is not a party to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.	该国未加入《公民及政治权利国际公约》。
4.	4.
The Working Group regards deprivation of liberty as arbitrary in the following cases:	工作组视下列情形下的剥夺自由为任意剥夺自由：
(a)	(a)
When it is clearly impossible to invoke any legal basis justifying the deprivation of liberty (as when a person is kept in detention after the completion of his or her sentence or despite an amnesty law applicable to him or her) (category I);	显然提不出任何法律依据证明剥夺自由是正当的(如某人刑期已满或大赦法对其适用，却仍被关押)(第一类)；
(b)	(b)
When the deprivation of liberty results from the exercise of the rights or freedoms guaranteed by articles 7, 13, 14, 18, 19, 20 and 21 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and, insofar as States parties are concerned, by articles 12, 18, 19, 21, 22, 25, 26 and 27 of the Covenant (category II);	剥夺自由系因某人行使《世界人权宣言》第七、第十三、第十四、第十八、第十九、第二十和第二十一条以及(对缔约国而言)《公约》第十二、第十八、第十九、第二十一、第二十二、第二十五、第二十六和第二十七条所保障的权利或自由(第二类)；
(c)	(c)
When the total or partial non-observance of the international norms relating to the right to a fair trial, established in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and in the relevant international instruments accepted by the States concerned, is of such gravity as to give the deprivation of liberty an arbitrary character (category III);	完全或部分不遵守《世界人权宣言》以及当事国接受的相关国际文书所确立的关于公正审判权的国际规范，情节严重，致使剥夺自由具有任意性(第三类)；
(d)	(d)
When asylum seekers, immigrants or refugees are subjected to prolonged administrative custody without the possibility of administrative or judicial review or remedy (category IV);	寻求庇护者、移民或难民长期遭受行政拘留，且无法得到行政或司法复议或补救(第四类)；
(e)	(e)
When the deprivation of liberty constitutes a violation of international law on the grounds of discrimination based on birth, national, ethnic or social origin, language, religion, economic condition, political or other opinion, gender, sexual orientation, disability, or any other status, that aims towards or can result in ignoring the equality of human beings (category V).	剥夺自由违反国际法，因为存在基于出生、民族、族裔或社会出身、语言、宗教、经济状况、政治或其他见解、性别、性取向、残疾或任何其他状况的歧视，目的在于或可能导致无视人人平等(第五类)。
Submissions	提交的材料
Communication from the source	来文方的来文
(a)	(a)
Arrest and detention	逮捕和拘留
Arrest and disappearance	逮捕和失踪
b.	b.
Legal analysis	法律分析
Analysis of alleged violations	据称侵权行为分析
Analysis of violations	侵权行为分析
i.	一.
Category I	第一类
ii.	二．
Category II	第二类
iii.	三.
Category III	第三类
iv.	四.
Category IV	第四类
v.	五.
Category V	第五类
Response from the Government	政府的答复
5.	5.
On 24 December 2019, the Working Group transmitted the allegations from the source to the Government of Tajikistan under its regular communications procedure.	2019年12月24日，工作组根据常规来文程序，将来文方的指控转交塔吉克斯坦政府。
The Working Group requested the Government to provide, by 24 February 2020, detailed information about the circumstances of Mr. Ibragimov’s detention and to clarify the legal provisions justifying his continued detention, as well as their compatibility with the Government’s obligations under international human rights law, and in particular with regard to the treaties ratified by the State.	工作组请该国政府在2020年2月24日前提供详细资料，说明拘留Ibragimov先生的情况，并澄清继续拘留他所依据的法律条款，以及这些条款是否符合该国政府根据国际人权法，特别是该国已批准的各项条约承担的义务。
Moreover, the Working Group called upon the Government of Tajikistan to ensure the physical and mental integrity of Mr. Ibragimov.	此外，工作组吁请塔吉克斯坦政府确保Ibragimov先生的身心健全。
The Working Group requested the Government to provide detailed information by 19 August 2022 about the current situation of Mr. A and to clarify legal provisions justifying his continued detention, as well as its compatibility with Australia's obligations under international human rights law, in particular with regard to the treaties ratified by the State.	工作组请该国政府在2022年8月19日前提供详细资料，说明A先生目前的情况，并澄清继续拘留他所依据的法律条款，以及这种拘留是否符合澳大利亚根据国际人权法，特别是该国已批准的各项条约承担的义务。
6.	6.
On 3 February 2020, the Working Group transmitted as an addendum the additional information submitted by the source to the Government of Tajikistan requesting that it submit a reply by 24 February 2020.	2020年2月3日，工作组将来文方提交的补充资料作为增编转交塔吉克斯坦政府，请其在2020年2月24日之前提交答复。
7.	7.
On 28 April 2020, the Government of the Russian Federation submitted a late reply.	2020年4月28日，俄罗斯联邦政府逾期提交了答复。
The Working Group regrets that the Government did not request an extension of the time limit for its reply, as provided for in the Working Group’s methods of work.	工作组感到遗憾的是，该国政府没有按照工作组工作方法的规定请求延长答复期限。
The Working Group cannot accept the reply as if it were submitted within the time limit.	工作组无法将其视为规定期限内提交的答复予以接受。
8.	8.
On 31 January 2020, the Government of Tajikistan wrote to the Working Group requesting a one-month extension, pursuant to paragraph 16 of the Working Group’s methods of work, which the Working Group granted on 3 February with a new deadline of 24 March 2020.	2020年1月31日，塔吉克斯坦政府致函工作组，请求依照工作组工作方法第16段将答复期限延长一个月，工作组2月3日批准了这一请求，新的答复期限为2020年3月24日。
9.	9.
Under paragraph 16 of its methods of work, the Working Group may render an opinion on the basis of all the information it has obtained.	依照工作方法第16段，工作组可根据其获得的所有资料提出意见。
10.	10.
The Working Group regrets that it did not receive a response from the Government to that communication, nor did the Government request an extension of the time limit for its reply as provided for in paragraph 16 of the Working Group’s methods of work.	工作组感到遗憾的是，该国政府没有对来文作出答复，也没有按照工作组工作方法第16段的规定，请求延长答复期限。
Additional information from the source	来文方提交的补充资料
Discussion	讨论情况
11.	11.
The Working Group thanks the source and the Government for their submissions and appreciates the cooperation and engagement of both parties in this matter.	工作组感谢来文方和政府提交资料，并赞赏双方在此事中的合作和参与。
12.	12.
In the absence of a timely response from the Government of Tajikistan, the Working Group has decided to render the present opinion, in conformity with paragraph 15 of its methods of work.	由于塔吉克斯坦政府没有及时答复，工作组决定依照其工作方法第15段提出本意见。
13.	13.
The Working Group has in its jurisprudence established the ways in which it deals with evidentiary issues.	工作组已在判例中确立了处理证据问题的方式。
If the source has established a prima facie case for breach of international requirements constituting arbitrary detention, the burden of proof should be understood to rest upon the Government if it wishes to refute the allegations (A/HRC/19/57, para. 68).	在来文方有初步证据证明存在违反国际规定构成任意拘留的行为时，政府如要反驳指控，则应承担举证责任(见A/HRC/19/57, 第68段)。
In the present case, the Government of Tajikistan has chosen not to challenge the prima facie credible allegations made by the source.	本案中，塔吉克斯坦政府选择不针对来文方已初步证明可信的指控提出异议。
14.	14.
The Working Group refers the present case to the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression and to the Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association, for appropriate action.	工作组将本案移交促进和保护意见和表达自由权特别报告员以及和平集会自由权和结社自由权特别报告员，以采取适当行动。
In accordance with paragraph 33 (a) of its methods of work, the Working Group refers the present case to the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism, for appropriate action.	工作组依照其工作方法第33(a)段，将本案移交反恐中注意促进与保护人权和基本自由特别报告员，以采取适当行动。
In accordance with paragraph 33 (a) of its methods of work, the Working Group refers the present case to the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, for appropriate action.	工作组依照其工作方法第33(a)段，将本案移交酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚特别报告员，以采取适当行动。
15.	15.
In the view of the Working Group, the treatment described by the source reveals a prima facie breach of the absolute prohibition of ill-treatment and torture, which is a peremptory norm of international law and of the Convention against Torture, as well as encapsulated in principle 6 of the Body of Principles for the Protection of All Persons under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment and rule 1 of the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (the Nelson Mandela Rules).	工作组认为，来文方所述的待遇初步证明违反了绝对禁止虐待和酷刑的规定，而此规定是国际法和《禁止酷刑公约》的强制性规范，亦载入《保护所有遭受任何形式拘留或监禁的人的原则》中的原则6及《联合国囚犯待遇最低限度标准规则》(《纳尔逊·曼德拉规则》)中的规则1。
The Working Group reminds the Government that the use of a confession extracted through ill-treatment that is tantamount, if not equivalent, to torture may also constitute a violation by Tajikistan of its international obligation under article 15 of the Convention against Torture.	工作组提醒该国政府，采用即使不等于酷刑也相当于酷刑的虐待手段取得的供词，可能构成塔吉克斯坦违反《禁止酷刑公约》第15条规定的国际义务的情况。
Furthermore, under principle 21 of the Body of Principles, taking undue advantage of the situation of detention to compel confession or incriminating statements is specifically prohibited.	此外，《原则》中的原则21明确禁止不当利用被拘留者的处境而进行逼供，或破其认罪。
It is also a breach of article 14 (2) and (3) (g) of the Covenant.	这也违反了《公约》第十四条第二款和第三款(午)项。
16.	16.
The Working Group is concerned that this indicates a systemic problem with arbitrary detention in Egypt, which amounts to a serious violation of international law.	工作组关切的是，这表明埃及存在系统性的任意拘留问题，构成严重违反国际法的行为。
The Working Group recalls that under certain circumstances, widespread or systematic imprisonment or other severe deprivation of liberty in violation of the rules of international law may constitute crimes against humanity.	工作组回顾指出，在某些情况下，普遍或有系统地实施监禁或其他违反国际法规则的严重剥夺自由的行为，可构成危害人类罪。
17.	17.
The Working Group would welcome the opportunity to conduct a country visit to Egypt.	工作组欢迎有机会对埃及进行国别访问。
Given that a significant period of time has passed since its last visit to Egypt, in September 2004, the Working Group considers that it is an appropriate time to conduct another visit.	鉴于距2004年9月工作组上次访问埃及已经过去相当长的时间，工作组认为，现在是再次进行访问的适当时机。
The Working Group looks forward to a positive response to its country visit request of 15 April 2015.	工作组期待2015年4月15日提出的国别访问请求能够得到积极回应。
18.	18.
The Working Group would welcome the opportunity to work constructively with the Government to address arbitrary detention.	工作组欢迎有机会与该国政府进行建设性合作，以处理任意拘留问题。
A significant period has passed since its last visit to Viet Nam in October 1994, and the Working Group considers that it is now an appropriate time to conduct another visit.	距1994年10月工作组上次访问越南已经过去相当长的时间，因此工作组认为，现在是再次进行访问的适当时机。
On 11 June 2018, the Working Group reiterated earlier requests to the Government to undertake a country visit and will continue to seek a positive response.	2018年6月11日，工作组重申了它早些时候向该国政府提出的国别访问请求，并将继续争取得到积极回应。
Disposition	处理意见
19.	19.
In the light of the foregoing, the Working Group renders the following opinion:	鉴于上述情况，工作组提出以下意见：
The deprivation of liberty of Maksud Ibragimov, being in contravention of articles 3, 8, 9, 10, 11, 19 and 21 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and articles 2 (1) and (3), 9, 14, 19, 25 and 26 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, is arbitrary and falls within categories I, II, III and V.	剥夺Maksud Ibragimov的自由违反《世界人权宣言》第三、第八、第九、第十、第十一、第十九和第二十一条和《公民及政治权利国际公约》第二条第一款和第三款、第九、第十四、第十九、第二十五和第二十六条，为任意剥夺自由，属第一、第二、第三和第五类。
20.	20.
The Working Group requests the Government of Tajikistan to take the steps necessary to remedy the situation of Mr. Ibragimov without delay and bring it into conformity with the relevant international norms, including those set out in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.	工作组请塔吉克斯坦政府采取必要措施，立即对Ibragimov先生的情况给予补救，使之符合相关国际规范，包括《世界人权宣言》和《公民及政治权利国际公约》规定的国际规范。
21.	21.
The Working Group considers that, taking into account all the circumstances of the case, the appropriate remedy would be to release Mr. Ibragimov immediately and accord him an enforceable right to compensation and other reparations, in accordance with international law.	工作组认为，考虑到本案的所有情节，适当的补救办法是根据国际法立即释放Ibragimov先生，并赋予他可强制执行的获得赔偿和其他补偿的权利。
In the current context of the global coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic and the threat that it poses in places of detention, the Working Group calls upon the Government to take urgent action to ensure the immediate release of Mr. Ibragimov.	鉴于目前全球冠状病毒病(COVID-19)大流行及其对拘留场所构成的威胁，工作组呼吁该国政府采取紧急行动，确保立即释放Ibragimov先生。
22.	22.
The Working Group urges the Government to ensure a full and independent investigation of the circumstances surrounding the arbitrary deprivation of liberty of Mr. Ibragimov and to take appropriate measures against those responsible for the violation of his rights.	工作组促请该国政府确保对任意剥夺Ibragimov先生自由的相关情节进行全面和独立的调查，并对侵犯他权利的责任人采取适当措施。
23.	23.
In accordance with paragraph 33 (a) of its methods of work, the Working Group refers the present case to the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism, the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression and the Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association, for appropriate action.	工作组依照其工作方法第33(a)段，将本案移交反恐中注意促进与保护人权和基本自由特别报告员、酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚特别报告员、促进和保护意见和表达自由权特别报告员以及和平集会自由权和结社自由权特别报告员，以采取适当行动。
24.	24.
The Working Group recommends that the Government accede to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.	工作组建议该国政府加入《公民及政治权利国际公约》。
25.	25.
The Working Group encourages the Government to ratify the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance and the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court.	工作组鼓励该国政府批准《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》和《国际刑事法院罗马规约》。
26.	26.
The Working Group requests the Government to disseminate the present opinion through all available means and as widely as possible.	工作组请该国政府利用现有的一切手段尽可能广泛地传播本意见。
Follow-up procedure	后续程序
27.	27.
In accordance with paragraph 20 of its methods of work, the Working Group requests the source and the Government to provide it with information on action taken in follow-up to the recommendations made in the present opinion, including:	工作组依照其工作方法第20段，请来文方和该国政府提供资料，说明就本意见所作建议采取的后续行动，包括：
(a)	(a)
Whether Mr. Ibragimov has been released and, if so, on what date;	Ibragimov先生是否已被释放； 如果是，何日获释；
(b)	(b)
Whether compensation or other reparations have been made to Mr. Ibragimov;	是否已向Ibragimov先生作出赔偿或其他补偿；
(c)	(c)
Whether an investigation has been conducted into the violation of Mr. Ibragimov’s rights and, if so, the outcome of the investigation;	是否已对侵犯Ibragimov先生权利的行为开展调查； 如果是，调查结果如何；
(d)	(d)
Whether any legislative amendments or changes in practice have been made to harmonize the laws and practices of Tajikistan with its international obligations in line with the present opinion;	是否已按照本意见修订法律或改变做法，使塔吉克斯坦的法律和实践符合其国际义务；
(e)	(e)
Whether any other action has been taken to implement the present opinion.	是否已采取其他任何行动落实本意见。
28.	28.
The Government is invited to inform the Working Group of any difficulties it may have encountered in implementing the recommendations made in the present opinion and whether further technical assistance is required, for example through a visit by the Working Group.	请该国政府向工作组通报在落实本意见所作建议时可能遇到的任何困难，以及是否需要进一步的技术援助，例如是否需要工作组来访。
29.	29.
The Working Group requests the source and the Government to provide the above-mentioned information within six months of the date of transmission of the present opinion.	工作组请来文方和该国政府在本意见转交之日起六个月内提供上述资料。
However, the Working Group reserves the right to take its own action in follow-up to the opinion if new concerns in relation to the case are brought to its attention.	然而，若有与案件有关的新情况引起工作组的注意，工作组保留自行采取后续行动的权利。
Such action would enable the Working Group to inform the Human Rights Council of progress made in implementing its recommendations, as well as any failure to take action.	工作组可通过此种行动，让人权理事会了解工作组建议的落实进展情况，以及任何未采取行动的情况。
30.	30.
The Working Group recalls that the Human Rights Council has encouraged all States to cooperate with the Working Group and has requested them to take account of its views and, where necessary, to take appropriate steps to remedy the situation of persons arbitrarily deprived of their liberty, and to inform the Working Group of the steps they have taken.	工作组回顾指出，人权理事会鼓励各国与工作组合作，请各国考虑工作组的意见，必要时采取适当措施对被任意剥夺自由者的情况给予补救，并将采取的措施通知工作组。
[Adopted on 1 May 2020]	[2020年5月1日通过]
* In accordance with paragraph 5 of the Working Group’s methods of work, Leigh Toomey did not participate in the discussion of the present case.	*依照工作组工作方法第5段，利·图米未参加对本案的讨论。