| A/78/10 |
A/78/10 |
| General Assembly |
大 会 |
| Official Records |
正式记录 |
| Seventy-eighth Session |
第七十八届会议 |
| Supplement No. 10 |
补编第10号 |
| Report of the International Law Commission |
国际法委员会报告 |
| Seventy-fourth session |
第七十四届会议 |
| (24 April–2 June and 3 July–4 August 2023) |
(2023年4月24日至6月2日和7月3日至8月4日) |
| United Nations New York, 2023 |
联合国·纽约，2023年 |
| Note |
说明 |
| Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures. |
联合国文件用大写英文字母附加数字编号。 |
| Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document. |
凡是提到这种编号，就是指联合国的某一个文件。 |
| The word Yearbook followed by suspension points and the year (e.g. Yearbook 1971) indicates a reference to the Yearbook of the International Law Commission. |
前有年份和省略号的“年鉴”(如《1971年……年鉴》)是指《国际法委员会年鉴》。 |
| A typeset version of the report of the Commission will be included in Part Two of volume II of the Yearbook of the International Law Commission 2023. |
委员会报告的排版本将载入《2023年国际法委员会年鉴》第二卷第二部分。 |
| Summary of contents |
简要目录 |
| Chapter |
章次 |
| Page |
页次 |
| Chapter I |
第一章 |
| Introduction |
导言 |
| 1. |
1. |
| The International Law Commission held the first part of its seventy-fourth session from 24 April to 2 June 2023 and the second part from 3 July to 4 August 2023 at its seat at the United Nations Office at Geneva. |
国际法委员会分别于2023年4月24日至6月2日和2023年7月3日至8月4日在联合国日内瓦办事处委员会所在地举行了第七十四届会议第一期会议和第二期会议。 |
| The session was opened by Mr. Marcelo Vázquez–Bermúdez, Second Vice-Chair of the seventy-third session of the Commission. |
本届会议由委员会第七十三届会议第二副主席马塞洛·巴斯克斯－贝穆德斯先生主持开幕。 |
| A. |
A. |
| Membership |
委员 |
| 2. |
2. |
| The Commission consists of the following members: |
委员会由下列委员组成： |
| Mr. Dapo Akande (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) |
达波·阿坎德先生(大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国) |
| Mr. Carlos J. Argüello Gómez (Nicaragua) |
卡洛斯·阿圭略·戈麦斯先生(尼加拉瓜) |
| Mr. Masahiko Asada (Japan) |
浅田正彦先生(日本) |
| Mr. Bogdan Aurescu (Romania) |
波格丹·奥雷斯库先生(罗马尼亚) |
| Mr. Yacouba Cissé (Côte d’Ivoire) |
雅库巴·西塞先生(科特迪瓦) |
| Mr. Ahmed Amin Fathalla (Egypt) |
艾哈迈德·阿明·法萨拉先生(埃及) |
| Mr. Rolf Einar Fife (Norway) |
罗尔夫·埃纳尔·法伊夫先生(挪威) |
| Mr. Mathias Forteau (France) |
马蒂亚斯·福尔托先生(法国) |
| Mr. George Rodrigo Bandeira Galindo (Brazil) |
乔治·罗德里戈·班代拉·加林多先生(巴西) |
| Ms. Patrícia Galvão Teles (Portugal) |
帕特里夏·加尔旺·特莱斯女士(葡萄牙) |
| Mr. Claudio Grossman Guiloff (Chile) |
克劳迪奥·格罗斯曼·吉洛夫先生(智利) |
| Mr. Huikang Huang (China) |
黄惠康先生(中国) |
| Mr. Charles Chernor Jalloh (Sierra Leone) |
查尔斯·切尔诺·贾洛先生(塞拉利昂) |
| Mr. Ahmed Laraba (Algeria) |
艾哈迈德·拉腊巴先生(阿尔及利亚) |
| Mr. Keun-Gwan Lee (Republic of Korea) |
李根宽先生(大韩民国) |
| Ms. Vilawan Mangklatanakul (Thailand) |
威拉旺·曼格拉达那库女士(泰国) |
| Mr. Andreas D. Mavroyiannis (Cyprus) |
安德烈亚斯·马夫罗扬尼斯先生(塞浦路斯) |
| Mr. Ivon Mingashang (Democratic Republic of the Congo) |
伊冯·明加尚先生(刚果民主共和国) |
| Mr. Giuseppe Nesi (Italy) |
朱塞佩·内西先生(意大利) |
| Mr. Hong Thao Nguyen (Viet Nam) |
阮洪滔先生(越南) |
| Ms. Phoebe Okowa (Kenya) |
菲比·奥科瓦女士(肯尼亚) |
| Ms. Nilüfer Oral (Türkiye) |
尼吕费尔·奥拉尔女士(土耳其) |
| Mr. Hassan Ouazzani Chahdi (Morocco) |
哈桑·瓦扎尼·沙赫迪先生(摩洛哥) |
| Mr. Mario Oyarzábal (Argentina) |
马里奥·奥亚萨瓦尔先生(阿根廷) |
| Mr. Mārtiņš Paparinskis (Latvia) |
马廷什·帕帕林斯基斯先生(拉脱维亚) |
| Mr. Bimal N. Patel (India) |
比马尔·帕特尔先生(印度) |
| Mr. August Reinisch (Austria) |
奥古斯特·赖尼施先生(奥地利) |
| Ms. Penelope Ridings (New Zealand) |
佩内洛普·赖丁斯女士(新西兰) |
| Mr. Juan José Ruda Santolaria (Peru) |
胡安·何塞·鲁达·桑托拉里亚先生(秘鲁) |
| Mr. Alioune Sall (Senegal) |
阿利翁·萨勒先生(塞内加尔) |
| Mr. Louis Savadogo (Burkina Faso) |
路易·萨瓦多戈先生(布基纳法索) |
| Mr. Munkh-Orgil Tsend (Mongolia) |
蒙赫奥尔吉勒·曾德先生(蒙古) |
| Mr. Marcelo Vázquez-Bermúdez (Ecuador) |
马塞洛·巴斯克斯－贝穆德斯先生(厄瓜多尔) |
| Mr. Evgeny Zagaynov (Russian Federation) |
耶夫格尼·扎加伊诺夫先生(俄罗斯联邦) |
| B. |
B. |
| Officers and the Enlarged Bureau |
主席团成员和扩大的主席团 |
| 3. |
3. |
| At its 3613th meeting, on 25 April 2023, the Commission elected the following officers: |
在2023年4月25日第3613次会议上，委员会选出以下主席团成员： |
| Chair: |
主席： |
| Ms. Nilüfer Oral (Türkiye), then |
尼吕费尔·奥拉尔女士(土耳其)，接任者是 |
| Ms. Patrícia Galvão Teles (Portugal) |
帕特里夏·加尔旺·特莱斯女士(葡萄牙) |
| First Vice-Chair: |
第一副主席： |
| Mr. Marcelo Vázquez-Bermúdez (Ecuador) |
马塞洛·巴斯克斯－贝穆德斯先生(厄瓜多尔) |
| Second Vice-Chair: |
第二副主席： |
| Mr. Charles Chernor Jalloh (Sierra Leone) |
查尔斯·切尔诺·贾洛先生(塞拉利昂) |
| Chair of the Drafting Committee: |
起草委员会主席： |
| Mr. Mārtiņš Paparinskis (Latvia) |
马廷什·帕帕林斯基斯先生(拉脱维亚) |
| Rapporteur: |
报告员： |
| Mr. Hong Thao Nguyen (Viet Nam) |
阮洪滔先生(越南) |
| 4. |
4. |
| The Enlarged Bureau of the Commission was composed of the officers of the present session, the Special Rapporteurs and the Co-Chairs of the Study Group on sea-level rise in relation to international law. |
委员会扩大的主席团由本届会议主席团成员、特别报告员 和与国际法有关的海平面上升专题研究组共同主席 组成。 |
| 5. |
5. |
| On 27 April 2023, the Planning Group was constituted, composed of the following members: Mr. Marcelo Vázquez-Bermúdez (Chair); Mr. Dapo Akande, Mr. Masahiko Asada, Mr. Bogdan Aurescu, Mr. Rolf Einar Fife, Mr. Mathias Forteau, Mr. George Rodrigo Bandeira Galindo, Mr. Claudio Grossman Guiloff, Mr. Huikang Huang, Mr. Charles Chernor Jalloh, Mr. Keun-Gwan Lee, Ms. Vilawan Mangklatanakul, Mr. Andreas D. Mavroyiannis, Mr. Giuseppe Nesi, Ms. Phoebe Okowa, Mr. Hassan Ouazzani Chahdi, Mr. Mario Oyarzábal, Mr. Mārtiņš Paparinskis, Mr. Bimal N. Patel, Mr. August Reinisch, Ms. Penelope Ridings, Mr. Juan José Ruda Santolaria, Mr. Louis Savadogo, Mr. Evgeny Zagaynov and Mr. Hong Thao Nguyen (ex officio). |
规划组于2023年4月27日成立，由下列委员组成：马塞洛·巴斯克斯－贝穆德斯先生(主席)、达波·阿坎德先生、浅田正彦先生、波格丹·奥雷斯库先生、罗尔夫·埃纳尔·法伊夫先生、马蒂亚斯·福尔托先生、乔治·罗德里戈·班代拉·加林多先生、克劳迪奥·格罗斯曼·吉洛夫先生、黄惠康先生、查尔斯·切尔诺·贾洛先生、李根宽先生、威拉旺·曼格拉达那库女士、安德烈亚斯·马夫罗扬尼斯先生、朱塞佩·内西先生、菲比·奥科瓦女士、哈桑·瓦扎尼·沙赫迪先生、马里奥·奥亚萨瓦尔先生、马廷什·帕帕林斯基斯先生、比马尔·帕特尔先生、奥古斯特·赖尼施先生、佩内洛普·赖丁斯女士、胡安·何塞·鲁达·桑托拉里亚先生、路易·萨瓦多戈先生、耶夫格尼·扎加伊诺夫先生和阮洪滔先生(当然成员)。 |
| C. |
C. |
| Drafting Committee |
起草委员会 |
| 6. |
6. |
| At its 3618th, 3620th, 3625th, and 3633rd meetings, on 3, 9, 16 and 26 May 2023, the Commission established a Drafting Committee, composed of the following members for the topics indicated: |
在2023年5月3日、9日、16日和26日举行的第3618、3620、3625和3633次会议上，委员会为下列专题设立了由下列委员组成的起草委员会： |
| (a) |
(a) |
| Settlement of disputes to which international organizations are parties: Mr. Mārtiņš Paparinskis (Chair), Mr. August Reinisch (Special Rapporteur), Mr. Dapo Akande, Mr. Masahiko Asada, Mr. Ahmed Amin Fathalla, Mr. Rolf Einar Fife, Mr. Mathias Forteau, Mr. George Rodrigo Bandeira Galindo, Ms. Patrícia Galvão Teles, Mr. Claudio Grossman Guiloff, Mr. Huikang Huang, Mr. Charles Chernor Jalloh, Mr. Keun–Gwan Lee, Ms. Vilawan Mangklatanakul, Mr. Andreas D. Mavroyiannis, Mr. Ivon Mingashang, Mr. Giuseppe Nesi, Ms. Phoebe Okowa, Ms. Nilüfer Oral, Mr. Hassan Ouazzani Chahdi, Mr. Mario Oyarzábal, Mr. Bimal N. Patel, Ms. Penelope Ridings, Mr. Juan José Ruda Santolaria, Mr. Alioune Sall, Mr. Louis Savadogo, Mr. Marcelo Vázquez-Bermúdez and Mr. Hong Thao Nguyen (ex officio); |
国际组织作为当事方的争端的解决：马廷什·帕帕林斯基斯先生(主席)、奥古斯特·赖尼施先生(特别报告员)、达波·阿坎德先生、浅田正彦先生、艾哈迈德·阿明·法萨拉先生、罗尔夫·埃纳尔·法伊夫先生、马蒂亚斯·福尔托先生、乔治·罗德里戈·班代拉·加林多先生、帕特里夏·加尔旺·特莱斯女士、克劳迪奥·格罗斯曼·吉洛夫先生、黄惠康先生、查尔斯·切尔诺·贾洛先生、李根宽先生、威拉旺·曼格拉达那库女士、安德烈亚斯·马夫罗扬尼斯先生、伊冯·明加尚先生、朱塞佩·内西先生、菲比·奥科瓦女士、尼吕费尔·奥拉尔女士、哈桑·瓦扎尼·沙赫迪先生、马里奥·奥亚萨瓦尔先生、比马尔·帕特尔先生、佩内洛普·赖丁斯女士、胡安·何塞·鲁达·桑托拉里亚先生、阿利翁·萨勒先生、路易·萨瓦多戈先生、马塞洛·巴斯克斯－贝穆德斯先生和阮洪滔先生(当然成员)； |
| (b) |
(b) |
| General principles of law: Mr. Mārtiņš Paparinskis (Chair), Mr. Marcelo Vázquez-Bermúdez (Special Rapporteur), Mr. Dapo Akande, Mr. Carlos J. Argüello Gómez, Mr. Masahiko Asada, Mr. Rolf Einar Fife, Mr. Mathias Forteau, Mr. George Rodrigo Bandeira Galindo, Ms. Patrícia Galvão Teles, Mr. Claudio Grossman Guiloff, Mr. Huikang Huang, Mr. Charles Chernor Jalloh, Mr. Keun–Gwan Lee, Ms. Vilawan Mangklatanakul, Mr. Andreas D. Mavroyiannis, Mr. Ivon Mingashang, Mr. Giuseppe Nesi, Ms. Nilüfer Oral, Mr. Hassan Ouazzani Chahdi, Mr. Mario Oyarzábal, Mr. Bimal N. Patel, Mr. August Reinisch, Ms. Penelope Ridings, Mr. Juan José Ruda Santolaria, Mr. Alioune Sall, Mr. Louis Savadogo, Mr. Munkh–Orgil Tsend and Mr. Hong Thao Nguyen (ex officio); |
一般法律原则：马廷什·帕帕林斯基斯先生(主席)、马塞洛·巴斯克斯－贝穆德斯先生(特别报告员)、达波·阿坎德先生、卡洛斯·阿圭略·戈麦斯先生、浅田正彦先生、罗尔夫·埃纳尔·法伊夫先生、马蒂亚斯·福尔托先生、乔治·罗德里戈·班代拉·加林多先生、帕特里夏·加尔旺·特莱斯女士、克劳迪奥·格罗斯曼·吉洛夫先生、黄惠康先生、查尔斯·切尔诺·贾洛先生、李根宽先生、威拉旺·曼格拉达那库女士、安德烈亚斯·马夫罗扬尼斯先生、伊冯·明加尚先生、朱塞佩·内西先生、尼吕费尔·奥拉尔女士、哈桑·瓦扎尼·沙赫迪先生、马里奥·奥亚萨瓦尔先生、比马尔·帕特尔先生、奥古斯特·赖尼施先生、佩内洛普·赖丁斯女士、胡安·何塞·鲁达·桑托拉里亚先生、阿利翁·萨勒先生、路易·萨瓦多戈先生、蒙赫奥尔吉勒·曾德先生和阮洪滔先生(当然成员)； |
| (c) |
(c) |
| Prevention and repression of piracy and armed robbery at sea: Mr. Mārtiņš Paparinskis (Chair), Mr. Yacouba Cissé (Special Rapporteur), Mr. Dapo Akande, Mr. Masahiko Asada, Mr. Ahmed Amin Fathalla, Mr. Rolf Einar Fife, Mr. George Rodrigo Bandeira Galindo, Mr. Claudio Grossman Guiloff, Mr. Huikang Huang, Mr. Charles Chernor Jalloh, Mr. Keun-Gwan Lee, Mr. Andreas D. Mavroyiannis, Mr. Ivon Mingashang, Mr. Giuseppe Nesi, Ms. Nilüfer Oral, Mr. Hassan Ouazzani Chahdi, Mr. Mario Oyarzábal, Mr. Bimal N. Patel, Mr. August Reinisch, Ms. Penelope Ridings, Mr. Juan José Ruda Santolaria, Mr. Louis Savadogo and Mr. Hong Thao Nguyen (ex officio); |
防止和打击海盗和海上武装抢劫行为：马廷什·帕帕林斯基斯先生(主席)、雅库巴·西塞先生(特别报告员)、达波·阿坎德先生、浅田正彦先生、艾哈迈德·阿明·法萨拉先生、罗尔夫·埃纳尔·法伊夫先生、乔治·罗德里戈·班代拉·加林多先生、克劳迪奥·格罗斯曼·吉洛夫先生、黄惠康先生、查尔斯·切尔诺·贾洛先生、李根宽先生、安德烈亚斯·马夫罗扬尼斯先生、伊冯·明加尚先生、朱塞佩·内西先生、尼吕费尔·奥拉尔女士、哈桑·瓦扎尼·沙赫迪先生、马里奥·奥亚萨瓦尔先生、比马尔·帕特尔先生、奥古斯特·赖尼施先生、佩内洛普·赖丁斯女士、胡安·何塞·鲁达·桑托拉里亚先生、路易·萨瓦多戈先生和阮洪滔先生(当然成员)； |
| (d) |
(d) |
| Subsidiary means for the determination of rules of international law: Mr. Mārtiņš Paparinskis (Chair), Mr. Charles Chernor Jalloh (Special Rapporteur), Mr. Dapo Akande, Mr. Carlos J. Argüello Gómez, Mr. Masahiko Asada, Mr. Ahmed Amin Fathalla, Mr. Rolf Einar Fife, Mr. Mathias Forteau, Mr. George Rodrigo Bandeira Galindo, Ms. Patrícia Galvão Teles, Mr. Huikang Huang, Mr. Keun-Gwan Lee, Ms. Vilawan Mangklatanakul, Mr. Andreas D. Mavroyiannis, Mr. Ivon Mingashang, Mr. Giuseppe Nesi, Ms. Phoebe Okowa, Mr. Mario Oyarzábal, Mr. Bimal N. Patel, Mr. August Reinisch, Ms. Penelope Ridings, Mr. Juan José Ruda Santolaria, Mr. Alioune Sall, Mr. Louis Savadogo, Mr. Marcelo Vázquez-Bermúdez, Mr. Evgeny Zagaynov and Mr. Hong Thao Nguyen (ex officio). |
确定国际法规则的辅助手段：马廷什·帕帕林斯基斯先生(主席)、查尔斯·切尔诺·贾洛先生(特别报告员)、达波·阿坎德先生、卡洛斯·阿圭略·戈麦斯先生、浅田正彦先生、艾哈迈德·阿明·法萨拉先生、罗尔夫·埃纳尔·法伊夫先生、马蒂亚斯·福尔托先生、乔治·罗德里戈·班代拉·加林多先生、帕特里夏·加尔旺·特莱斯女士、黄惠康先生、李根宽先生、威拉旺·曼格拉达那库女士、安德烈亚斯·马夫罗扬尼斯先生、伊冯·明加尚先生、朱塞佩·内西先生、菲比·奥科瓦女士、马里奥·奥亚萨瓦尔先生、比马尔·帕特尔先生、奥古斯特·赖尼施先生、佩内洛普·赖丁斯女士、胡安·何塞·鲁达·桑托拉里亚先生、阿利翁·萨勒先生、路易·萨瓦多戈先生、马塞洛·巴斯克斯－贝穆德斯先生、耶夫格尼·扎加伊诺夫先生和阮洪滔先生(当然成员)； |
| 7. |
7. |
| The Drafting Committee held a total of 28 meetings on the four topics indicated above. |
起草委员会就上述四个专题共举行了28次会议。 |
| D. |
D. |
| Working Groups and Study Group |
工作组和研究组 |
| 8. |
8. |
| On 28 April 2023, the Planning Group established the following Working Groups: |
2023年4月28日，规划组设立了以下工作组： |
| (a) |
(a) |
| Working Group on the long-term programme of work: Mr. Marcelo Vázquez–Bermúdez (Chair), Mr. Dapo Akande, Mr. Carlos J. Argüello Gómez, Mr. Masahiko Asada, Mr. Bogdan Aurescu, Mr. Rolf Einar Fife, Mr. Mathias Forteau, Mr. George Rodrigo Bandeira Galindo, Mr. Claudio Grossman Guiloff, Mr. Huikang Huang, Mr. Charles Chernor Jalloh, Mr. Keun-Gwan Lee, Ms. Vilawan Mangklatanakul, Mr. Andreas D. Mavroyiannis, Mr. Ivon Mingashang, Mr. Giuseppe Nesi, Ms. Phoebe Okowa, Ms. Nilüfer Oral, Mr. Hassan Ouazzani Chahdi, Mr. Mario Oyarzábal, Mr. Mārtiņš Paparinskis, Mr. Bimal N. Patel, Mr. August Reinisch, Ms. Penelope Ridings, Mr. Juan José Ruda Santolaria, Mr. Alioune Sall, Mr. Louis Savadogo, Mr. Evgeny Zagaynov and Mr. Hong Thao Nguyen (ex officio); |
长期工作方案工作组：马塞洛·巴斯克斯－贝穆德斯先生(主席)、达波·阿坎德先生、卡洛斯·阿圭略·戈麦斯先生、浅田正彦先生、波格丹·奥雷斯库先生、罗尔夫·埃纳尔·法伊夫先生、马蒂亚斯·福尔托先生、乔治·罗德里戈·班代拉·加林多先生、克劳迪奥·格罗斯曼·吉洛夫先生、黄惠康先生、查尔斯·切尔诺·贾洛先生、李根宽先生、威拉旺·曼格拉达那库女士、安德烈亚斯·马夫罗扬尼斯先生、伊冯·明加尚先生、朱塞佩·内西先生、菲比·奥科瓦女士、尼吕费尔·奥拉尔女士、哈桑·瓦扎尼·沙赫迪先生、马里奥·奥亚萨瓦尔先生、马廷什·帕帕林斯基斯先生、比马尔·帕特尔先生、奥古斯特·赖尼施先生、佩内洛普·赖丁斯女士、胡安·何塞·鲁达·桑托拉里亚先生、阿利翁·萨勒先生、路易·萨瓦多戈先生、耶夫格尼·扎加伊诺夫先生和阮洪滔先生(当然成员)； |
| (b) |
(b) |
| Working Group on methods of work: Mr. Charles Chernor Jalloh (Chair), Mr. Dapo Akande, Mr. Carlos J. Argüello Gómez, Mr. Masahiko Asada, Mr. Bogdan Aurescu, Mr. Ahmed Amin Fathalla, Mr. Mathias Forteau, Mr. George Rodrigo Bandeira Galindo, Mr. Claudio Grossman Guiloff, Mr. Huikang Huang, Mr. Keun-Gwan Lee, Ms. Vilawan Mangklatanakul, Mr. Andreas D. Mavroyiannis, Mr. Ivon Mingashang, Mr. Giuseppe Nesi, Ms. Phoebe Okowa, Ms. Nilüfer Oral, Mr. Hassan Ouazzani Chahdi, Mr. Mario Oyarzábal, Mr. Mārtiņš Paparinskis, Mr. Bimal N. Patel, Mr. August Reinisch, Ms. Penelope Ridings, Mr. Juan José Ruda Santolaria, Mr. Louis Savadogo, Mr. Marcelo Vázquez-Bermúdez, Mr. Evgeny Zagaynov and Mr. Hong Thao Nguyen (ex officio). |
工作方法工作组：查尔斯·切尔诺·贾洛先生(主席)、达波·阿坎德先生、卡洛斯·阿圭略·戈麦斯先生、浅田正彦先生、波格丹·奥雷斯库先生、艾哈迈德·阿明·法萨拉先生、马蒂亚斯·福尔托先生、乔治·罗德里戈·班代拉·加林多先生、克劳迪奥·格罗斯曼·吉洛夫先生、黄惠康先生、李根宽先生、威拉旺·曼格拉达那库女士、安德烈亚斯·马夫罗扬尼斯先生、伊冯·明加尚先生、朱塞佩·内西先生、菲比·奥科瓦女士、尼吕费尔·奥拉尔女士、哈桑·瓦扎尼·沙赫迪先生、马里奥·奥亚萨瓦尔先生、马廷什·帕帕林斯基斯先生、比马尔·帕特尔先生、奥古斯特·赖尼施先生、佩内洛普·赖丁斯女士、胡安·何塞·鲁达·桑托拉里亚先生、路易·萨瓦多戈先生、马塞洛·巴斯克斯－贝穆德斯先生、耶夫格尼·扎加伊诺夫先生和阮洪滔先生(当然成员)。 |
| 9. |
9. |
| At its 3614th meeting, on 26 April 2023, the Commission established a Study Group on sea-level rise in relation to international law, composed of the following members: Mr. Bogdan Aurescu (Co-Chair, and Chair at the current session), Mr. Yacouba Cissé (Co–Chair), Ms. Patrícia Galvão Teles (Co-Chair), Ms. Nilüfer Oral (Co-Chair, and Chair at the current session), Mr. Juan José Ruda Santolaria (Co-Chair), Mr. Dapo Akande, Mr. Carlos J. Argüello Gómez, Mr. Masahiko Asada, Mr. Ahmed Amin Fathalla, Mr. Rolf Einar Fife, Mr. Mathias Forteau, Mr. George Rodrigo Bandeira Galindo, Mr. Claudio Grossman Guiloff, Mr. Huikang Huang, Mr. Charles Chernor Jalloh, Mr. Ahmed Laraba, Mr. Keun-Gwan Lee, Ms. Vilawan Mangklatanakul, Mr. Andreas D. Mavroyiannis, Mr. Ivon Mingashang, Mr. Giuseppe Nesi, Ms. Phoebe Okowa, Mr. Hassan Ouazzani Chahdi, Mr. Mario Oyarzábal, Mr. Mārtiņš Paparinskis, Mr. Bimal N. Patel, Mr. August Reinisch, Ms. Penelope Ridings, Mr. Louis Savadogo, Mr. Munkh-Orgil Tsend, Mr. Marcelo Vázquez–Bermúdez and Mr. Hong Thao Nguyen (ex officio). |
在2023年4月26日第3614次会议上，委员会设立了与国际法有关的海平面上升专题研究组，由下列委员组成：博格丹·奥雷斯库先生(共同主席和本届会议主席)、雅库巴·西塞先生(共同主席)、帕特里夏·加尔旺·特莱斯女士(共同主席)、尼吕费尔·奥拉尔女士(共同主席和本届会议主席)、胡安·何塞·鲁达·桑托拉里亚先生(共同主席)、达波·阿坎德先生、卡洛斯·阿圭略·戈麦斯先生、浅田正彦先生、艾哈迈德·阿明·法萨拉先生、罗尔夫·埃纳尔·法伊夫先生、马蒂亚斯·福尔托先生、乔治·罗德里戈·班代拉·加林多先生、克劳迪奥·格罗斯曼·吉洛夫先生、黄惠康先生、查尔斯·切尔诺·贾洛先生、艾哈迈德·拉腊巴先生、李根宽先生、威拉旺·曼格拉达那库女士、安德烈亚斯·马夫罗扬尼斯先生、伊冯·明加尚先生、朱塞佩·内西先生、菲比·奥科瓦女士、哈桑·瓦扎尼·沙赫迪先生、马里奥·奥亚萨瓦尔先生、马廷什·帕帕林斯基斯先生、比马尔·帕特尔先生、奥古斯特·赖尼施先生、佩内洛普·赖丁斯女士、路易·萨瓦多戈先生、蒙赫奥尔吉勒·曾德先生、马塞洛·巴斯克斯－贝穆德斯先生和阮洪滔先生(当然成员)。 |
| 10. |
10. |
| At its 3621st meeting, on 10 May 2023, the Commission established an open-ended Working Group on “Succession of States in respect of State responsibility” chaired by Mr. August Reinisch. |
在2023年5月10日第3621次会议上，委员会设立了一个关于“国家责任方面的国家继承”的不限成员名额工作组，由奥古斯特·赖尼施先生担任主席。 |
| 11. |
11. |
| At its 3638th meeting, on 13 July 2023, the Commission established an open-ended Working Group on “Commentaries submitted for the topic on prevention and repression of piracy and armed robbery at sea” chaired by Ms. Nilüfer Oral. |
在2023年7月13日第3638次会议上，委员会设立了一个关于“就防止和打击海盗和海上武装抢劫行为专题提交的评论”的不限成员名额工作组，由尼吕费尔·奥拉尔女士担任主席。 |
| E. |
E. |
| Secretariat |
秘书处 |
| 12. |
12. |
| Mr. Miguel de Serpa Soares, Under-Secretary-General for Legal Affairs and United Nations Legal Counsel, represented the Secretary-General. |
主管法律事务副秘书长兼联合国法律顾问米格尔·德塞尔帕·苏亚雷斯先生担任秘书长的代表。 |
| Mr. Huw Llewellyn, Director of the Codification Division of the Office of Legal Affairs, acted as Secretary to the Commission and, in the absence of the Legal Counsel, represented the Secretary-General. |
法律事务厅编纂司司长休·卢埃林先生担任委员会秘书，并在法律顾问缺席时担任秘书长的代表。 |
| Mr. Arnold Pronto, Principal Legal Officer, served as Principal Assistant Secretary to the Commission. |
首席法律干事阿诺德·普龙托先生担任委员会首席助理秘书。 |
| Ms. Patricia Georget, Mr. Carlos Ivan Fuentes, Ms. Carla Hoe and Ms. Paola Patarroyo, Legal Officers, and Mr. Alexey Bulatov and Ms. Raissa Urquiza, Associate Legal Officers, served as Assistant Secretaries to the Commission. |
法律干事帕特里夏·乔治女士、卡洛斯·伊万·富恩特斯先生、卡拉·霍女士和保拉·帕塔罗约女士以及协理法律干事阿列克谢·布拉托夫先生和赖萨·乌尔基萨女士担任委员会助理秘书。 |
| F. |
F. |
| Agenda |
议程 |
| 13. |
13. |
| The Commission adopted an agenda for its seventy-fourth session consisting of the following items: |
委员会通过了其第七十四届会议议程，项目如下： |
| 1. |
1. |
| Organization of the work of the session. |
会议工作安排。 |
| 2. |
2. |
| Succession of States in respect of State responsibility. |
国家责任方面的国家继承。 |
| 3. |
3. |
| General principles of law. |
一般法律原则。 |
| 4. |
4. |
| Sea-level rise in relation to international law. |
与国际法有关的海平面上升。 |
| 5. |
5. |
| Settlement of disputes to which international organizations are parties. |
国际组织作为当事方的争端的解决。 |
| 6. |
6. |
| Prevention and repression of piracy and armed robbery at sea. |
防止和打击海盗和海上武装抢劫行为。 |
| 7. |
7. |
| Subsidiary means for the determination of rules of international law. |
确定国际法规则的辅助手段。 |
| 8. |
8. |
| Programme, procedures and working methods of the Commission and its documentation. |
委员会的方案、程序和工作方法以及文件。 |
| 9. |
9. |
| Date and place of the seventy-fifth session. |
第七十五届会议的日期和地点。 |
| 10. |
10. |
| Cooperation with other bodies. |
与其他机构的合作。 |
| 11. |
11. |
| Other business. |
其他事项。 |
| Chapter II |
第二章 |
| Summary of the work of the Commission at its seventy-fourth session |
委员会第七十四届会议工作概况 |
| 14. |
14. |
| With regard to the topic “General principles of law”, the Commission received and considered the report of the Drafting Committee (A/CN.4/L.982), following the completion by the Drafting Committee of the first reading of the draft conclusions on the topic. |
关于“一般法律原则”专题，委员会收到并审议了起草委员会的报告(A/CN.4/L.982)，在此之前，起草委员会完成了该专题结论草案的一读。 |
| The Commission adopted, on first reading, 11 draft conclusions on general principles of law, together with commentaries thereto. |
委员会一读通过了关于一般法律原则的11项结论草案及其评注。 |
| The Commission decided, in accordance with articles 16 to 21 of its statute, to transmit the draft conclusions, through the Secretary-General, to Governments for comments and observations, with the request that such comments and observations be submitted to the Secretary-General by 1 December 2024 (chap. IV). |
委员会决定根据其章程第16至21条，通过秘书长向各国政府转发这些结论草案，征求其评论和意见，并要求在2024年12月1日前向秘书长提交这些评论和意见(第四章)。 |
| 15. |
15. |
| With respect to the topic “Settlement of disputes to which international organizations are parties”, the Commission had before it the first report of the Special Rapporteur on the topic (A/CN.4/756), which addressed the scope of the topic and provided an analysis of the subject matter of the topic in light of previous relevant work of the Commission and of other international bodies. |
关于“国际组织作为当事方的争端的解决”专题，委员会收到了特别报告员关于该专题的第一次报告(A/CN.4/756)，报告述及该专题的范围，并根据委员会和其他国际机构以往的相关工作对该专题的主题事项进行了分析。 |
| The report also addressed certain definitional issues. |
报告还涉及某些定义问题。 |
| Following the debate in plenary, the Commission decided to refer draft guidelines 1 and 2, as proposed in the first report, to the Drafting Committee, taking into account the comments and observations made in plenary. |
经全体会议辩论之后，委员会考虑到在全体会议上提出的评论和意见，决定将第一次报告中提出的指南草案1和2转交起草委员会。 |
| Upon consideration of the report of the Drafting Committee (A/CN.4/L.983), the Commission provisionally adopted draft guidelines 1 and 2 and decided to change the title of the topic from “Settlement of international disputes to which international organizations are parties” to “Settlement of disputes to which international organizations are parties” (chap. V). |
委员会在审议了起草委员会的报告(A/CN.4/L.983)之后，暂时通过了指南草案1和2, 并决定将该专题的标题从“国际组织作为当事方的国际争端的解决”改为“国际组织作为当事方的争端的解决”(第五章)。 |
| 16. |
16. |
| With regard to the topic “Prevention and repression of piracy and armed robbery at sea”, the Commission had before it the first report of the Special Rapporteur (A/CN.4/758), which discussed the historical, socioeconomical and legal aspects of the topic; |
关于“防止和打击海盗和海上武装抢劫行为”专题，委员会收到了特别报告员的第一次报告(A/CN.4/758)，其中讨论了该专题的历史、社会经济和法律方面； |
| reviewed the national legislation and judicial practice of States concerning the definition of piracy and the implementation of conventional and customary international law; |
审查了各国关于海盗行为定义的国家立法和司法实践以及协定国际法和习惯国际法的执行情况； |
| and discussed the future programme of work on the topic. |
并讨论了该专题的未来工作方案。 |
| The Commission also had before it a memorandum prepared by the Secretariat providing elements in the previous work of the Commission that could be particularly relevant for its future work on the topic and the views expressed by States; |
委员会还收到了秘书处编写的一份备忘录，其中介绍了委员会以往工作中可能与委员会今后关于该专题的工作特别相关的内容和各国发表的意见； |
| as well as information on resolutions adopted by the Security Council and by the General Assembly relevant to the topic (A/CN.4/757). |
并提供了关于安全理事会和联大就该专题通过的有关决议的信息(A/CN.4/757)。 |
| Following the debate in plenary, the Commission decided to refer draft articles 1, 2 and 3, as contained in the first report of the Special Rapporteur, to the Drafting Committee, taking into account the views expressed in the plenary debate. |
经全体会议辩论之后，委员会考虑到在全体会议上提出的意见，决定将特别报告员第一次报告中所载的第1、第2和第3条草案转交起草委员会。 |
| The Commission considered the report of the Drafting Committee (A/CN.4/L.984) on the topic and provisionally adopted draft articles 1 to 3, which had been provisionally adopted by the Drafting Committee at the present session. |
委员会审议了起草委员会关于该专题的报告(A/CN.4/ L.984)，并暂时通过了起草委员会在本届会议上暂时通过的第1至第3条草案。 |
| An open-ended Working Group under the chairpersonship of Ms. Nilüfer Oral was established to assist the Special Rapporteur in the preparation of the draft commentaries to draft articles 1 to 3. |
设立了一个不限成员名额工作组，由尼吕费尔·奥拉尔女士担任主席，协助特别报告员编写第1至第3条草案的评注草案。 |
| The Working Group held one meeting, on 18 July 2023 (chap. VI). |
工作组于2023年7月18日举行了一次会议(第六章)。 |
| 17. |
17. |
| With respect to the topic “Subsidiary means for the determination of rules of international law”, the Commission had before it the first report of the Special Rapporteur (A/CN.4/760), as well as a memorandum by the Secretariat providing information on previous work of the Commission that could be of relevance to the future work of the Commission (A/CN.4/759). |
关于“确定国际法规则的辅助手段”专题，委员会收到了特别报告员的第一次报告(A/CN.4/760)，以及秘书处的一份备忘录(A/CN.4/759)，其中提供了可能与委员会今后工作有关的委员会以往工作的资料。 |
| The first report addressed, inter alia, the scope of the topic and the main issues to be addressed in the course of the work of the Commission, the drafting history of Article 38, paragraph 1 (d) of the Statute of the International Court of Justice and the previous work of the Commission related to subsidiary means. |
第一次报告除其他外，述及该专题的范围和委员会工作过程中要处理的主要问题、《国际法院规约》第三十八条第一项(卯)款的起草历史以及委员会以往关于辅助手段的工作。 |
| Following the debate in plenary, the Commission decided to refer draft conclusions 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, as presented in the first report, to the Drafting Committee, taking into account the comments made in plenary. |
经全体会议辩论之后，委员会考虑到在全体会议上提出的意见，决定将第一次报告中提出的结论草案1、2、3、4和5转交起草委员会。 |
| The Commission received the report of the Drafting Committee on the consolidated text of draft conclusions 1 to 3, provisionally adopted by the Drafting Committee (A/CN.4/L.985), and provisionally adopted draft conclusions 1, 2 and 3, together with commentaries. |
委员会收到了起草委员会关于起草委员会暂时通过的结论草案1至3的合并案文报告(A/CN.4/L.985)，并暂时通过了结论草案1、2和3及其评注。 |
| Furthermore, the Commission took note of draft conclusions 4 and 5, provisionally adopted by the Drafting Committee at the present session, which was contained in an additional report of the Committee (A/CN.4/L.985/Add.1) (chap. VII). |
此外，委员会还注意到起草委员会在本届会议上暂时通过的结论草案4和5, 这两项草案载于起草委员会的一份补充报告(A/CN.4/L.985/Add.1)(第七章)。 |
| 18. |
18. |
| With respect to the topic “Sea-level rise in relation to international law”, the Commission reconstituted the Study Group on sea-level rise in relation to international law. |
关于“与国际法有关的海平面上升”专题，委员会重组了与国际法有关的海平面上升问题研究组。 |
| The Study Group had before it the additional paper to the first issues paper (A/CN.4/761 and Add.1), prepared by two of the Co-Chairs of the Study Group, Mr. Bogdan Aurescu and Ms. Nilüfer Oral, which addressed the following issues and principles: meaning of “legal stability” in relation to sea-level rise, with a focus on baselines and maritime zones; |
研究组收到了第一次问题文件的补充文件(A/CN.4/761和Add.1)，该文件由研究组两名共同主席波格丹·奥雷斯库先生和尼吕费尔·奥拉尔女士编写，论及以下问题和原则：与海平面上升有关的“法律稳定性”的含义，重点是基线和海区； |
| immutability and intangibility of boundaries; |
边界不可改变和不可触犯； |
| fundamental change of circumstances (rebus sic stantibus); |
情况之基本改变(情势变更)； |
| effects of the potential situation whereby overlapping areas of the exclusive economic zones of opposite coastal States, delimited by bilateral agreement, no longer overlap; |
由双边协定划定的相向沿海国专属经济区重叠区域不再重叠这一潜在情形的影响； |
| effects of the situation whereby an agreed land boundary terminus ends up being located out at sea; |
商定的陆地边界终点最后落到海上这一情形的影响； |
| principle that “the land dominates the sea”; |
“陆地支配海洋”原则； |
| historic waters, title and rights; |
历史性水域、所有权和权利； |
| equity; |
公平； |
| permanent sovereignty over natural resources; |
对自然资源的永久主权； |
| possible loss or gain of benefits by third States; |
第三国可能的损失或收益； |
| nautical charts and their relationship to baselines, maritime boundaries and the safety of navigation; |
海图及其与基线、海洋边界和航行安全的关系； |
| and relevance of other sources of law. |
以及其他法律渊源的相关性。 |
| The Study Group had an exchange of views on the additional paper, with a focus on the preliminary observations prepared by the Co-Chairs. |
研究组就补充文件交换了意见，侧重点是共同主席编写的初步意见。 |
| It also held a discussion on the future programme of work on the topic (chap. VIII). |
研究组还就这一专题的未来工作方案进行了讨论(第八章)。 |
| 19. |
19. |
| With respect to the topic “Succession of States in respect of State responsibility”, the Commission established a Working Group on the topic, chaired by Mr. August Reinisch, in order to consider the way forward in relation to the topic. |
关于“国家责任方面的国家继承”专题，委员会设立了一个专题工作组，以考虑该专题今后的方向，由奥古斯特·赖尼施先生担任主席。 |
| Upon receiving the oral report of the Working Group, the Commission took note of the Working Group’s recommendations, inter alia, that the Commission should not proceed with the appointment of a new Special Rapporteur, and that the Working Group should be re-established at the seventy-fifth session with a view to undertaking further reflection, and making a recommendation, on the way forward for the topic (chap. IX). |
在收到工作组的口头报告后，委员会注意到工作组的建议，其中除其他外包括，委员会不应着手任命新的特别报告员，应在第七十五届会议上重新设立工作组，以进一步思考该专题今后的方向并提出建议(第九章)。 |
| 20. |
20. |
| Concerning “Other decisions and conclusions of the Commission”, the Commission decided to include the topic “Non-legally binding international agreements” in its programme of work and to appoint Mr. Mathias Forteau as Special Rapporteur (chap. X, sect. B). |
关于“委员会的其他决定和结论”，委员会决定将“无法律约束力的国际协定”专题列入工作方案，并任命马蒂亚斯·福尔托先生为特别报告员(第十章B节)。 |
| The Commission re-established a Planning Group to consider its programme, procedures and working methods, which in turn decided to re-establish the Working Group on the long-term programme of work, chaired by Mr. Marcelo Vázquez-Bermúdez, and the Working Group on methods of work, chaired by Mr. Charles Chernor Jalloh (chap. X, sect. D). |
委员会重新设立了一个规划组，以审议其方案、程序和工作方法，规划组又决定重新设立长期工作方案工作组，由马塞洛·巴斯克斯－贝穆德斯先生担任主席，以及工作方法工作组，由查尔斯·切尔诺·贾洛先生担任主席(第十章D节)。 |
| 21. |
21. |
| The Commission decided to hold a seventy-fifth anniversary commemorative event during its seventy-fifth session in Geneva in 2024. |
委员会决定在2024年于日内瓦举行的第七十五届会议期间举行七十五周年纪念活动。 |
| The Commission also agreed that during the first part of the seventy-fifth session there should be a solemn meeting of the Commission to which dignitaries, and representatives of the host Government should be invited, and one and a half days of meetings with legal advisers of Ministries of Foreign Affairs dedicated to the work of the Commission. |
委员会还商定，在第七十五届会议第一期会议期间，委员会应举行一次庄严的会议，邀请一些贵宾和东道国代表出席，并与各国外交部法律顾问举行为期一天半的会议，专门讨论委员会的工作。 |
| Moreover, Member States, in association with regional organizations, professional associations, academic institutions and members of the Commission concerned, were to be encouraged to convene national or regional meetings, which would be dedicated to the work of the Commission (chap. X, sect. D). |
此外，应鼓励会员国与区域组织、专业协会、学术机构和有关委员会委员联合召开专门讨论委员会工作的国家或区域会议(第十章D节)。 |
| 22. |
22. |
| The Commission recommended the possible convening of the first part of its annual session in New York in 2026, subject to availability of conference servicing and other resources, and in that regard, it requested the Secretariat to proceed with the necessary administrative and organizational arrangements to facilitate such convening (chap. X, sect. D). |
委员会建议在会议服务和其他资源允许的情况下，视可能于2026年在纽约召开其年度会议第一期会议，在这方面，委员会请秘书处着手作出必要的行政和组织安排，为召开这一期会议提供便利(第十章D节)。 |
| 23. |
23. |
| Judge Joan E. Donoghue, President of the International Court of Justice, addressed the Commission on 18 July 2023. |
国际法院院长琼·多诺霍法官于2023年7月18日在委员会发言。 |
| The Commission continued its traditional exchanges of information with the African Union Commission on International Law; the Asian-African Legal Consultative Organization; the Committee of Legal Advisers on Public International Law of the Council of Europe; |
委员会继续与非洲联盟国际法委员会、亚非法律协商组织、欧洲委员会国际公法法律顾问委员会、美洲法律委员会进行了传统的信息交流。 |
| and the Inter-American Juridical Committee. Members of the Commission also held an informal exchange of views with the International Committee of the Red Cross on 4 July 2023 (chap. X, sect. F). |
委员会委员还于2023年7月4日与红十字国际委员会举行了非正式意见交换(第十章F节)。 |
| 24. |
24. |
| The Commission decided that its seventy-fifth session would be held in Geneva from 15 April to 31 May and from 1 July to 2 August 2024 (chap. X, sect. E). |
委员会决定其第七十五届会议将于2024年4月15日至5月31日和7月1日至8月2日在日内瓦举行(第十章E节)。 |
| Chapter III |
第三章 |
| Specific issues on which comments would be of particular interest to the Commission |
委员会特别想听取意见的具体问题 |
| A. |
A. |
| Prevention and repression of piracy and armed robbery at sea |
防止和打击海盗和海上武装抢劫行为 |
| 25. |
25. |
| The Commission considers as still relevant the request for information on the topic “Prevention and repression of piracy and armed robbery at sea” contained in chapter III of the report of its seventy-third session (2022) and would welcome any additional information, by 1 December 2023, concerning: |
委员会认为，它在七十三届会议(2022年)报告第三章中关于“防止和打击海盗和海上武装抢劫行为”专题的资料征集请求仍然适用， 并欢迎在2023年12月1日前就以下方面提供任何补充资料： |
| (a) |
(a) |
| the legislation, case law and practice of States relevant to the topic, including in relation to articles 100 to 107 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea; |
各国与本专题有关的法律、判例法和实践，包括与《联合国海洋法公约》第一百至一百零七条有关的法律、判例法和实践； |
| (b) |
(b) |
| the agreements entered into by States under which persons accused of piracy or armed robbery at sea are transferred with a view to prosecution; and |
各国缔结的移交被控犯有海盗或海上武装抢劫行为人员以便进行起诉的协定； |
| (c) |
(c) |
| the role of international, regional and subregional organizations regarding the prevention and repression of acts of piracy and armed robbery at sea. |
国际、区域和次区域组织在防止和打击海盗和海上武装抢劫行为方面的作用。 |
| B. |
B. |
| Subsidiary means for the determination of rules of international law |
确定国际法规则的辅助手段 |
| 26. |
26. |
| The Commission considers as still relevant the request for information on the topic “Subsidiary means for the determination of rules of international law” contained in chapter III of the report of its seventy-third session (2022) and would also welcome any updates to information already submitted pursuant to such request, by 1 February 2024, concerning: |
委员会认为，它在七十三届会议(2022年)报告第三章中关于“确定国际法规则的辅助手段”专题的资料征集请求仍然适用，并欢迎在2024年2月1日前就以下方面对已根据这一请求提交的资料作出任何更新： |
| (a) |
(a) |
| decisions of national courts, legislation and any other relevant practice at the domestic level that draw upon judicial decisions and the teachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations in the process of determination of rules of international law, namely: international conventions, whether general or particular; |
各国法院的决定、法律和国内任何其他相关实践。 这些决定、法律和实践在确定国际法规则过程中借鉴了司法判决和各国权威最高之公法学家学说，所确定的国际法规则包括：普通或特别国际协约； |
| international custom, as evidence of a general practice accepted as law; |
作为通例之证明而经接受为法律的国际习惯； |
| and the general principles of law recognized by the community of nations; |
为各国所承认的一般法律原则； |
| (b) |
(b) |
| statements made in international organizations, international conferences and other forums, including pleadings before international courts and tribunals, concerning subsidiary means for the determination of rules of international law. |
在国际组织、国际会议和其他论坛上就确定国际法规则的辅助手段所作的发言，包括向国际性法院和法庭提交的书状。 |
| C. |
C. |
| Sea-level rise in relation to international law |
与国际法有关的海平面上升 |
| 27. |
27. |
| The Commission would welcome any information that States, international organizations and other relevant entities could provide on their practice, as well as other pertinent information concerning sea-level rise in relation to international law, and reiterates its requests made in chapter III of its reports on the work of its seventy-first (2019), seventy–second (2021) and seventy-third (2022) sessions. |
委员会欢迎各国、国际组织和其他相关实体提供与国际法有关的海平面上升方面的实践以及其他相关资料，并重申其在第七十一届会议(2019年)、 第七十二届会议(2021年) 和第七十三届会议(2022年) 工作报告第三章中提出的请求。 |
| 28. |
28. |
| At the seventy-fifth session (2024), the Study Group will focus on the subject of sea-level rise in relation to statehood and protection of persons affected by sea-level rise. |
在委员会第七十五届会议(2024年)上，研究组将重点讨论海平面上升与国家地位的关系和保护受海平面上升影响人员的问题。 |
| In this connection, the Commission reiterates that it would appreciate receiving the following information, or any updates to information already submitted, by 1 December 2023: |
在这方面，委员会重申希望在2023年12月1日前收到以下资料或对已提交资料的任何更新： |
| (a) |
(a) |
| in relation to the subtopic of statehood, information on the practice of States, international organizations and other relevant entities, and other pertinent information concerning: |
关于国家地位这一分专题，提供国家、国际组织和其他相关实体以下方面实践的资料，以及其他相关资料： |
| (i) |
(一) |
| appraisals and/or practice on the requirements for the configuration of a State as a subject of international law and for the continuance of its existence in the context of the phenomenon of sea-level rise; |
关于国家作为国际法主体的构成及其在海平面上升现象中继续存在的要求的评估和/或实践； |
| (ii) |
(二) |
| appraisals and/or practice regarding the nature of the territory of a State, including therein the land surface and the jurisdictional maritime zones, particularly in the context of the sea-level rise; |
关于一国领土的性质，包括其中的陆地表面和管辖海区的评估和/或实践，特别是在海平面上升的情况下； |
| (iii) |
(三) |
| practice related to the protection of the rights of peoples and communities, as well as to the preservation of their identity, that may contribute with elements or be considered by analogy when addressing the phenomenon of sea-level rise; |
与保护人民和社区的权利以及维护其特征有关的实践，这些实践可能有助于在解决海平面上升现象时提供一些要素或通过类比加以考虑； |
| (iv) |
(四) |
| practice regarding measures of a different nature adopted by States in relation to sea-level rise in order to provide for their conservation and with respect to international cooperation on the subject; |
各国为应对海平面上升而采取不同性质措施以便进行保护和在这一问题上开展国际合作的实践； |
| (b) |
(b) |
| in relation to the subtopic on protection of persons affected by sea-level rise, information on the practice of States, international organizations and other relevant entities, as well as other pertinent information concerning: |
关于保护受海平面上升影响人员的分专题，提供国家、国际组织和其他相关实体以下方面实践的资料，以及其他相关资料： |
| (i) |
(一) |
| measures relating to risk reduction specific to the mitigation of the adverse impacts of sea-level rise; |
专门针对减轻海平面上升不利影响的减少风险措施； |
| (ii) |
(二) |
| human rights implications of the adverse impacts of sea-level rise; |
海平面上升不利影响所涉人权问题； |
| (iii) |
(三) |
| regulation of the displacement of persons affected by sea-level rise; |
管理因海平面上升而流离失所者； |
| (iv) |
(四) |
| prevention of statelessness arising from the displacement of persons affected by sea-level rise; |
防止因海平面上升而流离失所者成为无国籍人口； |
| (v) |
(五) |
| international cooperation regarding humanitarian assistance to persons affected by sea-level rise. |
开展国际合作向受海平面上升影响人员提供人道援助。 |
| D. |
D. |
| Immunity of State officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction |
国家官员的外国刑事管辖豁免 |
| 29. |
29. |
| The Commission recalls that it completed the first reading of the draft articles on the topic “Immunity of State officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction” in 2022 and had decided, in accordance with articles 16 to 21 of its statute, to transmit the draft articles, through the Secretary-General, to Governments for comments and observations, with the request that such comments and observations be submitted to the Secretary-General by 1 December 2023. |
委员会回顾，委员会于2022年完成了“国家官员的外国刑事管辖豁免”专题条款草案的一读并决定根据其章程第16至21条，通过秘书长向各国政府转发这些条款草案，征求其评论和意见，并要求在2023年12月1日前向秘书长提交这些评论和意见。 |
| Bearing in mind the importance of the topic for States in international relations, the Commission reiterates the importance it attaches to receiving such comments and observations from as many Governments as possible. |
委员会铭记这一专题对各国在国际关系中的重要性，重申重视从尽可能多的国家政府收到这种评论和意见。 |
| Chapter IV |
第四章 |
| General principles of law |
一般法律原则 |
| A. |
A. |
| Introduction |
导言 |
| 30. |
30. |
| The Commission, at its seventieth session (2018), decided to include the topic “General principles of law” in its programme of work and appointed Mr. Marcelo Vázquez-Bermúdez as Special Rapporteur. |
委员会在第七十届会议(2018年)上决定将“一般法律原则”专题列入工作方案，并任命马塞洛·巴斯克斯－贝穆德斯先生为特别报告员。 |
| The General Assembly, in paragraph 7 of its resolution 73/265 of 22 December 2018, subsequently took note of the decision of the Commission to include the topic in its programme of work. |
联大随后在2018年12月22日第73/265号决议第7段中注意到委员会决定将此专题列入工作方案。 |
| 31. |
31. |
| At its seventy-first session (2019), the Commission considered the Special Rapporteur’s first report (A/CN.4/732), which set out his approach to the topic’s scope and outcome, as well as the main issues to be addressed in the course of the Commission’s work. |
委员会在第七十一届会议(2019年)上审议了特别报告员的第一次报告(A/CN.4/732)，特别报告员在报告中提出了他处理本专题的范围和成果的方法，以及委员会在工作中应处理的主要问题。 |
| Following the debate in plenary, the Commission decided to refer draft conclusions 1 to 3, as contained in the Special Rapporteur’s first report, to the Drafting Committee. |
经全体会议辩论后，委员会决定将特别报告员第一次报告所载结论草案1至3转交起草委员会。 |
| The Commission subsequently took note of the interim report of the Chair of the Drafting Committee regarding draft conclusion 1, provisionally adopted by the Committee in English only, which was presented to the Commission for information. |
委员会随后注意到起草委员会主席关于起草委员会暂时通过的结论草案1的临时报告，该报告只有英文本，已提交委员会参考。 |
| 32. |
32. |
| Also at its seventy-first session, the Commission requested the Secretariat to prepare a memorandum surveying the case law of inter-State arbitral tribunals and international criminal courts and tribunals of a universal character, as well as treaties, which would be particularly relevant for its future work on the topic. |
也是在第七十一届会议上，委员会请秘书处编写一份备忘录，评述国家间仲裁法庭、具有普遍性质的国际性刑事法院和法庭的判例，以及不同条约，这对委员会今后关于这一专题的工作尤为重要。 |
| 33. |
33. |
| At its seventy-second session (2021), the Commission considered the Special Rapporteur’s second report (A/CN.4/741 and Corr.1), in which the Special Rapporteur addressed the identification of general principles of law in the sense of Article 38, paragraph 1 (c), of the Statute of the International Court of Justice. |
委员会在第七十二届会议(2021年)上审议了特别报告员的第二次报告(A/CN.4/741和Corr.1)，特别报告员在报告中论述了《国际法院规约》第三十八条第一款(寅)项意义上一般法律原则的识别问题。 |
| The Commission also had before it the memorandum it had requested from the Secretariat (A/CN.4/742) at its seventy-first session. |
委员会还收到了第七十一届会议要求秘书处提供的备忘录(A/CN.4/742)。 |
| Following the debate in plenary, the Commission decided to refer draft conclusions 4 to 9, as presented in the second report, to the Drafting Committee. |
经全体会议辩论后，委员会决定将特别报告员第二次报告所载结论草案4至9转交起草委员会。 |
| The Commission provisionally adopted draft conclusions 1, 2 and 4, together with commentaries, and took note of draft conclusion 5, as contained in the report of the Drafting Committee. |
委员会暂时通过了结论草案1、2和4及其评注，并注意到起草委员会报告所载结论草案5。 |
| 34. |
34. |
| At the seventy-third session (2022), the Commission considered the Special Rapporteur’s third report (A/CN.4/753), in which the Special Rapporteur discussed the issue of transposition, general principles of law formed within the international legal system, and the functions of general principles of law and their relationship with other sources of international law. |
委员会在第七十三届会议(2022年)上审议了特别报告员的第三次报告(A/CN.4/753)，特别报告员在报告中讨论了移植问题、在国际法律体系内形成的一般法律原则和一般法律原则的功能及其与国际法其他渊源的关系。 |
| Following the debate in plenary, the Commission decided to refer draft conclusions 10 to 14, as presented in the Special Rapporteur’s third report, to the Drafting Committee. |
经全体会议辩论后，委员会决定将特别报告员第三次报告所载结论草案10至14转交起草委员会。 |
| The Commission provisionally adopted draft conclusions 3, 5 and 7, together with commentaries, and took note of draft conclusions 6, 8, 9, 10 and 11, as contained in the report of the Drafting Committee. |
委员会暂时通过了结论草案3、5和7及其评注，并注意到起草委员会报告所载结论草案6、8、9、10和11。 |
| B. |
B. |
| Consideration of the topic at the present session |
本届会议审议此专题的情况 |
| 35. |
35. |
| The Commission had no new report of the Special Rapporteur at the present session. |
委员会本届会议没有收到特别报告员的新报告。 |
| The Drafting Committee finalized its consideration of the draft conclusions referred to it previously by the Commission, and which had already been provisionally adopted by the Committee. |
起草委员会完成了对委员会先前转交的结论草案的审议，起草委员会已经暂时通过了这些结论草案。 |
| 36. |
36. |
| At its 3628th meeting, on 19 May 2023, the Commission received and considered the report of the Drafting Committee (A/CN.4/L.982), and adopted the draft conclusions on general principles of law on first reading (see sect. C.1 below). |
在2023年5月19日举行的第3628次会议上，委员会收到并审议了起草委员会的报告(A/CN.4/L.982)，并一读通过了关于一般法律原则的结论草案(见下文C.1节)。 |
| 37. |
37. |
| At its 3643rd to 3646th meetings, from 24 to 26 July 2023, the Commission adopted the commentaries to the aforementioned draft conclusions (see sect. C.2 below). |
在2023年7月24日至26日举行的第3643次至第3646次会议上，委员会通过了上述结论草案的评注(见下文C.2节)。 |
| 38. |
38. |
| At its 3646th meeting, on 26 July 2023, the Commission decided, in accordance with articles 16 to 21 of its statute, to transmit the draft conclusions (see sect. C below), through the Secretary-General, to Governments for comments and observations, with the request that such comments and observations be submitted to the Secretary-General by 1 December 2024. |
在2023年7月26日举行的第3646次会议上，委员会根据其《章程》第16至第21条，决定通过秘书长将结论草案(见下文C节)转交各国政府征求评论和意见，并请各国政府在2024年12月1日之前向秘书长提交此类评论和意见。 |
| 39. |
39. |
| At its 3646th meeting, on 26 July 2023, the Commission expressed its deep appreciation for the outstanding contribution of the Special Rapporteur, Mr. Marcelo Vázquez-Bermúdez, which had enabled the Commission to bring to a successful conclusion its first reading of the draft conclusions on general principles of law. |
在2023年7月26日举行的第3646次会议上，委员会向特别报告员马塞洛·巴斯克斯－贝穆德斯先生深表感谢，由于他的杰出贡献，委员会得以圆满完成对一般法律原则结论草案的一读。 |
| C. |
C. |
| Text of the draft conclusions on general principles of law adopted by the Commission on first reading |
委员会一读暂时通过的关于一般法律原则的结论草案案文 |
| 1. |
1. |
| Text of the draft conclusions |
结论草案案文 |
| 40. |
40. |
| The text of the draft conclusions adopted by the Commission on first reading is reproduced below. |
委员会一读通过的结论草案案文载录如下。 |
| General principles of law |
一般法律原则 |
| Conclusion 1 Scope |
结论1 范围 |
| The present draft conclusions concern general principles of law as a source of international law. |
本结论草案涉及作为国际法渊源的一般法律原则。 |
| Conclusion 2 Recognition |
结论2 承认 |
| For a general principle of law to exist, it must be recognized by the community of nations. |
一般法律原则须为各国承认才会存在。 |
| Conclusion 3 Categories of general principles of law |
结论3 一般法律原则的类别 |
| General principles of law comprise those: |
一般法律原则包括： |
| (a) |
(a) |
| that are derived from national legal systems; |
源自国内法律体系的原则； |
| (b) |
(b) |
| that may be formed within the international legal system. |
可在国际法律体系内形成的原则。 |
| Conclusion 4 Identification of general principles of law derived from national legal systems |
结论4 识别源自国内法律体系的一般法律原则 |
| To determine the existence and content of a general principle of law derived from national legal systems, it is necessary to ascertain: |
要确定源自国内法律体系的一般法律原则的存在及内容，有必要查明： |
| (a) |
(a) |
| the existence of a principle common to the various legal systems of the world; |
存在一项世界各法律体系共有的原则； |
| and |
并且 |
| (b) |
(b) |
| its transposition to the international legal system. |
其被移植到国际法律体系内。 |
| Conclusion 5 Determination of the existence of a principle common to the various legal systems of the world |
结论5 确定一项世界各法律体系共有的原则的存在 |
| 1. |
1. |
| To determine the existence of a principle common to the various legal systems of the world, a comparative analysis of national legal systems is required. |
要确定一项世界各法律体系共有的原则的存在，需要对各国法律体系进行比较分析。 |
| 2. |
2. |
| The comparative analysis must be wide and representative, including the different regions of the world. |
比较分析必须广泛且有代表性，包括世界不同区域。 |
| 3. |
3. |
| The comparative analysis includes an assessment of national laws and decisions of national courts, and other relevant materials. |
比较分析包括对国内法和国内法院所作决定以及其他相关材料的评估。 |
| Conclusion 6 Determination of transposition to the international legal system |
结论6 确定被移植到国际法律体系内 |
| A principle common to the various legal systems of the world may be transposed to the international legal system insofar as it is compatible with that system. Conclusion 7 |
一项世界各法律体系共有的原则在与国际法律体系相容的限度内，可移植到该体系内。 |
| Identification of general principles of law formed within the international legal system |
结论7 识别在国际法律体系内形成的一般法律原则 |
| 1. |
1. |
| To determine the existence and content of a general principle of law that may be formed within the international legal system, it is necessary to ascertain that the community of nations has recognized the principle as intrinsic to the international legal system. |
要确定可能在国际法律体系内形成的一般法律原则的存在及内容，有必要查明各国已承认该原则是国际法律体系固有的原则。 |
| 2. |
2. |
| Paragraph 1 is without prejudice to the question of the possible existence of other general principles of law formed within the international legal system. |
第1段不影响可能存在着国际法律体系内形成的其他一般法律原则的问题。 |
| Conclusion 8 Decisions of courts and tribunals |
结论8 法院和法庭的决定 |
| 1. |
1. |
| Decisions of international courts and tribunals, in particular of the International Court of Justice, concerning the existence and content of general principles of law are a subsidiary means for the determination of such principles. |
国际性法院和法庭特别是国际法院涉及一般法律原则的存在及内容的决定是确定此类原则的辅助手段。 |
| 2. |
2. |
| Regard may be had, as appropriate, to decisions of national courts concerning the existence and content of general principles of law, as a subsidiary means for the determination of such principles. |
可酌情考虑将各国法院涉及一般法律原则的存在及内容的决定用作确定此类原则的辅助手段。 |
| Conclusion 9 Teachings |
结论9 学说 |
| Teachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations may serve as a subsidiary means for the determination of general principles of law. |
各国权威最高的公法学家学说可用作确定一般法律原则的辅助手段。 |
| Conclusion 10 Functions of general principles of law |
结论10 一般法律原则的功能 |
| 1. |
1. |
| General principles of law are mainly resorted to when other rules of international law do not resolve a particular issue in whole or in part. |
主要当其他国际法规则不能全部或部分解决某一特定问题时，求助于一般法律原则。 |
| 2. |
2. |
| General principles of law contribute to the coherence of the international legal system. |
一般法律原则有利于国际法律体系的一致性。 |
| They may serve, inter alia: |
一般法律原则尤其可具有以下功能： |
| (a) |
(a) |
| to interpret and complement other rules of international law; |
用以解释和补充其他国际法规则； |
| (b) |
(b) |
| as a basis for primary rights and obligations, as well as a basis for secondary and procedural rules. |
用作主要权利和义务的依据，以及用作次要和程序性规则的依据。 |
| Conclusion 11 Relationship between general principles of law and treaties and customary international law |
结论11 一般法律原则与条约和习惯国际法的关系 |
| 1. |
1. |
| General principles of law, as a source of international law, are not in a hierarchical relationship with treaties and customary international law. |
作为国际法渊源的一般法律原则与条约和习惯国际法不存在位阶关系。 |
| 2. |
2. |
| A general principle of law may exist in parallel with a rule of the same or similar content in a treaty or customary international law. |
一般法律原则可与条约或习惯国际法中具有相同或类似内容的规则并行存在。 |
| 3. |
3. |
| Any conflict between a general principle of law and a rule in a treaty or customary international law is to be resolved by applying the generally accepted techniques of interpretation and conflict resolution in international law. |
对于一般法律原则与条约或习惯国际法中的规则之间的任何冲突，应适用国际法中公认的解释方法和冲突解决方法予以解决。 |
| 2. |
2. |
| Text of the draft conclusions and commentaries thereto |
结论草案案文及其评注 |
| 41. |
41. |
| The text of the draft conclusions and commentaries thereto adopted by the Commission on first reading at its seventy-fourth session is reproduced below. |
委员会第七十四届会议一读通过的结论草案案文及其评注载录如下。 |
| General principles of law |
一般法律原则 |
| Conclusion 1 Scope |
结论1 范围 |
| The present draft conclusions concern general principles of law as a source of international law. |
本结论草案涉及作为国际法渊源的一般法律原则。 |
| Commentary |
评注 |
| (1) |
(1) |
| Draft conclusion 1 is introductory in nature. It provides that the draft conclusions concern general principles of law as a source of international law. |
结论草案1是介绍性的，规定本结论草案涉及作为国际法渊源的一般法律原则。 |
| The term “general principles of law” is used throughout the draft conclusions to refer to “the general principles of law recognized by civilized nations” listed in Article 38, paragraph 1 (c), of the Statute of International Court of Justice, analysed in the light of the practice of States, the jurisprudence of courts and tribunals, and teachings. |
本结论草案通篇使用“一般法律原则”这一表述，指的是《国际法院规约》第三十八条第一款(寅)项所列的“文明各国所承认的一般法律原则”，并结合国家实践、法院和法庭的判例以及学说进行了分析。 |
| (2) |
(2) |
| Draft conclusion 1 reaffirms that general principles of law constitute one of the sources of international law. |
结论草案1重申，一般法律原则是国际法的渊源之一。 |
| The legal nature of general principles of law as such is confirmed by their inclusion in Article 38, paragraph 1 (c), of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, together with treaties and customary international law, as part of the “international law” that shall be applied by the Court to decide the disputes submitted to it. |
一般法律原则与条约和习惯国际法一起被列入《国际法院规约》第三十八条第一款(寅)项，作为法院在裁判向其提交的争端时应适用的“国际法”的一部分，从而确认了一般法律原则的法律性质。 |
| The predecessor of that provision, Article 38, paragraph 3, of the Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice, was the result of lengthy discussions in 1920 within the League of Nations, and in particular the Advisory Committee of Jurists established by the Council of the League, which sought to codify the practice that existed prior to the adoption of the Statute. |
该项规定的前身是《常设国际法院规约》第三十八条第三款，是1920年在国际联盟内部，特别是国际联盟理事会设立的法学家咨询委员会进行长时间讨论的结果，该委员会试图对《规约》通过之前存在的惯例进行编纂。 |
| Since then, general principles of law as a source of international law have been referred to in State practice, including in bilateral and multilateral treaties, as well as in the decisions of different courts and tribunals. |
自此之后，作为国际法渊源的一般法律原则在包括双边和多边条约在内的国家实践中以及在不同的法院和法庭的决定中被提及。 |
| (3) |
(3) |
| The term “source of international law” refers to the legal process and form through which a general principle of law comes into existence. |
“国际法渊源”一词是指一般法律原则形成的法律过程和形式。 |
| The draft conclusions aim to clarify the scope of general principles of law, the method for their identification, and their functions and relationship with other sources of international law. |
结论草案旨在澄清一般法律原则的范围、识别方法、功能及其与其他国际法渊源的关系。 |
| Conclusion 2 Recognition |
结论2 承认 |
| For a general principle of law to exist, it must be recognized by the community of nations. |
一般法律原则须为各国承认才会存在。 |
| Commentary |
评注 |
| (1) |
(1) |
| Draft conclusion 2 reaffirms a basic element of Article 38, paragraph 1 (c), of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, namely, that for a general principle of law to exist, it must be “recognized” by the community of nations. |
结论草案2重申了《国际法院规约》第三十八条第一款(寅)项的一个基本要素，即一项一般法律原则要存在，就必须得到各国的“承认”。 |
| (2) |
(2) |
| Recognition features widely in the practice of States, the jurisprudence of courts and tribunals and in teachings as the essential condition for the emergence of a general principle of law. |
承认作为形成一般法律原则的基本条件，广泛存在于国家实践、法院和法庭的判例以及学说中。 |
| This means that, to determine whether a general principle of law exists at a given point in time, it is necessary to examine all the available evidence showing that its recognition has taken place. |
这意味着，要确定一项一般法律原则在某一特定时间点是否存在，有必要审查所有可获得的证据，证明该原则已得到承认。 |
| The specific criteria for this determination are objective and are developed in subsequent draft conclusions. |
用来进行这一确定工作的具体标准是客观的，将在随后的结论草案中制定。 |
| (3) |
(3) |
| Draft conclusion 2 employs the term “community of nations” as a substitute for the term “civilized nations” found in Article 38, paragraph 1 (c), of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, because the latter term is anachronistic. |
结论草案2用“各国”(community of nations)一词取代《国际法院规约》第三十八条第一款(寅)项中的“文明各国”(civilized nations)一词，因为后者已不合时宜。 |
| The term “community of nations” is found in article 15, paragraph 2, of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, a treaty to which 173 States are parties and which is thus widely accepted. |
“各国”(community of nations)一词见于《公民及政治权利国际公约》第十五条第二款，该条约有173个缔约国，因此得到广泛接受。 |
| The term used in the authentic languages of the Covenant is replicated in the different language versions of draft conclusion 2. |
结论草案2的不同语文版本复制了该公约各作准文本中使用的表述。 |
| For example, “l’ensemble des nations” in French and “communidad internacional” in Spanish. |
例如，法文本使用了“l’ensemble des nations”，西班牙文本使用了“communidad internacional”的表述。 |
| By employing this formulation, the draft conclusion aims to stress that all nations participate equally, without any kind of distinction, in the formation of general principles of law, in accordance with the principle of sovereign equality set out in Article 2, paragraph 1, of the Charter of the United Nations. |
本条结论草案采用这一措辞，目的是强调所有国家根据《联合国宪章》第二条第一款规定的主权平等原则，平等地参加一般法律原则的形成过程，没有任何区别。 |
| (4) |
(4) |
| The use of the term “community of nations” is not intended to modify the scope or content of Article 38, paragraph 1 (c), of the Statute of the International Court of Justice. |
使用“各国”一词并不是为了修改《国际法院规约》第三十八条第一款(寅)项的范围或内容。 |
| In particular, the term does not seek to suggest that there is a need for a unified or collective recognition of a general principle of law, nor does it suggest that general principles of law can only arise within the international legal system. |
具体而言，这个词并不试图表明一项一般法律原则需要得到统一或集体承认，也不表明一般法律原则只能在国际法律体系内产生。 |
| Furthermore, the term “community of nations” should not be confused with the term “international community of States as a whole” found in article 53 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, relating to peremptory norms of general international law (jus cogens). |
此外，“各国”一词不应与《维也纳条约法公约》关于一般国际法强制性规范(强行法)的第五十三条中的“国际社会全体” 相混淆。 |
| (5) |
(5) |
| The use of the term “community of nations” does not preclude that, in certain circumstances, international organizations may also contribute to the formation of general principles of law. |
使用“各国”一词并不排除在某些情况下，国际组织也可能促进一般法律原则的形成。 |
| Conclusion 3 Categories of general principles of law |
结论3 一般法律原则的类别 |
| General principles of law comprise those: |
一般法律原则包括： |
| (a) |
(a) |
| that are derived from national legal systems; |
源自国内法律体系的原则； |
| (b) |
(b) |
| that may be formed within the international legal system. |
可在国际法律体系内形成的原则。 |
| Commentary |
评注 |
| (1) |
(1) |
| Draft conclusion 3 addresses the two categories of general principles of law in the sense of Article 38, paragraph 1 (c), of the Statute of the International Court of Justice. |
结论草案3述及《国际法院规约》第三十八条第一款(寅)项意义上的一般法律原则的两个类别。 |
| The term “categories” is employed to indicate two groups of general principles of law in light of their origins and thus the process through which they may emerge. |
使用“类别”一词，以表示一般法律原则依其起源及进而可能产生的过程而分为两类。 |
| In contrast with subparagraph (a) of the draft conclusion, which uses the phrase “are derived from”, subparagraph (b) uses the phrase “may be formed”. |
本条结论草案的(a)分段使用了“源自”一语，相比之下，(b)分段则使用了“可……形成”一语。 |
| The phrase “may be formed” was considered appropriate to introduce a degree of flexibility to the provision, acknowledging that there is a debate as to whether a second category of general principles of law exists. |
“可……形成”一语被认为是适当的，以便为这项规定引入一定程度的灵活性，同时承认对于是否存在第二类一般法律原则仍有争议。 |
| (2) |
(2) |
| Subparagraph (a) of the draft conclusion refers to the general principles of law that are derived from national legal systems. |
本条结论草案(a)分段提到源自国内法律体系的一般法律原则。 |
| That general principles of law in the sense of Article 38, paragraph 1 (c), of the Statute of the International Court of Justice include those derived from national legal systems is established in the jurisprudence of courts and tribunals and teachings, and is confirmed by the travaux préparatoires of the Statute. |
《国际法院规约》第三十八条第一款(寅)项意义上的一般法律原则包括源自国内法律体系的一般法律原则，这一点已在法院和法庭的判例 以及学说 中得到确立，并在《规约》的准备工作文件 中得到确认。 |
| Draft conclusions 4 to 6 deal in greater detail with the methodology for the identification of these general principles of law. |
结论草案4至6更详细地论述了识别这些一般法律原则的方法。 |
| (3) |
(3) |
| Subparagraph (b) of draft conclusion 3 refers to the general principles of law that may be formed within the international legal system. |
结论草案3(b)分段提到可在国际法律体系内形成的一般法律原则。 |
| The existence of this category of general principles of law in the sense of Article 38, paragraph 1 (c), of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, appears to find support in the jurisprudence of courts and tribunals and teachings. |
《国际法院规约》第三十八条第一款(寅)项意义上的一般法律原则的这一类别的存在，似乎在法院和法庭的判例 以及在学说 中得到了支持。 |
| Some members, however, consider that Article 38, paragraph 1 (c), does not encompass a second category of general principles of law, or at least remain sceptical of its existence as an autonomous source of international law, and note that the doctrine is divided on this issue. |
然而，一些委员认为第三十八条第一款(寅)项并不包含第二类一般法律原则，或者至少对其作为国际法的一个自主渊源的存在持怀疑态度。 |
| Further aspects about general principles of law formed within the international legal system are explained in the commentary to draft conclusion 7. Conclusion 4 |
关于在国际法律体系内形成的一般法律原则的更多方面的解释载于结论草案7的评注。 |
| Identification of general principles of law derived from national legal systems |
结论4 识别源自国内法律体系的一般法律原则 |
| To determine the existence and content of a general principle of law derived from national legal systems, it is necessary to ascertain: |
要确定源自国内法律体系的一般法律原则的存在及内容，有必要查明： |
| (a) |
(a) |
| the existence of a principle common to the various legal systems of the world; |
存在一项世界各法律体系共有的原则； |
| and |
并且 |
| (b) |
(b) |
| its transposition to the international legal system. |
其被移植到国际法律体系内。 |
| Commentary |
评注 |
| (1) |
(1) |
| Draft conclusion 4 addresses the requirements for the identification of general principles of law derived from national legal systems. |
结论草案4述及识别源自国内法律体系的一般法律原则的要求。 |
| It provides that, to determine the existence and content of a general principle of law, it is necessary to ascertain: (a) the existence of a principle common to the various legal systems of the world; |
其中规定，为确定一项一般法律原则的存在和内容，有必要查明：(a) 存在一项世界各法律体系共有的原则； |
| and (b) the transposition of that principle to the international legal system. |
并且(b) 该原则被移植到国际法律体系内。 |
| (2) |
(2) |
| This two-step analysis is widely accepted in practice and the literature and is aimed at demonstrating that a general principle of law has been “recognized” in the sense of Article 38, paragraph 1 (c), of the Statute of the International Court of Justice. |
这个两步骤分析法在实践和文献中被广泛接受，这种分析的目的是表明一项一般法律原则得到了《国际法院规约》第三十八条第一款(寅)项意义上的“承认”。 |
| It is an objective method to be applied by all those called upon to determine whether a given general principle of law exists at a specific point in time and what the content of that general principle of law is. |
这是一种客观的方法，所有负责这方面工作的人都可用来于确定某一般法律原则在某一具体时间点是否存在，以及该一般法律原则的内容是什么。 |
| (3) |
(3) |
| Subparagraph (a) addresses the first requirement for identification, that is, the ascertainment of the existence of a principle common to the various legal systems of the world. |
(a)分段提出了识别的第一项要求，即查明是否存在一项世界各法律体系共有的原则。 |
| This exercise, which is essentially inductive, is necessary to show that a legal principle has been generally recognized by the community of nations. |
这项工作本质上是归纳性的，对说明一项法律原则已得到各国的普遍承认是有必要的。 |
| The use of the term “the various legal systems of the world” is aimed at highlighting the requirement that a principle must be found in legal systems of the world generally. |
使用“世界各法律体系”一语的目的是强调一项要求：某一原则必须广泛存在于世界各法律体系中。 |
| It is an inclusive and broad term, covering the variety and diversity of national legal systems of the world. |
这个说法兼容并蓄，涵盖了世界上各种各样的国内法律体系。 |
| This requirement is further developed in draft conclusion 5. |
这一要求在结论草案5中得到进一步阐述。 |
| (4) |
(4) |
| Subparagraph (b) addresses the second requirement for identification, that is, the ascertainment of the transposition of the principle common to the various legal systems of the world to the international legal system. |
(b)分段提出了识别的第二项要求，即查明为世界各法律体系共有的原则被移植到国际法律体系中的情况。 |
| This requirement, which is further elaborated on in draft conclusion 6, is necessary to show that a principle is not only recognized by the community of nations in national legal systems, but that it is also recognized as applicable within the international legal system. |
这一要求在结论草案6中得到进一步阐述，对表明一项原则不仅在各国国内法律体系中得到承认，而且也被承认为适用于国际法律体系是必要的。 |
| (5) |
(5) |
| Subparagraph (b) employs the term “transposition”, understood as the process of determining whether, to what extent and how a principle common to the various legal systems can be applied in the international legal system. |
(b)分段使用“被移植”一词，可理解为一个过程，通过此过程确定各法律体系的一项共有原则是否可以在国际法律体系中适用、在何种程度上适用以及如何适用。 |
| The use of this term is not intended to suggest that a formal or express act of transposition is required. |
使用该词并不意味着需要正式的或明示的移植行为。 |
| (6) |
(6) |
| The term “transposition” was preferred to “transposability”, which is sometimes used in this context. |
有时在此种语境中使用“可移植”一词，但与“可移植”相比，“被移植”更为可取。 |
| Transposition necessarily encompasses transposability; |
“被移植”必然包含“可移植”； |
| the latter term refers to whether or not a principle identified through the process indicated in subparagraph (a) can be applied in the international legal system, but does not cover the whole process of ascertainment of transposition. |
后者是指通过(a)分段所述程序识别的一项原则是否可在国际法律体系中适用，但并不涵盖查明移植情况的整个过程。 |
| (7) |
(7) |
| Owing to the differences between the international legal system and national legal systems, a principle or some elements of a principle identified through the process indicated in subparagraph (a) may not be suitable to be applied in the international legal system. |
由于国际法律体系和国内法律体系之间存在差异，通过(a)分段所述程序识别的一项原则或一项原则的某些要素可能不适合在国际法律体系中适用。 |
| Therefore, “transposition” encompasses the possibility that the content of the general principle of law identified through this two-step analysis may not be identical to the principle found in the various national legal systems. Conclusion 5 |
因此，“被移植”包含一种可能性，即通过这个两步骤分析法识别的一般法律原则的内容可能与各国法律体系中的原则并不完全相同。 |
| Determination of the existence of a principle common to the various legal systems of the world |
结论5 确定一项世界各法律体系共有的原则的存在 |
| 1. |
1. |
| To determine the existence of a principle common to the various legal systems of the world, a comparative analysis of national legal systems is required. |
要确定一项世界各法律体系共有的原则的存在，需要对各国法律体系进行比较分析。 |
| 2. |
2. |
| The comparative analysis must be wide and representative, including the different regions of the world. |
比较分析必须广泛且有代表性，包括世界不同区域。 |
| 3. |
3. |
| The comparative analysis includes an assessment of national laws and decisions of national courts, and other relevant materials. |
比较分析包括对国内法和国内法院所作决定以及其他相关材料的评估。 |
| Commentary |
评注 |
| (1) |
(1) |
| Draft conclusion 5 addresses the first step of the two-step methodology for the identification of general principles of law derived from national legal systems set out in draft conclusion 4, that is, the determination of the existence of a principle common to the various legal systems of the world. |
结论草案5涉及结论草案4所述的识别源自国内法律体系的一般法律原则的两步骤方法的第一步，即确定一项世界各法律体系共有的原则的存在。 |
| Paragraph 1 of the draft conclusion provides that, to determine the existence of such a principle, a comparative analysis is required. |
结论草案第1段规定，为确定这一原则的存在，需要进行比较分析。 |
| Paragraph 2 describes the comparative analysis by indicating that the latter must be wide and representative, including the different regions of the world. |
第2段对比较分析作了描述，指出比较分析必须广泛且有代表性，包括世界不同区域。 |
| Paragraph 3 explains which materials are relevant for the purposes of this methodology. |
第3段解释为了本方法的目的哪些材料是相关材料。 |
| (2) |
(2) |
| Paragraph 1 of draft conclusion 5 states that a “comparative analysis of national legal systems” is required to determine the existence of a principle common to the various legal systems of the world. |
结论草案5第1段指出，需要“对各国法律体系进行比较分析”，以确定一项世界各法律体系共有的原则的存在。 |
| This formulation is based on a general approach that is found in practice and in the literature, whereby national legal systems are assessed and compared in order to establish that a legal principle is common to them. |
这一提法所依据的是实践和文献中的一般做法，即对各国法律体系进行评估和比较，以确定一项法律原则是各国共有的。 |
| The “comparative analysis” referred to in the draft conclusion does not require that particular methodologies that exist in the field of comparative law be employed. |
结论草案中提到的“比较分析”并不要求采用比较法领域现有的特定方法。 |
| While such methodologies may, when appropriate, provide some guidance, a degree of flexibility is generally maintained in practice. |
虽然这些方法可能在适当情况下提供一些指导，但在实践中通常会保持一定程度的灵活性。 |
| What is relevant for the purposes of draft conclusion 5 is that a common denominator is found across national legal systems. |
与结论草案5的目的相关的是，须在各国法律体系中发现共同点。 |
| (3) |
(3) |
| What is meant by a legal principle “common” to the various legal systems of the world is not specified in draft conclusion 5. |
结论草案5没有具体说明世界各法律体系“共有”的法律原则的含义。 |
| The Commission considered that, since the content and scope of general principles of law derived from national legal systems may vary, it was appropriate not to be overly prescriptive in this regard, thus allowing for a case-by-case analysis. |
委员会认为，源自国内法律体系的一般法律原则的内容和范围可能各不相同，因此在这方面不宜作出过强的规定，从而能够进行逐案分析。 |
| In many cases, the result of the comparative analysis may be the determination of the existence of a legal principle of a general and abstract character. |
在许多情况下，比较分析的结果可能是确定存在一项一般性和抽象性的法律原则。 |
| In other cases, however, the comparative analysis can lead to the ascertainment of legal principles with a more concrete or specific character. |
然而，在其他情况下，比较分析可能导致查明更有具体性或特定性的法律原则。 |
| (4) |
(4) |
| The second paragraph of draft conclusion 5 indicates that the comparative analysis for the determination of the existence of a principle common to the various legal systems of the world must be “wide and representative, including the different regions of the world”. |
结论草案5第2段指出，为确定是否存在一项世界各法律体系共有的原则而进行的比较分析必须“广泛且有代表性，包括世界不同区域”。 |
| This description is aimed at clarifying that, while it is not necessary to assess every single legal system of the world to identify a general principle of law, the comparative analysis must nonetheless be sufficiently comprehensive to take into account the legal systems of States in accordance with the principle of sovereign equality of States. |
这一描述旨在澄清，虽然没有必要逐一评估世界上每一个法律体系来识别一般法律原则，但比较分析必须足够全面，以按照各国主权平等原则将各国的法律体系纳入考虑。 |
| The term “different regions of the world” was included to emphasize that it does not suffice to show that a legal principle exists in legal systems representing certain legal families (such as civil law, common law and Islamic law), but that it is also necessary to show that the principle has been recognized widely in the various regions of the world or, as the International Court of Justice indicated in the Barcelona Traction case, that a principle has been “generally accepted by municipal legal systems”. |
用上“世界不同区域”一词是为了强调，仅仅表明某一法律原则存在于代表某些法系(如大陆法系、普通法系和伊斯兰法系)的法律体系中是不够的，也必须表明该原则已在世界各区域得到广泛承认，或正如国际法院在巴塞罗那电车公司案中所指出的，一项原则已“为各国内法律体系所普遍接受”。 |
| (5) |
(5) |
| Paragraph 3 of draft conclusion 5 provides additional guidance by listing, in a non-exhaustive manner, the sources that may be relied upon to carry out the comparative analysis of national legal systems. |
结论草案5第3段提供了进一步的指导，以非详尽无遗的方式列出了对国内法律体系进行比较分析时可以依靠的渊源。 |
| The terms “national laws” and “decisions of national courts” are to be understood in a broad way, covering the whole range of materials in national legal systems that can be potentially relevant for the identification of a general principle of law, such as constitutions, legislation, decrees and regulations, as well as decisions of national courts from different levels and jurisdictions, including constitutional courts or tribunals, supreme courts, courts of cassation, courts of appeal, courts of first instance, and administrative tribunals. |
对“国内法”和“国内法院所作决定”这两个术语应作广义的理解，涵盖国内法律体系中可能与识别一般法律原则有关的所有材料，如宪法、立法、法令和条例，以及不同级别和管辖权的国内法院、包括宪法法院或法庭、最高法院、最高上诉法院、上诉法院、初审法院和行政法庭的决定。 |
| The term “and other relevant materials” was included so as not to preclude other sources of national legal systems that may also be relevant, such as customary law or doctrine. |
列入“以及其他相关材料”一语是为了不排除可能也相关的国内法律体系的其他渊源，如习惯法或学说。 |
| (6) |
(6) |
| In preparing draft conclusion 5, paragraph 3, the Commission was mindful that national legal systems are not identical and that each legal system must be analysed in its own context, taking into account its own characteristics. |
在编写结论草案5第3段时，委员会铭记各国的法律体系不尽相同，必须在考虑到其自身特点的情况下，根据其自身的背景对每一种法律体系进行分析。 |
| In certain legal systems, for example, the decisions of national courts may be more relevant to determine the existence of a legal principle, while in others written codes and doctrine may have prevalence. |
例如，在某些法律体系中，国内法院的决定可能更适合于确定一项法律原则的存在，而在另一些法律体系中，成文法典和学说可能占主导地位。 |
| The Commission was also in agreement that all branches of national law, including both private and public law, are potentially relevant for the identification of a general principle of law derived from national legal systems. |
委员会还一致认为，国内法的所有分支，既包括私法也包括公法，都可能与源自国内法律体系的一般法律原则的识别相关。 |
| (7) |
(7) |
| It should be highlighted that determining the existence of a principle common to the various legal systems of the world is not sufficient to establish the existence and content of a general principle of law in the sense of Article 38, paragraph 1 (c), of the Statute of the International Court of Justice. |
应当重点指出，确定存在一项世界各法律体系共有的原则，这不足以确定《国际法院规约》第三十八条第一款(寅)项意义上的一般法律原则的存在和内容。 |
| As noted in draft conclusion 4, the ascertainment of the transposition of that principle to the international legal system is also required. |
正如结论草案4所指出的，还需要查明上述原则是否已经被移植到国际法律体系内。 |
| This second step of the methodology is addressed in draft conclusion 6. |
结论草案6述及了方法的第二步。 |
| Conclusion 6 Determination of transposition to the international legal system |
结论6 确定被移植到国际法律体系内 |
| A principle common to the various legal systems of the world may be transposed to the international legal system insofar as it is compatible with that system. |
一项世界各法律体系共有的原则在与国际法律体系相容的限度内，可移植到该体系内。 |
| Commentary |
评注 |
| (1) |
(1) |
| Draft conclusion 6 concerns the determination of the transposition of a principle common to the various legal systems of the world to the international legal system. |
结论草案6涉及确定一项世界各法律体系共有的原则被移植到国际法律体系内。 |
| It states that such a principle may be so transposed insofar as it is compatible with the international legal system. |
结论草案指出，此类原则在与国际法律体系相容的限度内，可移植到该体系内。 |
| It ought to be recalled that, as draft conclusion 4 makes clear, determining transposition is the second requirement for purposes of ascertaining the existence and content of a general principle of law derived from national legal systems. |
应当回顾，结论草案4明确规定，确定被移植是查明源自国内法律体系的一般法律原则的存在和内容的第二项要求。 |
| (2) |
(2) |
| Draft conclusion 6 states that a principle common to the various legal systems of the world “may be” transposed to the international legal system. |
结论草案6指出，一项世界各法律体系共有的原则“可”移植到国际法律体系内。 |
| The words “may be” are used to highlight that transposition does not occur in an automatic fashion. |
“可”一词用于强调移植不是自动发生的。 |
| (3) |
(3) |
| The relevant test for the purposes of determining transposition is that the principle common to the various legal systems of the world must be shown to be “compatible” with the international legal system. |
确定被移植的相关检验标准是，必须证明世界各法律体系共有的这项原则与国际法律体系“相容”。 |
| The rationale that underlies this compatibility test is that the international legal system and national legal systems have distinct structures and characteristics that should not be overlooked. |
这一相容性检验标准的底层逻辑在于，国际法律体系和国内法律体系具有不容忽视的不同结构和特点。 |
| Principles that may be common to the various legal systems of the world, adopted first and foremost to meet the needs of a particular society and to apply within a specific legal system, are not necessarily capable of operating at the international level due to those differences. |
世界各法律体系可能共有的原则，首先是为了满足特定社会的需要并在特定法律体系内适用，由于上述的体系间差异，这些原则不一定能够在国际一级运作。 |
| (4) |
(4) |
| A principle in foro domestico may be considered compatible with the international legal system if it is suitable to apply within the framework of the international legal system, when conditions for its application exist. |
适用于国内法院的原则在存在适用条件的情况下适合在国际法律体系的框架内适用，可视为与国际法律体系相容。 |
| (5) |
(5) |
| An example commonly referred to in this regard is the right of access to courts that invariably exists across national legal systems. |
在这方面常提到的例子是诉诸法院的权利，各国法律体系中均存在这一权利。 |
| Such a right cannot be transposed to international courts and tribunals because it would be incompatible with the fundamental principle of consent to jurisdiction in international law, which underlies the structure and functioning of international courts and tribunals. |
这一权利不可能移植到国际性法院和法庭中，因为与国际法中同意管辖的基本原则不相容，而后者是国际性法院和法庭的结构基础和运作基础。 |
| Transposition of the right of access to courts would not only result in a direct contravention of the principle of consent to jurisdiction – that right would also be incapable of operating at the international level due to the absence of conditions for its application, i.e. a judicial body with universal and compulsory jurisdiction to settle disputes. |
移植诉诸法院的权利不仅会导致直接违反同意管辖原则，而且由于缺乏适用条件，即缺乏一个对解决争端具有普遍和强制管辖权的司法机构，这项权利也无法在国际一级施行。 |
| (6) |
(6) |
| Draft conclusion 6 indicates that a principle common to the various legal systems of the world may only be transposed “insofar as” it is compatible with the international legal system. |
结论草案6指出，一项世界各法律体系共有的原则只有在与国际法律体系相容的“限度内”才可移植。 |
| The use of these words (“insofar as”) is meant to highlight that there is a degree of flexibility when determining transposition. |
使用这个词语(“限度内”)意在强调，在确定被移植时存在一定程度的灵活性。 |
| As indicated in the commentary to draft conclusion 4 above: if only part of that principle is compatible with the international legal system, it may be transposed to that extent only. |
如上文结论草案4的评注所述：如果该原则只有一部分与国际法律体系相容，则只可在该范围内加以移植。 |
| (7) |
(7) |
| Draft conclusion 6 must be read together with draft conclusion 2, which indicates that, for a general principle of law to exist, it must be recognized by the community of nations. |
结论草案6必须与结论草案2一并解读，后者指出，一项一般法律原则要存在，就必须得到各国的承认。 |
| Therefore, recognition that a principle common to the various legal systems of the world is transposed to the international legal system is required. |
因此，必须要有对一项世界各法律体系共有的原则移植到了国际法律体系内的承认。 |
| In this context, recognition is implicit when the compatibility test is fulfilled. |
在这方面，当满足相容性检验标准时，就隐含着承认。 |
| In other words, if a principle common to the various legal systems of the world is suitable for application within the framework of the international legal system, when conditions for that application exist, it can generally be inferred that the community of nations has recognized that it is transposed. |
换言之，如果一项世界各法律体系所共有的原则在适用该原则的条件存在时宜于适用，则可以推断各国已承认该原则得到了移植。 |
| No formal act of transposition is required for a general principle of law to emerge. |
一般法律原则的出现并不需要正式的移植行为。 |
| Conclusion 7 Identification of general principles of law formed within the international legal system |
结论7 识别在国际法律体系内形成的一般法律原则 |
| 1. |
1. |
| To determine the existence and content of a general principle of law that may be formed within the international legal system, it is necessary to ascertain that the community of nations has recognized the principle as intrinsic to the international legal system. |
要确定可能在国际法律体系内形成的一般法律原则的存在及内容，有必要查明各国已承认该原则是国际法律体系固有的原则。 |
| 2. |
2. |
| Paragraph 1 is without prejudice to the question of the possible existence of other general principles of law formed within the international legal system. |
第1段不影响可能存在着国际法律体系内形成的其他一般法律原则的问题。 |
| Commentary |
评注 |
| (1) |
(1) |
| Draft conclusion 7 addresses the identification of general principles of law formed within the international legal system. |
结论草案7述及在国际法律体系内形成的一般法律原则的识别。 |
| (2) |
(2) |
| Paragraph 1 of draft conclusion 7 provides that, to determine the existence and content of a general principle of law that may be formed within the international legal system, it is necessary to ascertain that the community of nations has recognized the principle as intrinsic to that system. |
结论草案7第1段规定，要确定可在国际法律体系内形成的一般法律原则的存在及内容，有必要查明各国已承认该原则是国际法律体系固有的原则。 |
| The Commission considered that the existence of this type of general principle of law is justified for a number of reasons. |
委员会认为，这类一般法律原则的存在有若干理据。 |
| First, there are examples in judicial and State practice which appear to support the existence of these general principles of law. |
第一，司法实践和国家实践中有一些例子似乎支持这些一般法律原则的存在。 |
| Second, the international legal system, like any other legal system, must be able to generate general principles of law that are specific to it, and not have only general principles of law borrowed from other legal systems. |
第二，国际法律体系同任何其他法律体系一样，必须能够产生其特有的一般法律原则，而不只是从其他法律体系借用一般法律原则。 |
| Third, nothing in the text of Article 38, paragraph 1 (c), of the Statute of the International Court of Justice or in its drafting history limits general principles of law to those derived from national legal systems. |
第三，《国际法院规约》第三十八条第一款(寅)项的案文或其起草历史并未将一般法律原则限定为源自国内法律体系的原则。 |
| (3) |
(3) |
| As regards the methodology for the identification of general principles of law formed within the international legal system, the Commission considered that it has similarities to the methodology applicable to the identification of general principles of law derived from national legal systems, addressed in draft conclusions 4 to 6 above. |
关于识别在国际法律体系内形成的一般法律原则的方法，委员会认为，该方法类似于上文结论草案4至结论草案6所述的适用于识别源自国内法律体系的一般法律原则的方法。 |
| In both cases, an inductive analysis of existing norms is first carried out. |
对这两类一般法律原则，都首先要对现有规范进行归纳分析。 |
| In the case of the principles of the first category, rules existing in the various legal systems of the world are analysed comparatively to determine the existence of a principle common to them. |
就第一类原则而言，要对世界各法律体系中的现有规则进行比较分析，以确定一项各法律体系共有的原则的存在。 |
| For the principles of the second category, in turn, an analysis of existing rules in the international legal system is required in order to find principles reflected in those rules or underlying them, and having an autonomous status. |
对于第二类原则，则需要分析国际法律体系中的现有规则，以找到这些规则中反映的或作为其基础的、具有独立地位的原则。 |
| This analysis must take into account all available evidence of the recognition of the principle in question by the community of nations, such as international instruments reflecting the principle, resolutions adopted by international organizations or at intergovernmental conferences, and statements made by States. |
分析时必须考虑到有关原则得到各国承认的所有现有证据，例如反映该原则的国际文书、国际组织或政府间会议通过的决议以及各国发表的声明。 |
| Paragraphs (6) to (10) refer to decisions of courts and tribunals that illustrate aspects of this methodology. |
第(6)至第(10)段提到能说明这一方法各个方面的法院和法庭决定。 |
| (4) |
(4) |
| The methodology is also deductive for both categories. |
对这两类一般法律原则而言，这一方法都是演绎性的。 |
| As regards general principles of law derived from national legal systems, their compatibility with the international legal system must be determined. |
对于源自国内法律体系的一般法律原则，必须确定它们与国际法律体系是否相容； |
| General principles formed within the international legal system, for their part, must be shown to be intrinsic to that system. |
而对于在国际法律体系内形成的一般原则，必须证明这种原则是该体系所固有的。 |
| The term “intrinsic” means that the principle is specific to the international legal system and reflects and regulates its basic features. |
“固有”一词是指该原则是国际法律体系所特有的，反映并规范着国际法律体系的基本特征。 |
| (5) |
(5) |
| The principle of consent to jurisdiction can be considered as a general principle recognized by the community of nations as intrinsic to the international legal system due to the basic features of the latter. |
基于国际法律体系的基本特征，同意管辖原则可被视为各国承认的一项国际法律体系固有的一般原则。 |
| It is a consequence of the principle that sovereign States are equal and the fact that a judiciary with universal and compulsory jurisdiction to which any dispute may be submitted does not exist at the international level. |
这是主权国家平等原则的结果，也是国际一级不存在一个对任何所提交争端具有普遍和强制管辖权的司法机构的结果。 |
| This principle inspires and finds reflection in various international instruments, and has been often referred to in decisions of courts and tribunals. |
这一原则启发了各种国际文书并反映在其内容当中，法院和法庭的决定中也常有提及。 |
| (6) |
(6) |
| The principle of uti possidetis is another general principle that can be considered recognized by the community of nations as intrinsic to the international legal system when the conditions for its application are satisfied. |
占领地保有原则当适用条件得到满足时，可视为得到各国承认的另一项国际法律体系固有的一般原则。 |
| In Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso/Mali), a Chamber of the International Court of Justice referred to it as a general principle logically connected to the phenomenon of independence, which has been recognized and confirmed by solemn affirmations of States. |
在边界争端案(布基纳法索/马里)中，国际法院的一个分庭提及该原则是与独立现象有逻辑联系的一般原则，已得到各国庄严声明的承认和确认。 |
| The Chamber noted: |
该分庭指出： |
| it should be noted that the principle of uti possidetis seems to have been first invoked and applied in Spanish America, inasmuch as this was the continent which first witnessed the phenomenon of decolonization involving the formation of a number of sovereign States on territory formerly belonging to a single metropolitan State. |
应当指出，占领地保有原则似首先在西属美洲被援引和适用，因为该大陆最先经历了非殖民化现象，在以前属于单一宗主国的领土上形成了若干主权国家。 |
| Nevertheless, the principle is not a special rule which pertains solely to one specific system of international law. |
然而，该原则并非仅适用于某一特定国际法体系的特别规则。 |
| It is a general principle, which is logically connected with the phenomenon of the obtaining of independence, wherever it occurs. |
这是一项一般原则，与获得独立的现象是有逻辑联系的，无论该现象发生在哪里。 |
| Its obvious purpose is to prevent the independence and stability of new States being endangered by fratricidal struggles provoked by the challenging of frontiers following the withdrawal of the administering power. |
其明显目的是防止管理国撤出后的边界争议引发同族争斗而威胁新国家的独立和稳定。 |
| (7) |
(7) |
| The Chamber further maintained that “[t]he fact that the new African States have respected the administrative boundaries and frontiers established by the colonial powers must be seen not as a mere practice contributing to the gradual emergence of a principle of customary international law, limited in its impact to the African continent as it had previously been to Spanish America, but as the application in Africa of a rule of general scope”. |
该分庭还认为，“新非洲国家尊重殖民国家确立的行政边界和疆界，这一事实不能仅仅被视为有助于逐渐形成一项习惯国际法原则的一种做法，与此种做法以前对西班牙语美洲的影响一样，对非洲大陆的影响有限，而应被视为一项一般规则在非洲的适用”。 |
| It similarly recalled that the principle had been reflected in statements by African leaders, the Charter of the Organization of African Unity, and in resolution AGH/Res.16 (I), adopted at the first session of the Conference of African Heads of State in 1964. |
该分庭还回顾，非洲领导人的声明、《非洲统一组织宪章》和1964年非洲国家元首会议第一届会议通过的AGH/Res.16 (I)号决议都反映了这项原则。 |
| The Chamber added that the obligation to respect pre-existing boundaries in the event of a State succession “derives from a general rule of international law, whether or not the rule is expressed in the formula of uti possidetis. |
该分庭还指出，在发生国家继承时尊重原已存在的国际边界的义务“源于国际法的一般规则，不论该规则是否以占领地保有方式表述。 |
| Hence the numerous solemn affirmations of the intangibility of the frontiers existing at the time of the independence of African States … are evidently declaratory rather than constitutive: they recognize and confirm an existing principle”. |
因此，关于非洲国家独立时原已存在无形边界的众多庄严声明……显然是宣示性的而非构成性的：这些声明承认并确认了一项现有原则”。 |
| Thus, the principle of uti possidetis, considered logically connected to the phenomenon of obtaining independence, has been applied by States and recognized and confirmed through solemn declarations, international instruments, and resolutions. |
因此，被认为与获得独立现象有逻辑联系的占领地保有原则得到各国适用，并通过庄严宣言、国际文书和决议得到承认和确认。 |
| (8) |
(8) |
| In the Corfu Channel case, the International Court of Justice identified some international obligations on the basis of certain general and well-recognized principles, namely: “elementary considerations of humanity, even more exacting in peace than in war; |
在科孚海峡案中，国际法院根据某些公认的一般原则确定了一些国际义务，即：基本的人道考虑，在和平时期甚至比在战时更为严格； |
| the principle of the freedom of maritime communication; |
海上通信自由原则； |
| and every State’s obligation not to allow knowingly its territory to be used for acts contrary to the rights of other States”. |
以及每个国家均有义务不在知情的情况下允许其领土被用来从事违反他国权利的行为。 |
| (9) |
(9) |
| The Court did not apply Hague Convention No. VIII, which is applicable only in time of war and, in any event, Albania was not a party to it. |
国际法院没有适用《海牙第八公约》，因为该公约只适用于战时，何况，阿尔巴尼亚也不是该公约的缔约国。 |
| Instead, it identified certain obligations based on “general and well-recognized principles”, which appear to have been deduced from existing rules of conventional and customary international law. |
相反，该法院根据“公认的一般原则”确定了某些义务，而这些原则似乎是从协定国际法和习惯国际法的现有规则中推导出来的。 |
| These principles may be considered intrinsic to the international legal system. |
这些原则可被视为国际法律体系所固有的原则。 |
| (10) |
(10) |
| In Furundžija, the Trial Chamber of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia identified and applied a “general principle of respect for human dignity” on the basis that “[t]he essence of the whole corpus of international humanitarian law as well as human rights law lies in the protection of the human dignity of every person” and it is “the basic underpinning and indeed the very raison d’être of international humanitarian law and human rights law”. |
在Furundžija案中，前南斯拉夫问题国际刑事法庭审判分庭识别并适用了“尊重人的尊严的一般原则”，其依据是“整套国际人道法以及人权法的精髓在于保护每个人的人类尊严”，这是“国际人道法和人权法的根本基础，实际上也正是其存在的理由”。 |
| (11) |
(11) |
| The second paragraph of draft conclusion 7 indicates that the draft conclusion is without prejudice to the question of the possible existence of other general principles of law formed within the international legal system. |
结论草案7第2段指出，本结论草案不影响可能存在着国际法律体系内形成的其他一般法律原则的问题。 |
| This paragraph was included to reflect the view of some members of the Commission who supported the existence of general principles of law formed within the international legal system, but considered that paragraph 1 of the draft conclusion would be too narrow and would not encompass other possible principles that, while not intrinsic in the international legal system, may nonetheless emerge from within the latter system and not from national legal systems. |
列入这一段，是为了反映委员会一些委员的意见，他们支持在国际法律体系内形成的一般法律原则的存在，但认为这项结论草案的第1段过于狭隘，没有包含其他可能的原则，这些原则虽然不是国际法律体系所固有的原则，但仍可能在国际法律体系内形成，而不是源自国内法律体系。 |
| (12) |
(12) |
| Several members, while not excluding that a second category of general principles of law in the sense of Article 38, paragraph 1 (c), of the Statute of the International Court of Justice might exist, raised the concern that no sufficient State practice, jurisprudence or teachings are available to fully support the existence of the second category, making it difficult to determine in a clear manner the methodology for their identification. |
有几位委员虽然不排除可能存在《国际法院规约》第三十八条第一款(寅)项意义上的一般法律原则的第二个类别，但提出了关切，即没有足够的国家实践、判例或学说充分支持第二类的存在，因此难以明确地确定这种原则的识别方法。 |
| (13) |
(13) |
| Some other members were of the view that Article 38, paragraph 1 (c), of the Statute of the International Court of Justice is limited to the general principles of law derived from national legal systems. |
另一些委员认为，《国际法院规约》第三十八条第一款(寅)项仅限于源自国内法律体系的一般法律原则。 |
| Some members cautioned that the Commission should be careful and not engage in an exercise of progressive development in a topic concerning one of the sources of international law. |
一些委员告诫委员会应谨慎行事，不要在涉及国际法渊源之一的专题中进行逐渐发展的工作。 |
| The view was also expressed that confusion with the other sources of international law should be avoided. |
还有人表示，应避免与国际法的其他渊源混淆。 |
| In this regard, some members of the Commission considered that the distinction between customary international law and general principles of law formed within the international legal system, within the meaning given in draft conclusion 7, was not clear, and that the Commission should not put forward a methodology for the identification of those general principles of law that could overlap with the conditions for the emergence of rules of customary international law. |
在这方面，委员会一些委员认为，习惯国际法与结论草案7意义上的在国际法律体系内形成的一般法律原则之间的区别不明确，委员会提出的这类一般法律原则的识别方法不应与习惯国际法规则的产生条件出现重叠。 |
| Conclusion 8 Decisions of courts and tribunals |
结论8 法院和法庭的决定 |
| 1. |
1. |
| Decisions of international courts and tribunals, in particular of the International Court of Justice, concerning the existence and content of general principles of law are a subsidiary means for the determination of such principles. |
国际性法院和法庭特别是国际法院涉及一般法律原则的存在及内容的决定是确定此类原则的辅助手段。 |
| 2. |
2. |
| Regard may be had, as appropriate, to decisions of national courts concerning the existence and content of general principles of law, as a subsidiary means for the determination of such principles. |
可酌情考虑将各国法院涉及一般法律原则的存在及内容的决定用作确定此类原则的辅助手段。 |
| Commentary |
评注 |
| (1) |
(1) |
| Draft conclusion 8 concerns the role of decisions of courts and tribunals, both international and national, as an aid in the identification of general principles of law. |
结论草案8涉及国际性和各国法院和法庭的决定在协助识别一般法律原则方面的作用。 |
| The approach towards this issue is the same as that adopted by the Commission in its conclusions on the identification of customary international law, which is also, like general principles of law, a source of international law. |
委员会处理这一问题的方法与其在关于习惯国际法的识别的结论中所采用的方法相同， 习惯国际法与一般法律原则一样，也是国际法的渊源。 |
| (2) |
(2) |
| Decisions of international courts and tribunals are often relied upon in order to determine the existence or lack thereof of general principles of law, in particular those derived from national legal systems, as well as their content. |
通常要依据国际性法院和法庭的决定来确定一般法律原则，特别是源自国内法律体系的一般法律原则的存在与否及其内容。 |
| To cite but a few examples, in the Corfu Channel case, the International Court of Justice found that the use of indirect evidence, in addition to being admitted in “all systems of law”, was “recognized by international decisions”. |
仅举几个例子，在科孚海峡案中，国际法院认定，间接证据的使用除被“所有法律体系”所接受外，还“得到了国际决定的承认”。 |
| In Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh, the Court similarly noted that “[i]t is a general principle of law, confirmed by the jurisprudence of this Court, that a party which advances a point of fact in support of its claims must establish that fact”. |
在白礁岛案中，法院同样指出，“经本法院判例确认，提出事实点以支持其主张的一方必须证明该事实，这是一项一般法律原则”。 |
| In the Chagos Marine Protected Area arbitration, the tribunal noted that the “frequent invocation [of the principle of estoppel] in international proceedings has added definition to the scope of the principle”. |
在查戈斯海洋保护区仲裁案中，仲裁庭指出，“在国际诉讼中频繁援引[禁止反言原则]增加了对该原则范围的界定”。 |
| (3) |
(3) |
| The European Court of Human Rights and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights have likewise relied on prior decisions to justify the existence of the principle iura novit curia. |
欧洲人权法院和美洲人权法院同样依据先前的决定来证明法官知法原则的存在。 |
| In international criminal law, prior decisions by international courts and tribunals have also played a significant role in the identification of general principles of law. |
在国际刑法中，国际性法院和法庭先前的决定在识别一般法律原则方面也发挥了重要作用。 |
| (4) |
(4) |
| Decisions by national courts may also be relied upon in the identification of general principles of law. |
还可依据各国法院的决定来识别一般法律原则。 |
| In this regard, it should be recalled that decisions of national courts serve a dual role in the identification of general principles of law. |
在这方面，应回顾，各国法院的决定在识别一般法律原则方面可发挥双重作用。 |
| On the one hand, as draft conclusion 5 indicates, they may be relevant for purposes of the comparative analysis required to determine the existence of a principle common to the various legal systems of the world. |
一方面，正如结论草案5所指出的，它们可能与为确定世界各法律体系共有原则的存在所需进行的比较分析有关。 |
| On the other hand, decisions by national courts may serve as a subsidiary means for the determination of general principles of law when such decisions themselves examine the existence and content of a general principle of law. |
另一方面，当各国法院的决定本身对一般法律原则的存在及内容作了审查时，这些决定可用作确定一般法律原则的辅助手段。 |
| Draft conclusion 8 concerns only the latter scenario. |
结论草案8仅涉及后一种情况。 |
| (5) |
(5) |
| Draft conclusion 8 follows closely the language of Article 38, paragraph 1 (d), of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, according to which, while decisions of the Court have no binding force except between the parties and in respect of that particular case, judicial decisions are a subsidiary means for the determination of rules of international law, including general principles of law. |
结论草案8严格遵循《国际法院规约》第三十八条第一款(卯)项的措辞，根据第一款(卯)项，虽然国际法院的裁判除对于当事国及特定案件外无拘束力，但国际法院的司法判例是确定国际法规则包括一般法律原则的辅助手段。 |
| The term “subsidiary means” denotes the ancillary role of such decisions in elucidating the law, rather than being themselves a source of international law (unlike treaties, customary international law and general principles of law). |
“辅助手段”一词表明了这类决定在阐明法律方面的补充作用，而并非(像条约、习惯国际法或一般法律原则那样)本身就是国际法的渊源。 |
| The use of the term “subsidiary means” does not, and is not intended to, suggest that such decisions are not important for the identification of general principles of law. |
“辅助手段”一词的使用不是表明也无意表明这类决定对于一般法律原则的识别不重要。 |
| (6) |
(6) |
| Decisions of courts and tribunals on questions of international law, in particular those decisions in which the existence of general principles of law is considered and such principles are identified and applied, may offer valuable guidance for determining the existence or lack thereof of general principles. |
各法院和法庭关于国际法问题的决定，尤其是考虑了一般法律原则的存在并识别和适用了此类原则的决定，可为确定一般法律原则的存在与否提供宝贵的指导。 |
| The value of such decisions may vary greatly, however, depending both on the quality of the reasoning (including primarily the extent to which it results from an examination of various legal systems of the world and transposition, in the case of general principles derived from national legal systems, and from an analysis of the existing rules in the international legal system, and relevant resolutions adopted by international organizations or at intergovernmental conferences and statements made by States, in the case of general principles formed within the international legal systems), and on the reception of the decision, in particular by States and in subsequent decisions of courts and tribunals. |
然而，此类决定的价值可能会有很大的差异，取决于推理的质量(包括两种情形下的推理质量：就源自国内法律体系的一般法律原则而言，主要是在多大程度上推理是对世界各法律体系和移植情况的审查结果； 就国际法律体系内形成的一般法律原则而言，在多大程度上推理是对国际法律体系中现有规则、国际组织或政府间会议通过的相关决议以及各国所作声明的分析结果)，以及取决于对决定的接受程度，尤其是各国及随后的法院和法庭决定所表现出的接受程度。 |
| (7) |
(7) |
| Paragraph 1 refers to “international courts and tribunals”, a term intended to cover any international body exercising judicial powers that is called upon to consider general principles of law. |
第1段提到“国际性法院和法庭”，这一措辞意在涵盖任何被提请审查一般法律原则的行使司法权的国际机构。 |
| Express mention is made of the International Court of Justice, the principal judicial organ of the United Nations whose Statute is an integral part of the Charter of the United Nations and whose members are elected by the General Assembly and Security Council, in recognition of the significance of its decisions and its particular position as the only standing international court of general jurisdiction. |
认识到国际法院决定的重要性及其作为具有一般管辖权的唯一常设国际性法院的特殊地位，该段明确提及国际法院，它是联合国的主要司法机关，其规约是《联合国宪章》的组成部分，其成员由大会和安理会选举产生。 |
| While the International Court of Justice has expressly mentioned Article 38, paragraph 1 (c), on only a few occasions, it has referred to several general principles of law in its jurisprudence (as the Permanent Court of International Justice did), contributing to the understanding of this source of international law and to the scope of particular principles. |
虽然国际法院仅在少数情况下明确提及第三十八条第一款(寅)项，但在其判例中提到了多项一般法律原则(也如常设国际法院做过的那样)，有助于理解国际法的这一渊源和特定原则的范围。 |
| The term “international courts and tribunals” also includes (but is not limited to) specialist and regional courts, such as the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, the International Criminal Court and ad hoc international criminal tribunals, regional human rights courts and the World Trade Organization Dispute Settlement Body. |
“国际性法院和法庭”一词还包括(但不限于)专门法院和区域法院，例如国际海洋法法庭、国际刑事法院和特设国际刑事法庭、区域人权法院和世界贸易组织争端解决机构。 |
| It also includes inter-State arbitral tribunals and other arbitral tribunals applying international law. |
它还包括国家间仲裁庭和其他适用国际法的仲裁庭。 |
| The skills and the breadth of evidence usually at the disposal of the international courts and tribunals may lend significant weight to their decisions, subject to the considerations mentioned in the preceding paragraph. |
国际性法院和法庭通常可利用的技能和广泛的证据可使其决定具有重要分量，但以上一段提及的那些考虑因素为限。 |
| (8) |
(8) |
| For the purposes of this draft conclusion, the term “decisions” includes judgments, awards and advisory opinions, as well as orders on procedural and interlocutory matters. |
为本结论草案的目的，“决定”一词包括判决、裁决和咨询意见以及关于程序事项和中间事宜的命令。 |
| Separate and dissenting opinions may shed light on the decision and may discuss points not covered in the decision of the court or tribunal concerned, but they need to be approached with caution since they reflect the viewpoint of the individual judge or arbitrator, and may set out points not accepted by the court or tribunal. |
个别意见和反对意见可能有助于理解决定，并可能讨论到所涉法院或法庭的决定中未涉及的要点，但需要谨慎对待，因为它们反映了个别法官或仲裁员的观点，并可能提出未被法院或法庭接受的观点。 |
| (9) |
(9) |
| Paragraph 2 concerns decisions of national courts (also referred to as domestic or municipal courts). |
第2段涉及各国法院(也被称为国内法院)的决定。 |
| The distinction between international and national courts is not always clear-cut; |
国际性法院和各国法院之间的区别并不总是那么明确； |
| in the present draft conclusions, the term “national courts” includes courts with an international composition operating within one or more domestic legal systems, such as some “hybrid” courts and tribunals with mixed national and international composition and jurisdiction. |
在本结论草案中，“各国法院”一词包括在一个或多个国内法律体系内运作的具有国际性人员构成的法院，例如具有本国和国际混合人员构成和混合管辖权的一些“混合”法院和法庭。 |
| (10) |
(10) |
| Some caution is called for when seeking to rely on decisions of national courts as a subsidiary means for the determination of general principles of law. |
在试图依据各国法院的决定作为确定一般法律原则的辅助手段时，需要谨慎行事。 |
| This is reflected in the different wording of paragraphs 1 and 2, in particular the use of the words “[r]egard may be had, as appropriate” in paragraph 2. |
这一点体现在第1段和第2段的不同措辞中，特别是第2段中使用的“可酌情考虑”的说法。 |
| National courts operate within a particular legal system, which may incorporate international law only in a particular way and to a limited extent. |
各国法院在一个特定的法律体系中运作，该体系可能仅以特殊和有限的方式将国际法纳入。 |
| Their decisions may reflect a particular national perspective. |
各国法院的决定可能反映了特定的国家观点。 |
| Unlike most international courts, national courts may sometimes lack international law expertise and may have reached their decisions without the benefit of hearing arguments advanced by States. |
与大多数国际性法院不同，各国法院有时可能缺乏国际法方面的专业知识，并可能在作出决定时未能听取各国提出的论点。 |
| Conclusion 9 Teachings |
结论9 学说 |
| Teachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations may serve as a subsidiary means for the determination of general principles of law. |
各国权威最高的公法学家学说可用作确定一般法律原则的辅助手段。 |
| Commentary |
评注 |
| (1) |
(1) |
| Draft conclusion 9 concerns the role of teachings in the identification of general principles of law. |
结论草案9涉及学说在识别一般法律原则方面的作用。 |
| Following closely the language of Article 38, paragraph 1 (d), of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, it provides that such works may be resorted to as a subsidiary means for determining general principles of law, that is to say, when ascertaining whether there is a principle common to the various legal systems of the world that may be transposed to the international legal system, or whether there is a principle formed within the international legal system. |
草案严格遵循《国际法院规约》第三十八条第一款(卯)项的措辞，规定此类著作可作为确定一般法律原则的辅助手段，也就是说，用来确定是否存在可移植到国际法律体系内的一项世界各法律体系共有的原则，或是否存在一项在国际法律体系内形成的原则。 |
| The term “teachings”, often referred to as “writings”, is to be understood in a broad sense; |
“学说”一词也常常被称作“论著”，应从广义上理解； |
| it includes teachings in non-written form, such as lectures and audiovisual materials. |
它包括非书面形式的学说，例如讲座和视听材料。 |
| (2) |
(2) |
| As with decisions of courts and tribunals, referred to above in draft conclusion 8, teachings are not themselves a source of international law, but may offer guidance for the determination of the existence and content of general principles of law. |
与上文结论草案8提到的法院和法庭的决定一样，学说本身并不是国际法的渊源，但可为确定一般法律原则的存在及内容提供指导。 |
| This auxiliary role recognizes the value that teachings may have in collecting and assessing national laws and other materials and the compatibility of a principle common to the various legal systems of the world with the international legal system; |
这种辅助作用承认了学说在下列领域可能具备的价值：收集并评估国内法和其他材料以及一项世界各国法律体系共有的原则与国际法律体系的相容性； |
| in weighing up relevant rules in the international legal system and relevant resolutions adopted by international organizations or at intergovernmental conferences and statements made by States to assess the recognition of a general principle of law formed within the international legal system; |
权衡国际法律体系中的相关规则以及国际组织或政府间会议通过的相关决议及各国所作的声明，以评估在国际法律体系内形成的一般法律原则是否得到承认； |
| in identifying divergences and the possible absence or development of general principles of law; |
识别差异以及一般法律原则的可能缺失或发展情况； |
| and in evaluating the law. |
以及评估法律。 |
| Use of teachings may be particularly useful to overcome any linguistic barriers found when conducting a comparative analysis of national legal systems. |
利用学说可能特别有助于克服在对国内法律体系进行比较分析时发现的任何语言障碍。 |
| (3) |
(3) |
| There is need for caution when drawing upon writings, since their value for determining the existence and content of a general principle of law varies: this is reflected in the words “may serve as” in the draft conclusion. |
在借鉴论著时需要保持谨慎，因为它们在确定某项一般法律原则是否存在方面的价值可能有差异：结论草案中的“可用作”一词即反映了这一点。 |
| Teachings sometimes seek not merely to record the state of the law as it is (lex lata) but to advocate its development (lex ferenda). |
学说有时不仅试图记录法律的现状(现行法)，还设法支持其发展(拟议法)。 |
| Furthermore, teachings may reflect the national or other individual viewpoints of their authors. |
此外，学说可能反映了著述者本国的观点或其他个人观点。 |
| Teachings may moreover differ greatly in quality, and assessing the authority of a given work is thus essential. |
再者，学说的质量参差不齐，因此评估特定论著的权威性至关重要。 |
| (4) |
(4) |
| The reference to “publicists of the various nations” highlights the importance of having regard, so far as possible, to teachings that are representative of the various legal systems and regions of the world and in various languages. |
“各国……的公法学家”一词强调了必须尽可能考虑到可代表世界各法律体系和区域以及各种语言的学说。 |
| This may acquire particular importance when identifying general principles of law derived from national legal systems. |
在识别源自国内法律体系的一般法律原则时，这一点可能特别重要。 |
| (5) |
(5) |
| The output of private international bodies engaged in the codification and development of international law may provide a useful resource in this regard. |
参与编纂和发展国际法的私营国际机构的工作成果可在这方面提供有用的资源。 |
| Such collective bodies include the Institute of International Law (Institut de droit international) and the International Law Association. |
这类集体机构包括国际法学会(Institut de droit international)和国际法协会。 |
| The value of each output needs to be carefully assessed in the light of the expertise of the body concerned, the extent to which the output seeks to state existing law, the care and objectivity with which it works on a particular issue, the support a particular output enjoys within the body, and the reception of the output by States and others. |
必须参照以下因素仔细评估每一项工作成果的价值：所涉机构的专业知识，工作成果在多大程度上试图阐述现有法律，在特定问题上开展工作的仔细程度和客观性，特定工作成果在机构内部获得的支持以及各国和其他各方的认可程度。 |
| (6) |
(6) |
| Beyond teachings, special attention is warranted, among other subsidiary means, as regards the output of the Commission, in particular considering its unique mandate as a subsidiary organ of the General Assembly to promote the progressive development of international law and its codification. |
在论著以外，在考虑其他辅助手段时，应特别注意委员会的工作成果，特别是考虑到委员会作为联大的一个附属机构，其独特任务是促进国际法的逐渐发展和编纂。 |
| It should also be taken into account that the members of the Commission are from different regions and represent various legal systems of the world, and that the Commission has a close relationship with the General Assembly and States, including the benefit of receiving oral and written comments from States as it proceeds with its work. |
还应考虑到委员会的委员来自不同的区域，代表着世界上各种不同的法律体系； 考虑到委员会与联大和各国有着密切的关系，包括在开展工作时从各国收到口头和书面意见。 |
| This understanding is without prejudice to the work of the Commission on the topic “Subsidiary means for the determination of rules of international law”. |
这一理解不妨碍委员会关于“确定国际法规则的辅助手段”专题的工作。 |
| Conclusion 10 Functions of general principles of law |
结论10 一般法律原则的功能 |
| 1. |
1. |
| General principles of law are mainly resorted to when other rules of international law do not resolve a particular issue in whole or in part. |
主要当其他国际法规则不能全部或部分解决某一特定问题时，求助于一般法律原则。 |
| 2. |
2. |
| General principles of law contribute to the coherence of the international legal system. |
一般法律原则有利于国际法律体系的一致性。 |
| They may serve, inter alia: |
一般法律原则尤其可具有以下功能： |
| (a) |
(a) |
| to interpret and complement other rules of international law; |
用以解释和补充其他国际法规则； |
| (b) |
(b) |
| as a basis for primary rights and obligations, as well as a basis for secondary and procedural rules. |
用作主要权利和义务的依据，以及用作次要和程序性规则的依据。 |
| Commentary |
评注 |
| (1) |
(1) |
| Draft conclusion 10 addresses the functions of general principles of law. |
结论草案10涉及一般法律原则的功能。 |
| It states that general principles are mainly resorted to when other rules of international law do not resolve a particular issue in whole or in part. |
结论草案指出，主要当其他国际法规则不能全部或部分解决某一特定问题时，求助于一般法律原则。 |
| It also indicates that general principles of law contribute to the coherence of the international legal system, and that they may serve, inter alia, to interpret and complement other rules of international law, and as a basis for primary rights and obligations, secondary rules and procedural rules. |
结论草案还指出，一般法律原则有利于国际法律体系的一致性，这些原则尤其可用以解释和补充其他国际法规则，并用作主要权利和义务、次要规则和程序性规则的依据。 |
| Draft conclusion 10 applies to all general principles of law, regardless of whether they are derived from national legal systems or formed within the international legal system, depending on the general principle in question. |
结论草案10适用于所有一般法律原则，不论其源自国内法律体系还是在国际法律体系内形成，这取决于所涉一般原则。 |
| (2) |
(2) |
| It ought to be recalled that the functions of general principles of law are, in principle, similar to those performed by other sources of international law. |
应回顾，一般法律原则的功能原则上类似于国际法其他渊源所发挥的功能。 |
| Treaties, customary international law and general principles of law are all equally listed in Article 38, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, and it is in the light of this and their application in practice that the functions of general principles of law should be understood. |
《国际法院规约》第三十八条第一款同等地列出了条约、习惯国际法和一般法律原则，应根据该款规定及其在实践中的适用情况来理解一般法律原则的功能。 |
| (3) |
(3) |
| Paragraph 1 of draft conclusion 10 indicates that general principles of law are mainly resorted to when other rules of international law do not resolve a particular issue in whole or in part. |
结论草案10第1段指出，主要当其他国际法规则不能全部或部分解决某一特定问题时，求助于一般法律原则。 |
| This aims to capture the tendency in practice and in doctrine, when assessing a particular issue, to first determine whether there is a treaty rule or rule of customary international law that may provide a solution, and to resort to general principles of law if the two other sources prove insufficient. |
其目的是反映实践和理论中的趋势，即在评估一个特定问题时，首先确定是否有条约规则或习惯国际法规则可以提供解决办法，如果这两个渊源均不充分，则求助于一般法律原则。 |
| The words “are mainly resorted to” clarify that this is not the only manner in which one may proceed, and that in some cases general principles of law may be directly resorted to depending on the circumstances. |
“主要……求助于”的说法澄清了这并不是唯一的处理方式，在某些情况下，可根据具体情况直接求助于一般法律原则。 |
| The Commission thereby sought to avoid the misconception that general principles of law play an ancillary role in comparison to treaties or custom. |
委员会以此力求避免这样一种误解：与条约或习惯相比，一般法律原则起到辅助作用。 |
| (4) |
(4) |
| The term “other rules of international law” refers to treaties and rules of customary international law. |
“其他国际法规则”是指条约和习惯国际法规则。 |
| The words “do not resolve a particular issue in whole or in part” are meant to clarify that general principles of law may be applied when an issue does not find a solution in treaties or custom at all, or when treaties and custom provide only a partial solution and general principles may serve as a complement. |
“不能全部或部分解决某一特定问题”意在澄清，当条约或习惯完全无法解决或仅能部分解决某一问题而一般法律原则可作为补充时，可适用一般法律原则。 |
| (5) |
(5) |
| It ought to be noted that there may not always be a general principle of law filling the lacunae left by treaties or customary international law. |
应当指出，并非总能通过一般法律原则来填补条约或习惯国际法留下的空白。 |
| A general principle of law may be used in the manner described in paragraph 1 of draft conclusion 10 only to the extent that it can be identified in accordance with the present draft conclusions. |
只有在一般法律原则能够根据本结论草案被识别的情况下，才能用结论草案10第1段所述的方式使用一般法律原则。 |
| (6) |
(6) |
| Paragraph 2 of draft conclusion 10 begins with the factual proposition that general principles of law contribute to the coherence of the international legal system. |
结论草案10第2段首先提出了一个事实性主张，即一般法律原则有利于国际法律体系的一致性。 |
| While rules derived from the other sources of international law also contribute to the coherence of the international legal system, certain general principles appear to be aimed at performing this function in a more direct manner. |
虽然源自国际法其他渊源的规则也有利于国际法律体系的一致性，但某些一般原则似乎旨在以更直接的方式发挥这一功能。 |
| Examples of such general principles of law may include pacta sunt servanda, good faith, the principles of lex specialis and lex posterior, respect for human dignity and elementary considerations of humanity. |
此类一般法律原则的例子可包括条约必须遵守原则、善意原则、特别法和后法原则、尊重人的尊严和基本人道考虑。 |
| (7) |
(7) |
| Paragraph 2 also refers to two more concrete functions of general principles. |
第2段还提到了一般原则的两个更具体的功能。 |
| The term “inter alia” is used to indicate that the functions referred to are not exhaustive, while the words “may serve” indicate that the functions of general principles must be determined on a case-by-case basis depending on their content and scope. |
“尤其”一词表明所提及的功能并非详尽无遗，而“可具有以下功能”的说法则表明一般原则的功能必须根据其内容和范围逐一确定。 |
| (8) |
(8) |
| Subparagraph (a) states that general principles of law may serve to interpret and complement other rules of international law. |
(a)分段指出，一般法律原则可用以解释和补充其他国际法规则。 |
| That general principles of law may be relied upon for purposes of interpretation is well-established in practice. |
可依据一般法律原则进行解释，这一点在实践中已得到充分确认。 |
| (9) |
(9) |
| That general principles of law are resorted to interpret other rules of international law is confirmed by article 31, paragraph 3 (c), of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, which requires the interpreter of a treaty to take into account “any relevant rules of international law applicable in the relations between the parties”. |
一般法律原则可用于解释其他国际法规则，这一点在《维也纳条约法公约》第三十一条第三款(丙)项得到确认，第三款(丙)项要求条约的解释者考虑“适用于当事国间关系之任何有关国际法规则”。 |
| The report of the Commission’s Study Group on the fragmentation of international law states that this provision deals with the case where sources external to a treaty are relevant in its interpretation, which may include other treaties, customary rules or general principles of law. |
委员会国际法不成体系问题研究组的报告指出，第三十一条第三款(丙)项处理的是条约外的渊源涉及条约解释的情况，这些渊源可包括其他条约、习惯规则或一般法律原则。 |
| (10) |
(10) |
| The term “complement” in paragraph 2, subparagraph (a), of draft conclusion 10 is meant to cover other cases where a general principle of law is applied simultaneously with a treaty rule or rule of customary international law. |
结论草案10第2段(a)分段中的“补充”一词意在涵盖一般法律原则与条约规则或习惯国际法规则同时适用的其他情况。 |
| (11) |
(11) |
| Subparagraph (b) indicates that general principles of law may serve as the basis for primary rights and obligations, secondary rules and procedural rules. |
(b)分段指出，一般法律原则可作为主要权利和义务、次要规则和程序性规则的依据。 |
| The term “primary rights and obligations” covers the proposition that, like any other source of international law, general principles of law may give rise to substantive rights and obligations incumbent upon States and other subjects of international law, and that international responsibility may be engaged for a breach thereof. |
“主要权利和义务”一词涵盖如下主张：与国际法的任何其他渊源一样，一般法律原则可产生国家和其他国际法主体必须承担的实质性权利和义务，违反这些权利和义务可产生国际责任。 |
| Legal instruments and judicial decisions refer as examples of such general principles to the prohibition of unjust enrichment, the principle of uti possidetis, the principle that attribution of territory ipso facto carries with it the waters appurtenant to the territory attributed, principles underlying the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, the prohibition of crimes under international law, elementary considerations of humanity, freedom of maritime communication, every States obligation not to allow knowingly its territory to be used for acts contrary to the rights of other States, and foundlings’ right to be presumed to have been born of nationals of the country in which they are found. |
法律文书和司法决定提到此类一般原则的例子，如禁止不当得利、 占领地保有原则、 领土的归属当然地包括该领土的附属水域的原则、 《防止及惩治灭绝种族罪公约》的基本原则、 禁止国际法上的罪行、 基本人道考虑、海上通信自由、每个国家均有义务不在知情的情况下允许其领土被用来从事违反他国权利的活动， 以及弃儿有权被推定为由被发现国的国民所生。 |
| (12) |
(12) |
| The words “secondary and procedural rules” in subparagraph (b) are meant to cover certain general principles of law that may be characterized as performing such specific functions in light of their particular content. |
(b)分段中的“次要和程序性规则”意在涵盖某些一般法律原则，这些原则可根据其特定内容被认定为发挥着此类特定功能。 |
| (13) |
(13) |
| International tribunals have considered that some secondary rules of responsibility are derived from general principles of law; for instance, the principle of force majeure as a ground for precluding wrongfulness, the obligation to make reparation for breaches of international law, the obligation to pay moratory or compensatory interests, rebus sic stantibus, and principles on succession of individuals for the purposes of compensation. |
国际法庭认为一些次要责任规则源自一般法律原则，例如以不可抗力为由解除不法性的原则、 对违反国际法的行为进行赔偿的义务、 偿付延期利息或补偿性利息的义务、 情势变更原则、 以及以赔偿为目的的个人继承原则。 |
| (14) |
(14) |
| Procedural rules refer to those regulating the process in international courts and tribunals. |
程序性规则是指规范国际性法院和法庭程序的规则。 |
| A typical example is the principle of res judicata, which has been acknowledged on several occasions as a general principle of law by international courts and tribunals. |
一个典型例子是既判力原则，国际性法院和法庭多次承认这是一项一般法律原则。 |
| Other such principles referred to by international courts and tribunals include iura novit curia, compétence-compétence, review of excess of mandate, the principle that no one can be judge in his or her own cause, the rule of burden of proof, the admissibility of indirect evidence, and the possibility of trial in absentia. Conclusion 11 |
国际性法院和法庭提到的其他此类原则包括法官知法、 自裁管辖权、 审查越权、 任何人都不能在自己的案件中担任法官原则、 举证责任规则、 间接证据的可接受性 以及缺席审判的可能性。 |
| Relationship between general principles of law and treaties and customary international law |
结论11 一般法律原则与条约和习惯国际法的关系 |
| 1. |
1. |
| General principles of law, as a source of international law, are not in a hierarchical relationship with treaties and customary international law. |
作为国际法渊源的一般法律原则与条约和习惯国际法不存在位阶关系。 |
| 2. |
2. |
| A general principle of law may exist in parallel with a rule of the same or similar content in a treaty or customary international law. |
一般法律原则可与条约或习惯国际法中具有相同或类似内容的规则并行存在。 |
| 3. |
3. |
| Any conflict between a general principle of law and a rule in a treaty or customary international law is to be resolved by applying the generally accepted techniques of interpretation and conflict resolution in international law. |
对于一般法律原则与条约或习惯国际法中的规则之间的任何冲突，应适用国际法中公认的解释方法和冲突解决方法予以解决。 |
| Commentary |
评注 |
| (1) |
(1) |
| Draft conclusion 11 clarifies certain aspects concerning the relationship between general principles of law, on the one hand, and treaties and customary international law, on the other. |
结论草案11澄清了一般法律原则与条约和习惯国际法之间关系的某些方面。 |
| (2) |
(2) |
| Paragraph 1 of draft conclusion 11 indicates that general principles of law are not in a hierarchical relationship with treaties and customary international law. |
结论草案11第1段指出，一般法律原则与条约和习惯国际法之间不存在位阶关系。 |
| This statement follows Article 38, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, which lists the three sources of international law without indicating the existence of any hierarchy among them. |
这一说法遵循了《国际法院规约》第三十八条第一款，其中列出了国际法的三个渊源，但并未表明三者之间存在任何位阶关系。 |
| In addition, the conclusions of the work of the Study Group on the fragmentation of international law confirm also that no such hierarchy exists. |
此外，国际法不成体系问题研究组的工作结论 也确认不存在这种位阶关系。 |
| (3) |
(3) |
| It ought to be recalled that, as indicated in paragraph 1 of draft conclusion 10, general principles of law are mainly resorted to when other rules of international law do not resolve a particular issue in whole or in part. |
应回顾，如结论草案10第1段所述，主要当其他国际法规则不能全部或部分解决某一特定问题时，求助于一般法律原则。 |
| As explained in the commentary thereto, this reflects what for the most part, but not always, occurs in practice, which can be explained in terms of legal reasoning, and as a result of the application of the lex specialis principle. |
正如评注中所解释的，这反映了实践中的大多数情况，但并非总是如此，这可以从法律推理的角度加以解释，也是适用特别法原则的结果。 |
| It was the Commission’s understanding, however, that this practice should not be understood as suggesting that a hierarchical relationship exists between general principles of law and treaties and customary international law. |
然而，委员会的理解是，这一做法不应被理解为暗示一般法律原则与条约和习惯国际法之间存在位阶关系。 |
| The three sources of international law listed in Article 38, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the International Court of Justice enjoy equal status. |
《国际法院规约》第三十八条第一款所列的三种国际法渊源享有同等地位。 |
| General principles of law may be applied directly or simultaneously with other rules of international law to interpret or complement them, as indicated in the commentary to draft conclusion 10. |
如结论草案10的评注所述，一般法律原则可直接适用或与其他国际法规则同时适用，以解释或补充这些规则。 |
| (4) |
(4) |
| Paragraph 1 of draft conclusion 11 is a statement of general international law. |
结论草案11第1段是对一般国际法的陈述。 |
| It should be noted, however, that nothing prevents States from establishing, for example, a treaty regime envisaging a different arrangement, such as the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, article 21 of which seemingly creates a hierarchy between the different sources to be applied by the Court referred to therein. |
然而，应当指出，没有什么能够阻止各国建立某种作出不同安排的条约制度，例如《国际刑事法院罗马规约》， 其中第二十一条似在法院适用的不同渊源之间建立了位阶关系。 |
| (5) |
(5) |
| In line with the above, paragraph 2 of the draft conclusion states that a general principle of law may exist in parallel with a rule of the same or similar content in a treaty or customary international law. |
根据上述情况，结论草案第2段指出，一般法律原则可与条约或习惯国际法中具有相同或类似内容的规则并行存在。 |
| The Commission thereby intended to highlight that general principles of law are a separate source of international law, with their own requirements for identification, and that their existence and applicability as part of general international law is not affected if a treaty rule or a rule of customary international law addresses the same or a similar subject matter. |
委员会意在强调，一般法律原则是国际法的一个单独渊源，有其自身的识别要求，即使存在着处理相同或类似主题事项的条约规则或习惯国际法规则，其作为一般国际法组成部分的存在和适用性不受影响。 |
| (6) |
(6) |
| This situation may arise, for example, when a treaty codifies a general principle of law in its entirety, with the result that a given rule may be found, with identical content, both in the treaty in question and in general principles of law. |
例如，当一项条约完整地编纂了一项一般法律原则时，就可能会出现这种情况，结果是在所涉条约和一般法律原则中都能找到内容相同的特定规则。 |
| In such a case, the general principle of law may continue to inform the interpretation and application of the treaty, and it would remain applicable as a matter of general international law between the States parties to the treaty and non-parties, and between States non-parties to the treaty. |
在这种情况下，一般法律原则可继续为条约的解释和适用提供指导，并作为一般国际法，继续在条约缔约国与非缔约国之间以及在非缔约国之间适用。 |
| Similarly, a treaty may codify a general principle of law only in part, in which case the general principle of law would need to be taken into account when interpreting and applying the treaty rule in question, and would furthermore remain applicable between parties and non-parties to the treaty. |
同样，一项条约可能只是部分编纂了一般法律原则，在这种情况下，在解释和适用所涉条约规则时，需要考虑一般法律原则，并且一般法律原则仍然在条约缔约方和非缔约方之间适用。 |
| Analogous considerations apply with respect to customary international law, depending on the specific content of the customary rule in question. |
类似的考虑也适用于习惯国际法，这取决于所涉习惯规则的具体内容。 |
| A general principle of law may apply in various areas of international law, such as the principle of good faith, which may become a customary rule, but the principle maintains its distinct existence and applicability. |
一项一般法律原则可能适用于国际法的各个领域，例如善意原则，该原则可能成为习惯规则， 但仍保持其独特的存在和适用性。 |
| (7) |
(7) |
| Paragraph 3 of draft conclusion 11 indicates that any conflict between a general principle of law and a rule in treaty or customary international law is to be resolved by applying the generally accepted techniques of interpretation and conflict resolution in international law. |
结论草案11第3段指出，对于一般法律原则与条约或习惯国际法中的规则之间的任何冲突，应适用国际法中公认的解释方法和冲突解决方法予以解决。 |
| This paragraph must be read together with the conclusions of the Study Group on the fragmentation of international law, which it builds upon. |
本段必须结合其所依据的国际法不成体系问题研究组的结论一并理解。 |
| The “generally accepted techniques of interpretation and conflict resolution in international law” mentioned in the draft conclusion refer to principles such as lex specialis derogat legi generali, lex posterior derogat legi priori, the principle of harmonization, as well as to articles 31 to 33 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. |
结论草案中提到的“国际法中公认的解释方法和冲突解决方法”指的是特别法优于一般法、后法优于前法、协调一致原则等原则以及《维也纳条约法公约》第三十一至第三十三条。 |
| Furthermore, account must be taken of recognized hierarchical relationships by the substance of the rule (peremptory norms of general international law (jus cogens)), and by virtue of a treaty provision (such as Article 103 of the Charter of the United Nations). |
此外，还必须考虑到根据规则的实质内容(一般国际法强制性规范(强行法))以及根据条约规定(例如《联合国宪章》第一百零三条)而承认的位阶关系。 |
| Chapter V |
第五章 |
| Settlement of disputes to which international organizations are parties |
国际组织作为当事方的争端的解决 |
| A. |
A. |
| Introduction |
导言 |
| 42. |
42. |
| The Commission, at its seventy-third session (2022), decided to include the topic “Settlement of international disputes to which international organizations are parties” in its programme of work and appointed Mr. August Reinisch as Special Rapporteur for the topic. |
委员会第七十三届会议(2022年)决定将“国际组织作为当事方的国际争端的解决”专题列入工作方案， 并任命奥古斯特·赖尼施先生为专题特别报告员。 |
| Also at its seventy-third session, the Commission requested the Secretariat to prepare a memorandum providing information on the practice of States and international organizations which may be of relevance to its future work on the topic, including both international disputes and disputes of a private law character. |
也是在第七十三届会议上， 委员会请秘书处编写一份备忘录，提供与委员会今后就此专题开展工作可能有关的国家和国际组织实践的信息，其中既包括国际争端，也包括具有私法性质的争端。 |
| The Commission also approved the Special Rapporteur’s recommendation that the Secretariat contact States and relevant international organizations in order to obtain information and their views for the purposes of the memorandum. |
委员会还批准了特别报告员关于秘书处与各国和有关国际组织联系，以便为编写备忘录征求资料及其意见的建议。 |
| 43. |
43. |
| The General Assembly, in paragraph 7 of its resolution 77/103 of 7 December 2022, subsequently took note of the decision of the Commission to include the topic in its programme of work. |
联大随后在2022年12月7日第77/103号决议第7段中注意到委员会决定将此专题列入工作方案。 |
| B. |
B. |
| Consideration of the topic at the present session |
本届会议审议此专题的情况 |
| 44. |
44. |
| At the present session, the Commission had before it the first report of the Special Rapporteur (A/CN.4/756). |
委员会本届会议收到特别报告员的第一次报告(A/CN.4/756)。 |
| In his first report, the Special Rapporteur addressed the scope of the topic and provided an analysis of the subject matter of the topic in light of previous work of the Commission relevant to it and of other international bodies. |
特别报告员在第一次报告中讨论了本专题的范围，并根据委员会和其他国际机构以前的相关工作，对本专题的主题事项进行了分析。 |
| The report also addressed certain definitional issues. |
报告还涉及某些定义问题。 |
| The Special Rapporteur proposed two draft guidelines: one regarding the scope of the draft guidelines, and the other concerning the definitional issues. |
特别报告员提出了两项指南草案：一项涉及指南草案的范围，另一项涉及定义问题。 |
| He also discussed the question of the outcome of the work of the Commission on the topic and made suggestions for the future programme of work. |
他还讨论了委员会关于这一专题的工作成果问题，并就今后的工作方案提出了建议。 |
| 45. |
45. |
| The Commission considered the first report of the Special Rapporteur from its 3613th to 3618th meetings, from 25 April to 3 May 2023. |
委员会在2023年4月25日至5月3日举行的第3613次至第3618次会议上审议了特别报告员的第一次报告。 |
| At its 3618th meeting, on 3 May 2023, the Commission decided to refer draft guidelines 1 and 2, as contained in the first report, to the Drafting Committee, taking into account the views expressed in the plenary debate. |
在2023年5月3日第3618次会议上，委员会决定结合全体会议辩论期间发表的意见，将第一次报告所载指南草案1和2转交起草委员会。 |
| 46. |
46. |
| At its 3631st meeting, on 25 May 2023, the Commission considered the report of the Drafting Committee on the topic (A/CN.4/L.983) and provisionally adopted draft guidelines 1 and 2 (see sect. C.1 below). |
在2023年5月25日第3631次会议上，委员会审议了起草委员会关于这一专题的报告(A/CN.4/L.983)，并暂时通过了指南草案1和2(见下文C.1节)。 |
| At the same meeting, the Commission decided to change the title of the topic from “Settlement of international disputes to which international organizations are parties” to “Settlement of disputes to which international organizations are parties”. |
在同次会议上，委员会决定将本专题的标题从“国际组织作为当事方的国际争端的解决”改为“国际组织作为当事方的争端的解决”。 |
| 47. |
47. |
| From its 3647th to 3649th meetings, on 26 and 27 July 2023, the Commission adopted the commentaries to the draft guidelines provisionally adopted at the current session (see sect. C.2 below). |
在2023年7月26日和27日举行的第3647次至第3649次会议上，委员会通过了本届会议暂时通过的指南草案的评注(见下文C.2节)。 |
| C. |
C. |
| Text of the draft guidelines on settlement of disputes to which international organizations are parties provisionally adopted by the Commission at its seventy-fourth session |
委员会第七十四届会议暂时通过的国际组织作为当事方的争端的解决指南草案案文 |
| 1. |
1. |
| Text of the draft guidelines |
指南草案案文 |
| 48. |
48. |
| The text of the draft guidelines provisionally adopted by the Commission at its seventy-fourth session is reproduced below. |
委员会第七十四届会议暂时通过的指南草案案文载录如下。 |
| Guideline 1 Scope |
指南1 范围 |
| The present draft guidelines concern the settlement of disputes to which international organizations are parties. |
本指南草案涉及国际组织作为当事方的争端的解决。 |
| Guideline 2 Use of terms |
指南2 用语 |
| For the purposes of the present draft guidelines: |
为本指南草案的目的： |
| (a) |
(a) |
| “international organization” means an entity possessing its own international legal personality, established by a treaty or other instrument governed by international law, that may include as members, in addition to States, other entities, and has at least one organ capable of expressing a will distinct from that of its members. |
“国际组织”是指根据条约或受国际法制约的其他文书建立的具有独立国际法律人格的实体，其成员除了国家以外还可包括其他实体，并且拥有至少一个能够表达有别于其成员的意愿的机关。 |
| (b) |
(b) |
| “dispute” means a disagreement concerning a point of law or fact in which a claim or assertion is met with refusal or denial. |
“争端”是指在一法律争议点或事实争议点上的意见分歧，在该分歧中，有一项主张或断言遭到了拒绝或否认。 |
| (c) |
(c) |
| “means of dispute settlement” refers to negotiation, enquiry, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, judicial settlement, resort to regional agencies or arrangements, or other peaceful means of resolving disputes. |
“争端解决方法”是指谈判、调查、调解、和解、仲裁、司法解决、诉诸区域机构或安排，或解决争端的其他和平方法。 |
| 2. |
2. |
| Text of the draft guidelines and commentaries thereto provisionally adopted by the Commission at its seventy-fourth session |
委员会第七十四届会议暂时通过的指南草案案文及其评注 |
| 49. |
49. |
| The text of the draft guidelines, together with commentaries, provisionally adopted by the Commission at its seventy-fourth session, is reproduced below. |
委员会第七十四届会议暂时通过的指南草案案文及其评注载录如下。 |
| Guideline 1 |
指南1 范围 |
| Scope |
|
| The present draft guidelines concern the settlement of disputes to which international organizations are parties. |
本指南草案涉及国际组织作为当事方的争端的解决。 |
| Commentary |
评注 |
| (1) |
(1) |
| Draft guideline 1 is concerned with the scope of application of the draft guidelines. |
指南草案1涉及本指南草案的适用范围。 |
| The provision should be read together with draft guideline 2, which sets out the use of the terms “international organization”, “dispute” and “means of dispute settlement”. |
这项规定应与指南草案2一并阅读，后者规定了“国际组织”、“争端”和“争端解决方法”等术语的使用。 |
| These terms also contribute to delimiting the scope of the topic. |
这些术语也有助于界定本专题的范围。 |
| (2) |
(2) |
| International organizations may be parties to a variety of disputes both on the international and the national level. |
国际组织可能是国际一级和国家一级各种争端的当事方。 |
| Their disputes with members and host States, but also with third States or other international organizations, will most often arise under international law; |
它们与成员和东道国的争端，以及与第三国或其他国际组织的争端，往往在国际法下产生； |
| whereas their disputes with private parties are likely to arise under national law or specifically stipulated applicable rules. |
而它们与私人当事方的争端可能在国内法或具体规定的适用规则下产生。 |
| Disputes with international organizations may also arise under the rules of the organization. |
与国际组织的争端也可能在该组织规则下产生。 |
| (3) |
(3) |
| Examples of the former type of disputes are those concerning rights and obligations under headquarters or seat agreements, such as those addressed in the UNESCO Tax Regime or the EMBL-Germany arbitrations, or the issues giving rise to the advisory opinions of the International Court of Justice in the WHO Regional Office or the PLO Mission cases. |
前一类争端的例子是涉及总部或所在地协议下的权利和义务的争端，例如教科文组织征税制度 或欧洲分子生物学实验室－德国仲裁案 中涉及的争端，或引起国际法院在世卫组织区域办事处案 或巴勒斯坦解放组织代表团案 中咨询意见的问题。 |
| Other examples of disputes at the international level are international claims raised by international organizations for injuries suffered by their agents, such as the dispute which formed the background to the International Court of Justice’s Reparation for Injuries advisory opinion, or claims raised against an international organization by States on behalf of their nationals, such as those addressed in the Belgium-United Nations settlement. |
国际一级争端的其他例子是国际组织为其代理人受到的伤害提出的国际索赔，例如构成国际法院在伤害赔偿案 中咨询意见背景的争端，或国家代表其国民对一国际组织提出的索赔，例如比利时－联合国索赔案的解决中涉及的索赔。 |
| (4) |
(4) |
| Examples of disputes at the national level are those of a delictual or tort character brought against an international organization by a private party being harmed by an international organization, such as the dispute giving rise to the Starways arbitration, or disputes brought by an international organization against private parties for harm occurring, for instance, through the unauthorized use of the organization’s logo or internet domain. |
国家一级争端的例子是，受到国际组织伤害的私人当事方对国际组织提起的具有不法行为性质或侵权性质的争端，例如引起Starways仲裁案的争端， 或国际组织因未经授权使用该组织标识或互联网域名等行为产生的伤害而对私人当事方提起的争端。 |
| Furthermore, the most frequent types of disputes to which international organizations are parties – those concerning contractual rights and obligations, which are often governed by a specific national law or general principles of contract law – fall under the category of disputes at the national level. |
此外，国际组织作为当事方的最常见的争端类型是涉及合同权利和义务的争端，这类争端往往受特定的国内法或合同法一般原则制约，属于国家一级争端类别。 |
| Contractual and tort claims are often seen as giving rise to disputes of a “private law character” in the sense of article VIII, section 29, of the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations or similar treaty provisions. |
合同和侵权索赔往往被视为会引起《联合国特权和豁免公约》第八条第二十九节 或类似条约规定 意义上的“私法性质”的争端。 |
| (5) |
(5) |
| The former type of disputes may be qualified as “international disputes” and the latter as “non-international” or as disputes arising under “national” law, or as disputes of a “private law character”. |
前一类争端可被定性为“国际争端”，后一类争端可被定性为“非国际”争端，或在“国内”法 之下产生的争端，或“私法性质”的争端。 |
| However, such distinctions may be difficult to draw in practice, especially because the nature of a dispute may change. |
然而，在实践中可能很难作出这种区分，特别是因为争端的性质可能发生改变。 |
| A tort claim for personal injury or property damage, giving rise to a dispute of a “private law character” may be transformed into an international claim through its espousal by the victim’s home State exercising diplomatic protection. |
引起“私法性质”争端的人身伤害或财产损失侵权索赔，在受害者母国行使外交保护予以支持的情况下，可能转变为国际索赔。 |
| Similarly, like States, international organizations can choose whether they want to regulate their mutual rights and obligations in the form of an instrument governed by international law or in the form of a private law contract. |
同样，与国家一样，国际组织也可选择是以受国际法制约的文书形式还是以私法合同的形式来规范其相互的权利和义务。 |
| The relationship between individuals working for an international organization may be governed by a contract or by staff rules and regulations, the latter often considered part of an international organization’s internal administrative law. |
为国际组织工作的个人之间的关系可受合同制约，也可受工作人员细则和条例制约，后者往往被视为国际组织内部行政法的一部分。 |
| (6) |
(6) |
| Furthermore, “non-international” disputes, such as contractual or delictual/tort disputes, may raise important issues determined by international law, such as legal personality, jurisdictional immunity, human rights obligations, in particular the duty to provide for access to justice, or the treaty-based duty to make provision for appropriate modes of settlement of disputes of a private law character. |
此外，“非国际”争端，例如合同或违法/侵权争端，可能引起国际法确定的重要问题，如法律人格、管辖豁免、人权义务，特别是提供诉诸司法机会的义务，或对解决私法性质争端的适当方式作出规定的基于条约的义务。 |
| (7) |
(7) |
| As a consequence, a sharp distinction between international disputes and non-international ones is often not feasible. |
因此，对国际争端和非国际争端作出明确区分往往并不可行。 |
| To ensure that disputes of a “private law character” and any disputes that may be qualified as “non-international” fall within the scope of the present draft guidelines, the Commission decided not to include the word “international” before “disputes” in the present draft guideline 1. |
为确保“私法性质”的争端和可被定性为“非国际”的任何争端均属于本指南草案的范围，委员会决定不在本条指南草案1中的“争端”之前加上“国际”一词。 |
| As a result, the Commission also decided, on 25 May 2023, to change the title of the topic by deleting the word “international” before “disputes” to make it clear that the draft guidelines would address all kinds of disputes to which international organizations are parties. |
因此，委员会还于2023年5月25日决定修改此专题的标题，删除“争端”之前的“国际”一词，以表明本指南草案将处理国际组织作为当事方的所有类型的争端。 |
| (8) |
(8) |
| International organizations may be subject to various obligations concerning the settlement of disputes to which they are parties. |
国际组织作为争端的当事方，可能要承担解决争端方面的各种义务。 |
| These may be found in, among others, their constituent instruments, multilateral privileges and immunities treaties, or headquarters agreements. |
这些义务可能载于其组成文书、多边特权与豁免条约 或总部协定 等。 |
| Furthermore, international organizations may have agreed to specific forms of dispute settlement in contracts with third parties. |
此外，国际组织可能在与第三方签订的合同中商定了解决争端的具体形式。 |
| It is thus not feasible to design across-the-board draft articles that may eventually form the basis for a treaty. |
因此，要想拟订出可最终构成条约基础的全面的条款草案，并不可行。 |
| Instead, it seems more apt to restate the existing practices of international organizations concerning the settlement of their disputes and to develop recommendations for the most appropriate way of handling them. |
相反，似乎更恰当的做法是重申国际组织在解决争端方面的现行做法，并就处理争端的最适当方式提出建议。 |
| (9) |
(9) |
| For this purpose, the elaboration of a set of draft guidelines appears to be the most suitable form for the Commission’s output, which is intended to direct States, international organizations and other users to answers that are consistent with existing rules or that seem most appropriate for contemporary practice. |
为了这一目的，拟订一套指南草案似乎是委员会产出的最适当的形式，旨在引导各国、国际组织和其他使用方找到与现行规则相符或看来最适合当代实践的答案。 |
| The guidelines will be mainly concerned with the availability and adequacy of means for the settlement of disputes to which international organizations are parties. They are not intended to elaborate detailed sets of procedural rules. |
这套指南将主要述及国际组织作为当事方的争端的解决手段的可及性和充分性问题，并不打算拟订一套详细的程序规则。 |
| (10) |
(10) |
| In addition to the guidelines, however, the Commission may also develop a set of model clauses that may be used in treaties or other instruments governed by international law, as well as in contracts or other national law instruments. |
但是，除了这套指南之外，委员会还可拟订一套示范条款，可用于条约或受国际法制约的其他文书，以及用于合同或其他国家法律文书。 |
| Guideline 2 Use of terms |
指南2 用语 |
| For the purposes of the present draft guidelines: |
为本指南草案的目的： |
| (a) |
(a) |
| “international organization” means an entity possessing its own international legal personality, established by a treaty or other instrument governed by international law, that may include as members, in addition to States, other entities, and has at least one organ capable of expressing a will distinct from that of its members. |
“国际组织”是指根据条约或受国际法制约的其他文书建立的具有独立国际法律人格的实体，其成员除了国家以外还可包括其他实体，并且拥有至少一个能够表达有别于其成员的意愿的机关。 |
| (b) |
(b) |
| “dispute” means a disagreement concerning a point of law or fact in which a claim or assertion is met with refusal or denial. |
“争端”是指在一法律争议点或事实争议点上的意见分歧，在该分歧中，有一项主张或断言遭到了拒绝或否认。 |
| (c) |
(c) |
| “means of dispute settlement” refers to negotiation, enquiry, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, judicial settlement, resort to regional agencies or arrangements, or other peaceful means of resolving disputes. |
“争端解决方法”是指谈判、调查、调解、和解、仲裁、司法解决、诉诸区域机构或安排，或解决争端的其他和平方法。 |
| Commentary |
评注 |
| (1) |
(1) |
| Draft guideline 2 provides for the use of three core terms found in draft guideline 1. |
指南草案2规定了指南草案1中三个核心术语的使用。 |
| These terms contribute to delimiting the scope of the draft guidelines. |
这些术语有助于界定整套指南草案的范围。 |
| Subparagraph (a) |
(a)项 |
| (2) |
(2) |
| The definition of “international organization” in draft guideline 2, subparagraph (a), builds on the definition contained in article 2, subparagraph (a), of the articles on the responsibility of international organizations, adopted by the Commission in 2011. |
指南草案2(a)项中“国际组织”的定义是基于委员会2011年通过的国际组织的责任条款第2条(a)项所载的定义。 |
| Draft guideline 2, subparagraph (a), outlines the commonly accepted characteristic features of an international organization and stresses the possession of its “own international legal personality” as the paramount characteristic relevant for purposes of dispute settlement. |
指南草案2(a)项概述了国际组织的公认特征，并强调指出就争端解决而言，具有“独立国际法律人格”是最重要的特征。 |
| (3) |
(3) |
| The Commission initially defined “international organizations” merely as “intergovernmental organizations” in its 1966 draft articles on the law of treaties. |
委员会最初在1966年条约法条款草案中将“国际组织”仅定义为“政府间组织”。 |
| This definition can be found in several conventions, such as the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and International Organizations or between International Organizations, the Vienna Convention on the Representation of States in their Relations with International Organizations, and the Vienna Convention on Succession of States in respect of Treaties. |
这一定义可以在若干公约中找到，如《维也纳条约法公约》、《关于国家和国际组织间或国际组织相互间条约法的维也纳公约》、《维也纳关于国家在其对普遍性国际组织关系上的代表权公约》 和《关于国家在条约方面的继承的维也纳公约》。 |
| This definition mainly served the purpose of excluding non-governmental organizations. |
该定义主要是为了将非政府组织排除在外。 |
| However, the question of the adequacy of merely identifying “international organizations” as “intergovernmental organizations”, without further defining them, was raised within the Commission. |
然而，委员会内部提出了仅仅将“国际组织”确定为“政府间组织”而不作进一步的定义是否充分的问题。 |
| (4) |
(4) |
| With the articles on the responsibility of international organizations, the Commission adopted a more elaborate definition. |
在国际组织的责任条款中，委员会采用了更详细的定义。 |
| The simple reference to their “intergovernmental” nature in the previous definition was criticized as too narrow because several organizations consisted of members other than States: in particular, other international organizations. |
在以往定义中仅仅提及国际组织的“政府间”性质的做法被批评过于狭隘，因为一些组织包括国家以外的成员，特别是其他国际组织。 |
| Article 2, subparagraph (a), of the articles on the responsibility of international organizations defined an “international organization” as |
国际组织的责任条款第2条(a)项将“国际组织”定义为 |
| an organization established by treaty or other instrument governed by international law and possessing its own international legal personality. |
根据条约或受国际法制约的其他文书建立的具有独立国际法律人格的组织。 |
| International organizations may include as members, in addition to States, other entities. |
国际组织的成员除国家以外，还可包括其他实体。 |
| In this definition, the Commission emphasized that the legal basis of an international organization was to be found on the international level, by referring to an “organization established by treaty or other instrument governed by international law”. |
在这一定义中，通过提到“根据条约或受国际法制约的其他文书建立的组织”，委员会强调国际组织的法律依据应处于国际一级。 |
| It did not explicitly refer to the common characteristic feature of organs through which an organization acts; |
它没有明确提到一个组织借以行事的机关的共同特点； |
| although the existence of “organs” was arguably inherent in the notion of an “organization” and the articles on the responsibility of international organizations even contain a definition of organs, which appears to indicate that organs are integral features of international organizations. |
但“机关”的存在可以说是“组织”概念中所固有的，国际组织的责任条款甚至载有机关的定义， 这似乎表明机关是国际组织的固有特征。 |
| The definition in the articles on the responsibility of international organizations further expressly reflected the fact that, in addition to States, other entities might become members of international organizations. |
国际组织的责任条款中的定义还明确反映了这样一个事实，即除国家外，其他实体也可成为国际组织的成员。 |
| Finally, it highlighted that a core feature of an international organization is the possession of its own international legal personality, i.e. a legal personality on the international plane distinct from that of its members. |
最后，它重点指出，国际组织的一个核心特征是具有独立国际法律人格，即：不同于其成员的国际层面上的法律人格。 |
| This is particularly important for incurring international responsibility. |
这对承担国际责任特别重要。 |
| (5) |
(5) |
| Most international organizations are established by treaties regardless of how they may be referred to: they include instruments designated as treaties, conventions, charters, constitutions, statutes, or articles of agreement. |
大多数国际组织是根据条约建立的，无论这些条约的称谓如何：其中包括称为条约、公约、宪章、章程、规约或协议条款的文书。 |
| In order to cover organizations established on the international plane without a treaty, draft guideline 2, subparagraph (a), refers, as an alternative to treaties, to any “other instrument governed by international law”. |
为了将国际上未缔结条约而建立的组织涵盖在内，指南草案2(a)项以“受国际法制约的其他文书”代替条约。 |
| Some international organizations have been set up by resolutions adopted by an international organization or by decisions at conferences of States. |
有些国际组织是根据一国际组织通过的决议 或多国会议的决定设立的。 |
| An example of the former is the establishment of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) which was originally a subsidiary organ of the General Assembly of the United Nations. |
前者的一个例子是联合国工业发展组织(工发组织)的建立，该组织最初是联合国大会的一个附属机构。 |
| After decisions taken within the United Nations in 1979, it became a United Nations specialized agency when the relationship agreement, accepted by the General Assembly in 1985, entered into force. |
在1979年联合国内部作出决定 后，该组织在联大1985年接受的关系协定 生效时成为了联合国的一个专门机构。 |
| Examples of organizations established by decisions of conferences include the Asian-African Legal Consultative Organization, the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the Southern African Development Community, or the Nordic Council. |
根据会议决定建立的组织的例子包括亚非法律协商组织、石油输出国组织、东南亚国家联盟、南部非洲发展共同体 或北欧理事会。 |
| (6) |
(6) |
| The establishment of international organizations based on an instrument governed by international law is crucial for distinguishing them from non-governmental organizations (NGOs) as well as from transnational corporations or multinational enterprises. |
根据受国际法制约的文书建立国际组织，对于将其与非政府组织 区分开以及与跨国公司或多国企业 区分开至关重要。 |
| NGOs and business entities are created on the basis of national law and usually take the various forms available to non-profit entities, such as associations, foundations or charities, or to corporate entities with a profit-making purpose. |
非政府组织和商业实体是根据国内法设立的，通常采取非营利实体可利用的各种形式，如协会、基金会或慈善机构，或采取以营利为目的的公司实体可利用的各种形式。 |
| These entities are not international organizations as understood for the purposes of the present draft guidelines since they are not established by an instrument governed by international law. |
这些实体不是本指南草案中所指的国际组织，因为它们不是根据受国际法制约的文书建立的。 |
| (7) |
(7) |
| Even in the rare instances where an NGO is transformed into an international organization, that international organization is created by an international agreement. |
即使在非政府组织转变为国际组织的罕见情况下，该国际组织也是根据国际协定创建的。 |
| For instance, the International Union of Official Travel Organizations was originally a non-governmental organization under Swiss law that was subsequently transformed into the World Tourism Organization. |
例如，国际公务旅行组织联合会最初是瑞士法律下的非政府组织，后来转变为世界旅游组织。 |
| Today, the World Tourism Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations. |
如今，世界旅游组织是联合国的一个专门机构。 |
| It was created by States “whose official tourism organisations are Full Members of [the International Union of Official Travel Organizations] at the time of adoption of these Statutes” through ratifying a treaty. |
它是由“本国公务旅行组织在本章程通过时是国际公务旅行组织联合会正式成员”的国家通过批准条约设立的。 |
| (8) |
(8) |
| The reference to “a treaty or other instrument governed by international law” reflects the fact that only States, other sui generis subjects of international law, such as the Holy See or the Sovereign Order of Malta, and international organizations which possess treaty-making capacity can be parties to an international organization’s constituent treaty. |
提到“条约或受国际法制约的其他文书”反映了这样一个事实，即只有国家、其他自成一类的国际法主体，如罗马教廷或马耳他主权骑士团，以及拥有缔约能力的国际组织，才能成为一国际组织组成条约的缔约方。 |
| It is not intended to exclude entities other than States from subsequently becoming members of an international organization. |
这并不是要排除国家以外的实体随后成为国际组织成员的情况。 |
| (9) |
(9) |
| The reference to “other entities” than States as potential members of international organizations affirms that even entities not possessing treaty-making capacity may be accepted as members of an organization if the rules of that organization so provide. |
提到国家以外的“其他实体”作为国际组织的潜在成员，确认了即便不具备缔约能力的实体也可被接受为一组织的成员，前提是该组织的规则有此规定。 |
| In this sense, some – in particular technical – international organizations have members that are not sovereign States, but territories or entities with capacities relevant to the respective organizations. |
在这一意义上，一些国际组织，特别是技术性的国际组织，有这样的成员，它们不是主权国家，而是拥有与各自组织相关能力的领土或实体。 |
| For instance, certain territories have been able to become members of the World Trade Organization or of the World Meteorological Organization. |
例如，某些领土得以成为世界贸易组织 或世界气象组织 的成员。 |
| (10) |
(10) |
| The fact that subparagraph (a) considers that an international organization “may include as members, in addition to States, other entities” does not necessarily imply that a plurality of States as members is required. |
(a)项认为国际组织的“成员除了国家以外还可包括其他实体”，这并不一定意味着需要有多个国家作为成员。 |
| Thus, an international organization may be established by a State and an international organization, as was the case with the Special Court for Sierra Leone. |
因此，国际组织可由一国和一国际组织建立，就如塞拉利昂问题特别法庭一样。 |
| It is also not meant to imply that it always requires States as members. |
这也不意味着国际组织始终需要以国家作为成员。 |
| Although rare in practice, international organizations may be established by and entirely consist of international organizations, as evidenced by the Joint Vienna Institute. |
虽然实践中很少见，但国际组织可由国际组织设立并完全由国际组织组成，维也纳联合研究所就是一例。 |
| (11) |
(11) |
| Nevertheless, the most frequent cases of entities other than States becoming members of international organizations are international organizations. |
尽管如此，成为国际组织成员的国家以外实体最常见的情况就是国际组织。 |
| This is particularly true for regional (economic) integration organizations. |
对区域经济一体化组织而言尤其如此。 |
| A number of constituent instruments of international organizations expressly provide for such membership. |
一些国际组织的组成文书明确规定了这种成员资格。 |
| (12) |
(12) |
| Subparagraph (a) further specifically mentions the possession of “at least one organ capable of expressing a will distinct from that of its members”. |
(a)项特别进一步提到拥有“至少一个能够表达有别于其成员的意愿的机关”。 |
| This characteristic feature of an international organization is only implicitly found in the 2011 definition of the Commission. |
国际组织的这一典型特点在委员会2011年的定义中只有隐含的表达。 |
| (13) |
(13) |
| The inclusion of this element in the text of the definition makes explicit the generally accepted view that an international organization must have at least one organ that is capable of expressing the organization’s will (“will of its own” or “volonté distincte”) in order to perform the tasks or functions entrusted to the organization. |
在定义的案文中纳入该要素明确了一个普遍接受的观点，即国际组织必须至少有一个能够表达该组织意愿(“独立意愿”或“不同意愿”) 的机关，以履行该组织被赋予的任务或职能。 |
| The concept of an international organization’s own will is closely related to the idea that an international organization has a legal personality separate from its members, or, as the International Court of Justice put it, “a certain autonomy”, and that through such organs international organizations can pursue “common goals”. |
国际组织独立意愿的概念与以下理念密切相关：国际组织拥有独立于其成员的法律人格， 或如国际法院所述，拥有“某种自主权”，并且国际组织可通过这些机关寻求实现“共同目标”。 |
| (14) |
(14) |
| International organizations regularly possess numerous organs, such as plenary organs, in which all members are represented, executive ones with a more restricted composition, secretariats and often expert or judicial organs with individuals serving in their personal capacities. |
国际组织通常拥有众多机关，例如全部成员都有代表参加的全体会议机关、成员构成更为有限的执行机关、秘书处，以及往往由个人以个人身份任职的专家机关或司法机关。 |
| That a minimum of one organ is required to distinguish an organization from a mere treaty-based form of cooperation seems inherent in the notion of “organization”. |
要求至少有一个机关，以此将一个组织与一种仅仅基于条约的合作形式区分开来，这似乎是“组织”概念的固有内容。 |
| (15) |
(15) |
| The will of organizations is formed through the decision-making procedures to be adhered to by their organs pursuant to the rules of the various organizations. |
组织的意愿通过决策程序形成，组织的机关根据各组织的规则遵守这些决策程序。 |
| These decision-making procedures may range from different forms of majority voting to unanimity, consensus or other techniques. |
决策程序可能形式多样，既可能是多数表决，也可能是全体一致、协商一致或其他方法。 |
| So-called member-driven or forum-like organizations, operating on the basis of unanimity and expressing the collective will of their members, can also be considered to express the organizations’ own will. |
以全体一致为基础运作并表达成员集体意愿的所谓成员驱动型或类论坛组织也可被视为表达组织的独立意愿。 |
| (16) |
(16) |
| Subparagraph (a) reaffirms the requirement of the possession of international legal personality as found in the 2011 definition of the Commission in the articles on the responsibility of international organizations. |
(a)项重申了委员会2011年在国际组织的责任条款中的定义中提出的需要拥有国际法律人格的要求。 |
| Such personality is required for the purposes of entering into treaties, incurring international responsibility or, in the present context, for raising international claims or being the respondent to such claims, or more generally being a party before an international dispute settlement mechanism. |
为了缔结条约、承担国际责任，或在本专题中，为了提出国际索赔或作为国际索赔的被告，或更广泛地作为国际争端解决机制的当事方，都需要国际法律人格。 |
| (17) |
(17) |
| There exists a long-standing scholarly debate about the source of such personality. |
长期以来，对于这种人格的来源一直存在学术争论。 |
| According to the “will theory”, international organizations derive their international legal personality from the express or implied will of the entities creating them. |
根据“意愿理论”， 国际组织的国际法律人格来自于创建实体的明示或默示意愿。 |
| Pursuant to the “objective personality theory”, their international legal personality stems from their mere existence. |
根据“客观人格理论”，国际组织的国际法律人格源于其存在本身。 |
| A third, compromise approach asserts that the international legal personality of an international organization can be presumed, when it performs acts that require such separate personality. |
另一种折衷办法 认为，当一个国际组织实施需要这种单独人格的行为时，可以推定该组织拥有国际法律人格。 |
| (18) |
(18) |
| In the past, international legal personality was only rarely explicitly conferred upon an international organization in its constituent instrument. |
过去，国际组织的组成文书很少明确赋予国际组织国际法律人格。 |
| Thus, it regularly had to be deduced from the powers conferred upon an international organization. |
因此，通常必须从赋予国际组织的权力中推断出国际法律人格。 |
| Since the 1990s, however, the practice of including explicit clauses on international legal personality of the organization seems to have become more common. |
但自1990年代以来，列入关于组织国际法律人格的明确条款的做法似乎变得更加常见。 |
| (19) |
(19) |
| This was the approach of the International Court of Justice in the Reparation for Injuries advisory opinion. |
这是国际法院在伤害赔偿案咨询意见中采用的方法。 |
| Therein, the Court derived the international legal personality of the United Nations from the Charter-based rights of the Organization, which required its Members to assist it, to accept and carry out Security Council decisions, as well as from its privileges and immunities and its powers to conclude international agreements. |
该案中，法院从联合国基于《宪章》的权利(即要求其成员协助联合国、接受和执行安全理事会决定的权利)以及从其特权和豁免及其缔结国际协定的权力，推断联合国具有国际法律人格。 |
| The Court found that |
法院认为， |
| the Organization was intended to exercise and enjoy, and is in fact exercising and enjoying, functions and rights which can only be explained on the basis of the possession of a large measure of international personality and the capacity to operate upon an international plane. |
该组织意在行使和享有，而且也确实在行使和享有各种职能和权利，而这些职能和权利的依据只能是它在很大程度上具有国际人格并具有在国际一级执行任务的能力。 |
| Since most international organizations perform at least some similar acts, having been either explicitly or implicitly empowered to do so, it seems safe to conclude that most international organizations enjoy international legal personality as a result. |
由于大多数国际组织至少实施了某些类似行为，并已被以明示或默示方式授权这样做，似乎可以有把握地得出以下结论：大多数国际组织因此享有国际法律人格。 |
| In fact, without possessing such personality, an international organization could not carry out its functions. |
事实上，如果不具有这种人格，国际组织就无法履行其职能。 |
| Therefore, it is generally accepted that international organizations possess international legal personality. |
因此，普遍接受的观点是，国际组织具有国际法律人格。 |
| (20) |
(20) |
| In the Reparation for Injuries advisory opinion, the Court, which was asked whether the United Nations had the power to bring an international claim against a non-Member State, also found that it had “objective international personality”, implying that the personality of the United Nations had effect not only for its members, but also for third States. |
在伤害赔偿案咨询意见中，被问及联合国是否有权对非会员国提出国际索赔的国际法院还认定，联合国具有“客观国际人格”， 这意味着联合国的人格不仅对其会员国有效，而且对第三国也有效。 |
| While it was argued that such “objective international personality” appertained only to the United Nations, allowing non-Member States to refuse to recognize other international organizations, recent practice indicates that other international organizations are also generally considered to possess such personality. |
虽然有人认为这种“客观国际人格”只适用于联合国，从而允许非会员国拒绝承认其他国际组织， 但最近的实践表明，其他国际组织也被普遍视为具有这种人格。 |
| Nevertheless, formal or implied recognition, e.g. through the conclusion of treaties or the establishment of official relations, may serve as supporting evidence of the international legal personality of international organizations. |
然而，正式或默示的承认，例如通过缔结条约或建立官方关系给予的承认，可作为国际组织国际法律人格的佐证。 |
| (21) |
(21) |
| The existence of organs through which an international organization will perform the powers entrusted to it is usually easier to ascertain than the possession of international legal personality. |
通常，确认存在国际组织借以行使其被赋予的权力的机关，比确认国际组织具有国际法律人格更加容易。 |
| (22) |
(22) |
| In doctrine concerning international organizations, the correlation between the possession of organs and of international legal personality is sometimes regarded as a consequential one, in the sense that the possession of organs permitting an international organization to express an independent will result in its possession of international legal personality. |
在关于国际组织的学说中，拥有机关和具有国际法律人格之间有时被认为存在因果关系，拥有机关使得国际组织可以表达独立意愿，从而使其具有国际法律人格。 |
| Others take the view that the two should be treated totally separate. |
另一些人则认为，这两者应该完全分开处理。 |
| The present draft guideline 2, subparagraph (a), does not prejudge either position. |
本指南草案2(a)项不对任何立场作预先判断。 |
| Subparagraph (b) |
(b)项 |
| (23) |
(23) |
| Draft guideline 2, subparagraph (b) explaining the term “dispute” builds on the definition contained in the Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions judgment and is sufficiently general to encompass legal disputes arising at the international level and under national law whether of a public or private law nature. |
解释“争端”一词的指南草案2(b)项以马夫罗马蒂斯在巴勒斯坦的特许权案判决 中所载定义为基础，具有足够的普遍性，涵盖了在国际一级和国内法下产生的法律争端，包括公法和私法性质的争端。 |
| (24) |
(24) |
| Pursuant to the Mavrommatis definition, endorsed by the International Court of Justice in numerous cases, a legal dispute is “a disagreement on a point of law or fact, a conflict of legal views or of interests between two persons”. |
根据国际法院在多个案件中认可的马夫罗马蒂斯定义， 法律争端是“两人之间在一法律争议点或事实争议点上的意见分歧，是法律意见上或利益上的冲突”。 |
| (25) |
(25) |
| The International Court of Justice further clarified that a mere “conflict of … interests” will not necessarily amount to a legal dispute, and that “[i]t must be shown that the claim of one party is positively opposed by the other”. |
国际法院进一步澄清，仅仅有“利益冲突”不一定构成法律争端，“必须表明一方的主张遭到另一方的积极反对”。 |
| Thus, the core element of the Mavrommatis definition, a disagreement on a point of law or fact, is coupled with the “opposition of views” which can be generally expressed by “claims” that are met with “refusal” in regard to legal points and “assertions” that are met by “denial” in regard to factual points. |
因此，马夫罗马蒂斯定义的核心要素，即在法律或事实争议点上的意见分歧，伴随着“观点对立”，这通常表现为法律争议点上的“主张”遭到“拒绝”和事实争议点上的“断言”遭到“否认”。 |
| Many national legal systems rely on similar concepts when defining “disputes”. |
许多国家的法律制度在界定“争端”时依赖类似的概念。 |
| (26) |
(26) |
| As in the Mavrommatis definition, draft guideline 2, subparagraph (b), only refers to disagreements on a point of law or fact and not to mere policy disputes, although it is acknowledged by the Commission that legal disputes may have policy underpinnings. |
如马夫罗马蒂斯定义一样，指南草案2(b)项仅指法律争议点或事实争议点上的意见分歧，而非仅仅政策上的争端，不过委员会承认法律争端可能有政策层面的基础。 |
| Likewise, the fact that a dispute on a point of law may have political aspects does not deprive it of its legal character. |
同样，关于法律争议点的争端可能具有政治方面这一事实并不会剥夺争端的法律性质。 |
| (27) |
(27) |
| A disagreement on a point of fact will amount to a legal dispute if the factual assertions and denials are relevant in a legal context, i.e. relate to a point of law. |
在事实断言和否认具有法律上的意义，即涉及法律争议点时，事实争议点上的意见分歧将构成法律争端。 |
| (28) |
(28) |
| Given that a dispute implies a disagreement and involves claims and assertions that are positively opposed, it is not necessary to include any reference to potential parties to a dispute. |
鉴于争端意味着分歧并且涉及被积极反对的主张和断言，因此没有必要提及争端的潜在当事方。 |
| A dispute stems from the fact that at least two persons disagree. |
争论产生于至少有两个人意见不一致这一事实。 |
| Since the topic refers to disputes to which international organizations are parties, it is evident that at least one party to the relevant disagreements will be an international organization. |
由于本专题涉及国际组织作为当事方的争端，显然相关分歧的至少一方是国际组织。 |
| Being a party to a dispute is without prejudice to the question of whether an international organization can be a party to specific legal proceedings on the international or national level. |
作为争端的当事方并不影响国际组织能否成为国际或国家一级特定法律诉讼程序当事方的问题。 |
| In light of the broad scope of the present draft guidelines, as explained in the commentary to draft guideline 1 above, the other parties may be other international organizations, States, sui generis subjects of international law or private parties, including individuals or legal persons under national law, such as companies, associations or NGOs. |
如上文指南草案1的评注所述，本指南草案范围广泛，有鉴于此，其他当事方可以是其他国际组织、国家、自成一类的国际法主体或私人当事方，包括国内法下的个人或法人，如公司、协会或非政府组织。 |
| Subparagraph (c) |
(c)项 |
| (29) |
(29) |
| Draft guideline 2, subparagraph (c), is inspired by Article 33 of the Charter of the United Nations. |
指南草案2(c)项受到《联合国宪章》第三十三条的启发。 |
| It does not define dispute settlement. |
该项未对争端解决作出定义。 |
| Rather, it lists the available means of dispute settlement in international and national law. |
相反，该项列举了国际法和国内法中可用于解决争端的方法。 |
| This is also reflected by the use of the verb “refers” instead of “means”. |
使用动词“指”而非“意味着”，也反映了这一点。 |
| The draft guideline’s wording follows closely the provision found in the Charter of the United Nations. |
这条指南草案的措辞严格遵循了《联合国宪章》的条款。 |
| Its broad formulation, including the open-ended element of “other peaceful means of resolving disputes”, is meant to ensure that all potential means of dispute settlement both on the international as well as on the national level are covered. |
其宽泛的行文，包括“解决争端的其他和平方法”这一开放式表述，意在确保涵盖国际和国家一级所有潜在的争端解决方法。 |
| (30) |
(30) |
| Article 33 of the Charter of the United Nations captures the scope of possible settlement methods from purely inter partes attempts to settle a dispute, starting with negotiations, to increased involvement of non-disputing third parties, in the form of binding arbitration or adjudication. |
《联合国宪章》第三十三条反映了各种可能的解决方法的范围，从始于谈判的纯粹当事方之间解决争端的尝试，到非争端方第三方以有约束力的仲裁或裁定形式进行的更多参与。 |
| As the International Court of Justice has held in its advisory opinion in Reparation for Injuries, these forms of dispute settlement are generally also available to international organizations. |
正如国际法院在伤害赔偿案的咨询意见中所指出的，这些争端解决形式通常也可为国际组织所用。 |
| Of course, especially in the case of arbitration and adjudication, the applicable jurisdictional requirements will have to be fulfilled in order to allow international organizations to sue or to be sued. |
当然，必须满足适用的管辖权要求，国际组织才能起诉或被起诉，在仲裁和裁定的情况下尤其如此。 |
| (31) |
(31) |
| In order to preserve all means referenced in Article 33, draft guideline 2, subparagraph (c), maintains the wording “resort to regional agencies or arrangements”, although it is most likely that such resort would take the form of one of the other means of dispute settlement listed. |
为了保留第三十三条提到的所有方法，指南草案2(c)项保留了“诉诸区域机构或安排”的措辞，但这种方法很可能采取该项所列的其他争端解决方法之一的形式。 |
| To date, such resort appears to have been limited in practice, but it does not seem excluded that, in a specific situation, a subregional organization may be subject to dispute settlement under a regional arrangement. |
迄今为止，这种方法似乎在实践中很有限，但似乎不能排除在特定情况下，次区域组织可能要根据区域安排解决争端。 |
| (32) |
(32) |
| Draft guideline 2, subparagraph (c), contains only a list of available means and does not imply an order in which dispute settlement means have to be resorted to. |
指南草案2(c)项仅罗列了各种可用的方法，并不意味着应按照所列顺序诉诸争端解决方法。 |
| This is also underlined by the fact that draft guideline 2, subparagraph (c), “refers to” these means and does not state that the parties to a dispute “shall … seek a solution by” resorting to them. |
指南草案2(c)项的措辞也强调了这一点，即“指”这些方法，而不是说争端当事方“应通过”诉诸这些方法以“求得解决”。 |
| Therefore, it is not necessary to keep the words “of their own choice” as contained in Article 33 of the Charter. |
因此，没有必要保留《宪章》第三十三条所载的“自行选择”一词。 |
| (33) |
(33) |
| The phrase “of their own choice” is also deliberately omitted because, in some situations, international organizations may be subject to specific dispute settlement obligations pursuant to their constituent instruments, headquarters agreements or private law contracts. |
“自行选择”一词被有意省略，还因为在某些情况下，国际组织可能根据其组成文书、总部协定或私法合同而要承担特定的争端解决义务。 |
| (34) |
(34) |
| Draft guideline 2, subparagraph (c), lists “means of dispute settlement” and does not refer to an obligation to seek a solution of certain disputes, as Article 33 of the Charter does. |
指南草案2(c)项列出了“争端解决方法”并且未像《宪章》第三十三条那样载有“求得解决”某些争端的义务。 |
| It is clear that such a provision, found in the draft guideline entitled “Use of terms”, cannot be understood as such to lead to an obligation to seek a solution or to actually resolve a dispute. |
很清楚的一点是，题为“用语”的指南草案中的这一规定不能被理解为会产生寻求解决办法或实际解决争端的义务。 |
| Chapter VI |
第六章 |
| Prevention and repression of piracy and armed robbery at sea |
防止和打击海盗和海上武装抢劫行为 |
| A. |
A. |
| Introduction |
导言 |
| 50. |
50. |
| At its seventy-third session (2022), the Commission decided to include the topic “Prevention and repression of piracy and armed robbery at sea” in its programme of work and appointed Mr. Yacouba Cissé as Special Rapporteur for the topic. |
委员会第七十三届会议(2022年)决定将“防止和打击海盗和海上武装抢劫行为”专题列入委员会工作方案，并任命雅库巴·西塞先生为该专题特别报告员。 |
| The Commission requested the Secretariat to prepare a memorandum concerning the topic, addressing in particular: elements in the previous work of the Commission that could be particularly relevant for its future work on the topic and the views expressed by States; |
委员会请秘书处就该专题编写一份备忘录，具体处理以下问题：委员会以往工作中可能与关于本专题的今后工作特别相关的内容以及各国所表达的意见； |
| writings relevant to the definitions of piracy and of armed robbery at sea; |
与海盗行为和海上武装抢劫行为的定义有关的著述； |
| and resolutions adopted by the Security Council and by the General Assembly relevant to the topic. |
安全理事会和联大通过的与该专题有关的决议。 |
| The Commission also approved the Special Rapporteur’s recommendation that the Secretariat contact States and relevant international organizations in order to obtain information and views concerning the topic. |
委员会还批准了特别报告员的建议，即秘书处应与各国以及相关国际组织联系，以便就该专题征求相关信息和意见。 |
| 51. |
51. |
| Subsequently, the General Assembly, in paragraph 7 of its resolution 77/103 of 7 December 2022, took note of the decision of the Commission to include the topic in its programme of work. |
随后，联大在2022年12月7日第77/103号决议第7段中表示注意到委员会决定将该专题列入其工作方案。 |
| B. |
B. |
| Consideration of the topic at the present session |
本届会议审议此专题的情况 |
| 52. |
52. |
| At the present session, the Commission had before it the first report of the Special Rapporteur (A/CN.4/758) and the memorandum prepared by the Secretariat concerning the topic (A/CN.4/757). |
委员会本届会议收到了特别报告员的第一次报告(A/CN.4/758)和秘书处就此专题编写的备忘录(A/CN.4/757)。 |
| In his first report, the Special Rapporteur addressed the historical, socioeconomic and legal aspects of the topic, including an analysis of the international law applicable to piracy and armed robbery at sea, and the shortcomings thereof. |
特别报告员在第一次报告中讨论了此专题的历史、社会经济以及法律层面的相关内容，包括分析了适用于海盗行为和海上武装抢劫行为的国际法及其所具有的缺点。 |
| He reviewed the national legislation and judicial practice of States concerning the definition of piracy and the implementation of conventional and customary international law. |
他查阅了各国关于海盗行为定义的国内立法和司法实践以及协定国际法和习惯国际法的执行情况。 |
| The Special Rapporteur proposed three draft articles: on the scope of the draft articles, on the definition of piracy, and on the definition of armed robbery at sea. |
特别报告员就以下问题提出了三项条文草案：条款草案的范围； 海盗行为的定义； 海上武装抢劫行为的定义。 |
| He also discussed the future programme of work on the topic. |
此外，他还讨论了此专题的未来工作方案。 |
| 53. |
53. |
| The Commission considered the first report and the memorandum at its 3619th to 3621st and 3623rd to 3625th meetings, from 5 to 16 May 2023. |
委员会在2023年5月5日至16日举行的第3619至第3621次会议和第3623至第3625次会议上审议了第一次报告和备忘录。 |
| 54. |
54. |
| At its 3625th meeting, on 16 May 2023, the Commission decided to refer draft articles 1, 2 and 3, as contained in the first report, to the Drafting Committee, taking into account the views expressed in the plenary debate. |
委员会在2023年5月16日第3625次会议上，考虑到全体会议辩论中所表达的意见，决定将第一次报告所载第1、第2和第3条草案提交起草委员会。 |
| 55. |
55. |
| At its 3634th meeting, on 2 June 2023, the Commission considered the report of the Drafting Committee on the topic (A/CN.4/L.984) and provisionally adopted draft articles 1, 2 and 3 (see sect. C.1 below). |
委员会在2023年6月2日第3634次会议上，审议了起草委员会关于此专题的报告(A/CN.4/L.984)，并暂时通过了第1、第2和第3条草案(见下文C.1节)。 |
| 56. |
56. |
| At its 3649th and 3651st meetings, on 27 and 31 July 2023, the Commission adopted the commentaries to the draft articles provisionally adopted at the current session (see sect. C.2 below). |
委员会在2023年7月27日和31日举行的第3649次和第3651次会议上，通过了本届会议暂时通过的条款草案的评注(见下文C.2节)。 |
| C. |
C. |
| Text of the draft articles on the prevention and repression of piracy and armed robbery at sea provisionally adopted by the Commission at its seventy-fourth session |
委员会第七十四届会议暂时通过的关于防止和打击海盗和海上武装抢劫行为的条款草案案文 |
| 1. |
1. |
| Text of the draft articles |
条款草案案文 |
| 57. |
57. |
| The text of the draft articles provisionally adopted by the Commission at its seventy-fourth session is reproduced below. |
委员会第七十四届会议暂时通过的条款草案案文载录如下： |
| Article 1 Scope |
第1条 范围 |
| The present draft articles apply to the prevention and repression of piracy and armed robbery at sea. |
本条款草案适用于防止和打击海盗和海上武装抢劫行为。 |
| Article 2 Definition of piracy |
第2条 海盗行为的定义 |
| 1. |
1. |
| Piracy consists of any of the following acts: |
下列行为中的任何行为构成海盗行为： |
| (a) |
(a) |
| any illegal acts of violence or detention, or any act of depredation, committed for private ends by the crew or the passengers of a private ship or a private aircraft, and directed: |
私人船舶或私人飞机的船员、机组人员或乘客为私人目的，对下列对象所从事的任何非法的暴力或扣留行为，或任何掠夺行为： |
| (i) |
(一) |
| on the high seas, against another ship or aircraft, or against persons or property on board such ship or aircraft; |
在公海上对另一船舶或飞机，或对另一船舶或飞机上的人或财物； |
| (ii) |
(二) |
| against a ship, aircraft, persons or property in a place outside the jurisdiction of any State; |
在任何国家管辖范围以外的地方对船舶、飞机、人或财物； |
| (b) |
(b) |
| any act of voluntary participation in the operation of a ship or of an aircraft with knowledge of facts making it a pirate ship or aircraft; |
明知致使船舶或飞机成为海盗船舶或飞机的事实，而自愿参加船舶或飞机使用活动的任何行为； |
| (c) |
(c) |
| any act of inciting or of intentionally facilitating an act described in subparagraph (a) or (b). |
教唆或故意便利(a)或(b)项所述行为的任何行为。 |
| 2. |
2. |
| Paragraph 1 shall be read in conjunction with the provisions of article 58, paragraph 2, of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. |
第1款应结合《联合国海洋法公约》第五十八条第2款规定一并解读。 |
| Article 3 Definition of armed robbery at sea |
第3条 海上武装抢劫行为的定义 |
| Armed robbery at sea consists of any of the following acts: |
下列行为中的任何行为构成海上武装抢劫行为： |
| (a) |
(a) |
| any illegal act of violence or detention or any act of depredation, or threat thereof, other than an act of piracy, committed for private ends and directed against a ship or against persons or property on board such a ship, within a State’s internal waters, archipelagic waters and territorial sea; |
为私人目的在一国的内水、群岛水域和领海内，对船舶或对船舶上的人或财物所从事的除海盗行为外的任何非法的暴力或扣留行为，或任何掠夺行为，或以此相威胁的行为； |
| (b) |
(b) |
| any act of inciting or of intentionally facilitating an act described in subparagraph (a). |
教唆或故意便利(a)项所述行为的任何行为。 |
| 2. |
2. |
| Text of the draft articles and commentaries thereto provisionally adopted by the Commission at its seventy-fourth session |
委员会第七十四届会议暂时通过的条款草案案文及其评注 |
| 58. |
58. |
| The text of the draft articles and commentaries thereto provisionally adopted by the Commission at its seventy-fourth session is reproduced below. |
委员会第七十四届会议暂时通过的条款草案案文及其评注载录如下： |
| Article 1 Scope |
第1条 范围 |
| The present draft articles apply to the prevention and repression of piracy and armed robbery at sea. |
本条款草案适用于防止和打击海盗和海上武装抢劫行为。 |
| Commentary |
评注 |
| (1) |
(1) |
| Draft article 1 defines the scope of the present draft articles, indicating that they apply to piracy and armed robbery at sea. |
第1条草案确立了本条款草案的适用范围，表明本条款草案适用于海盗和海上武装抢劫行为。 |
| The provision should be read together with draft articles 2 and 3, which define these two crimes and serve to delimit the scope of the topic. |
这一条应当与界定这两种罪行并有助于划定本专题范围的第2条和第3条草案一并解读。 |
| (2) |
(2) |
| The present draft articles are broader in scope than the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. |
本条款草案的范围比1982年《联合国海洋法公约》 更广。 |
| While the Convention only refers specifically to piracy, the present draft articles also include “armed robbery at sea”, a crime that is not as such referred to in the Convention. |
《公约》只具体提及海盗行为，而本条款草案还包括“海上武装抢劫”，《公约》并未如此提及这一罪行。 |
| For the purposes of the draft articles and commentary, reference to piracy means maritime piracy. |
为了本条款草案和评注的目的，提及海盗行为是指海上的海盗行为。 |
| (3) |
(3) |
| The aim of the work on the present topic is to examine two crimes at sea: piracy and armed robbery at sea. |
本专题工作的目的是审查两种海上犯罪：海盗行为和海上武装抢劫行为。 |
| The topic of piracy will be addressed principally within the framework of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, taking into account existing applicable international law, regional approaches, extensive State practice, and legislative and judicial practice under national legal systems, especially for armed robbery at sea, which is not addressed under the Convention. |
考虑到现有适用的国际法、区域办法、广泛的国家实践以及国内法律制度下的立法和司法实践，特别是在《联合国海洋法公约》中没有涉及到的海上武装抢劫行为，海盗问题将主要在《公约》的框架内阐述。 |
| The framework of regional and subregional organizations involved in combating maritime piracy and armed robbery at sea will provide useful illustrations of the implementation of international law in this area. |
打击海盗和海上武装抢劫行为所涉及的区域和次区域组织框架将为这一领域国际法的执行情况提供有益实例。 |
| The work on the present topic is not to duplicate existing frameworks and academic studies, but instead aims to clarify and build upon them, as well as to identify new issues of common concern. |
本专题的工作不是重复现有的框架和学术研究，而是旨在澄清和延伸这些框架和研究，并确定共同关心的新问题。 |
| (4) |
(4) |
| The present draft articles apply to the “prevention” and “repression” of piracy and armed robbery at sea. |
本条款草案适用于“防止”和“打击”海盗和海上武装抢劫行为。 |
| “Prevention” is the act of stopping something from happening or arising, while “repression” is the act of subduing or suppressing something that has arisen. |
“防止”是阻止某事物发生或产生的行为，而“打击”是抑制或压制已经产生的事物的行为。 |
| The Security Council has highlighted the need to establish legal frameworks for the prevention and repression of piracy and armed robbery at sea in the Gulf of Guinea, and for the repression of piracy in Somalia. |
安全理事会已强调，需要为防止和打击几内亚湾的海盗和海上武装抢劫行为 以及打击索马里的海盗行为 建立法律框架。 |
| (5) |
(5) |
| The term “repression” is used in article 100 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, which requires all States to “cooperate to the fullest possible extent in the repression of piracy on the high seas or in any other place outside the jurisdiction of any State”. |
《联合国海洋法公约》第一百条中使用了“打击”(repression)一词，该条要求所有国家“应尽最大可能进行合作，以打击在公海上或在任何国家管辖范围以外的任何其他地方的海盗行为”。 |
| This provision is identical to article 14 of the 1958 Convention on the High Seas, which in turn was based on article 38 of the 1956 draft articles concerning the law of the sea with commentaries, adopted by the Commission at its eighth session. |
这一条与1958年《公海公约》 第14条相同，后者是以委员会第八届会议通过的1956年海洋法条款草案第三十八条及其评注为基础的。 |
| “Repression” is broader than the term “punishment”, for example as used in the draft articles on prevention and punishment of crimes against humanity, adopted by the Commission at its seventy-first session. |
“打击”一词比委员会第七十一届会议通过的防止及惩治危害人类罪条款草案等文件中使用的“惩治”(punishment)一词的范围更广。 |
| The obligation to take measures to prevent and punish is a more specific aspect of the wider concept of “repression”. |
采取措施防止和惩治的义务是更广泛的“打击”概念 的一个更具体的方面。 |
| Article 2 Definition of piracy |
第2条 海盗行为的定义 |
| 1. |
1. |
| Piracy consists of any of the following acts: |
下列行为中的任何行为构成海盗行为： |
| (a) |
(a) |
| any illegal act of violence or detention, or any act of depredation, committed for private ends by the crew or the passengers of a private ship or a private aircraft, and directed: |
私人船舶或私人飞机的船员、机组人员或乘客为私人目的，对下列对象所从事的任何非法的暴力或扣留行为，或任何掠夺行为： |
| (i) |
(一) |
| on the high seas, against another ship or aircraft, or against persons or property on board such ship or aircraft; |
在公海上对另一船舶或飞机，或对另一船舶或飞机上的人或财物； |
| (ii) |
(二) |
| against a ship, aircraft, persons or property in a place outside the jurisdiction of any State; |
在任何国家管辖范围以外的地方对船舶、飞机、人或财物； |
| (b) |
(b) |
| any act of voluntary participation in the operation of a ship or of an aircraft with knowledge of facts making it a pirate ship or aircraft; |
明知致使船舶或飞机成为海盗船舶或飞机的事实，而自愿参加船舶或飞机使用活动的任何行为； |
| (c) |
(c) |
| any act of inciting or of intentionally facilitating an act described in subparagraph (a) or (b). |
教唆或故意便利(a)或(b)项所述行为的任何行为。 |
| 2. |
2. |
| Paragraph 1 shall be read in conjunction with the provisions of article 58, paragraph 2, of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. |
第1款应结合《联合国海洋法公约》第五十八条第2款的规定一并解读。 |
| Commentary |
评注 |
| Paragraph 1 |
第1款 |
| (1) |
(1) |
| Draft article 2, paragraph 1, sets out a definition of acts of piracy for the purpose of the present draft articles. |
为本条款草案的目的，第2条草案第1款确立了海盗行为的定义。 |
| The definition in paragraph 1 is based on article 101 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, article 15 of the 1958 Convention on the High Seas and article 39 of the draft articles concerning the law of the sea, adopted by the Commission in 1956. |
第1款中的定义依据了《联合国海洋法公约》第一百零一条、1958年《公海公约》第15条以及1956年委员会通过的海洋法条款草案第39条。 |
| It is regarded as reflecting customary international law and has been reproduced in several regional legal instruments. |
这一定义被认为反映了习惯国际法，并在若干区域法律文书中得到采用。 |
| (2) |
(2) |
| The essential elements of piracy under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea are that it comprises any illegal act of violence or detention, or any act of depredation, committed for private ends by the crew or the passengers of a private ship or a private aircraft, and directed on the high seas or a place outside the jurisdiction of any State, against another ship or aircraft, or against persons or property on board such ship or aircraft. |
根据《联合国海洋法公约》，海盗行为的基本要素是，海盗行为包括私人船舶或私人飞机的船员或乘客出于私人目的，在公海或任何国家管辖范围以外的地方，针对另一艘船舶或飞机，或针对此类船舶或飞机上的人员或财产实施的任何非法暴力或扣留行为，或任何掠夺行为。 |
| (3) |
(3) |
| The Commission felt that the integrity of the definition of piracy contained in article 101 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea should be preserved. |
委员会认为，《联合国海洋法公约》第一百零一条中海盗行为定义的完整性应予以保留。 |
| This is in line with the objective of the topic, which is not to seek to alter any of the rules set forth in existing treaties, including the Convention. |
这符合本专题的目标，即不寻求改变包括《联合国海洋法公约》在内的现有条约中规定的任何规则。 |
| (4) |
(4) |
| The Commission acknowledged that there were certain elements of the definition of piracy contained in article 101 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea that posed questions of interpretation and application, especially in view of the evolving nature of modern piracy. |
委员会承认，《联合国海洋法公约》第一百零一条中海盗行为定义的某些要素引起了解释和应用问题，特别是考虑到现代海盗行为不断演变的性质。 |
| The Commission found it advisable to explain in the commentaries certain terms in article 101, which are set out below. |
委员会认为宜在评注中解释第一百零一条中的某些术语，具体解释如下。 |
| “[A]ny illegal act of violence or detention, or any act of depredation” |
“任何非法的暴力或扣留行为，或任何掠夺行为” |
| (5) |
(5) |
| Drawing on its earlier work in 1956, the Commission has adopted a definition of illegal acts of violence where the intention to rob (animus furandi) is not required. |
在1956年早期工作的基础上，委员会采用了非法暴力行为的定义，其中不要求有抢劫的意图。 |
| The Commission also considered that the term “violence” included intimidation, as well as violence of different kinds, including physical and psychological violence. |
委员会还认为，“暴力”一词包括恐吓以及不同种类的暴力，包括身体和心理暴力。 |
| Material acts that constitute piracy result from any “illegal act of violence” exercised against persons on board a ship or aircraft, the deprivation of liberty of persons on board, or acts of depredation against property. |
构成海盗行为的实质性行为来自对船舶或飞机上的人员实施的任何“非法暴力行为”、剥夺船上人员的自由或掠夺财产的行为。 |
| “Depredation” implies the looting of property on board a ship or aircraft, accompanied by destruction. |
“掠夺”意味着抢劫船舶或飞机上的财产，并伴有破坏。 |
| “[C]ommitted for private ends” |
“为私人目的……从事” |
| (6) |
(6) |
| It was recognized that the expression “committed for private ends” in paragraph 1 (a) primarily refers to the pursuit of profit or private gain, most often including ransom demands and theft of property on board private ships or ships belonging to a State. |
人们认识到，第1款(a)项中“为私人目的……从事”的表述主要是指追求利润或私利，通常包括索要赎金和盗窃私人船舶或国有船舶上的财产。 |
| This could also include acts against a State ship for private ends. |
这也可能包括为私人目的针对国家船舶的行为。 |
| It was further recognized that the pursuit of private ends can coexist with political or ideological objectives, sometimes making it difficult to distinguish between piracy committed for purely private ends and maritime crimes other than piracy, which can be committed for political or other ends. |
人们还认识到，追求私人目的可能与政治或意识形态目标并存，有时很难区分纯粹为私人目的实施的海盗行为和海盗行为以外的海上犯罪，后者可能是为政治或其他目的实施的。 |
| There is an ongoing debate as to whether “private ends” can be assimilated to ideological or political ends. |
关于“私人目的”是否可以等同于意识形态或政治目的，目前正在进行辩论。 |
| Some scholars have contended that any maritime violence lacking public authority can be regarded as violence “for private ends”. |
一些学者认为，任何缺乏公共权力的海上暴力都可被视为“为私人目的”的暴力。 |
| “[O]n the high seas” |
“在公海上” |
| (7) |
(7) |
| The definition of piracy specifies that it is committed “on the high seas” or “in a place outside the jurisdiction of any State”. |
海盗行为的定义具体规定，海盗行为是“在公海上”或“在任何国家管辖范围以外的地方”实施的。 |
| The regime applicable to piracy under international law is an exception to the exclusive jurisdiction of the flag State which applies on the high seas. |
根据国际法适用于海盗行为的制度是适用于公海 的船旗国专属管辖权的例外。 |
| This regime does not apply to acts committed within the territorial jurisdiction of a State. |
这一制度不适用于在一国领土管辖范围内实施的行为。 |
| The Commission decided to retain this geographical limitation of piracy as set out in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and to provide a definition of “armed robbery at sea” to cover other geographical areas at sea where acts, which can be assimilated to piracy, may occur. |
委员会决定保留《联合国海洋法公约》规定的海盗行为的地理限制，并提供“海上武装抢劫”的定义，以涵盖可能发生与海盗行为类似的行为的其他海上地理区域。 |
| “[A]gainst another ship or aircraft” |
“对另一船舶或飞机” |
| (8) |
(8) |
| The definition of piracy in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea is based on acts committed by the crew or the passengers of a private ship or aircraft against another ship or aircraft. |
《联合国海洋法公约》对海盗行为的定义是基于私人船舶或飞机的船员或乘客对另一船舶或飞机实施的行为。 |
| The requirement for piracy to involve acts of violence by one ship directed towards another ship is based on the historical antecedents of the provision. |
规定海盗行为涉及一艘船对另一艘船的暴力行为，这是基于该条款的历史先例。 |
| When illegal or violent conduct on the high seas involves only one ship, the 1988 Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation is likely to be implicated for its parties. |
当公海上的非法或暴力行为只涉及一艘船时，对于当事方来说，1988年《制止危及海上航行安全非法行为公约》 很可能被牵涉到。 |
| Regarding “aircraft”, it is important to note that the Convention on International Civil Aviation declares that “aircraft used in military, customs and police services shall be deemed to be State aircraft”. |
关于“飞机”，必须指出的是，《国际民用航空公约》 宣布“用于军事、海关和警察部门的航空器，应认为是国家航空器”。 |
| As a result, according to article 2, paragraph 1 (a), of the present draft articles – which repeats article 101 (a) of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea – piracy entails acts against “private aircraft” not “State aircraft”. |
因此，根据本条款草案第2条第1款(a)项――该项重复了《联合国海洋法公约》第一百零一条(a)项――海盗行为是针对“私人飞机”而不是“国家飞机”的行为。 |
| (9) |
(9) |
| The Commission noted that, according to the legislative practice of some States, “piracy” is also considered to include piratical acts against offshore oil platforms. |
委员会注意到，根据一些国家的立法实践，“海盗行为”也被认为包括针对近海石油平台的海盗行为。 |
| Such State practice is, however, at best de lege ferenda as a matter of international law as oil platforms do not qualify as either a “ship or aircraft” or as “property in a place outside the jurisdiction of any State”. |
然而，这种国家实践充其量是国际法上的拟议法，因为石油平台既不是“船舶或飞机”，也不是“任何国家管辖范围以外地方的财产”。 |
| Furthermore, the arbitral tribunal in The Arctic Sunrise award on the merits concluded that the conduct in question was not piracy because “[t]he Prirazlomnaya is not a ship. |
此外，仲裁法庭在“北极日出”案的实质问题裁决中得出结论认为，所涉行为不是海盗行为，因为“Prirazlomnaya不是一艘船。 |
| It is an offshore ice-resistant fixed platform”. |
它是一个海上抗冰固定平台”。 |
| (10) |
(10) |
| The legal instruments referred to in paragraph (1) of the present commentary have recognized, on the basis of the debates that took place in the Commission in 1954, that piracy can be committed by an aircraft against a ship. |
在委员会1954年的辩论基础上，本评注第(1)段提到的法律文书承认，海盗行为可由飞机对船舶实施。 |
| In reality, modern piracy is no longer committed using only ships and aircraft as they were understood when the definition of piracy was developed. |
事实上，现代海盗不再仅仅使用船舶和飞机实施，如海盗定义拟订之时所理解的那样。 |
| The use of drones, UAV (unmanned aerial vehicles) or MAV (maritime autonomous vehicles) in the commission of acts of piracy or armed robbery at sea is a new phenomenon. |
使用无人机、无人驾驶飞行器或海上自主飞行器实施海盗或海上武装抢劫是一个新现象。 |
| So too is the use of other devices for carrying out cyberattacks at sea. |
使用其他设备在海上实施网络攻击也是如此。 |
| It is recognized that such actions are within the scope of the definition of piracy in draft article 2, paragraph 1. |
人们认识到，这种行动属于第2条草案第1款中海盗行为定义的范围之内。 |
| (11) |
(11) |
| Acts of piracy under the definition in paragraph 1 of draft article 2 involve acts from a private ship or aircraft. |
根据第2条草案第1款的定义，海盗行为涉及来自私人船舶或飞机的行为。 |
| However, article 102 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea specifically provides that “acts of piracy … committed by a warship, government ship or government aircraft whose crew has mutinied and taken control of the ship or aircraft are assimilated to acts committed by a private ship or aircraft”. |
然而，《联合国海洋法公约》第一百零二条具体规定，“军舰、政府船舶或政府飞机由于其船员或机组成员发生叛变并控制该船舶或飞机而从事……的海盗行为，视同私人船舶或飞机所从事的行为。 |
| (12) |
(12) |
| The definition of piracy in paragraph 1 of draft article 2 is limited to acts involving two ships, two aircraft or a ship and an aircraft. |
第2条草案第1款中海盗行为的定义限于涉及两艘船舶、两架飞机或一艘船舶和一架飞机的行为。 |
| It does not extend to situations of unlawful violence or detention or acts of depredation by the crew or the passengers of a ship or aircraft against that same ship or aircraft. |
它不适用于船舶或飞机的船员或乘客对该船舶或飞机实施非法暴力或扣留或掠夺行为的情况。 |
| A view was expressed that piracy should not always be considered as involving two ships, but may involve action by a crew on a ship against that ship. |
有人认为，海盗行为不应总是被视为涉及两艘船舶，而是可能涉及一艘船上的船员对该船采取的行动。 |
| (13) |
(13) |
| Piracy may also be conducted from land against ships, but the Commission decided to avoid specifically referring to “land” as the place where preparations are made to commit acts of piracy. |
海盗行为也可能是从陆地上对船舶实施的，但委员会决定避免具体提及“陆地”为准备实施海盗行为的地方。 |
| Some members considered that acts of piracy could also be conducted from offshore platforms. |
一些委员认为，海盗行为也可以从海上平台进行。 |
| (14) |
(14) |
| The Commission gave consideration to whether to include a definition of “ship” to assist in clarifying the definition in draft article 2, paragraph 1. |
委员会审议了是否列入“船舶”的定义，以帮助澄清第2条草案第1款中的定义。 |
| Although the International Maritime Organization has defined “vessels and aircraft” in some of the conventions concluded under its auspices, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea does not define “ship” or “vessel”. |
尽管国际海事组织在其主持下缔结的一些公约中对“船舶和航空器”下了定义，《联合国海洋法公约》没有对“船舶”或“船只”进行定义。 |
| The Commission did not consider it productive to include a definition of ship in the present draft articles. |
委员会认为在本条款草案中列入船舶的定义没有什么意义。 |
| “[A]ny act of inciting or of intentionally facilitating” such an act |
“教唆或故意便利”这种行为的任何行为 |
| (15) |
(15) |
| The definition of piracy includes conduct that is ancillary to piracy, such as incitement, financing or intentional facilitation of piracy. |
海盗行为的定义包括海盗行为的辅助行为，如煽动、资助或故意协助海盗行为。 |
| The Security Council has seen the need to address this element of acts of piracy in its resolutions concerning the situation in Somalia and the Gulf of Guinea. |
安全理事会在其关于索马里和几内亚湾局势的决议中认为有必要处理海盗行为的这一因素。 |
| In its resolution 1976 (2011) on Somalia, the Council emphasized the importance of all States criminalizing under their domestic law “incitement, facilitation, conspiracy and attempts to commit acts of piracy”. |
安理会在关于索马里的第1976 (2011)号决议中强调，所有国家都必须在国内法中将“挑唆、协助、合谋和试图施行海盗行为”定为犯罪。 |
| In its subsequent resolution 2020 (2011), the Security Council inserted text to cover not only pirates apprehended off the coast of Somalia, but also “their facilitators and financiers ashore”. |
在随后的第2020 (2011)号决议中，安全理事会增加了内容，不仅涵盖在索马里沿海抓获的海盗，还涵盖他们在“岸上的协助者和资助者”。 |
| A similar approach was adopted most recently by the Security Council with regard to the Gulf of Guinea. |
安全理事会最近对几内亚湾采取了类似的做法。 |
| Consistent with the approach of the Security Council, the Commission considered that the expression “any act of inciting or of intentionally facilitating” a piratical act is sufficiently broad to include, in particular, the financing of acts of piracy. |
按照安全理事会的做法，委员会认为，“教唆或故意便利”海盗行为的任何行为这一表述足够宽泛，尤其包括资助海盗行为。 |
| Arming a vessel intended for piracy, or leasing a vessel in the knowledge that it will be used for the same purpose, constitutes an act of complicity. |
武装意图用于海盗行为的船只，或在知道船只将用于相同目的的情况下出租船只，构成共谋行为。 |
| It should also be noted that preparatory acts, assistance given to pirates or an unsuccessful attempt to commit an act of piracy are punishable under national laws. |
还应指出，根据国内法，准备行为、向海盗提供协助或实施海盗行为的未遂行为都应受到惩罚。 |
| Paragraph 2 |
第2款 |
| (16) |
(16) |
| Paragraph 1 of draft article 2 refers to acts of piracy committed “on the high seas”. |
第2条草案第1款提到“在公海上”实施的海盗行为。 |
| Nevertheless, article 58, paragraph 2, of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, regarding the rights and obligations of States in the exclusive economic zone, provides: “Articles 88 to 115 and other pertinent rules of international law apply to the exclusive economic zone in so far as they are not incompatible with this Part”. |
然而，《联合国海洋法公约》第五十八条第2款针对各国在专属经济区的权利和义务作出规定：“第八十八至第一百一十五条以及其他国际法有关规则，只要与本部分不相抵触，均适用于专属经济区”。 |
| It follows that article 101 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and related provisions thereof regarding piracy apply to the exclusive economic zone. |
因此，《联合国海洋法公约》第一百零一条及其关于海盗行为的相关规定适用于专属经济区。 |
| This is confirmed by the arbitral tribunal in The “Enrica Lexie” Incident, which observed that article 58, paragraph 2, of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea “extends specific rights and duties of States as regards the repression of piracy to the exclusive economic zone”. |
仲裁法庭在“Enrica Lexie”事件案中确认了这一点，指出《联合国海洋法公约》第五十八条第2款“将国家在打击海盗行为方面的具体权利和义务延伸至专属经济区”。 |
| (17) |
(17) |
| The Commission considered whether an explicit reference should be made to the exclusive economic zone, but decided to include a reference to the provisions of article 58, paragraph 2, of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea to indicate that piracy can also be committed in the exclusive economic zone. |
委员会审议了是否应明确提及专属经济区的问题，但决定提及《联合国海洋法公约》第五十八条第2款的规定，以表明海盗行为也可能发生在专属经济区。 |
| The paragraph was drafted in a neutral manner so as not to prejudice the position of non-parties to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. |
该款以中立的方式起草，以便不损害《联合国海洋法公约》非缔约国的立场。 |
| (18) |
(18) |
| The separation between the two paragraphs recognizes that the exclusive economic zone and the high seas are two distinct maritime spaces in which different rights and obligations apply. |
将两款分开是承认专属经济区和公海是两个不同的海洋空间，适用不同的权利和义务。 |
| National legislative practices |
国家立法实践 |
| (19) |
(19) |
| The Commission noted that the evolution of States’ legislative practice has given rise to a variety of definitions of piracy. |
委员会指出，各国立法实践的演变产生了海盗行为的各种定义。 |
| It examined whether a definition of piracy based on definitions in national law might supplement the definition under international law. |
委员会审查了以国内法定义为基础的海盗定义是否可以补充国际法定义。 |
| It considered, however, that any such definition risked encompassing all kinds of illegal acts at sea not defined in article 101 (a) and (b) of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. |
然而，它认为，任何这样的定义都有可能包含《联合国海洋法公约》第一百零一条(a)和(b)项中没有界定的所有种类的海上非法行为。 |
| Such an expansion would undermine the integrity of the definition of piracy under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. |
这种扩大将破坏《联合国海洋法公约》所确定的海盗定义的完整性。 |
| Nevertheless, the Commission noted that national anti-piracy laws may help shed light on State practice, and common elements should be examined to promote harmonization of national laws. |
尽管如此，委员会指出，各国的反海盗法律可能有助于了解国家实践，应审查这些法律的共同要素，以促进各国法律的统一。 |
| Subsequent developments |
后续发展 |
| (20) |
(20) |
| The Commission recognized that the current definition of piracy may not encapsulate technological developments in maritime security, which may lead to subsequent efforts by the international community to update it. |
委员会认识到，目前的海盗定义可能没有涵盖海事安全方面的技术发展，这可能导致国际社会随后作出努力更新这一定义。 |
| It nonetheless considered it unnecessary to introduce a “without prejudice” clause to accommodate possible further developments. |
然而，委员会认为没有必要引入“不妨碍”条款来适应可能的进一步发展。 |
| Article 3 Definition of armed robbery at sea |
第3条 海上武装抢劫行为的定义 |
| Armed robbery at sea consists of any of the following acts: |
下列行为中的任何行为构成海上武装抢劫行为： |
| (a) |
(a) |
| any illegal act of violence or detention or any act of depredation, or threat thereof, other than an act of piracy, committed for private ends and directed against a ship or against persons or property on board such a ship, within a State’s internal waters, archipelagic waters and territorial sea; |
为私人目的在一国的内水、群岛水域和领海内，对船舶或对船舶上的人或财物所从事的除海盗行为外的任何非法的暴力或扣留行为，或任何掠夺行为，或以此相威胁的行为； |
| (b) |
(b) |
| any act of inciting or of intentionally facilitating an act described in subparagraph (a). |
教唆或故意便利(a)项所述行为的任何行为。 |
| Commentary |
评注 |
| (1) |
(1) |
| Draft article 3 concerns the definition of armed robbery at sea. |
第3条草案涉及海上武装抢劫行为的定义。 |
| The definition is drawn from the one adopted by the Assembly of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) in its Code of Practice for the Investigation of Crimes of Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships. |
这一定义复述了国际海事组织大会在《调查海盗和武装抢劫船舶罪行实用规则》 中采用的定义。 |
| Subparagraphs (a) and (b) of draft article 3 correspond to subparagraphs 1 and 2 respectively of paragraph 2.2 of the Code. |
第3条草案(a)项和(b)项分别对应着该规则第2.2款第1项和第2项。 |
| (2) |
(2) |
| There is not necessarily any substantive difference between piracy and armed robbery at sea as far as the conduct itself is concerned. |
就行为本身而言，海盗行为和海上武装抢劫之间不一定有任何实质性区别。 |
| The main difference between piracy and armed robbery at sea is the location of the act: the high seas and exclusive economic zone on one hand, and waters subject to the jurisdiction of the coastal State on the other. |
海盗行为和海上武装抢劫的主要区别在于行为发生的地点：一方面是公海和专属经济区，另一方面是受沿海国管辖的水域。 |
| This has consequences for the applicable jurisdiction in respect of the two crimes. |
这对这两项罪行的适用管辖权产生了影响。 |
| In the case of piracy, it is acknowledged that universal jurisdiction applies such that any State has the right to prosecute the crime of piracy committed on the high seas. |
就海盗行为而言，普遍管辖权的适用是公认的，即任何国家都有权起诉在公海上犯下的海盗罪行。 |
| With respect to armed robbery at sea, the coastal State has the exclusive competence to exercise prescriptive and enforcement jurisdiction over such acts. |
对于海上武装抢劫，沿海国拥有对这种行为行使立法和执法管辖权的专属权限。 |
| (3) |
(3) |
| The difference between the definition in draft article 3 and the IMO Assembly’s definition is that, in the chapeau of the draft article, the Commission used the term “armed robbery at sea”, instead of “armed robbery against ships” as in the IMO Assembly’s definition. |
第3条草案中的定义与海事组织大会的定义之间的区别在于，在该条草案的起首部分，委员会使用了“海上武装抢劫”一词，而不是海事组织大会定义中的“武装抢劫船舶”。 |
| A recent Security Council resolution on maritime piracy in the Gulf of Guinea in particular has used the phrase “armed robbery at sea”, instead of “armed robbery against ships”. |
安全理事会最近一项关于几内亚湾海盗行为的决议特别使用了“海上武装抢劫”一词，而不是“武装抢劫船舶”。 |
| In view of the practice of the Security Council, and to avoid unduly restricting the definition, the Commission considered that it was unnecessary to replicate the IMO definition verbatim. |
鉴于安全理事会的做法，并为了避免不适当地限制定义，委员会认为没有必要逐字照搬海事组织的定义。 |
| (4) |
(4) |
| Unlike piracy, to which universal jurisdiction applies, IMO Resolution A.1025(26) states that armed robbery is punishable under coastal State’s jurisdiction, as examined in some national legislation and regional conventions as described above. |
与适用普遍管辖权的海盗行为不同，海事组织A.1025(26)号决议指出，武装抢劫在沿海国的管辖范围内是应受惩罚的，这正如上文所述的一些国家立法和区域公约所审查的那样。 |
| In addition, it has to be noted that armed robbery at sea does not necessarily involve two ships. |
此外，必须指出，海上武装抢劫不一定涉及两艘船。 |
| (5) |
(5) |
| “Armed robbery at sea” applies within a State’s internal waters, archipelagic waters and territorial sea. |
“海上武装抢劫”适用于一国的内水、群岛水域和领海。 |
| Although a number of acts of armed robbery at sea occur in straits used in international navigation, such straits may include areas that are within the maritime zones of a coastal State as well as high seas. |
虽然一些海上武装抢劫行为发生在用于国际航行的海峡，但这种海峡可能含有沿海国海区内的区域以及公海。 |
| For example, the Strait of Korea/Tsushima includes areas of high seas. |
例如，朝鲜海峡/对马海峡含有公海区域。 |
| It was therefore considered not necessary, and indeed confusing, to include a specific reference to straits used for international navigation within the definition. |
因此，在定义中具体提及用于国际航行的海峡被认为没有必要，实际上这样做会令人困惑。 |
| Chapter VII |
第七章 |
| Subsidiary means for the determination of rules of international law |
确定国际法规则的辅助手段 |
| A. |
A. |
| Introduction |
导言 |
| 59. |
59. |
| The Commission, at its seventy-third session (2022), decided to include the topic “Subsidiary means for the determination of rules of international law” in its programme of work and appointed Mr. Charles Chernor Jalloh as Special Rapporteur. |
委员会第七十三届会议(2022年)决定将“确定国际法规则的辅助手段”专题列入工作方案，并任命查尔斯·切尔诺·贾洛先生为特别报告员。 |
| Also at its seventy-third session, the Commission requested the Secretariat to prepare a memorandum identifying elements in the previous work of the Commission that could be particularly relevant for its future work on the topic, to be submitted for the seventy-fourth session (2023); and a memorandum surveying the case law of international courts and tribunals, and other bodies, which would be particularly relevant for its future work on the topic, to be submitted for the seventy-fifth session (2024). |
在第七十三届会议上， 委员会还请秘书处编写一份确定委员会以往工作中可能与本专题今后工作特别相关的内容的备忘录，提交第七十四届会议(2023年)，并编写一份调查国际性法院和法庭以及其他机构可能与本专题今后工作特别相关的判例的备忘录，提交第七十五届会议(2024年)。 |
| 60. |
60. |
| The General Assembly, in paragraph 26 of its resolution 77/103 of 7 December 2022, subsequently took note of the decision of the Commission to include the topic in its programme of work. |
此后，联大2022年12月7日第77/103号决议第26段注意到委员会决定将本专题列入工作方案。 |
| B. |
B. |
| Consideration of the topic at the present session |
本届会议审议此专题的情况 |
| 61. |
61. |
| At the present session, the Commission had before it the first report of the Special Rapporteur (A/CN.4/760), as well as the memorandum prepared by the Secretariat, identifying elements in the previous work of the Commission that could be particularly relevant to the topic (A/CN.4/759), which were considered at its 3625th to 3632nd meetings, from 16 to 25 May 2023. |
委员会本届会议收到了特别报告员的第一次报告(A/CN.4/760)以及秘书处为确定委员会以往工作中可能与本专题特别相关的内容而编写的备忘录(A/CN.4/ 759)，委员会2023年5月16日至25日第3625至3632次会议审议了报告和备忘录。 |
| 62. |
62. |
| In his first report, the Special Rapporteur addressed the scope of the topic and the main issues to be addressed in the course of the work of the Commission. |
特别报告员的第一次报告论述了本专题的范围和委员会在工作中应处理的主要问题。 |
| The report also considered: the views of States on the topic; |
报告还审议了：各国对本专题的意见； |
| questions of methodology, which is to be grounded in State and international tribunal practice; |
以国家实践和国际性法庭实践为基础的方法问题； |
| the previous work of the Commission on the topic; |
委员会以往关于本专题的工作； |
| the nature and function of sources of international law and their relationship to the subsidiary means; |
国际法渊源的性质和作用及其与辅助手段的关系； |
| and the drafting history of Article 38, paragraph 1 (d), of the Statute of the International Court of Justice and its status under customary international law. |
《国际法院规约》第三十八条第一款(卯)项的起草历史及其在习惯国际法中的地位。 |
| It also provided an initial assessment of certain aspects of the topic, including judicial decisions, teachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations and possible additional subsidiary means used in the practice of States and international tribunals to determine rules of international law, such as unilateral acts, resolutions and decisions of international organizations and the works of expert bodies. |
报告还初步评估了本专题的某些方面，包括司法决定、各国权威最高的公法学家的学说以及国家和国际性法庭在实践中用来确定国际法规则的其他可能的辅助手段，如单方面行为、国际组织的决议和决定以及专家机构的工作成果。 |
| The Special Rapporteur addressed the outcome of the work and, consistent with the related prior work of the Commission, proposed draft conclusions as the final form of output, with the main object of clarifying the law based on current practice. |
特别报告员讨论了本专题的工作成果，并建议与委员会先前的相关工作保持一致，以结论草案作为最后的产出形式，其主要目的是根据现有的实践澄清法律。 |
| He proposed five draft conclusions and also made suggestions for the future programme of work on the topic. |
他提出了五项结论草案，并就本专题今后的工作方案提出了建议。 |
| 63. |
63. |
| At its 3633rd meeting, on 26 May 2023, the Commission decided to refer draft conclusions 1 to 5, as contained in the Special Rapporteur’s first report, to the Drafting Committee, taking into account the views expressed in the plenary debate. |
在2023年5月26日第3633次会议上，委员会考虑到全体会议辩论期间发表的意见，决定将特别报告员第一次报告所载结论草案1至5送交起草委员会。 |
| 64. |
64. |
| At its 3635th meeting, on 3 July 2023, the Commission considered the report of the Drafting Committee (A/CN.4/L.985) on the topic and provisionally adopted draft conclusions 1 to 3 (see sect. C.1 below). |
委员会2023年7月3日第3635次会议审议了起草委员会关于本专题的报告(A/CN.4/L.985)并暂时通过了结论草案1至3(见下文C.1节)。 |
| At its 3651st to 3657th meetings, from 31 July to 4 August 2023, the Commission adopted the commentaries to draft conclusions 1 to 3, as provisionally adopted at the current session (see sect. C.2 below). |
在2023年7月31日至8月4日举行的第3651次至第3657次会议上，委员会通过了本届会议暂时通过的结论草案1至3的评注(见下文C.2节)。 |
| 65. |
65. |
| At its 3642nd meeting, on 21 July 2023, the Commission considered an additional report of the Drafting Committee containing draft conclusions 4 and 5 provisionally adopted by the Drafting Committee (A/CN.4/L.985/Add.1), as orally revised, and took note of the report. |
委员会2023年7月21日第3642次会议审议了起草委员会提交的载有起草委员会暂时通过并经口头订正的结论草案4和5的补充报告(A/CN.4/L.985/ Add.1)，并注意到该报告。 |
| The commentaries to these two draft conclusions are expected to be adopted during the next session. |
这两项结论草案的评注预计将在下届会议上通过。 |
| 1. |
1. |
| Introduction by the Special Rapporteur of the first report |
特别报告员介绍第一次报告 |
| 66. |
66. |
| The Special Rapporteur introduced his report by making some general observations and discussing the structure and organization of the 10 chapters contained in the report. |
特别报告员介绍了他的报告，提出了一些一般性意见，并讨论了报告所载10个章节的结构和安排。 |
| He noted, as a starting point, that subsidiary means were an important component of the international legal system, for which reason the Commission considered that they could be usefully clarified long after their inclusion in Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice. |
他首先指出，辅助手段是国际法律体系的一个重要组成部分，因此，委员会认为，在辅助手段被列入《国际法院规约》第三十八条很长时间之后，对其加以澄清是有益的。 |
| He explained that, as indicated in chapter I of the report, the main purpose thereof was to provide a solid foundation for the Commission’s work on the topic and to obtain the views of members of the Commission and States. |
他解释称，如报告第一章所述，报告的主要目的是为委员会关于本专题的工作奠定坚实基础，并征求委员会委员和各国的意见。 |
| He indicated that, in principle, Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, which was the basis for the topic, was an applicable law provision directed at the judges of the Court, and was widely recognized by States, practitioners and scholars as the most authoritative statement of the sources of international law. |
他指出，原则上，作为本专题基础的《国际法院规约》第三十八条是针对国际法院法官提出的适用法律条款，并被各国、从业人员和学者普遍视作对国际法渊源的最权威表述。 |
| He recalled that the consideration of the topic served as a final addition to the work of the Commission on the sources enumerated in Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice. |
他回顾称，对本专题的审议是对委员会关于《国际法院规约》第三十八条所列渊源的工作的最后补充。 |
| The fact that this provision was considered a settled part of customary international law and was used widely in national and international practice indicated that, by adopting a cautious and rigorous approach, rooted in the actual manner in which subsidiary means were employed to determine the rules of international law, the Commission could provide useful guidance to States, international organizations, courts and tribunals, and all those called upon to use subsidiary means to assist in the determination of rules of international law. |
第三十八条被视作习惯国际法的一个既定部分，并在国家和国际实践中得到广泛使用，这一事实表明，委员会根据采用辅助手段确定国际法规则的实际方式，采取谨慎和严谨的方法，可以为各国、国际组织、法院和法庭以及被要求使用辅助手段协助确定国际法规则的各方提供有益的指导。 |
| 67. |
67. |
| In relation to chapter II, the Special Rapporteur noted that the reactions by Member States in the Sixth Committee to the inclusion of the topic in the programme of work of the Commission had been generally positive. |
关于第二章，特别报告员指出，会员国在第六委员会对将本专题列入委员会工作方案的反应总体上是积极的。 |
| He pointed out the views of 24 delegations in the Sixth Committee that had supported the consideration of the topic to complement and complete the prior work of the Commission on the sources of international law and that had suggested that its consideration could help to avoid certain negative consequences of the fragmentation of international law. |
他指出，24个代表团在第六委员会表示支持审议本专题，以补充和完成委员会先前关于国际法渊源的工作，并表示审议本专题有助于避免国际法不成体系问题的某些负面后果。 |
| He observed that, even the few delegations that initially seemed hesitant during the General Assembly debate in 2021, appeared to embrace the Commission’s decision by 2022. |
他指出，即使是在2021年联大辩论期间最初显得犹豫不决的少数几个代表团，到2022年似乎也接受了委员会的决定。 |
| The only exception was the delegation that had suggested in 2021 that the Commission may find it challenging to garner interest and input on the topic from States. |
唯一的例外是在2021年提出委员会可能会发现很难让各国对本专题感兴趣并提供投入的代表团。 |
| The Special Rapporteur also noted the Commission’s interest in receiving information from States on how they, including their national courts, used subsidiary means to determine rules of international law. |
特别报告员还指出，委员会希望各国提供资料，说明各国，包括其国内法院如何利用辅助手段确定国际法规则。 |
| He expressed appreciation to the two States that had submitted written comments and the hope that additional States from all geographic regions would share their practice with the Commission, as that could help to strengthen the practical relevance and utility of its work on the topic. |
他对提交书面评论的两个国家表示感谢，并希望来自所有地理区域的更多国家都能与委员会分享相关实践，因为这有助于加强委员会关于本专题工作的实际意义和效用。 |
| 68. |
68. |
| The Special Rapporteur then referred to chapter III, which proposed three topics for the consideration of the Commission. |
特别报告员接着提及第三章，其中提出了三个要点供委员会审议。 |
| First, the origins, nature and scope of subsidiary means: that part of the report discussed the nature and functions of sources in the international legal system, focusing on mostly theoretical issues and on how different ways of thinking about the sources of international law and their interaction with the subsidiary means could affect the practical work of the Commission on the topic. |
首先是辅助手段的来源、性质和范围：报告的这一部分讨论了国际法律体系中渊源的性质和作用，主要侧重于理论问题，以及对国际法渊源及其与辅助手段的相互作用的不同思考方式如何影响委员会关于本专题的实际工作。 |
| A key question linked to that discussion concerned how narrow or broad the universe of subsidiary means was; |
与这一讨论相关的一个关键问题是辅助手段范围的大小。 |
| in other words, whether, in addition to judicial decisions (and clarifying their scope) and teachings (and clarifying their scope), the work should reflect the decades of practice whereby international lawyers – including courts and tribunals – used a range of additional subsidiary means and materials to determine rules of international law. |
换句话说，除了司法决定(并澄清其范围)和学说(并澄清其范围)之外，相关工作是否应反映几十年来国际法学者，包括法院和法庭，在使用一系列其他辅助手段和材料确定国际法规则方面的实践。 |
| The report analysed in detail the drafting history of Article 38, paragraph 1 (d), of the Statute of the International Court of Justice. |
报告详细分析了《国际法院规约》第三十八条第一款(卯)项的起草历史。 |
| He noted that the report then carried out a systematic textual analysis of the various elements of Article 38, paragraph 1 (d), and explored the possibility of addressing additional subsidiary means for the determination of rules of international law. |
他指出，报告接着对第三十八条第一款(卯)项的各项内容进行了系统的案文分析，并探讨了处理确定国际法规则的其他辅助手段的可能性。 |
| 69. |
69. |
| A second component of the topic concerned the function and relationship between subsidiary means and the sources of international law, namely, treaties, customary international law and general principles of law. |
本专题的第二个要点涉及辅助手段与国际法渊源，即条约、习惯国际法和一般法律原则之间的作用和关系。 |
| The Special Rapporteur stressed that some of the questions that needed to be addressed included the weight and value given to the decisions of international courts and tribunals, and the relationship between Articles 38 and 59 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, inter alia, whether there existed a system of de facto precedent. |
特别报告员强调，有一些问题需要解决，包括赋予国际性法院和法庭的决定的权重和价值，以及《国际法院规约》第三十八条和第五十九条之间的关系，特别是是否存在事实上的先例制度。 |
| He explained that the notion that the findings of judicial bodies could serve as a basis to identify obligations when interpreting and applying treaties, customary international law and general principles would also need to be examined. |
他解释称，还需要审查这一观点：在解释和适用条约、习惯国际法和一般原则时，司法机构的结论可以作为确定义务的基础。 |
| 70. |
70. |
| A third component of the topic concerned the opportunity to clarify additional subsidiary means. |
本专题的第三个要点涉及澄清其他辅助手段的机会。 |
| The Special Rapporteur suggested that the Commission could explore the evolution of subsidiary means to establish the existence of obligations of States, with examples such as unilateral acts and declarations of States, and resolutions of international organizations, as well as the works of expert bodies, in particular those created and mandated by States and international organizations to carry out certain functions. |
特别报告员建议，委员会可以探讨确定国家义务存在的辅助手段的演变，例如国家的单方面行为和声明、国际组织的决议以及专家机构，特别是各国和国际组织为履行某些职能而设立和授权的专家机构的工作成果。 |
| He considered that the Commission should proceed with caution and rigour in its choice of specific subsidiary means to study, without hampering the development of international law as manifested in the practices of States and international organizations. |
他认为，委员会在选择要研究的具体辅助手段时，应谨慎并严谨地行事，不应阻碍国家和国际组织实践中所体现的国际法的发展。 |
| 71. |
71. |
| The Special Rapporteur indicated that the question of coherence and unity of international law, sometimes referred to as the problem of fragmentation, could affect the scope and utility of the topic. |
特别报告员指出，国际法的连贯性和统一性问题(有时被称为不成体系问题)可能影响本专题的范围和效用。 |
| He noted that, at the time of the preparation of the syllabus for the topic, in 2021, he had considered that the issue of conflicting judicial decisions on the same legal question could fall outside the scope of the project. |
他指出，他在2021年编写本专题的提纲时曾认为，关于同一法律问题的相互冲突的司法决定问题可能不属于本专题的范围。 |
| However, given its relevance to the consideration of judicial decisions and the fact that the Commission had not addressed the substance of the question to date, he asked other members to comment on whether the issue of fragmentation should be kept outside the scope of the present topic or not. |
然而，鉴于这一问题与审议司法决定的相关性，以及委员会迄今尚未处理该问题的实质内容，他请其他委员就是否应将不成体系问题置于本专题范围之外发表评论。 |
| He also indicated that, while it would be for the Commission, in the exercise of its independent mandate conferred on it by States, to decide on the matter based on a scientific evaluation, it would be useful for the Commission to do so after taking into account the views of States in the Sixth Committee. |
他还表示，虽然应由委员会在履行各国赋予的独立任务时根据科学评估就这一事项作出决定，但委员会在决定之前最好先考虑到各国在第六委员会的意见。 |
| 72. |
72. |
| The Special Rapporteur further referred to the form of the possible outcome of the work. |
特别报告员还提及工作的可能成果的形式。 |
| He considered that it would be best in the form of draft conclusions accompanied by commentaries, consistent with the practice of the Commission in relation to the other topics dealing with the sources of international law, which had been supported by States at the Sixth Committee. |
他认为，最好采取附有评注的结论草案的形式，这与国际法委员会处理有关国际法渊源的其他专题的做法相一致，并在第六委员会得到了各国的支持。 |
| 73. |
73. |
| In chapter IV of the report, the Special Rapporteur considered the question of methodology, and observed that the study of the topic would require a comprehensive examination of a wide variety of primary and secondary materials and legal scholarship on the subject. |
特别报告员在报告第四章审议了方法问题，并指出，研究本专题需要全面审查关于本专题的各种第一手和第二手材料以及法律学术专著。 |
| He referred to the emphasis in decisions of national and international courts on questions of international law and the extent to which courts and States applied a similar methodology to that of the International Court of Justice. |
他提及，应关注国内法院和国际性法院关于国际法问题的决定，以及法院和国家在多大程度上采用了与国际法院类似的方法。 |
| He underlined that the analysis should rely on materials from all States, regions and legal systems of the world that were as representative as possible. |
他强调，相关分析应依靠来自世界所有国家、区域和法律体系的尽可能有代表性的材料。 |
| The Special Rapporteur proposed that, as part of the work on the topic, the Commission could include a multilingual bibliography, as had been the practice with topics concluded recently. |
特别报告员建议，委员会可以按照最近完成的专题的做法，列入一份多语文文献目录，作为本专题工作的一部分。 |
| He stressed the need for such a bibliography to be representative of the various regions and legal systems of the world and invited members of the Commission and States to propose items for inclusion, especially in all the official languages of the United Nations. |
他强调，这一文献目录必须代表世界各区域和法律体系，并请委员会委员和各国提出可列入的项目，特别是以联合国所有正式语文提出。 |
| 74. |
74. |
| The Special Rapporteur had then analysed the use of subsidiary means by the Commission on its prior work in chapter V of the report and referred to the memorandum prepared by the Secretariat surveying the previous work of the Commission related to subsidiary means. |
特别报告员接着在报告第五章分析了委员会在以往工作中使用辅助手段的情况，并提及秘书处为调查委员会以往与辅助手段有关的工作而编写的备忘录。 |
| He noted that: (a) judicial decisions and teachings were prevalent in the work of the Commission, but that the nature and extent of their use, as with other materials, varied and depended on the topic under consideration; |
他指出：(a) 委员会的工作普遍使用司法决定和学说，但同其他材料一样，这一使用的性质和程度因所审议的专题而异； |
| (b) the use of judicial decisions was prevalent in the Commission and suggested that such decisions could be perceived as being akin to primary sources of international law; |
(b) 委员会普遍使用司法决定，并认为这些决定可被视为类似于国际法的主要渊源； |
| (c) the Commission relied on judicial decisions more than teachings; |
(c) 委员会更多地依赖司法决定而不是学说； |
| and (d) the Commission in some cases had relied on teachings to identify the practice of States, and that it had attached different weight to the work of individual scholars than to that of expert groups. |
(d) 委员会在某些情况下依靠学说来确定国家实践，并且对个别学者的工作与专家组的工作给予不同程度的重视。 |
| 75. |
75. |
| Chapter VI of the report addressed the nature and function of sources in the international legal system. |
报告第六章讨论了国际法律体系中渊源的性质和作用。 |
| The Special Rapporteur indicated that he had intended to situate subsidiary means in the broader context of the sources of international law and sought to address some theoretical debates, including the reference to formal and material sources of international law. |
特别报告员表示，他打算将辅助手段置于国际法渊源的更广泛背景下，并试图解决一些理论上的争论，包括对国际法的形式渊源和实质渊源的提及。 |
| He emphasized the relevance of Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice and observed that certain questions of hierarchy arose from that provision. |
他强调《国际法院规约》第三十八条的相关性，并指出，该条款引起了某些位阶问题。 |
| Those included whether the sources were listed in a particular sequence and thereby suggested a hierarchy, what was the role and status of subsidiary means, and whether there existed a distinction between primary and secondary sources. |
这些问题包括：渊源是否按特定的顺序列出从而表明存在位阶，辅助手段的作用和地位是什么，以及主要渊源和次要渊源之间是否存在区别。 |
| 76. |
76. |
| Chapter VII focused on the drafting history of Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, in particular the debate and common ground among the drafters of the provision concerning the appropriate role of subsidiary means in the determination of rules of international law. |
第七章着重介绍了《国际法院规约》第三十八条的起草历史，特别是该条款起草者关于辅助手段在确定国际法规则方面的适当作用的辩论和共同立场。 |
| He recalled that Article 38 had been included in both the Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice and the Statute of the International Court of Justice. |
他回顾称，《常设国际法院规约》和《国际法院规约》都列入了第三十八条。 |
| 77. |
77. |
| The Special Rapporteur presented four observations with respect to the drafting of the Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice. |
特别报告员就《常设国际法院规约》的起草工作提出了四点意见。 |
| First, he observed that the drafting history confirmed that there had been diverse views at the time of the drafting of Article 38 concerning the role of judicial decisions and teachings. |
他首先指出，起草历史证实，在起草第三十八条时，对司法决定和学说的作用存在不同的意见。 |
| For some, judges could only apply the law, while others considered that international judges also had a function to develop the law owing to the existence of gaps in international law and the slow formation process of customary international law. |
有人认为，法官只能适用法律，而另一些人则认为，由于国际法中存在立法空白，以及习惯国际法的形成过程缓慢，因此国际法官也有发展法律的职能。 |
| Second, he observed that the members of the Advisory Committee of Jurists established pursuant to the mandate in Article 14 of the Covenant of the League of Nations (Advisory Committee) had considered that the role of teachings was to assist with objectively determining the existence of rules agreed to by States that could be applied in a specific case. |
第二，他指出，根据《国际联盟盟约》 第十四条的授权设立的法学家咨询委员会(咨询委员会)的成员认为，学说的作用是协助客观地确定是否存在各国同意的、可适用于具体案件的规则。 |
| Third, the debate in the Advisory Committee had revealed that the majority of members considered that, in principle, both judicial decisions and teachings were important in the process of the identification of rules of international law. |
第三，咨询委员会的辩论表明，大多数成员都认为，原则上，在确定国际法规则的过程中，司法决定和学说都很重要。 |
| He observed that both served to help resolve practical legal problems. |
他指出，司法决定和学说都有助于解决实际的法律问题。 |
| Fourth, the Advisory Committee had debated whether the sources in Article 38 should be used in successive order as a guide to the judicial task: some members of the Advisory Committee had considered that to be the case, while others had been of the view that the list only implied that the sources should be addressed systematically. |
第四，咨询委员会就是否应按先后顺序使用第三十八条中的渊源指导司法任务进行了辩论：一些咨询委员会成员认为的确应该如此，而另一些成员则认为，该清单只意味着应系统地处理这些渊源。 |
| 78. |
78. |
| Chapter VIII of the report analysed the elements of Article 38, considering its ordinary meaning and then its elements. |
报告第八章分析了第三十八条的内容，先审议其一般含义，然后论述其内容。 |
| The Special Rapporteur had presented two tentative observations: first, that subsidiary means were not sources in the formal sense as the first three listed in Article 38, but documentary or auxiliary sources indicating where a court could find evidence of the existence of rules, even if courts, including the International Court of Justice, did rely, for reasons of legal security and legal stability, on their prior judicial decisions – a practice that also is found among States – more than on scholarly writings; |
特别报告员提出了两项初步意见：第一，辅助手段不是第三十八条所列前三个渊源那样的形式意义上的渊源，而是表明法院可以从何处找到证明规则存在的证据的文献渊源或辅助渊源，虽然包括国际法院在内的法院出于法律确定性和稳定性的原因，确实更多依赖其先前的司法决定而不是学术著作，这种做法也见于各国； |
| and second, that, in principle, teachings and judicial decisions were placed on the same footing, performing complementary roles without any hierarchy between them. |
第二，原则上，学说和司法决定被置于相同的地位，发挥互补作用，二者之间没有任何位阶之分。 |
| 79. |
79. |
| In chapter IX, the Special Rapporteur had analysed other materials that could be considered as subsidiary means for the determination of rules of international law. |
特别报告员在第九章中分析了可被视为确定国际法规则的辅助手段的其他材料。 |
| The chapter considered the non-exhaustive nature of Article 38, paragraph 1 (d), of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, the potential subsidiary means found in practice, and how to distinguish between subsidiary means and the evidence of the existence of rules of international law, and tentatively addressed issues of the weight to be accorded to the materials. |
该章审议了《国际法院规约》第三十八条第一款(卯)项的非详尽性，在实践中发现的可能的辅助手段，以及如何区分辅助手段和证明国际法规则存在的证据，并初步讨论了给予这些材料权重的问题。 |
| 80. |
80. |
| The Special Rapporteur indicated that Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice was merely a directive to the Court and not necessarily intended as an exhaustive enumeration of the sources of international law. |
特别报告员指出，《国际法院规约》第三十八条只是对国际法院的一项指示，其目的不一定是详尽无遗地列举国际法的渊源。 |
| That said, it was widely considered an authoritative, if sometimes incomplete, statement of the sources of international law. |
尽管如此，第三十八条被广泛视作关于国际法渊源的权威性说明，虽然在某些情况下并不全面。 |
| He added that, against that backdrop, the Commission could add value by clarifying the role of subsidiary means and attempting to identify materials as candidates for subsidiary means. |
他补充说，在这一背景下，委员会可以通过澄清辅助手段的作用和尝试确定可作为辅助手段的候选材料来增加价值。 |
| He further cited some of the main examples found in legal scholarship, including unilateral acts or declarations of States, resolutions or decisions of international organizations, agreements between States and multinational enterprises, religious law, equity and soft law. |
他还列举了在法律学术中发现的一些主要例子，包括国家的单方面行为或声明、国际组织的决议或决定、国家与跨国企业之间的协定、宗教法、衡平法和软法。 |
| 81. |
81. |
| The Special Rapporteur observed that unilateral acts could be considered as being binding or non-binding depending on the context, and that resolutions of international organizations or intergovernmental conferences could also be binding or non-binding. |
特别报告员指出，单方面行为可根据具体情况被视为具有约束力或不具约束力，国际组织或政府间会议的决议也可能具有或不具约束力。 |
| He added that subsidiary means would have varying levels of weight and authority, which would depend on, inter alia, the legal context, the way in which they were drafted and the expertise of the individuals involved in the drafting. |
他补充说，辅助手段将具有不同程度的权重和权威，这主要取决于法律背景、起草方式和参与起草的个人的专业知识。 |
| Additional factors to consider when assessing the weight of a particular source included the mandate of the institution that produced the material, as well as the level of agreement within and beyond the relevant body. |
在评估某一特定来源的权重时，需要考虑的其他因素包括编制材料的机构的任务授权，以及相关机构内部和外部的一致程度。 |
| 82. |
82. |
| The Special Rapporteur recalled that he had tentatively favoured the inclusion of resolutions and decisions of international organizations and the work of expert bodies as relevant subsidiary means. |
特别报告员回顾称，他曾初步赞成将国际组织的决议和决定以及专家机构的工作列为相关的辅助手段。 |
| He had, however, considered that unilateral acts and religious law should not be addressed for a variety of reasons, including the lack of certainty whether some were not formal sources of international law as opposed to subsidiary means for determining rules of international law. |
然而，他认为不应处理单方面行为和宗教法，原因有很多，包括不能确定某些可作为确定国际法规则的辅助手段的单方面行为和宗教法是否不是国际法的形式渊源。 |
| 83. |
83. |
| Finally, in chapter X, the Special Rapporteur had presented five draft conclusions and a tentative programme of work. |
特别报告员最后在第十章中提出了五项结论草案和一项暂定工作方案。 |
| The Special Rapporteur had further proposed that the second report would address the function of subsidiary means and study judicial decisions, while the third report would be dedicated to teachings and, as appropriate, other subsidiary means, including the study of the role of individuals and private expert bodies, as well as those established by States. |
特别报告员还提出，第二次报告将讨论辅助手段的作用并研究司法决定，而第三次报告将专门讨论学说，并酌情讨论其他辅助手段，包括研究个人、私人专家机构以及国家设立的专家机构的作用。 |
| He had suggested that, if the proposed timetable was maintained, the Commission could adopt on first reading the entire set of draft conclusions in 2025. |
他表示，如果拟议的时间表得以保持，委员会可以在2025年一读通过整套结论草案。 |
| 2. |
2. |
| Summary of the plenary debate |
全体会议辩论摘要 |
| (a) |
(a) |
| General comments |
一般性评论 |
| 84. |
84. |
| Members welcomed the first report of the Special Rapporteur. |
委员们欢迎特别报告员的第一次报告。 |
| Members also agreed on the practical importance and relevance of the work on the topic, for its own intrinsic merit, but also taking into account the need for the completion of the Commission’s work on that last remaining aspect of Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, which concerned the subsidiary means for the determination of rules of international law. |
委员们还一致认为，本专题的工作具有实际的重要性和相关性，其本身具有内在价值，但委员们也考虑到委员会需要完成《国际法院规约》第三十八条剩下的最后一个方面，即确定国际法规则的辅助手段方面的工作。 |
| They agreed with the Special Rapporteur that subsidiary means were not sources of international law, as opposed to those mentioned in Article 38, paragraph 1 (a) to (c), of the Statute of the International Court of Justice. |
委员们同意特别报告员的意见，即辅助手段与《国际法院规约》第三十八条第一款(子)项至(寅)项所述渊源不同，并不是国际法的渊源。 |
| 85. |
85. |
| Members also emphasized that the function of subsidiary means was to assist in the determination of rules of international law. |
委员们还强调，辅助手段的作用是协助确定国际法规则。 |
| As such, it was important for the Commission to elaborate the functions of subsidiary means and to define what “determination” of rules meant. |
因此，委员会应详细说明辅助手段的功能，并界定“确定”规则的含义。 |
| 86. |
86. |
| With respect to the terminology, some members expressed the view that it would be important to recall that the term used in Article 38, paragraph 1 (d), of the Statute of the International Court of Justice in French and Spanish expressly referred to the auxiliary function of such materials, which confirmed that they were not sources of international law. |
关于术语，一些委员认为，应当回顾，《国际法院规约》第三十八条第一款(卯)项的法文版和西班牙文版所用的术语明确指出了相关材料的辅助功能，这确认了它们不是国际法的渊源。 |
| This was not, however, to suggest that subsidiary means were not important in practice; only that they played an auxiliary role in the process of determining the rules of international law. |
但这并不表明辅助手段在实践中不重要，只是指出它们在确定国际法规则的过程中起辅助作用。 |
| 87. |
87. |
| There was consensus among the members on the need, where possible, for consistency with the prior work of the Commission on other topics relating to the sources of international law, including that recently concluded on the identification of customary international law, the identification and legal consequences of peremptory norms of general international law (jus cogens) and the ongoing work on general principles of law. |
委员们达成了共识，认为有必要尽可能与委员会以往关于国际法渊源的其他专题的工作保持一致，包括最近完成的关于习惯国际法的识别、一般国际法强制性规范(强行法)的识别和法律后果的工作，以及正在进行的关于一般法律原则的工作。 |
| That was to be without prejudice to the particular needs of the present topic. |
但这不应妨碍本专题的特殊需要。 |
| 88. |
88. |
| Members generally agreed that the category of subsidiary means for the determination of rules of international law was not necessarily exhaustive. |
委员们普遍认为，确定国际法规则的辅助手段这一类别不一定是详尽无遗的。 |
| Several proposals were made for additional means that could be examined in the present topic. |
有人就本专题可审查的其他手段提出了若干建议。 |
| In that connection, some members favoured further analysis of the work of expert bodies and resolutions of international organizations. |
在这方面，一些委员赞成进一步分析专家机构的工作和国际组织的决议。 |
| Other members also gave the opinion that the Commission should study certain types of unilateral acts capable of producing legal obligations as part of additional subsidiary means that could be used to determine rules of international law. |
另一些委员还认为，委员会应研究能够产生法律义务的某些类型的单方面行为，作为可用于确定国际法规则的其他辅助手段的一部分。 |
| Yet other members cautioned against an undue expansion of the category of subsidiary means, suggesting instead the expansion of existing categories of subsidiary means to encompass new subsidiary means, which could be dealt with separately. |
还有一些委员告诫不要过度扩大辅助手段的类别，建议扩大现有的辅助手段类别时纳入那些可以单独处理的新的辅助手段。 |
| 89. |
89. |
| Some members referred to the principle of iura novit curia and the possible relation it would have to subsidiary means. |
一些委员提及法官知法原则及其与辅助手段的可能关系。 |
| Accordingly, in their view, the role of the judge was to know the law. |
因此，他们认为，法官的职责是了解法律。 |
| The suggestion was made that the Commission consider how that could affect, if at all, its approach to the present topic. |
有人建议，委员会应考虑这可能对其处理本专题的方法产生何种影响(如果有的话)。 |
| Others referred to the function of counsel representing the parties to disputes, who typically sought to espouse a particular interpretation or understanding of the content of the law, thereby indicating that the ascertainment of norms was not a task exclusive to judges. |
另一些委员提及代表争端各方的律师的职能，他们通常积极主张对法律内容的特定解释或理解，从而表明确定规范不是法官的专属任务。 |
| That reinforced the practical relevance of the study of the present topic. |
这加强了本专题研究工作的实际意义。 |
| 90. |
90. |
| Members generally expressed support for the study of the weight to be given to subsidiary means. |
委员们普遍表示，支持对赋予辅助手段的权重进行研究。 |
| Some members expressed the view that Article 38 paragraph 1 (d), of the Statute of the International Court of Justice did not distinguish between judicial decisions and teachings. |
一些委员认为，《国际法院规约》第三十八条第一款(卯)项没有区分司法决定和学说。 |
| Other members were of the view that, in practice, judicial decisions carried greater weight. |
另一些委员认为，在实践中，司法决定具有更大的权重。 |
| Several members suggested that additional criteria should be provided for resorting to the decisions of national courts as subsidiary means, and that the resolutions and decisions of international organizations and bodies should be addressed. |
一些委员建议，应为将国内法院的决定作为辅助手段制定更多的标准，并应考虑国际组织和机构的决定和决议。 |
| (i) |
(一) |
| Scope and outcome of the topic |
本专题的范围和成果 |
| 91. |
91. |
| Members generally agreed with the issues set forth for consideration by the Commission in the Special Rapporteur’s first report, namely: (a) the origins, nature and scope of subsidiary means; |
委员们普遍同意特别报告员第一次报告提出的供委员会审议的问题，即：(a) 辅助手段的来源、性质和范围； |
| (b) the function of subsidiary means and their relationship to the sources of international law; |
(b) 辅助手段的作用及其与国际法渊源的关系； |
| and (c) additional subsidiary means for the determination of rules of international law. |
(c) 确定国际法规则的其他辅助手段。 |
| Members broadly agreed that the subsidiary means mentioned in Article 38, paragraph 1 (d), of the Statute of the International Court of Justice were not exhaustive and that the Commission should elaborate on possible additional subsidiary means for the determination of rules of international law other than those included in such category. |
委员们普遍同意，《国际法院规约》第三十八条第一款(卯)项提及的辅助手段并非详尽无遗，委员会应详细说明除这一类别中包含的手段外，用于确定国际法规则的其他可能的辅助手段。 |
| Some members agreed with the Special Rapporteur that unilateral acts of States capable of creating legal obligations should not be considered as subsidiary means. |
一些委员同意特别报告员的意见，认为能够产生法律义务的国家单方面行为不应被视为辅助手段。 |
| Several members agreed that there were other subsidiary means that warranted further consideration by the Commission, including unilateral acts. |
几位委员一致认为，还有其他辅助手段值得委员会进一步审议，包括单方面行为。 |
| Frequently mentioned were certain resolutions and decisions of international organizations and bodies, as well as the works of private expert bodies and treaty bodies, all of which could assist in the determination of rules of international law. |
经常提及的有国际组织和机构的某些决议和决定，以及私人专家机构和条约机构的工作成果，所有这些都可以协助确定国际法规则。 |
| Some members, however, expressed doubts about the use of resolutions of international organizations as subsidiary means because they pertain rather to the process of interpretation or formation of international law. |
然而，一些委员对于将国际组织的决议用作辅助手段表示怀疑，因为这些决议更多的是与国际法的解释或形成过程有关。 |
| 92. |
92. |
| Members agreed that the main function of subsidiary means was to assist in the determination of rules. |
委员们一致认为，辅助手段的主要作用是协助确定规则。 |
| A proposal was made to include a draft conclusion concerning the functions, which could also refer to the use of subsidiary means to interpret other sources or to determine the effects and legal consequences of certain rules. |
有人建议列入一项关于作用的结论草案，其中还可提及使用辅助手段解释其他渊源或确定某些规则的效力和法律后果。 |
| Another suggestion was to include a draft conclusion addressing the relationship between subsidiary means and sources of international law. |
还有人建议列入一项处理辅助手段与国际法渊源之间关系的结论草案。 |
| 93. |
93. |
| It was suggested that the Commission consider the distinction between the formation, interpretation and identification of rules of international law. |
有人建议委员会审议国际法规则的形成、解释和识别之间的区别。 |
| It was also proposed that the Commission’s consideration could elaborate on the distinction between the supplementary means of interpretation provided in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties and the subsidiary means for the determination of rules of international law. |
还有人建议，委员会的审议可以详细说明《维也纳条约法公约》 规定的补充解释资料与确定国际法规则的辅助手段之间的区别。 |
| 94. |
94. |
| Support was also expressed for focusing on the practical aspects of the use of subsidiary means. |
还有人表示支持重点关注使用辅助手段的实际方面。 |
| The view was expressed that the Commission should avoid excessively theoretical discussions and rather concentrate on existing law and practice. |
有人认为，委员会应避免过多的理论讨论，而应专注于现有法律和实践。 |
| Some members considered that the analysis of conflicting decisions of international courts and tribunals fell naturally within the scope of the topic. |
一些委员认为，对国际性法院和法庭相互冲突的决定的分析自然属于本专题的范围。 |
| They considered that clarification of the matter by the Commission could be useful as guidance for practitioners. |
他们认为，委员会对这一事项的澄清可能有助于为从业人员提供指导。 |
| Other members suggested that the fragmentation of international law had proved to be a more theoretical than practical problem and, consequently, that the question of fragmentation should thus not be considered. |
另一些委员提出，事实证明，不成体系更多的是理论而非实际层面的问题，因此不应审议国际法不成体系问题。 |
| Other members indicated that it was important to refer to the proliferation of international tribunals and the phenomenon of cross-fertilization and harmonization of international law. |
另一些委员指出，必须提及国际性法庭的激增以及国际法的交叉促进和协调现象。 |
| 95. |
95. |
| Support was expressed for referring to the degree of representativeness in the context of the draft conclusions and when assessing subsidiary means. |
有人表示，支持在结论草案中以及在评估辅助手段时提及代表性的程度。 |
| Such representativeness should cover several aspects, including considerations of regional distribution, legal traditions and gender. |
这种代表性应涵盖几个方面，包括对区域分布、法律传统和性别的考虑。 |
| 96. |
96. |
| As to the outcome of the topic, members generally agreed that there was no need to depart from the previous decision of the Commission to have draft conclusions as an appropriate form of output for the topic, since that was consistent with the approach in prior related topics. |
关于本专题的成果，委员们普遍认为，没有必要背离委员会先前的决定，即以结论草案作为本专题适当的产出形式，因为这与以往相关专题的做法一致。 |
| A view was expressed that draft guidelines could also be an appropriate outcome. |
有人认为，指南草案也可以是一种适当的成果。 |
| Several members expressed support and appreciation for the Special Rapporteur’s proposal to prepare a multilingual bibliography as part of the work of the Commission on the topic. |
一些委员表示支持和赞赏特别报告员关于编写一份多语文文献目录作为委员会本专题工作一部分的建议。 |
| (ii) |
(二) |
| Methodology |
方法 |
| 97. |
97. |
| Members generally agreed with the methodology proposed by the Special Rapporteur, which included a careful examination of practice and literature. |
委员们普遍同意特别报告员提出的方法，其中包括对实践和文献的仔细研究。 |
| Some indicated that, while the practice of States and the jurisprudence of international courts and tribunals were a good starting point, the jurisprudence of national courts, the output of international organizations and academic literature would also be relevant. |
一些委员指出，虽然国家实践及国际性法院和法庭的判例是一个好的起点，但国内法院的判例、国际组织的产出以及学术文献也是相关的。 |
| Members further referred to a need for more diverse sources and references in more languages and from the various regions of the world and legal traditions to be used in the consideration of the topic, which would help to strengthen the utility and legitimacy of the Commission’s work on the topic. |
委员们还提出，对本专题的审议需要以更多语文提供来自世界不同地区、涉及不同法律传统的更加多样化的来源和参考资料，这将有助于加强委员会关于本专题工作的实用性和正当性。 |
| 98. |
98. |
| Some members expressed the view that there could be some methodological difficulty in the consideration of the practice of tribunals, since some subsidiary means, especially teachings, were often consulted but not always cited formally in court decisions. |
一些委员认为，在审议法庭的实践方面可能存在一些方法上的困难，因为一些辅助手段，特别是学说，虽然经常被参考，但却并非总被法院裁决正式引用。 |
| A number of members also stressed the importance of keeping in mind the applicable law clauses of each tribunal when analysing their use of subsidiary means. |
一些委员还强调，在分析各法庭使用辅助手段的情况时，必须牢记其适用的法律条款。 |
| (b) |
(b) |
| Draft conclusions 1 to 3 |
结论草案1至3 |
| 99. |
99. |
| Draft conclusions 1 to 3 were provisionally adopted by the Commission with commentaries at the present session (see sect. C below). |
委员会本届会议暂时通过了附有评注的结论草案1至3(见下文C节)。 |
| Accordingly, following the practice of the Commission, the summary of the plenary debate on these draft conclusions is not included in the present report. |
因此，按照委员会的惯例，本报告不包括关于这些结论草案的全体会议辩论摘要。 |
| (c) |
(c) |
| Draft conclusion 4 |
结论草案4 |
| 100. |
100. |
| With respect to draft conclusion 4 (decisions of courts and tribunals), several members noted that the draft conclusion overlapped with and further developed draft conclusion 2 on the decisions of courts and tribunals. |
关于结论草案4(法院和法庭的决定)， 几位委员指出，该结论草案与涉及法院和法庭的决定的结论草案2重叠，并进一步发展了结论草案2。 |
| Some members referred to the need to consider what was meant by the decisions of international courts and tribunals being particularly authoritative for the determination of rules of international law. |
一些委员提出，需要考虑国际性法院和法庭的决定对确定国际法规则具有特别权威性的含义。 |
| 101. |
101. |
| While it was agreed that, in general, no system of judicial precedent existed in international law, there was nonetheless value in consistency and predictability. |
委员们一致认为，虽然国际法中一般不存在司法先例制度，但一致性和可预测性仍有价值。 |
| A consistent approach to the draft conclusions was called for and it was noted that, while draft conclusions 1 to 3 proposed by the Special Rapporteur in his first report referred to the determination of rules of international law, the proposed draft conclusions 4 and 5 referred to the identification or determination of the existence and content of rules of international law. |
有人要求对结论草案采取一致的做法，并指出，特别报告员第一次报告中提出的结论草案1至3提及国际法规则的确定，而提出的结论草案4和5则提及国际法规则的存在及其内容的识别或确定。 |
| 102. |
102. |
| Some members were of the view that the authority of the decisions of the International Court of Justice should be taken in context and that, in certain cases, the decisions of other international courts and tribunals could be more relevant due to their expertise in a particular subject. |
一些委员认为，应结合实际情况考虑国际法院决定的权威性，在某些情况下，其他国际性法院和法庭的决定可能因其在某一特定主题上的专门知识而更具相关性。 |
| Other members agreed with a general reference to the importance of the decisions of the International Court of Justice. |
其他委员赞同总体上提及国际法院决定的重要性。 |
| Some of them highlighted that such special regard had already been accorded to such decisions in previous conclusions on completed topics of Commission. |
其中一些委员强调，委员会以往关于已完成专题的结论已经给予了这些决定特别关注。 |
| 103. |
103. |
| Members generally stressed the need for additional criteria specifically applicable to the decisions of national courts. |
委员们普遍强调，有必要制定更多专门适用于国内法院决定的标准。 |
| Other members supported the Special Rapporteur’s formulations, including the need to proceed with caution with some national court decisions. |
另一些委员支持特别报告员的论述，包括必须谨慎处理一些国内法院的决定。 |
| In the view of other members, only the decisions of national courts applying international law could be considered as constituting subsidiary means for purposes of the determination of rules of international law. |
另一些委员认为，只有适用国际法的国内法院的决定才可被视为构成确定国际法规则的辅助手段。 |
| (d) |
(d) |
| Draft conclusion 5 |
结论草案5 |
| 104. |
104. |
| With respect to draft conclusion 5 (teachings), members supported the reference to highly qualified publicists of the various nations and underlined that writings should be representative of the principal legal systems and regions of the world. |
关于结论草案5(学说)， 委员们支持对各国权威公法学家的提及，并强调学术著述应代表世界主要法律体系和区域。 |
| Members also stressed that teachings may influence international law beyond Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice. |
委员们还强调，学说可能会影响《国际法院规约》第三十八条以外的国际法。 |
| 105. |
105. |
| Members were also of the view that the cogency and quality of the reasoning should be a more important criterion than the eminence of the writer. |
委员们还认为，论证的说服力和质量应该是比著述者的权威性更重要的标准。 |
| It was questioned why the “coinciding” of views should be a criterion and wondered how such factor could be related to those included in draft conclusion 3. |
有人质疑，为什么观点的“一致”应成为一项标准，并询问这一因素如何与结论草案3所列因素相关。 |
| It was suggested that the commentary should address the issue of the coinciding views of scholars. |
有人建议，评注应解决关于学者一致观点的问题。 |
| Some members considered that the coinciding views of scholars should not be included, as it could imply a requirement of consensus. |
一些委员认为，不应列入学者的一致观点，因为这可能意味着要求达成共识。 |
| Other criteria suggested for the consideration of teachings included the quality of the material, the reputation of the writers and an analysis of whether their positions had been accepted or challenged by peers. |
有人建议以材料的质量、著述者的声誉以及分析他们的立场是否被同行接受或质疑等其他标准审议学说。 |
| 106. |
106. |
| It was noted that the lack of diversity in teachings used should be addressed. |
有人指出，应当解决所使用的学说缺乏多样性的问题。 |
| It was further suggested that the criterion of representativeness, including considerations of regional distribution, legal traditions, gender and racial diversity, should be included in draft conclusion 5 or in a separate draft conclusion. |
还有人建议，应将代表性标准，包括对区域分布、法律传统、性别和种族多样性的考虑列入结论草案5或一项单独的结论草案。 |
| 107. |
107. |
| It was also suggested that the Commission could elaborate in the commentary on the status of the work of certain bodies, such as the International Committee of the Red Cross, or the possible value of other materials that would not fall within the category of teachings, such as individual and joint separate opinions of judges. |
还有人建议，委员会可在评注中详细阐述红十字国际委员会等机构的工作状况，或法官的个人意见和联合个别意见等其他不属于学说范畴的材料的可能价值。 |
| (e) |
(e) |
| Future programme of work |
今后的工作方案 |
| 108. |
108. |
| Members generally supported the proposal by the Special Rapporteur to address the origins, nature and function of subsidiary means and to focus on judicial decisions and their relationship to the sources of international law. |
委员们普遍支持特别报告员关于处理辅助手段的来源、性质和作用并侧重于司法决定及其与国际法渊源关系的建议。 |
| They considered that analysis of that issue in his next report could be complemented by the memorandum requested from the Secretariat surveying the case law of international courts and tribunals, and other bodies. |
他们认为，特别报告员下一份报告对这一问题的分析可以通过请秘书处就调查国际性法院和法庭以及其他机构的判例编写备忘录加以补充。 |
| While most members agreed with the proposed timeline in the tentative programme of work suggested by the Special Rapporteur, some members advised caution. |
虽然大多数委员同意特别报告员所提暂定工作方案中的拟议时间表，但一些委员建议谨慎行事。 |
| It was recalled that more time had been needed to complete the consideration of certain other topics relating to the sources. |
有人回顾称，需要更多时间来完成涉及渊源的某些其他专题的审议。 |
| 3. |
3. |
| Concluding remarks of the Special Rapporteur |
特别报告员的总结 |
| 109. |
109. |
| In his summary of the debate, the Special Rapporteur welcomed the interest that the topic had received from the members of the Commission. |
特别报告员在辩论总结中欢迎委员会委员对本专题的关注。 |
| He noted that the extensive participation of members during the plenary debate had demonstrated the importance and practical relevance of the topic to States and practitioners of international law. |
他指出，委员们在全体会议辩论期间的广泛参与表明了本专题对各国和国际法从业人员的重要性和实际意义。 |
| He underlined that, while individual members might place their emphasis differently or hold differently nuanced views, there was consensus on the substantive issues raised for discussion in what had proved to be a rich and intellectually stimulating debate. |
他强调，虽然个别委员的侧重点可能会有不同或持有的观点有细微差别，但委员们在辩论中对所提出供讨论的实质性问题达成了共识，事实证明，这是一场激发智慧、内容丰富的辩论。 |
| Importantly, he recalled that there had been strong support for his approach, including for the proposed scope and outcome of the topic discussed in his first report. |
他回顾称，他的方法，包括他的第一次报告讨论的本专题的拟议范围和成果得到了大力支持，这很重要。 |
| The three prongs of the topic had found consensus. |
委员们已就本专题的三个要点达成共识。 |
| In that regard, there had been unanimous support for the consideration of the two specific categories of subsidiary means expressly mentioned in Article 38, paragraph 1 (d), of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, namely judicial decisions and teachings. |
在这方面，委员们一致支持审议《国际法院规约》第三十八条第一款(卯)项明确提到的两类具体的辅助手段，即司法决定和学说。 |
| 110. |
110. |
| He also recalled that members had also reached consensus that Article 38 was not exhaustive and, therefore, would only be a starting point and not the end point for the Commission’s consideration of the topic if the topic was to prove practically useful to international lawyers. |
他还回顾称，委员们还就第三十八条并非详尽无遗达成了共识，因此，如果要证明该专题对国际法从业人员实际有用，那么第三十八条将只是委员会审议该专题的起点，而不是终点。 |
| In his view, there had been general consensus that there were additional subsidiary means used for the determination of rules of international law, which were prevalent in the practice of States and international organizations, and therefore properly fell within the scope of the present topic. |
他认为，委员们已达成了普遍共识，认为还存在其他用于确定国际法规则的辅助手段，这些手段普遍存在于国家和国际组织的实践中，因此正属于本专题的范围。 |
| Without prejudice to his addressing other issues in future reports, based on what the research actually demonstrated and taking into account State input, the Commission should, in his view, at a minimum, address during the present topic the works of expert bodies and resolutions and decisions of international organizations in order to clarify their role as subsidiary means for the determination of rules of international law. |
他认为，在不妨碍他在今后报告中处理其他问题的情况下，根据研究得出的实际情况并考虑到各国的意见，委员会至少应在本专题中处理专家机构的工作成果以及国际组织的决议和决定，以澄清它们作为确定国际法规则的辅助手段的作用。 |
| 111. |
111. |
| The Special Rapporteur noted the general support for the final outcome of the Commission’s work, which should take the form of draft conclusions accompanied by commentaries, since the purpose of the topic was to clarify various aspects of subsidiary means for the determination of rules of international law and that such outcome was consistent with previous work of the Commission. |
特别报告员注意到，委员们普遍支持以附有评注的结论草案作为委员会最后工作成果的形式，因为本专题的目的是澄清确定国际法规则的辅助手段的各个方面，而且这种成果形式与委员会以往的工作保持一致。 |
| He also noted that the use of that form of output in the present topic – reflecting primarily codification – would not preclude the Commission, consistent with its settled practice dating back to 1949, from engaging in progressive development if needed. |
他还指出，本专题使用这种成果形式(主要体现为编纂)并不妨碍委员会根据其1949年以来的既定做法在必要时进行逐渐发展。 |
| 112. |
112. |
| As to the methodology regarding the use of subsidiary means, he recalled that support had been expressed for following the practice of the Commission and that of States and, as appropriate, of international organizations and others. |
关于使用辅助手段的方法，他回顾称，有人表示支持遵循委员会和各国的做法，并酌情遵循国际组织和其他各方的做法。 |
| The Special Rapporteur also noted that members had broadly agreed with the proposed scope of the topic and the centrality of a careful analysis of Article 38, paragraph 1 (d), of the Statute of the International Court of Justice as a starting point, but not necessarily a limit on the work of the Commission. |
特别报告员还指出，委员们普遍同意拟议的专题范围，并同意仔细分析《国际法院规约》第三十八条第一款(卯)项所具有的核心意义，他们认为这是一个起点，但不一定是对委员会工作的限制。 |
| In particular, he underlined the customary international law nature of the provision and the existence of nearly a century of practice confirming the extensive use of additional subsidiary means. |
他特别强调了该条款的习惯国际法性质，以及近一个世纪的实践证实了其他辅助手段被广泛使用。 |
| 113. |
113. |
| The Special Rapporteur stated that the concerns raised by some members related to the linguistic versions of the text of Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice which refer to “moyens auxiliaires”, “medios auxiliaries”, in French and Spanish, respectively. |
特别报告员指出，一些委员提出的关切涉及《国际法院规约》第三十八条案文的非英文文本，即分别涉及法文本和西班牙文本中的“moyens auxiliaires”和“medios auxiliaires”。 |
| He emphasized the importance of multilingualism and recalled that the practice of drafting in English, French and Spanish would assist in ensuring that the same meaning is conveyed across the official languages. |
他强调使用多种语文的重要性，并回顾称，使用英文、法文和西班牙文起草的做法将有助于确保在所有正式语文中传达相同的含义。 |
| 114. |
114. |
| The Special Rapporteur recalled that the syllabus for the topic had noted three issues relating to judicial decisions and teachings, and the scope of such categories. |
特别报告员回顾称，本专题的提纲提出了与司法决定和学说有关的三个问题，以及这两个类别的范围。 |
| He observed that several members had addressed some of those issues, and that members largely upheld that the category of judicial decisions should be understood in a broad sense and include advisory opinions, in line with the previous work of the Commission. |
他指出，几位委员讨论了其中一些问题，委员们普遍认为，应与委员会以往的工作保持一致，从广义上理解司法决定这一类别并纳入咨询意见。 |
| 115. |
115. |
| The Special Rapporteur further noted the support of members for referring to the decisions of the International Court of Justice, which was also consistent with the recent work of the Commission. |
特别报告员还指出，委员们支持提及国际法院的决定，这也与委员会最近的工作相一致。 |
| He mentioned that, while those decisions had particular relevance, especially on questions of general international law, reference thereto should not be understood as suggesting a hierarchy among courts or decisions. |
他指出，虽然这些决定特别相关，尤其是与一般国际法的问题特别相关，但不应将这种提及理解为表明法院或决定之间存在位阶之分。 |
| He also recalled that the first report had referred to the importance of the work of specialized tribunals, which may issue decisions and rulings that were quite authoritative in their respective areas of competence. |
他还回顾称，第一次报告提及专门法庭工作的重要性，这些法庭可能在各自职权范围内作出相当具有权威性的决定和裁决。 |
| In any event, in a decentralized system such as international law, each court had its own statute and the quality of the decisions and their compliance with norms in their respective areas would be quite important. |
无论如何，在国际法这样一个去中心化的体系中，每个法院都有自己的规约，决定的质量及决定是否符合各自领域的规范将是非常重要的。 |
| 116. |
116. |
| The Special Rapporteur observed that some members had raised questions on whether to include in the work on the topic decisions of certain bodies, for example, arbitral panels, conciliation commissions, the dispute settlement system of the World Trade Organization, commissions of inquiry and other mechanisms without judicial character. |
特别报告员指出，一些委员提出了是否应在本专题工作中纳入某些机构的决定的问题，例如仲裁小组、调解委员会、世界贸易组织的争端解决制度、调查委员会和其他不具司法性质的机制的决定。 |
| He also noted that, when referring to arbitral tribunals, certain peculiarities should be taken into account and that investor-State tribunals could fall within the scope of the topic. |
他还指出，在提及仲裁法庭时，应考虑到某些特殊性，审理投资人与国家间案件的仲裁庭可能属于本专题的范围。 |
| The Special Rapporteur also noted the broad support for including the decisions of international human rights treaty bodies. |
特别报告员还指出，委员们普遍支持纳入国际人权条约机构的决定。 |
| He recalled that members had discussed whether the appropriate way to include them was as judicial decisions or under a separate category. |
他回顾称，委员们曾讨论过纳入这些决定的适当方式，是将其作为司法决定，还是放在一个单独的类别下。 |
| He explained that many of the suggestions made were already intended for examination in his future reports. |
他解释称，他打算在今后的报告中审查多项所提出的建议。 |
| 117. |
117. |
| The Special Rapporteur observed that there had been general consensus that references to the decisions of national courts on questions of international law could be particularly relevant, while other members had emphasized the need for caution when examining such materials. |
特别报告员指出，委员们已达成了普遍共识，认为提及国内法院关于国际法问题的决定可能特别相关，而其他几位委员强调在审查这些材料时需要谨慎行事。 |
| He added that it was possible that a decision of a national court could serve as subsidiary means when carrying out a comparative survey of a well-accepted rule of international law. |
他补充说，在对一项公认的国际法规则进行比较调查时，国内法院的决定有可能成为辅助手段。 |
| He also stressed that, as stated by the Commission in its recent work, national court decisions played a dual role as evidence of State practice and as a form of subsidiary means for the identification of the existence and content of a rule of international law. |
他还强调，正如委员会在其最近的工作中指出的，国内法院的决定发挥着双重作用，既可作为国家实践的证据，也可作为确定国际法规则的存在及其内容的一种辅助手段。 |
| Furthermore, the Special Rapporteur also noted that members had referred to the importance of ensuring diversity in the consideration of jurisdictions, legal traditions and regions of the world. |
此外，特别报告员还指出，委员们提到在考虑司法管辖区、法律传统和世界区域方面必须确保多样性。 |
| 118. |
118. |
| In relation to the second category of subsidiary means (teachings), the Special Rapporteur observed that the majority of members had referred to the individual and collective work of scholars. |
关于第二类辅助手段(学说)，特别报告员指出，大多数委员提及了学者的个人和集体著作。 |
| Other members had called for a distinction between teachings, whether individual or collective, and works produced by expert bodies that could be considered as additional subsidiary means. |
另一些委员呼吁在可被视为其他辅助手段的个人或集体学说以及专家机构的工作成果之间进行区分。 |
| The Special Rapporteur observed that it was his intention, in line with the analysis contained in his first report, to propose a set of stand-alone draft conclusions addressing the contemporary role of private and public or State-empowered bodies, and the differences between them. |
特别报告员称，他打算根据第一份报告所载的分析，提出一套独立的结论草案，以处理私人和公共机构或国家授权机构的当代作用以及它们之间的区别。 |
| The Special Rapporteur noted that he would take into account the suggestions of some members to address further functions of subsidiary means in future reports. |
特别报告员指出，他将考虑一些委员的建议，在今后的报告中讨论辅助手段的其他作用。 |
| 119. |
119. |
| The Special Rapporteur observed that many members had referred to the question of diversity of the publicists and the over-reliance by some courts and tribunals on materials from the Anglo-American tradition and limiting to a few languages and legal traditions, and that proposals had been presented advocating for gender diversity as well. |
特别报告员指出，多位委员提及公法学家的多样性问题，以及一些法院和法庭过度依赖关于英美传统的材料和局限于少数几种语文和法律传统的问题，还提出了关于主张性别多样性的建议。 |
| He recalled that he had raised various questions of diversity that might affect the perception of the universality of international law in his first report, including in relation to aspects that had not even been debated by members, such as the imbalance in the nationality of counsel appearing before the International Court of Justice. |
他回顾称，他的第一次报告提出了多个可能影响对国际法普遍性认识的多样性问题，甚至包括委员们未曾辩论过的方面的问题，如在国际法院出庭的律师的国籍不平衡问题。 |
| In any case, he welcomed that members of the Commission had expressed an openness and even support for ensuring representativeness in the work, especially in the present topic. |
无论如何，他欢迎委员会委员对在工作中，特别是在本专题工作中确保代表性持开放态度甚至表示支持。 |
| 120. |
120. |
| In the context of judicial decisions, he noted that members had supported his intention to carry out a more detailed study of the relationship between Articles 38 and 59 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice and the notion of precedent (stare decisis), or lack thereof, under international law, as well as its link to the rights of third parties. |
在司法决定方面，他指出，他打算更详细地研究《国际法院规约》第三十八条和第五十九条的关系、国际法中的先例(依照先例)或缺乏先例的概念以及这一概念与第三方权利的联系，委员们对此表示支持。 |
| The Special Rapporteur noted that members had broadly agreed that there existed no formal system of precedent (stare decisis) in general international law, while recognizing that following the methodology of legal reasoning adopted in previous cases was not the same as being bound by past decisions. |
特别报告员指出，委员们广泛同意，一般国际法中不存在正式的先例(依照先例)制度，同时承认，遵循先前案件采用的法律推理方法并不等同于受以往决定的约束。 |
| He added that, while not mandatory, there existed extensive practice by parties to international disputes and judges in international courts and tribunals of relying on their own prior decisions for reasons of legal security and predictability. |
他补充说，国际争端当事方以及国际性法院和法庭的法官出于法律确定性和可预测性的原因，普遍依赖自己先前的决定，尽管这并非强制性做法。 |
| He added that reference had been made to certain cases where tribunals had departed from their consistent practice, and that the commentary to the relevant draft conclusion could clarify that the authority of judicial decisions as subsidiary means was also dependent on contextual elements. |
他补充说，有人提及法庭偏离其一贯做法的某些案件，相关结论草案的评注可以就此澄清：司法决定作为辅助手段的权威性也取决于背景因素。 |
| 121. |
121. |
| In relation to a third category of other subsidiary means, the Special Rapporteur recalled that several members had agreed with his proposed exclusion of unilateral acts of States capable of creating legal obligations. |
关于第三类“其他辅助手段”，特别报告员回顾称，有几位委员同意他提出的将能产生法律义务的国家单方面行为排除在外的建议。 |
| He added that many members had supported the inclusion of the resolutions of international organizations as additional subsidiary means. |
他还称，许多委员支持将国际组织的决议作为其他辅助手段列入。 |
| He noted that other members were of the view that the resolutions of international organizations could only serve as evidence of the elements of certain sources like customary international law, but were not subsidiary means themselves. |
他指出，另一些委员认为，国际组织的决议只能作为习惯国际法等某些渊源要素的证据，但本身不是辅助手段。 |
| However, he indicated that, in practice, much as was the case with decisions of national courts, there was no reason why resolutions could not play a dual function as elements that could be considered either in the determination of rules of law derived from the established sources or as subsidiary means for the determination of such rules. |
然而，他指出，同国内法院的决定一样，在实践中不存在决议无法发挥双重作用的原因，即决议既可以作为确定源自既定渊源的法律规则时考虑的要素，也可以作为确定这种规则的辅助手段。 |
| The Special Rapporteur recalled that additional subsidiary means proposed had included non-binding resolutions, equity, arbitral awards, religious law and certain types of decisions from regulatory organizations. |
特别报告员回顾称，拟议的其他辅助手段包括不具约束力的决议、衡平法、仲裁裁决、宗教法和监管组织的某些类型的决定。 |
| He did not consider some of the candidates mentioned in literature as potential subsidiary means as meriting further examination by the Commission. |
他不认为文献中提及的一些潜在辅助手段的备选项值得委员会进一步审查。 |
| Some of them, such as unilateral acts of States and religious law, did not, in his view, even fall within the category of subsidiary means for the determination of rules of international law. |
他认为，其中一些备选项，例如国家单方面行为和宗教法，甚至不属于确定国际法规则的辅助手段的范畴。 |
| In any event, some of those same candidates, such as unilateral acts, had previously been examined by the Commission. |
无论如何，委员会先前曾审查过其中一些备选项，例如单方面行为。 |
| He saw no need to revisit them or to examine politically sensitive topics such as religious law. |
他认为没有必要重新讨论这些问题，也没有必要审查宗教法等政治上敏感的事项。 |
| 122. |
122. |
| As regards the question of whether the unity and coherence of international law should be examined, at least in terms of the possible conflict between judicial decisions issued by different courts and tribunals, the Special Rapporteur noted that some members had argued that the fragmentation of international law had already been studied by the Commission and expressed the view that it did not create difficulties in practice and as such was best left out of the consideration of the topic. |
关于是否应审查国际法的统一性和连贯性，至少审查不同法院和法庭的司法决定可能相互冲突的问题，特别报告员指出，一些委员认为，最好不审议该问题，因为委员会已经研究过国际法不成体系的问题，并表示不成体系的问题不会在实践中造成困难。 |
| Others considered that the issue of fragmentation, especially with the risk of conflicting judicial decisions arising from the proliferation of international courts and tribunals, was quite important and that the present topic was the opportunity to clarify it. |
另一些委员认为，不成体系问题，特别是国际性法院和法庭激增导致的司法决定相互冲突的风险是一个相当重要的问题，本专题是澄清这一问题的机会。 |
| Other members suggested that the matter could be referred to in the commentary or dealt with by way of a without prejudice clause. |
另一些委员建议，可在评注中提及这一问题，或以不妨碍条款的方式加以处理。 |
| The Special Rapporteur, for his part, agreed that the issue of conflicting decisions was important, if sometimes complex, and could well be an area for the Commission to seek to add practical value. |
特别报告员自己也同意，决定相互冲突的问题虽然有时很复杂，但也很重要，很有可能成为一个委员会可在其中寻求增加实际价值的领域。 |
| He explained that the Commission, in its 2006 report of the Study Group on the fragmentation of international law, had only indicated that the topic of conflicting jurisprudence concerned the institutional competencies and hierarchical relations between tribunals inter se, which was better left to them to address. |
他解释称，委员会在国际法不成体系问题研究组2006年的报告 中仅指出，判例相互冲突的问题涉及法庭之间的机构权限和位阶关系，最好留给它们自己处理。 |
| Thus, the Commission had not substantively addressed the issue. |
因此，委员会没有实质性地处理这个问题。 |
| In any case, he was of the firm view that, given its potential implications for the scope of the topic and, although it should be for the independent Commission to ultimately decide based on a scientific assessment, it would be especially important to invite and to take into careful account the views of States and others expressed in the Sixth Committee. |
无论如何，他坚定地认为，虽然应由具有独立性的委员会基于科学评估就该问题作出最终决定，但鉴于该问题对专题范围的潜在影响，请各国和其他各方在第六委员会表达意见并认真予以考虑特别重要。 |
| He therefore underlined the need to invite State input on that and other issues raised in his first report since, after all, it was hoped that States would be the primary beneficiaries of the Commission’s work. |
因此，他强调，有必要请各国就他的第一次报告所提的这一问题和其他问题提出意见，因为毕竟委员会希望各国将是委员会工作的主要受益者。 |
| He expressed intention to return to the matter in the future. |
他表示打算今后再次讨论这一问题。 |
| 123. |
123. |
| In relation to the proposal to include a multilingual bibliography, the Special Rapporteur noted that several members had provided scholarly works and State practice from various jurisdictions. |
关于列入多语文文献目录的建议，特别报告员指出，一些委员提供了来自不同司法管辖区的学术著作和国家实践。 |
| He observed that the intention to request contributions from members and States was aimed at addressing the problem of unequal representation in the consideration of subsidiary means and to ensure more diversity and bring more legitimacy to the work of the Commission. |
他指出，请委员们和各国提供资料是为了解决审议辅助手段方面代表性不平等的问题，并确保委员会的工作更具多样性和正当性。 |
| 124. |
124. |
| The Special Rapporteur noted the general support for the proposed programme of work. |
特别报告员指出，拟议的工作方案得到了普遍支持。 |
| He also indicated that his proposed timeline for future work, as indicated in his first report, was tentative and could be adjusted in order to properly address the substance. |
他还表示，他的第一次报告提出的今后工作的拟议时间表是暂定的，可以为适当地处理实质问题加以调整。 |
| He was committed to scientific rigour and did not believe in speed in the consideration of the topic coming at the expense of the substance and rigour of the work. |
他忠于科学严谨性，不赞成以牺牲工作的实质和严谨性为代价来加快对本专题的审议。 |
| 125. |
125. |
| In terms of substance for the future work, the Special Rapporteur indicated his intention, in his next report, to address the decisions of courts and tribunals and how they used the subsidiary means to determine rules of international law. |
关于今后工作的实质内容，特别报告员表示，他打算在下一次报告中讨论法院和法庭的决定以及法院和法庭如何利用辅助手段确定国际法规则。 |
| He was confident that the memorandum from the Secretariat surveying the decisions of international courts and tribunals, and other bodies – showing how they employ subsidiary means – would contribute to the Commission’s debate next year. |
秘书处为调查国际性法院和法庭以及其他机构的决定而编写的备忘录将说明此类法院和法庭如何使用辅助手段，他相信这一备忘录将有助于委员会明年的辩论。 |
| C. |
C. |
| Text of the draft conclusions on subsidiary means for the determination of rules of international law provisionally adopted by the Commission at its seventy-fourth session |
委员会第七十四届会议暂时通过的确定国际法规则的辅助手段结论草案案文 |
| 1. |
1. |
| Text of the draft conclusions |
结论草案案文 |
| 126. |
126. |
| The text of the draft conclusions provisionally adopted by the Commission at its seventy-fourth session is reproduced below. |
委员会第七十四届会议暂时通过的结论草案案文载录如下： |
| Conclusion 1 Scope |
结论1 范围 |
| The present draft conclusions concern the use of subsidiary means for the determination of rules of international law. |
本结论草案涉及使用辅助手段确定国际法规则。 |
| Conclusion 2 Categories of subsidiary means for the determination of rules of international law |
结论2 确定国际法规则的辅助手段的类别 |
| Subsidiary means for the determination of rules of international law include: |
确定国际法规则的辅助手段包括： |
| (a) |
(a) |
| decisions of courts and tribunals; |
法院和法庭的决定； |
| (b) |
(b) |
| teachings; |
学说； |
| (c) |
(c) |
| any other means generally used to assist in determining rules of international law. Conclusion 3 |
一般用于协助确定国际法规则的任何其他手段。 |
| General criteria for the assessment of subsidiary means for the determination of rules of international law |
结论3 确定国际法规则的辅助手段的一般评估标准 |
| When assessing the weight of subsidiary means for the determination of rules of international law, regard should be had to, inter alia: |
在评估确定国际法规则的辅助手段的权重时，除其他外，应当考虑到： |
| (a) |
(a) |
| their degree of representativeness; |
其代表性的程度； |
| (b) |
(b) |
| the quality of the reasoning; |
论证的质量； |
| (c) |
(c) |
| the expertise of those involved; |
有关人员的专门知识； |
| (d) |
(d) |
| the level of agreement among those involved; |
有关人员之间的一致程度； |
| (e) |
(e) |
| the reception by States and other entities; |
各国和其他实体的接受情况； |
| (f) |
(f) |
| where applicable, the mandate conferred on the body. |
在适用的情况下，赋予该机构的任务。 |
| 2. |
2. |
| Text of the draft conclusions and commentaries thereto |
结论草案案文及其评注 |
| 127. |
127. |
| The text of the draft conclusions, together with commentaries provisionally adopted by the Commission at its seventy-fourth session, is reproduced below. |
委员会第七十四届会议暂时通过的结论草案案文及其评注载录如下： |
| Subsidiary means for the determination of rules of international law |
确定国际法规则的辅助手段 |
| General commentary |
总评注 |
| (1) |
(1) |
| As always with the Commission’s output, the draft conclusions are to be read together with the commentaries. |
与委员会以往工作成果一样，本结论草案应结合评注来解读。 |
| (2) |
(2) |
| The present draft conclusions seek to contribute greater clarity on the use of subsidiary means and their relationship with the sources of international law in two principal ways. |
本结论草案力求从两个主要方面，进一步澄清辅助手段的使用及其与国际法渊源的关系。 |
| First, they aim to identify and elucidate the roles of subsidiary means for the determination of rules of international law, consistent with the letter and spirit of Article 38, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the International Court of Justice. |
第一，本结论草案旨在根据《国际法院规约》第三十八条第一款 的文字和精神，厘清和阐明确定国际法规则的辅助手段的作用。 |
| (3) |
(3) |
| Second, the present draft conclusions offer a consistent methodological approach when using subsidiary means for determining the existence and content of rules of international law. |
第二，本结论草案提供了使用辅助手段确定国际法规则的存在和内容 的一致方法。 |
| Such determination relates to two main aspects. Firstly, in some cases, there may be a question whether, using subsidiary means, a rule of international law can be identified or determined to exist based on one of the established sources of international law, such as a treaty, customary international law or a general principle of law. |
这种确定涉及两个主要方面：第一，在一些情况下，可能存在一个问题，即基于既定的国际法渊源之一，如条约、习惯国际法或一般法律原则，通过使用辅助手段，能否识别一项国际法规则，或确定其存在； |
| Secondly, in other cases, it may be determined that a certain rule exists, but debate could remain about its content and scope. |
第二，在其他情况下，可以确定某项规则存在，但其内容和范围可能仍有争议。 |
| In either scenario, the subsidiary means, for instance a judicial decision, could be used as an auxiliary means to make that determination. |
在这两种情况下，司法决定等辅助手段都可用作协助确定国际法规则的手段。 |
| The interaction between subsidiary means and the sources of international law, as well as the potentially far-reaching implications of the possible expansion of the category of subsidiary means, indicates that it is vital that the use of any subsidiary means to elucidate the sources of rules of international law be carried out using a coherent and systematic methodology. |
辅助手段与国际法渊源之间的相互作用以及辅助手段类别的可能扩大所产生的潜在深远影响表明，在使用辅助手段阐明国际法规则的渊源时，采用一贯和系统的方法至关重要。 |
| Such a methodology should contribute to enhancing the consistency, predictability and stability of international law. |
这种方法应当有助于提升国际法的一致性、可预测性和稳定性。 |
| (4) |
(4) |
| Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, which is regarded as the authoritative statement of the sources of international law, is the point of departure for the current draft conclusions. |
被视为国际法渊源方面权威表述的《国际法院规约》第三十八条是本结论草案的出发点。 |
| Paragraph 1 of Article 38 directs that the Court, whose primary function is to decide in accordance with international law the disputes submitted to it by States, shall apply: (a) treaties, whether general or particular, establishing rules expressly recognized by the contesting States; |
第三十八条第一款指示主要职能是依照国际法对各国陈诉的争端进行裁判的国际法院，在裁判时应适用：(子) 不论普通或特别条约，确立诉讼当事国明白承认之规条者； |
| (b) international custom, as evidence of a general practice accepted as law; |
(丑) 国际习惯，作为通例之证明而经接受为法律者； |
| (c) the general principles of law recognized by the “community of nations”; |
(寅) 一般法律原则为“各国”所承认者； |
| and (d) as subsidiary means for the determination of rules of law, “judicial decisions” and “the teachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations”. |
(卯) “司法判例”及“各国权威最高之公法学家学说”，作为确定法律原则之补助资料者。 |
| (5) |
(5) |
| Article 38 is the applicable law provision of the Statute of the International Court of Justice. |
第三十八条是《国际法院规约》的适用法条款。 |
| However, its significance stems not only from its inclusion in the Statute of the principal judicial organ of the United Nations and the only universal court with general jurisdiction, but also from the broader acceptance and reliance on Article 38 by States and tribunals, as well as legal scholars, as an authoritative statement of the sources of international law under customary international law. |
但是，其重要性不仅源自它载于联合国主要司法机关 和唯一具有普遍管辖权的世界法院的《规约》，还源自各国和法庭以及法律学者在习惯国际法下对第三十八条的普遍接受和依赖，将其视为关于国际法渊源的权威表述。 |
| There is no suggestion from the practice of States and international organizations or established literature that Article 38 is an exhaustive enumeration of the sources of international law or the subsidiary means for the determination of rules of international law. |
国家和国际组织的实践或既定文献均未暗示第三十八条详尽无遗地列举了国际法渊源或确定国际法规则的辅助手段。 |
| Thus, in addition to judicial decisions and teachings, which may be thought of as the traditional subsidiary means, the present draft conclusions will also address additional subsidiary means prevalent in the practice of States and international organizations, which will be elaborated in later draft conclusions. |
因此，除了可视为传统辅助手段的司法决定和学说外，本结论草案还将涉及国家和国际组织实践中常见的其他辅助手段，这些辅助手段将在后续结论草案中详加阐述。 |
| The view was expressed, however, that the list of subsidiary means found in Article 38, paragraph 1 (d), can be read broadly to address contemporary developments. |
不过，也有人认为，第三十八条第一款(卯)项所列的辅助手段可从广义上理解，以考虑当代的发展。 |
| (6) |
(6) |
| The Commission has selected “draft conclusions” as the final form of output for its work on this topic. |
委员会选择“结论草案”作为本专题工作的最终产出形式。 |
| This is consistent with, and complements, the Commission’s recent output on four topics addressing the sources and related issues of international law, namely, identification of customary international law, general principles of law, identification and legal consequences of peremptory norms of general international law (jus cogens) and subsequent agreements and subsequent practice in relation to the interpretation of treaties. |
这与委员会近期在涉及国际法渊源和相关问题的四个专题中的工作成果保持一致，是这些工作成果的补充。 这四个专题分别是：习惯国际法的识别、一般法律原则、一般国际法强制性规范(强行法)的识别和法律后果 以及与条约解释相关的嗣后协定和嗣后实践。 |
| (7) |
(7) |
| Regarding the normative value of “draft conclusions”, the Commission has, to date, not adopted a one-size fits all definition of draft conclusions, since it must examine the specific needs of each topic on its own terms. |
关于“结论草案”的规范价值，迄今为止，委员会并未对结论草案采取一刀切的定义，因为委员会必须审查各个专题的具体需要。 |
| That said, because States and other users of the Commission’s work may be more familiar with “draft articles” as a final form of output, draft conclusions as used here should be understood as the outcome of a process of reasoned deliberation and, more specifically, a statement of the rules derived from the practice found on subsidiary means in the determination of rules of international law. |
尽管如此，由于各国和委员会工作的其他用户可能更熟悉“条款草案”这一最终产出形式，此处使用的结论草案应理解为理性审议过程的结果，更具体而言，是对确定国际法规则的辅助手段方面的实践所产生的规则的陈述。 |
| Their essential characteristic is to clarify the law based on the current practice. |
其本质特征是基于现有实践澄清法律。 |
| Thus, the content of the present draft conclusions, in line with the statute of the Commission and the general practice on the related topics mentioned above, reflects primarily codification and possibly elements of progressive development of international law. |
因此，按照委员会章程和上述相关专题工作的惯例，本结论草案的内容主要反映国际法的编纂，并可能反映国际法逐渐发展的要素。 |
| (8) |
(8) |
| Taking the above considerations into account, and given its mandate to assist States with the codification and progressive development of international law consistent with article 1 of its statute, the Commission expects that the present draft conclusions may facilitate the work of all those who may be called upon to address subsidiary means for the determination of rules of international law. |
考虑到上述因素，加上根据章程第一条，委员会的任务是协助各国推进国际法的编纂和逐渐发展，委员会期望本结论草案可有助于所有需要处理确定国际法规则的辅助手段问题的各方开展工作。 |
| Nonetheless, as the present draft conclusions do not address all possible subsidiary means, it is the process of applying the established subsidiary means to determine rules of international law and of determining the scope of new subsidiary means that may emerge in the future which would benefit from the application of the criteria contained in the present draft conclusions. |
不过，由于本结论草案并不涵盖所有可能的辅助手段，本结论草案所载标准的适用将对使用既有辅助手段确定国际法规则和确定未来可能出现的新辅助手段的范围有益。 |
| Ultimately, when the text and the accompanying commentaries are read together, the draft conclusions should provide useful guidance to States, international organizations, international and national courts and tribunals and all those, including legal scholars and practitioners of international law, who may have reason to address subsidiary means for the determination of the rules of international law. |
最后，将案文和所附评注一并阅读，本结论草案应能为各国、国际组织、国际性和国内法院及法庭以及有理由讨论确定国际法规则的辅助手段问题的各方，包括法律学者和国际法从业人员，提供有益的指导。 |
| Conclusion 1 Scope |
结论1 范围 |
| The present draft conclusions concern the use of subsidiary means for the determination of rules of international law. |
本结论草案涉及使用辅助手段确定国际法规则。 |
| Commentary |
评注 |
| (1) |
(1) |
| Draft conclusion 1 is introductory in nature. It provides, in a general way, that the present draft conclusions concern the use of subsidiary means for the determination of rules of international law. |
结论草案1是介绍性的，从总体上规定本结论草案涉及使用辅助手段确定国际法规则。 |
| The use of the term “present draft conclusions” makes clear that the objective is to set out the scope of the entire set of draft conclusions. |
使用“本结论草案”一语表明，目的是规定整套结论草案的范围。 |
| The term “concern”, instead of “apply” (which is typically used in outcomes that would be recommended to States as bases for future conventions), relates to the object of the work. |
使用“涉及”而非“适用于”(一般用在推荐给各国作为未来公约基础的成果中)，表明了这项工作的对象。 |
| It also reflects the practice of the Commission in the work on similar topics that result in “draft conclusions” or “draft guidelines” rather than “draft articles”. |
这还反映了委员会在成果为“结论草案”或“指南草案”而非“条款草案”的类似专题中的惯例。 |
| (2) |
(2) |
| The term “the use of” was selected after a consideration of two main options. |
在考虑了两个主要备选项后，选择了“使用”一词。 |
| First, like the scope provision on the topic of identification of customary international law, the formula “the way in which subsidiary means are used” was proposed in order to underline the methodological nature of this topic. |
第一，与习惯国际法的识别专题中的范围规定类似，最初提议采用“如何使用辅助手段”这一措辞，以强调本专题的方法性质。 |
| Second, during the Commission’s discussions, consideration was given to an alternative formulation that would have provided that subsidiary means “are to be used”. |
第二，在委员会的讨论期间，审议了另一措辞，即规定“应使用”辅助手段。 |
| The Statute of the International Court of Justice directs the Court to apply judicial decisions and teachings, as subsidiary means, but at the same time indicates that the judges may use them as a means for the determination of the rules of international law. |
《国际法院规约》指示国际法院适用司法决定和学说作为辅助手段，但同时又表示，法官可使用司法决定和学说作为确定国际法规则的手段。 |
| That said, in practice, while the judges could and do refer to the subsidiary means when they deem it necessary, Article 38, paragraph 1 (d), of the Statute does not actually obligate the Court to apply the subsidiary means. |
尽管如此，在实践中，虽然法官可以也确实在认为必要时援引辅助手段，但《规约》第三十八条第一款(卯)项实际上并不要求法院适用辅助手段。 |
| The Commission settled on the formulation that the draft conclusions concern “the use of” subsidiary means, which was seen as less imperative than the phrase “are to be used”. |
因此，委员会最终采用了本结论草案涉及“使用”辅助手段的表述，其命令性质弱于“应使用”一语。 |
| In addition, the formulation employed was preferred because it was more neutral. |
此外，倾向于使用这一措辞是因为它更中性。 |
| (3) |
(3) |
| For the purposes of the present commentaries, and with the view to enhancing clarity, terminological explanations are important. |
就本评注而言，为更清楚起见，需要对三个术语进行解释。 |
| First, while the reference to “subsidiary means for the determination of rules of international law” is derived from Article 38, paragraph 1 (d), of the Statute of the Court, it is not identical to the wording in that provision which speaks of the determination of “rules of law”. |
第一，虽然“确定国际法规则的辅助手段”这一提法源自《国际法院规约》第三十八条第一款(卯)项，但它与该条款的措辞并不完全相同，该条款提及的是确定“法律规则”。 |
| The term “subsidiary means for the determination of rules of international law” will be frequently used in this topic and the commentaries but the broader term “rules of law” contained in the Statute will sometimes be substituted with the term “rules of international law.” |
“确定国际法规则的辅助手段”一语将在本专题和评注中经常使用，但《规约》中含义更广的“法律规则”一词有时会用“国际法规则”一词代替。 |
| The latter formula ensures consistency with the title of the present topic, the choice of which was intended to emphasize that the principal thrust of the project is the determination of the rules of international law, as opposed to the rules of law more generally. |
后一种措辞确保了与本专题标题的一致性，选择这一措辞意在强调本项目的要旨是确定国际法规则，而非更广义的法律规则。 |
| Importantly, the fact that the term “rules of law” is broader than the term “rules of international law” does not operate as a limitation on the substantive scope of the present draft conclusions. Nor does it change the analytical approach that is required. |
重要的是，“法律规则”一词的含义比“国际法规则”更广虽是事实，但这并不限制本结论草案的实质范围，也没有改变所需要的分析方法。 |
| At the same time, the reference to rules of international law should be understood as not being an a priori exclusion of other rules of law that could provide assistance in the determination of rules of international law. |
同时，提及国际法规则不应被理解为先验地排除了可以协助确定国际法规则的其他法律规则。 |
| (4) |
(4) |
| Second, an analysis of the ordinary meaning of the term “subsidiary” under Article 38, paragraph 1 (d), of the Statute, in the various authentic language versions, indicates that they are auxiliary in character. |
第二，对《规约》第三十八条第一款(卯)项中“subsidiary(辅助)”一词在各种作准语文文本中的通常含义进行的分析 表明，它们具有辅助性质。 |
| (5) |
(5) |
| The term as expressed in English was derived from the Latin “subsidiarius” and refers to something that provides assistance, that is “subordinate”, “supplementary” or “secondary”; |
该词的英语表述源自拉丁语“subsidiarius”，指提供协助之物，“附属”、“补充”或“次要”之物； |
| “something which provides additional support or assistance; |
“提供额外支持或协助的事物； |
| an auxiliary, an aid”. |
辅助、帮助”。 |
| The second term “means” is a reference to an “intermediary agent or instrument”; |
第二个词“手段”指“中介物或工具”； |
| “something interposed or intervening”. |
“插入其间或介于中间的事物”。 |
| (6) |
(6) |
| Third, and more substantively, the Commission’s study of the French (moyens auxiliaires), Spanish (medios auxiliares) and other equally authentic language versions of Article 38, paragraph 1 (d), found that they more precisely underline the ancillary or auxiliary nature of the subsidiary means. |
第三，更具实质性的是，委员会对第三十八条第一款(卯)项的法文本(moyens auxiliaires)、西班牙文本(medios auxiliares)和其他同等作准语文文本的研究发现，它们更准确地强调了辅助手段的补充或辅助性质。 |
| The other authentic language versions also set forth a relatively narrower understanding of the term subsidiary than a broader ordinary understanding which also became associated with the English term. |
其他作准语文文本也对“辅助”一词提出了相对狭义的理解，而不是像对英文本中该词的通常理解那样宽泛。 |
| They further confirm that both judicial decisions and teachings differ in their nature from the sources of law, expressly enumerated in Article 38, paragraph 1 (a) to (c), of the Statute: treaties, international custom and general principles of law. |
这些文本还确认，司法决定和学说的性质不同于《规约》第三十八条第一款(子)至(寅)项明确列举的形式法律渊源，即：条约、国际习惯和一般法律原则。 |
| In other words, judicial decisions and teachings are subsidiary simply because they are not sources of law that may apply in and of themselves. |
换言之，司法决定和学说是辅助性的，只是因为它们不属于本身即可适用的法律渊源。 |
| Rather, they are used to assist or to aid in determining whether or not rules of international law exist and, if so, the content of such rules. |
它们被用于协助或帮助确定国际法律规则是否存在，如果存在，这些规则的内容如何。 |
| This is not to suggest that the subsidiary means are not important. |
这并不是说辅助手段不重要。 |
| On the contrary, they remain so, albeit only as auxiliary means for the identification and determination of rules of international law. |
相反，它们虽然只是识别和确定国际法规则的辅助手段，但仍然很重要。 |
| (7) |
(7) |
| On the preceding point, the Commission has already determined in its 2022 draft conclusions on identification and legal consequences of peremptory norms of general international law (jus cogens) that some subsidiary means, specifically decisions of international courts and tribunals, are even “a subsidiary means for determining the peremptory character of norms of general international law”. |
关于上一点，委员会已经在2022年关于一般国际法强制性规范(强行法)的识别和法律后果的结论草案中确定，一些辅助手段，确切地说是国际性法院和法庭的决定，甚至是“确定一般国际法规范强制性的辅助手段”。 |
| Before reaching that conclusion, the Commission had also concluded – in its work on two other topics that are particularly relevant because they concern the sources in Article 38 of the Statute – that subsidiary means may be used for the identification or determination of rules of customary international law (Article 38, para. 1 (b)) and for general principles of law (Article 38, para. 1 (c)). |
在得出上述结论之前，委员会还在其关于另外两个涉及《规约》第三十八条、因此尤其具有相关性的专题的工作中得出如下结论：辅助手段可用于识别或确定习惯国际法规则(第三十八条第一款(丑)项)和一般法律原则(第三十八条第一款(寅)项)。 |
| (8) |
(8) |
| That the sources of law are distinct from the subsidiary means, but at the same time interact with some of the latter, such as prior judicial decisions, is confirmed by the approach of the International Court of Justice to the application of Article 38 in several cases. |
法律渊源不同于辅助手段，但同时也与一些辅助手段如以往的司法决定相互作用，国际法院在若干案件中适用第三十八条的方式确认了这一点。 |
| For instance, in Military Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America), in resolving the question of the law applicable to that case, the Court cited its prior judgment in the North Sea Continental Shelf cases for the rule that it was required to apply the various “sources of law enumerated in Article 38 of the Statute”, which would include both multilateral treaties, customary law and general international law, even where they overlap. |
例如，在尼加拉瓜境内和针对尼加拉瓜的军事活动案(尼加拉瓜诉美利坚合众国)中，在解决该案的适用法律问题时，法院援引了其之前在各起北海大陆架案中的判决，即它需要适用“《规约》第三十八条列举的各种法律渊源”，包括多边条约、习惯法和一般国际法，即使在它们相重叠的情况下。 |
| In the Continental Shelf (Tunisia/Libya) case, the Court recalled that “[w]hile the Court is, of course, bound to have regard to all the legal sources specified in Article 38, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the Court in determining the relevant principles and rules applicable to the delimitation, it is also bound, in accordance with paragraph 1 (a), of that Article, to apply the provisions of the Special Agreement” and that, referring to the North Sea Continental Shelf judgment, international law required delimitation be effected “in accordance with equitable principles, and taking account of all the relevant circumstances”. |
在大陆架案(突尼斯/利比亚)中，法院回顾指出，“虽然本院在确定适用于划界的相关原则和规则时，当然有义务考虑《国际法院规约》第三十八条第一款规定的所有法律渊源，但根据第三十八条第一款(子)项，本院也有义务适用《特别协定》的规定”，在提到北海大陆架案的判决时，法院指出，国际法要求“按照公平原则并考虑到所有相关情况”进行划界。 |
| (9) |
(9) |
| Similarly, in the Gulf of Maine case, a Chamber of the Court determined that |
同样，在缅因湾案中，国际法院的分庭裁定： |
| the Court, in its reasoning on the matter, must obviously begin by referring to Article 38, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the Court. |
法院在论证此事时，显然必须首先援引《国际法院规约》第三十八条第一款。 |
| For the purpose of the Chamber at the present stage of its reasoning, which is to ascertain the principles and rules of international law which in general govern the subject of maritime delimitation, reference will be made to conventions (Art. 38, para. 1 (a)) and international custom (para. 1 (b)), to the definition of which the judicial decisions (para. 1 (d)) either of the Court or of arbitration tribunals have already made a substantial contribution. |
分庭在现阶段的论证中，目的是确定总体上规管海洋划界事宜的国际法原则和规则，为此将援引公约(第三十八条第一款(子)项)和国际习惯(第一款(丑)项)，对于后者的定义，法院或各仲裁法庭的司法决定(第一款(卯)项)已经作出重要贡献。 |
| [Emphasis added]. |
[强调是后加的] |
| In Maritime Delimitation in the Area between Greenland and Jan Mayen (Denmark v. Norway), the Court examined “the sources listed in Article 38 of the Statute of the Court”, which it found that it “must consider” in relation to “the law applicable to the fishery zone” including its “material” prior decisions in the Gulf of Maine case. |
在格陵兰和扬马延间区域海洋划界案(丹麦诉挪威)中，法院审查了“《国际法院规约》第三十八条列举的渊源”，法院认为，在确定“适用于渔区的法律”时，“必须考虑”这些渊源，包括其之前在缅因湾案中作出的“实质性”决定。 |
| Finally, in Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso/Niger), the Court interpreted Article 38, paragraph 1, in the context of the object of the Special Agreement between the parties and found that it “clearly indicates that the rules and principles mentioned in that provision of the Statute must be applied to any question that it might be necessary for the Court to resolve in order to rule on the dispute”. |
最后，在边界争端案(布基纳法索/尼日尔)中，法院结合当事方之间《特别协定》的目的，解释了第三十八条第一款，认为它“清楚表明，这一《规约》条款提及的规则和原则必须适用于法院在裁定该争端时可能需要解决的任何问题”。 |
| Among those rules the Court found applicable to that case was the principle of the intangibility of boundaries inherited from decolonization (uti possidetis juris), for which the Court referred to prior judgments in Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso/Republic of Mali) and Frontier Dispute (Benin/Niger). |
法院认为适用于该案的规则包括非殖民化遗留边界的不可改变原则(占领地保有原则)，为此，法院援引了其之前在边界争端案(布基纳法索/马里共和国)和边界争端案(贝宁/尼日尔)中的判决。 |
| (10) |
(10) |
| As regards the phrase “for the determination of rules of international law”, the term “determination” comes from Article 38, paragraph 1 (d), of the Statute. |
关于“确定国际法规则”一语，“确定”一词来自《规约》第三十八条第一款(卯)项。 |
| In the view of the Commission, the term could be understood in at least two ways. |
委员会认为，这个词至少可以有两种理解。 |
| First, “determination” has one meaning when considered in its noun form “determination” and another as a verb “determine”. |
首先，“确定”一词作为名词有一种含义，作为动词有另一种含义。 |
| As a noun it can mean “ascertainment” (a means of ascertaining what the rule is, a piece of evidence), whereas the word “determine” as a verb can also mean to “decide” (as will be explained in paragraph (13)). |
作为名词，它可表示“查明”(查明规则是什么的手段、一项证据)，而作为动词，“确定”还可指“决定”(第(13)段将对此作出解释)。 |
| Under the first meaning, “determination” is “limited to a determination in the sense of finding out what is the existing law”. |
在第一种含义下，“确定”“仅限于弄清楚现行法律是什么”。 |
| Such determination would encompass several operations, which may include, depending on the factual context, the identification of a rule or the determination of whether a certain rule exists; |
这种确定将涉及几项行动，取决于实际情况，其中可能包括识别规则或确定特定规则是否存在； |
| and, if it does exist, the content of the rule and its possible application to a specific case. |
如果存在，确定规则的内容及其是否适用于具体案件。 |
| (11) |
(11) |
| For example, the determination process could involve analysis of a particular type of subsidiary means, e.g. a decision of an international court, establishing that an international legal rule exists on a given point in issue. |
例如，这种确定过程可能涉及分析某类辅助手段，如国际性法院的决定，从而确定在某个争议问题上是否存在一项国际法规则。 |
| The rule may be assessed to exist (or not) as any of the sources of international law contained in Article 38, paragraph 1 (a) to (c), namely international conventions or treaties, international custom and general principles of law. |
经评估，可确定这项规则作为第三十八条第一段(子)至(寅)项所载的国际法渊源之一，即国际公约或条约、国际习惯和一般法律原则而存在(或不存在)。 |
| To take the example of treaties, the existence of a given rule may be relatively easy to establish, but the scope of the rule may be contested. |
以条约为例，某项规则的存在可能相对容易确定，但该项规则的范围可能存在争议。 |
| This is where both the source of the rule and the subsidiary means may interact to help solve a practical problem. |
在这方面，规则的渊源和辅助手段可相互作用，从而帮助解决实际问题。 |
| For example, a prior judicial decision, being used as a subsidiary means, might be cited by the parties and the court, since the decision might have already referred to and provided an interpretation of a rule stated in a treaty, such as the principle of the sovereign equality of all States in Article 2, paragraph 1, of the Charter of the United Nations. |
例如，以往的司法决定作为辅助手段使用时，可能被当事方和法院引用，因为该决定可能已经援引了条约中的某项规则并对其作出了某种解释，如《联合国宪章》第二条第一款中的所有国家主权平等原则。 |
| Both the treaty rule, in the example from the Charter, and the prior decision explaining it could then be relevant to resolving the dispute between the parties. |
因此，上述例子中来自《宪章》的条约规则和解释该规则的以往决定都可能有助于解决当事方之间的争端。 |
| (12) |
(12) |
| In other instances, when it comes to the sources of law other than treaties, i.e. customary international law or general principles of law, more analysis will be required of the interaction between the subsidiary means and the source. |
在其他情况下，在涉及条约以外的法律渊源即习惯国际法或一般法律原则时，将需要更多地分析辅助手段和渊源之间的相互作用。 |
| This is because both proof of customary international law and proof of general principles of law each require certain additional legal tests to be fulfilled before the existence and content of the legal rule can be identified. |
这是因为无论是习惯国际法的证明，还是一般法律原则的证明，都需要满足额外的法律标准，才能识别出法律规则的存在和内容。 |
| Irrespective of the source consulted, reference to the prior judicial decision as a subsidiary means does not mean that the latter is the source of the law; |
不论参考的渊源是什么，援引以往司法决定作为辅助手段并不意味着后者是法律渊源； |
| rather, the decision itself may provide evidence of the existence and content of a rule of international law that could then apply. |
它只说明该决定本身可以提供证据，证明一项国际法规则的存在和内容，进而可以适用该规则。 |
| The binding effect of the rule, if and when it is applied, would stem from the treaty, custom or general principle and not the prior judicial decision, since there is no doctrine of judicial precedent (stare decisis) in general international law (as confirmed by Article 59 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice). |
若该规则得到适用，其约束力将来自条约、习惯或一般原则，而非以往的司法决定，因为一般国际法中没有司法先例(依照先例)原则(这一点得到《国际法院规约》第五十九条的确认)。 |
| (13) |
(13) |
| But, in addition to the meaning given in paragraph (10) above, the word “determine” as a verb can also mean to state the law. |
但是，除了上文第(10)段所述的含义外，“确定”一词作为动词还可以表示述明法律。 |
| In some cases, and although as a formal matter Article 59 will continue to apply, the Court simply refers to the rule whose content it determined in previous decisions. |
在一些情况下，虽然从形式上来说，第五十九条将继续适用，但法院往往引用其在以往决定中确定过内容的规则。 |
| In most cases, it may do so without engaging in further analysis to establish whether the rule exists or not, since that could at a later stage be taken as a given, following the prior decision to that effect. |
在大多数情况下，法院在引用时，可不再进一步分析该规则是否存在，因为以往决定已确立该规则存在，以后便可视其为既定事实。 |
| For, after all, in practice, judges – as well as States and their legal representatives for that matter – do not start with a clean slate when they have to resolve a new dispute raising factual and legal issues similar to those already considered. |
毕竟，在实践中，法官和国家及其法律代表在需要解决所涉事实和法律问题与已审议案件类似的新争端时，不会每次都从头开始。 |
| Indeed, prior decisions are “frequently used to identify or elucidate a rule of the law, not to make such a rule, i.e. not so much in the quality of binding precedents as having persuasive influence”. |
以往的司法和仲裁决定“常用于识别或阐明法律规则，而非制定规则，换言之，与其说它们是具有约束力的先例，不如说是具有说服力”。 |
| For reasons of legal security, not only does the Court itself refer to its own prior decisions, it often seeks to explain a prior position that is based on previous decisions or to justify a departure from a prior decision. Conclusion 2 |
出于法律安全的原因， 法院本身不仅会援引其以往的决定，还经常试图解释基于以往决定的先前立场，或者说明偏离以往决定的理由。 |
| Categories of subsidiary means for the determination of rules of international law |
结论2 确定国际法规则的辅助手段的类别 |
| Subsidiary means for the determination of rules of international law include: |
确定国际法规则的辅助手段包括： |
| (a) |
(a) |
| decisions of courts and tribunals; |
法院和法庭的决定； |
| (b) |
(b) |
| teachings; |
学说； |
| (c) |
(c) |
| any other means generally used to assist in determining rules of international law. |
一般用于协助确定国际法规则的任何其他手段。 |
| Commentary |
评注 |
| (1) |
(1) |
| Draft conclusion 2 sets out three main categories of subsidiary means for the determination of rules of international law. These are: the decisions of courts and tribunals; |
结论草案2列出了确定国际法规则的辅助手段的三个主要类别，分别为：法院和法庭的决定； |
| the teachings, in the sense of by those of scholars from the various nations, regions and legal systems of the world; |
世界各国、各地区和各种法律制度下学者的学说； |
| and any other means generally used to assist in determining rules of international law. |
以及一般用于协助确定国际法规则的任何其他手段。 |
| The first two categories are rooted in and largely track the language of Article 38, paragraph 1 (d), of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, with the adjustments discussed below. |
前两个类别源自《国际法院规约》第三十八条第一款(卯)项，大致沿用了其中的措辞，并进行了下文所述的调整。 |
| The third category addresses the fact that there are other means used generally in practice to assist in the determination of the rules of international law. |
第三类辅助手段涉及一个事实，即存在实践中通常用于协助确定国际法规则的其他手段。 |
| Below, the present commentary explains each of these categories in turn, but starts with the chapeau. |
下文的评注从前导句开始，随后依次解释各个类别。 |
| Chapeau of draft conclusion 2 |
结论草案2前导句 |
| (2) |
(2) |
| The chapeau of draft conclusion 2 simply states that “subsidiary means for the determination of rules of international law include”. |
结论草案2前导句简单申明，“确定国际法规则的辅助手段包括”。 |
| In formulating the current chapeau, consideration was given to using the alternative term “including but not limited to,” or to replacing “include” with “can take the form of”, all of which were aimed at confirming the non-exhaustive nature of the categories of subsidiary means mentioned in the draft conclusion. |
在拟订现在的前导句时，曾考虑采用另一种提法，即“包括但不限于”，或将“包括”改为“可采取如下形式”，目的均为确认本条结论草案所述辅助手段类别并非详尽无遗。 |
| In the end, the Commission decided to use simply the term “include”, at the end of the sentence, as it was sufficiently clear and general. |
最后，委员会决定在句尾只使用“包括”一词，因为这已经足够清楚和宽泛。 |
| Substantively, as already indicated earlier, the point of departure for the chapeau is that the list of subsidiary means contained in Article 38, paragraph 1 (d), of the Statute is not exhaustive and those means have broader relevance because they are part and parcel of customary international law. |
从实质上讲，如上文所述，前导句的出发点是，《规约》第三十八条第一款(卯)项所载辅助手段清单并非详尽无遗，这些手段具有更广的相关性，因为它们是习惯国际法不可分割的一部分。 |
| (3) |
(3) |
| The first two categories, set out in draft conclusion 2, subparagraphs (a) and (b), are rooted in Article 38, paragraph 1 (d), of the Statute of the Court, which refers to “judicial decisions” and the “teachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations” as subsidiary means for the determination of rules of law. |
结论草案2(a)分段和(b)分段所述的前两个类别源自《国际法院规约》第三十八条第一款(卯)项，其中提到“司法判例”和“各国权威最高之公法学家学说”是确定法律规则的辅助手段。 |
| Those formulations were shortened to refer to “decisions of courts and tribunals” and then “teachings”. |
上述措辞被缩短为“法院和法庭的决定”和“学说”。 |
| Then there is the third category of “any other means”. |
此外，还有第三个类别，即“任何其他手段”。 |
| The latter encompasses other subsidiary means that are not expressly mentioned in Article 38, but that have emerged in practice to also perform an auxiliary or assistive role in the determination of the rules of international law. |
后者包括第三十八条未明确提及但实践中已经出现、在确定国际法规则过程中同样起到辅助和协助作用的辅助手段。 |
| That there is a third category of means described as subsidiary is captured in two senses: first, by the use of the term “include” at the end of the chapeau and, second and more substantively, by the inclusion of a paragraph (c) which anticipates the existence of a more open-ended category of any other subsidiary means. |
存在第三类辅助手段这一点通过两处地方点明：第一，在前导句末尾使用“包括”一词； 第二，更实质性的是，通过纳入(c)分段，指出存在一个更具开放性的类别，即“任何其他辅助手段”。 |
| Subparagraph (a) – decisions of courts and tribunals |
(a)分段――法院和法庭的决定 |
| (4) |
(4) |
| Subparagraph (a) recognizes the first category of subsidiary means as being comprised of “decisions of courts and tribunals”. |
(a)分段确认，第一类辅助手段由“法院和法庭的决定”组成。 |
| Consistent with its prior work addressing the subsidiary means, the Commission decided to delete the qualifying word “judicial” in favour of the much broader formulation “decisions of courts and tribunals”. |
与其以往涉及辅助手段的工作成果 保持一致，委员会决定删除限定词“judicial(司法)”，采用含义更广的措辞，即“decisions of courts and tribunals(法院和法庭的决定)”。 |
| This was intended to ensure that a wider set of decisions from a variety of bodies could be covered by the present draft conclusions. |
此举旨在确保本结论草案能够涵盖范围更广的各类机构决定。 |
| The view was expressed, however, that the much narrower formulation “judicial decisions”, which mirrors the exact term in Article 38, paragraph 1 (d), of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, was preferable to the broader formulation “decisions of courts and tribunals” that was adopted. |
不过，有人提出，完全照搬《国际法院规约》第三十八条第一款(卯)项中的措辞，采用含义更窄的“judicial decisions(司法决定)”一词，比现在采用的广义措辞即“法院和法庭的决定”更可取。 |
| (5) |
(5) |
| Article 38, paragraph 1 (d), of the Statute of the International Court of Justice expressly mentions “judicial decisions” as being among the subsidiary means for the determination of rules of international law. |
《国际法院规约》第三十八条第一款(卯)项明确提到，“judicial decisions(司法判例)”是确定国际法规则的辅助手段之一。 |
| It is not immediately apparent from an examination of the Charter of the United Nations (Chapter XIV), the Statute, the secondary documents of the Court (for example, the Rules of Court or the Practice Directions) or the jurisprudence of the Court that they contain any explicit definitions of the term “judicial decisions”. |
审查《联合国宪章》(第十四章)、《规约》、国际法院的次要文件(例如《法院规则》或《程序指示》)或国际法院的判例，并不能立即看出其中载有“judicial decisions”一词的任何明确定义。 |
| Questions have arisen in practice and in the present topic concerning the meaning and scope of the term “judicial decisions”. |
在实践和本专题中，关于“judicial decisions”一词的含义和范围，是有疑问的。 |
| That is why the Commission ultimately settled on the broader term “decisions of courts and tribunals” here, as it has done in other prior topics. |
因此，委员会最终决定与以往其他专题保持一致，在此处采用“法院和法庭的决定”这一更宽泛的用语。 |
| (6) |
(6) |
| The term “decisions” refers to a judgment, decision or determination by a court of law or a body of persons or institution, as part of a process of adjudication with a view to bringing to an end a controversy or settling a matter. |
“decisions(决定)”一词应理解为法院或个人团体或机构在为了结束争议或解决问题而进行的裁决过程中作出的判决、决定或裁定。 |
| While normally such a decision, especially a judicial one, would be issued by a court of law, such as the International Court of Justice or other international or national courts, it may also be issued by another type of appropriate adjudicative body. |
虽然这种决定，尤其是司法决定，通常将由法院作出，如国际法院或其他国际性法院或国内法院，但也有可能由其他类的适当裁决机构作出。 |
| Relatedly, as regards the decisions of the International Court of Justice or other international courts, it should be clarified that decisions would include not just final judgments rendered by a court, but also advisory opinions and any orders issued as part of incidental or interlocutory proceedings. |
与此有关的是，对于国际法院或其他国际性法院的决定，应当澄清，这些决定不仅包括法院下达的最终判决，还包括咨询意见和任何其他在附带程序或中间程序中下达的命令。 |
| The latter would include orders on provisional measures issued by international courts and tribunals. |
后者将包括国际性法院和法庭下达的临时措施命令。 |
| The term “decisions”, understood in a broad sense, includes those taken under individual complaints procedures of State-created treaty bodies, such as the Human Rights Committee. |
从广义上理解，“decisions”一词包括国家创设的条约机构如人权事务委员会依个人来文程序作出的决定。 |
| Thus, instead of the term “judicial decisions”, which is found in Article 38, paragraph 1 (d), of the Statute, the Commission, consistent with its prior work, selected the broader term “decisions”, the merit of which is to encompass decisions issued by a wider range of bodies. |
因此，委员会与其以往的工作成果保持一致，选用了含义较广的“decisions”一词，而不是《规约》第三十八条第一款(卯)项中的“judicial decisions”，其好处在于涵盖各类机构下达的决定。 |
| (7) |
(7) |
| The term “courts and tribunals” should generally be understood broadly. |
“法院和法庭”一语一般应作广义理解。 |
| It encompasses both international courts and tribunals and national courts or, as they are sometimes referred to, municipal courts. |
它既包括国际性法院和法庭，也包括国内法院(national courts, 有时称municipal courts)。 |
| The broad meaning captures, for example, the International Court of Justice, the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, the ad hoc International Criminal Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda, the Special Court for Sierra Leone, the Special Tribunal for Lebanon and the dispute settlement bodies of the World Trade Organization as well as investment tribunals. |
广义上，它包括国际法院、国际海洋法法庭、前南斯拉夫问题特设国际刑事法庭和卢旺达问题特设国际刑事法庭、塞拉利昂问题特别法庭、黎巴嫩问题特别法庭和世界贸易组织的争端解决机构以及投资法庭等。 |
| Reference to courts and tribunals would also encompass regional judicial bodies, such as the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights, the Court of Justice of the European Union, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Court of Justice, the European Court of Human Rights and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. |
提及法院和法庭时，还包括区域司法机构，如非洲人权和民族权法院、欧洲联盟法院、西非国家经济共同体(西非经共体)法院、欧洲人权法院和美洲人权法院。 |
| (8) |
(8) |
| For reasons of clarity, although this point will be elaborated in later draft conclusions, national courts means the courts or tribunals that may operate within a domestic legal system. |
为明确起见，虽然将在后面的结论草案中详细阐述，但国内法院是指可在国内法律体系内运作的法院或法庭。 |
| They usually operate on the basis of national law: this includes some, but not all, of the so-called “hybrid” courts with mixed subject-matter jurisdiction and composition. |
它们通常根据国内法运作：这包括一些但不是所有的所谓“混合”法院，其属事管辖权和组成情况具有混合性。 |
| Here, it can be noted that national court decisions perform a dual function in the sense that, in addition to serving as subsidiary means, they can be also indications of State practice and a basis for finding opinio juris or to determine the existence of a principle common to the various legal systems. |
在此，可以指出，国内法院的决定起到双重作用，除了作为辅助手段，还可能是国家实践的表现，可作为认定法律确信或确定存在不同法律体系共同原则的依据。 |
| In the conclusions on identification of customary international law, for example, the Commission observed that State practice consisted of the conduct of the State, whether in the exercise of its executive, legislative, judicial or other functions. |
例如，在关于习惯国际法的识别的结论中，委员会指出，国家实践由国家行为构成，不论该行为是行使行政、立法、司法职能，还是行使其他职能。 |
| Importantly, they could also, as already indicated above, be a form of subsidiary means. |
重要的是，如上文所述，它们也可以是一种辅助手段。 |
| Their findings, especially on questions relating to international law, may prove to be valuable. |
国内法院的裁决，尤其是关于国际法问题的裁决，可能具有价值。 |
| (9) |
(9) |
| The extensive practice of using decisions of international and national courts and tribunals as subsidiary means for the determination of rules of international law will be further elaborated upon in future draft conclusions, starting with draft conclusion 4. |
使用国际性和国内法院及法庭的决定作为确定国际法规则的辅助手段是广泛存在的实践，将在结论草案4和今后的结论草案中进一步详细阐述。 |
| Subparagraph (b) – teachings |
(b)分段――学说 |
| (10) |
(10) |
| Article 38, paragraph 1 (d), of the Statute directs the Court to apply “the teachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations, as subsidiary means for the determination of rules of law”. |
《规约》第三十八条第一款(卯)项指示国际法院适用“各国权威最高之公法学家学说，作为确定法律原则之补助资料者”。 |
| Like the category of “decisions of courts and tribunals”, which forms subparagraph (a) of draft conclusion 2, neither the Charter of the United Nations (Chapter XIV), the Statute nor the secondary documents of the Court (in particular the Rules of Court or the Practice Directions), contain any definition of the term “teachings”. |
与结论草案2(a)分段中的类别即“法院和法庭的决定”一样，《联合国宪章》(第十四章)、《规约》和法院的次要文件(《法院规则》或《程序指示》)都没有规定“学说”的定义。 |
| Neither the Court nor the Permanent Court of International Justice have defined the term “teachings” as a category in their practice. |
国际法院和常设国际法院在实践中均未将学说界定为一个类别。 |
| It would therefore seem useful to briefly examine the ordinary meaning of the term. |
因此，简要审查这个词的常见含义是有益的。 |
| (11) |
(11) |
| In the present draft conclusions, and as will be further explained in draft conclusion 5, the Commission decided to use the term “teachings” to describe the second well-established category of subsidiary means. |
在本结论草案中，如将在结论草案5中所进一步解释的，委员会决定使用“学说”一词来描述第二种既定辅助手段类别。 |
| The Commission debated the possibility of using the “most highly qualified publicists” reference contained in Article 38, paragraph 1 (d). |
委员会讨论了是否可以使用第三十八条第一款(卯)项所载的“权威最高之公法学家”这一提法。 |
| The formulation was found to be a historically and geographically charged notion that could be considered elitist. |
该提法被认为是一个充满历史和地域色彩的概念，可能被视为精英主义。 |
| It was also felt that it focused too heavily on the status of the individual as an author as opposed to the scientific quality of the individual’s work, which ought to be the primary consideration. |
还有人认为，它过于关注作者个人的身份，而非此人工作成果的科学质量，而后者应成为主要考量因素。 |
| The view was, however, expressed that the formulation “the teachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations”, which mirrors the exact phrase used in Article 38, paragraph 1 (d), of the Statute of the Court, was preferable to the succinct formulation “teachings”. |
但是，也有人表示，照搬《国际法院规约》第三十八条第一款(卯)项中的措辞，即“各国权威最高之公法学家学说”，比简洁的“学说”一词更可取。 |
| (12) |
(12) |
| In draft conclusion 2, the reference to teachings is not just to any teachings, but those that may be considered as originating from either individual or groups of scholars that are eminent in the sense of being among the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations. |
在结论草案2中，学说并非指随便一种学说，而是某个或某组著名学者(即各国权威最高之公法学家)的学说。 |
| Special attention should be given to the works of those considered prominent in their fields. |
应特别注意各个领域知名学者的著作。 |
| That said, as indicated above, while the reputation of the author of the work may provide a useful indication of quality, it should also be stressed that it is ultimately the quality of the particular writing that is more important. |
尽管如此，如上所述，虽然作者的声望可能是有益的质量指标，但还应强调，归根结底，更加重要的是著作的质量。 |
| (13) |
(13) |
| The term “teachings,” both in its ordinary meaning and in the form of its synonyms, is evidently a broad category. |
“学说”一词无论从其常见含义还是同义词来说，都显然是一个宽泛的类别。 |
| Its meaning encompasses written works as well as lectures. |
它的含义涵盖文字著作和讲座。 |
| This meaning may be the immediate one that comes to mind, when one hears a reference to teachings, but the term need not be understood so narrowly. |
一个人听到“学说”一词时，会立刻想到这层含义，但不需要如此狭隘地理解这个词。 |
| In fact, it is best understood more broadly given the possibilities that technological advancements may offer. |
事实上，考虑到技术进步带来的可能性，最好更广义地理解这个词。 |
| Indeed, in its prior work, the Commission has determined that both “teachings” or “writings” are “to be understood in a broad sense”. |
确实，委员会在其先前的工作成果中已确定，“学说”或“著作”都应作广义理解。 |
| The Commission also considered that the category would include “teachings in non-written form, such as lectures and audiovisual materials”. |
委员会还认为，这个类别包括“非书面形式的学说，如讲座和视听材料”。 |
| Thus, it can be concluded that teachings are comprised of writings or doctrine, as well as recorded lectures and audiovisual materials and, for that matter, materials in any other format for dissemination, including those which might be developed in the future. |
因此，可以得出结论认为，学说包括著作或理论、录制的讲座和视听材料，以及用于传播的任何其他形式材料，包括未来可能发展出来的材料。 |
| (14) |
(14) |
| As in the case of subparagraph (a), which addresses decisions of courts and tribunals and is further elaborated upon in draft conclusion 4, the nature of and the need for representativeness of teachings in terms of the various legal systems and regions of the world will be elaborated upon in future draft conclusions, starting with draft conclusion 5. |
(a)分段涉及法院和法庭的决定，结论草案4对此作了进一步阐述，从结论草案5开始，今后的结论草案将阐述学说的性质和代表世界不同法律体系和地区的必要性。 |
| That draft conclusion makes clear that teachings would include the works of individual scholars, especially – as the drafting history of Article 38, paragraph 1 (d), confirms – the coinciding views of such scholars or doctrine. |
结论草案5明确指出，学说将包括学者个人的著作，特别是这些学者或理论的一致观点，这一点得到了第三十八条第一款(卯)项起草历史的确认。 |
| The coinciding views of scholars is not a requirement that there be scholarly consensus, assuming that were even possible. |
即使假设学术共识是有可能达成的，学者的一致观点也不要求达成学术共识。 |
| However, where there appears to be a general trend evident from a review of a diverse and representative body of scholarly works, such trend would likely be a reliable indication, on balance, that those views are more likely to be accurate. |
不过，在审查具有多样性和代表性的学术著作后，若能够明显看出存在总体趋势，这种趋势总体上可能是这些观点大概率正确的可靠指标。 |
| This is particularly the case where the general views follow objective individual assessments by the authors concerned. |
若普遍观点与所涉作者独立客观评估的结果一致，情况更是如此。 |
| They would also include the works of private expert bodies such as the Institute of International Law and the International Law Association. |
学说还包括国际法学会和国际法协会等私人专家机构的工作成果。 |
| Texts produced by State-empowered bodies, such as the Commission, may be considered separate from the “teachings of publicists”. |
国家授权的机构如国际法委员会所编写的案文可区别于“公法学家学说”。 |
| Their texts are produced under the auspices of official institutions and may reflect the involvement of States and or their representatives in the work. |
其案文是在官方机构的支持下编写的，可能反映了国家和/或国家代表对委员会工作的参与。 |
| This makes them different from the “teachings of publicists”. |
因此，它们不同于“公法学家学说”。 |
| The Commission will elaborate on this matter in future draft conclusions. |
委员会将在今后的结论草案中详细阐述这一问题。 |
| Subparagraph (c) – any other means generally used to assist in determining rules of international law |
(c)分段――一般用于协助确定国际法规则的任何其他手段 |
| (15) |
(15) |
| Subparagraph (c) of draft conclusion 2 provides for the third category of subsidiary means when it states that subsidiary means for the determination of rules of international law include “any other means generally used to assist in determining rules of international law”. |
结论草案2(c)分段规定了第三类辅助手段，指出确定国际法规则的辅助手段包括“一般用于协助确定国际法规则的任何其他手段”。 |
| While various candidates that could be included in the “any other means” category emerge from practice and the literature, the key ones may include the works of expert bodies and resolutions/decisions of international organizations, as explained elsewhere. |
虽然在实践和文献中有很多候选者可纳入“任何其他手段”类别，但最关键的可能包括专家机构的工作成果和国际组织的决议/决定，对此别处已有解释。 |
| The view was expressed that this subparagraph is best understood in the light of future work on the question of additional subsidiary means. |
这些候选者将在今后的结论中加以审查。 有人认为，最好是根据今后关于其他辅助手段问题的工作来理解本分段。 |
| (16) |
(16) |
| Alternatives for subparagraph (c) were considered, ranging from formulating an illustrative list of subsidiary means to simply leaving a placeholder as an indication that text would be included in the future. |
委员会审议了(c)分段的其他备选案文，包括制定辅助手段的示意性清单，或留下空白，以表示未来将纳入案文。 |
| Regarding the illustrative list of additional subsidiary means, express mention was made to the works of expert bodies and the resolutions or decisions of international organizations. |
关于其他辅助手段示例清单，有人明确提及专家机构的工作成果和国际组织的决议或决定。 |
| After a thorough deliberation, taking into account the various positions, the Commission settled on referring in general terms to “any other means generally used to assist in determining rules of international law”. |
委员会经过全面审议，在考虑到各种立场后，决定采用“一般用于协助确定国际法规则的任何其他手段”这一笼统提法。 |
| That formulation was thought sufficiently broad to allow for further elaboration of its contents in future draft conclusions and the commentaries thereto. |
委员会认为这一提法足够宽泛，为在今后的结论草案及其评注中进一步阐述其内容留下空间。 |
| Express mention was made of the need to have separate and additional draft conclusions addressing the works of expert bodies especially those created by States, which found broad support for inclusion. |
有人明确提到，需要有单独的其他结论草案述及专家机构，特别是各国所设专家机构的工作成果，纳入这些结论草案的提议得到了广泛支持。 |
| The categories mentioned would also accord with the prior work of the Commission in several topics completed since 2018. |
所提到的类别也与委员会在2018年以来完成的几个专题中所采用的做法一致。 |
| (17) |
(17) |
| The role of the works of expert bodies and other entities has been examined by the Commission in its recent work on other topics: “Identification of customary international law” (specifically conclusions 13 on decisions of courts and tribunals and 14 on teachings), “Subsequent agreements and subsequent practice in relation to the interpretation of treaties” (conclusion 13 on pronouncements of expert treaty bodies), “General principles of law” (draft conclusions 8 on decisions of courts and tribunals and 9 on teachings) and “Peremptory norms of general international law (jus cogens)” (draft conclusion 9 on subsidiary means for the determination of the peremptory character of norms of general international law – addressing both judicial decisions, teachings and the works of expert bodies). |
委员会在近期关于下列专题的工作中审查了专家机构和其他实体工作成果的作用：“习惯国际法的识别”(特别是关于法院和法庭的判决的结论13和关于学说的结论14)； “与条约解释相关的嗣后协定和嗣后实践”(关于专家条约机构的声明的结论13)； “一般法律原则”(关于法院和法庭的决定的结论草案8和关于学说的结论草案9)； |
| However, there is a need to further assess to what extent they can specifically contribute as subsidiary means for the determination of rules of international law in the context of the present draft conclusions. |
以及“一般国际法强制性规范(强行法)”(关于确定一般国际法规范强制性的辅助手段的结论草案9――其中既涉及司法决定、学说，也涉及专家机构的工作成果)。 |
| (18) The Commission has left the third category open in order not to foreclose the possibility of other subsidiary means, which may not be in widespread use now or that are in use but left out of the work on the present topic, from being covered by the present draft conclusions as the work develops. |
然而，有必要在本结论草案的背景下，进一步评估它们作为确定国际法规则的辅助手段，能在多大程度上做出具体贡献。 (18) 委员会维持第三类的开放性，是为了保留随着工作的推进本结论草案涵盖其他辅助手段的可能性，这些辅助手段现在可能尚未广泛使用，或已经在使用但被关于本专题的工作遗漏。 |
| Still, it did consider it prudent to add the qualifier “generally”, to indicate that a degree of qualification or usage in practice was needed. |
不过，委员会确实认为，为谨慎起见，应加入限定词“一般”，以表示需要满足一定标准，或在实践中的使用需要达到一定水平。 |
| The goal is to make clear that not just any subsidiary means would qualify. |
其目的是明确指出，并非任何辅助手段都满足标准。 |
| It is those that are generally used, including by courts and tribunals. |
需要是一般使用，包括法院和法庭一般使用的辅助手段。 |
| Specifically, the use of the term “generally” conveys that a particular material used on a single occasion as a subsidiary means by one specific court or tribunal would not automatically become a subsidiary means more generally. |
具体而言，使用“一般”一词表明，被某个法院或法庭单次用作辅助手段的某一材料不会自动成为一般意义上的辅助手段。 |
| (19) |
(19) |
| Finally, subparagraph (c) alluded to the role of subsidiary means, namely “to assist” in determining the rules of international law. |
最后，(c)分段提到辅助手段的作用，即“协助”确定国际法规则。 |
| This may raise the question of the function of the traditional and additional subsidiary means, which will be the subject of a future draft conclusion, much as was the case in the topic “General principles of law”. |
这可能会引起关于传统的其他辅助手段起到什么作用的问题，就像“一般法律原则”专题一样，这一问题将在今后的一条结论草案中阐述。 |
| At this stage, the formulation “to assist” was introduced to foreshadow some of the elements that could be helpful in both identifying possible candidates for other subsidiary means and emphasizing their auxiliary function. Conclusion 3 |
在现阶段采用“协助”一词，是为了进行铺垫，便于以后阐述可能有助于识别其他辅助手段的潜在候选者和强调其辅助作用的一些要素。 |
| General criteria for the assessment of subsidiary means for the determination of rules of international law |
结论3 确定国际法规则的辅助手段的一般评估标准 |
| When assessing the weight of subsidiary means for the determination of rules of international law, regard should be had to, inter alia: |
在评估确定国际法规则的辅助手段的权重时，除其他外，应当考虑到： |
| (a) |
(a) |
| their degree of representativeness; |
其代表性的程度； |
| (b) |
(b) |
| the quality of the reasoning; |
论证的质量； |
| (c) |
(c) |
| the expertise of those involved; |
有关人员的专门知识； |
| (d) |
(d) |
| the level of agreement among those involved; |
有关人员之间的一致程度； |
| (e) |
(e) |
| the reception by States and other entities; |
各国和其他实体的接受情况； |
| (f) |
(f) |
| where applicable, the mandate conferred on the body. |
在适用的情况下，赋予该机构的任务。 |
| Commentary |
评注 |
| (1) |
(1) |
| Draft conclusion 3, which concerns the general criteria for assessing subsidiary means for the determination of rules of international law, seeks to provide guidance to assess the weight to be given to those means. |
结论草案3涉及确定国际法规则的辅助手段的一般评估标准，力求为评估这些手段的权重提供指引。 |
| Chapeau of draft conclusion 3 |
结论草案3前导句 |
| (2) |
(2) |
| The chapeau of draft conclusion 3 provides that reference should be made to various factors when assessing the weight of subsidiary means as part of the determination of rules of international law. |
结论草案3的前导句规定，在评估确定国际法规则的辅助手段的权重时，应考虑到各种因素。 |
| Different subsidiary means will have varying levels of “weight”. |
不同的辅助手段将具有不同程度的“权重”。 |
| These may also vary between fields of international law, in the sense that one subsidiary means may have different weight in different contexts. |
不同国际法领域之间可能也有差异，即同一辅助手段在不同背景下可能具有不同的权重。 |
| For example, decisions by one international court or tribunal usually have great significance to that court or tribunal itself, but they may be considered less important by another, which may instead give priority to its own decisions. |
例如，一个国际性法院或法庭的决定通常对该法院或法庭非常重要，但另一个法院或法庭可能认为没那么重要，可能会优先考虑自身的决定。 |
| (3) |
(3) |
| The six criteria are to be used as general factors for determining the relative weight to be given to materials that are already considered subsidiary means under one of the categories identified in draft conclusion 2. |
这六项标准作为一般因素，用于确定已经被认为属于结论草案2所述辅助手段类别之一的材料应获得的相对权重。 |
| They are not intended for determining whether a particular material is to be considered a subsidiary means within the meaning of the draft conclusions as a whole. |
这些标准不用于确定某一材料是否应视为本结论草案总体意义上的辅助手段。 |
| This point is made explicit in the chapeau. |
这一点在前导句中已经明确。 |
| The factors listed in the draft conclusion, which have been explained in previous works of the Commission, are therefore possible elements contributing to assessing the weight to be given to subsidiary means, and the use of those elements would be dependent on the circumstances under which they are being used. |
因此，本条结论草案所列因素(委员会在先前工作中已有解释)是可能有助于评估辅助手段权重的因素，这些因素的使用将取决于具体情况。 |
| The provision sets out the criteria in subparagraphs to enhance readability and help clarify that not all factors would be applicable to all the categories of subsidiary means. |
本条结论草案在各分段中列出了标准，以提升可读性，帮助澄清并非所有因素都适用于所有类别的辅助手段。 |
| Instead, which factors would be relevant, and to what extent, would depend on the specific subsidiary means in question and the prevailing circumstances. |
相反，哪些因素具有相关性，具有多大的相关性，将取决于所涉辅助手段本身和具体情况。 |
| The view was nonetheless expressed that there may be insufficient practice supporting these criteria at this stage of the topic or that listing the factors risks being seen as a theoretical exercise. |
不过，有人认为，在本专题的现阶段，支持这些标准的实践不充分，或列举这些因素有被视为一项理论研究的风险。 |
| (4) |
(4) |
| The applicability of the rule is confirmed by the phrase stating that “regard should be had to, inter alia” in the chapeau of draft conclusion 3. |
结论草案3前导句中的“除其他外，应当考虑到”一语确认了该规则的适用性。 |
| Two elements are worth stressing. |
有两点值得强调。 |
| First, the use of the term “should” indicates that reference to the criteria is not mandatory, although in many cases, it would plainly be desirable. |
第一，使用“应当”一词表明，不强制参考这些标准，虽然在很多情况下，这样做明显是可取的。 |
| The idea is to signal that what follows is not meant to be a prescriptive statement or to establish an obligation to use a particular subsidiary means. |
这里的目的是要表明，后文无意成为硬性规定，也无意确立使用特定辅助手段的义务。 |
| Second, the use of the term “inter alia”, was also intended to convey that the list of criteria encompassed those that would likely be the most frequently encountered and could serve as a useful guide, but were illustrative instead of exhaustive. |
第二，使用“除其他外”一词也是为了表明，所列标准包含可能最经常遇到、可作为有益指导的标准，但只作示例，并非详尽无遗。 |
| Subparagraph (a) – their degree of representativeness |
(a)分段――其代表性的程度 |
| (5) |
(5) |
| Subparagraph (a) refers to the degree of representativeness of the materials being used as subsidiary means. |
(a)分段提到用作辅助手段的材料的代表性程度。 |
| This criterion entails, inter alia, that in assessing subsidiary means, recourse should be had to the decisions of courts and tribunals, teachings and any other subsidiary means from various regions or legal systems. |
这一标准除其他外，要求在评估辅助手段时，应参考法院和法庭的决定、学说以及不同地区或法律体系的任何其他辅助手段。 |
| This criterion should be applied flexibly if the rules of international law under consideration are bilateral or regional in nature. |
如果审议中的国际法规则具有双边性或区域性，则应灵活适用这一标准。 |
| In such cases, the focus would instead be on the content and degree of specialization of the subsidiary means used to aid in the determination of the rules in question. |
在这种情况下，重点将放在用于协助确定所涉规则的辅助手段的内容和专业程度上。 |
| This is an example of a flexible application of the criteria identified in draft conclusion 3. |
这正是灵活适用结论草案3所述标准的例子。 |
| Subparagraph (b) – the quality of the reasoning |
(b)分段――论证的质量 |
| (6) |
(6) |
| Subparagraph (b) refers to the quality of the reasoning. |
(b)分段提及论证的质量。 |
| The Commission considered that such criterion should prevail over the renown of the author in the case of teachings. |
委员会认为，就学说而言，论证的质量应高于作者的声望。 |
| At the same time, the criterion is subjective and not necessarily applicable to all subsidiary means. |
同时，这一标准具有主观性，不一定适用于所有辅助手段。 |
| For example, on the one hand, the quality of the reasoning of a judicial decision or the pronouncement of an expert body may usefully be assessed. |
例如，一方面，评估司法决定或专家机构声明的论证质量可能是有益的； |
| On the other hand, it might be less relevant when examining certain other materials. |
另一方面，在审查某些其他材料时，论证的质量可能不太相关。 |
| Subparagraph (c) – the expertise of those involved |
(c)分段――有关人员的专门知识 |
| (7) |
(7) |
| Subparagraph (c) refers to the level of expertise of those involved. |
(c)分段提及有关人员的专门知识水平。 |
| The Commission was of the view that, similarly to subparagraph (b), this criterion referred to the background and the qualifications of those involved in relation to the topic, which should demonstrate expertise on the subject matter in a number of ways, rather than focusing exclusively on the renown or academic titles of the particular author or actors. |
委员会认为，与(b)分段类似，这一标准指有关人员在所涉主题上的背景和资历，应通过若干方式展现出在该主题上的专门知识，而非只关注某个作者或行为体的声望或学术头衔。 |
| The expertise of the individuals involved in drafting a text is also mentioned by the Commission in the conclusions on identification of customary international law as a factor influencing the “value” of “the output of international bodies engaged in the codification and development of international law”. |
委员会在关于习惯国际法的识别的结论中，也提及参与起草案文的个人的专门知识，认为这个因素会影响到“参与编纂和发展国际法的国际机构的工作成果”的“价值”。 |
| This too is suggested by the Commission in its previous work and is considered by individual judges of the International Court of Justice when applying the teachings of publicists. |
这一点在委员会先前的工作中也有提到，并在国际法院法官适用公法学家的学说时得到考虑。 |
| Subparagraph (d) – the level of agreement among those involved |
(d)分段――有关人员之间的一致程度 |
| (8) |
(8) |
| Subparagraph (d) lists the level of agreement of those involved. |
(d)分段提及有关人员之间的一致程度。 |
| This criterion is meant to refer to the internal consensus when a decision was made or among the authors of a text. |
这一标准指在作出决定时或在案文作者之间达成的内部共识。 |
| Once again, such criterion would need to be applied flexibly. |
同样，这一标准需要灵活适用。 |
| Accordingly, evaluating the level of agreement could be most appropriate when considering teachings, where the level of convergence among scholars in relation to a specific point of law would be of significance. |
因此，评估一致程度可能最适宜在考虑学说时进行，学者之间在某一法律问题上的一致程度很重要。 |
| (9) |
(9) |
| The level of agreement may reflect in the coinciding views of individual scholars, which is not a requirement that there be scholarly consensus, assuming that were even possible. |
一致程度可能反映在学者个人的一致观点中，即使假设学术共识是有可能达成的，学者的一致观点也不要求达成学术共识。 |
| However, where there appears to be a general trend evident from a review of a diverse and representative body of scholarly works, such trend would likely be a reliable indication, on balance, that those views are more likely to be correct. |
不过，在审查具有多样性和代表性的学术著作后，若能够明显看出存在总体趋势，这种趋势总体上可能是这些观点大概率正确的可靠指标。 |
| This is particularly the case where the general views follow objective individual assessments by the authors concerned. |
若普遍观点与所涉作者独立客观评估的结果一致，情况更是如此。 |
| (10) |
(10) |
| The Commission has previously noted “support ... within the body” as a factor influencing the “value” of “[t]he output of international bodies engaged in the codification and development of international law” in its conclusions on identification of customary international law. |
委员会以前在关于习惯国际法的识别的结论中指出，“在机构内部获得的支持”是一个影响到“参与编纂和发展国际法的国际机构的工作成果”的“价值”的因素。 |
| A high level of agreement may be particularly significant if the concurring persons represent different geographical regions or legal systems. |
如果持相同观点者代表不同地理区域或法律体系，较高的一致程度可能具有尤其重要的意义。 |
| Subparagraph (e) – the reception by States and other entities |
(e)分段――各国和其他实体的接受情况 |
| (11) |
(11) |
| An external component is addressed in subparagraph (e): the reception by States and other entities. |
(e)分段述及一项外部因素：各国和其他实体的接受情况。 |
| It should be noted that, even when there is a measure of consensus among those who participated in producing a particular work or decision, the outcome can be subject to external criticism. |
应当指出，即便参与编写某一工作成果或作出某一决定的人达成了一定程度的共识，其成果仍可能受到外部批评。 |
| The reactions and views of others in the field are also indications of how well received, or not, a particular subsidiary means might be. |
该领域内其他人的反应和意见也可表明某一辅助手段受到多大程度的好评，或是否受到好评。 |
| In other words, the external component is the reaction after the decision was made: “[t]he reception of the output by States and others”, i.e. the level of agreement outside the relevant body (this was also mentioned by the Commission in the conclusions on identification of customary international law). |
换言之，这项外部因素是决定作出后的反应：“各国和其他各方的认可程度”，即有关机构外部的认可程度(这在委员会关于习惯国际法的识别的结论中也有提及)。 |
| The Commission has suggested that its own output “merits special consideration” in part due to its “close relationship with the General Assembly and States”, but that its value depends “above all upon States’ reception of its output”. |
委员会指出，其工作成果“应得到特殊考虑”，一部分原因是它“与联大和各国的紧密联系”，但其价值“最重要的是取决于各国对其工作成果的接受程度”。 |
| Subparagraph (f) – where applicable, mandate conferred on the body |
(f)分段――在适用的情况下，赋予该机构的任务 |
| (12) |
(12) |
| Finally, subparagraph (f) refers to the significance of the mandate conferred on the body that took the decision being assessed. |
最后，(f)分段指出，作出所述决定的机构的任务授权很重要。 |
| The opening qualifier “where applicable” was included to make it clear that what is being referred to are those situations where the subsidiary means being assessed were produced by a body operating under an official or intergovernmental mandate, such as human rights treaty bodies, or certain expert bodies, like the International Law Commission. |
开头纳入限定词“在适用的情况下”，旨在明确这里所指的情况是所述辅助手段来自承担官方或政府间任务的机构，如人权条约组织或特定专家机构，包括国际法委员会。 |
| In its previous work on the identification and legal consequences of peremptory norms of general international law (jus cogens), the Commission described such entities as being “established by States or international organizations” and further clarified that they would encompass both the organs created by such entities and their subsidiary organs. |
委员会在先前关于一般国际法强制性规范(强行法)的识别和法律后果的工作中，将这类机构描述为“各国和国际组织设立的机构”，并进一步澄清说，它们包括此类机构设立的机关及其附属机构。 |
| (13) |
(13) |
| This criterion is useful in assessing whether particular regard should be had to decisions of a particular court and, if so, whether to give it greater weight: for example, because it is a specialist tribunal with particular competence, such as the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea in relation to the law of the sea; the International Criminal Court in relation to matters of international criminal law; or the Dispute Settlement Body of the World Trade Organization in relation to matters of international trade law. |
这一标准有助于评估是否应对某一法院的决定给予特殊考虑，如果是的话，是否应给予该法院更大的权重：例如，因为它是有特定权限的专门法庭，如国际海洋法法庭在海洋法方面、国际刑事法院在国际刑法事宜方面或世界贸易组织争端解决机构在国际贸易法事宜方面的特定权限。 |
| In any event, the criterion in question is not necessarily meant to apply to the works of purely private expert bodies, such as the Institute of International Law or the International Law Association. |
无论如何，这一标准不一定意在适用于纯私人机构如国际法学会或国际法协会的工作成果。 |
| This is not, however, to imply that the “works of expert bodies without an intergovernmental mandate are irrelevant”. |
然而，这并不意味着“没有政府间任务授权的专家机构的工作成果无关紧要”。 |
| It is only to indicate that those works are necessarily going to be treated differently from those created by States or international organizations. |
这只是为了表明，这些工作成果受到的对待必然不同于各国或国际组织所设机构的工作成果。 |
| (14) |
(14) |
| “Mandate” is mentioned by the Commission in its previous work as a factor influencing the “value” of “[t]he output of international bodies engaged in the codification and development of international law”. |
委员会在先前的工作中提到了“任务授权”，认为这个因素会影响到“参与编纂和发展国际法的国际机构的工作成果”的“价值”。 |
| The works of universal and regional codification bodies would here be relevant to the extent that such bodies were created by and interact with States. |
普遍性和区域性编纂机构若由各国设立并与各国互动，其工作成果将具有相关性。 |
| In the same previous work, the Commission suggested that its own output “merits special consideration” in part owing to its “unique mandate”. |
委员会在这一先前工作中还表示，委员会自身的工作成果“应得到特殊考虑”，一部分原因在于其“独特的任务”。 |
| Subsidiary means are often produced by organizations that have been given a mandate by States. |
辅助手段往往由已经获各国任务授权的组织产生。 |
| Particular regard may be given to subsidiary means that fall squarely within such a mandate than those that fall outside it. |
对完全属于这种任务授权范围内的辅助手段，可给予不同于范围外辅助手段的特殊考虑。 |
| Some institutions have a general mandate, such as the Commission, which is empowered to develop and codify “international law” whether public or private. |
一些机构获得了一般性任务授权，如委员会，它有权发展和编纂“国际法”，包括公法和私法。 |
| The United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) also has a special mandate in relation to matters of private international law. |
联合国国际贸易法委员会(贸易法委员会)也获得了与国际私法事务有关的专门任务授权。 |
| Other institutions may have a more specialized mandate. |
其他机构的任务授权可能更专业化。 |
| That the International Court of Justice in Diallo believed “that it should ascribe great weight to the interpretation adopted by” the Human Rights Committee, which was within the Committee’s mandate, supports this view. |
国际法院在迪亚洛案中指出，“本院应对人权事务委员会所做的解释予以高度重视”，因为这是在委员会的任务范围内，从而支持了上述观点。 |
| In the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination case, the Court, in its reasoning, “carefully considered the position taken by the … |
在消除种族歧视委员会案中，法院在其论证中“认真审议了委员会采取的立场”，但没有遵循这一立场。 |
| Committee” but did not follow it. Such bodies will need to be considered separately. |
无论如何，这些机构将需要单独予以考虑。 |
| Their work, and other subsidiary means found in practice, will be subject to further analysis and specific draft conclusions in the future work in the present topic. |
它们的工作成果以及在实践中发现的其他辅助手段将在本专题今后的工作中进一步加以分析，并就其编写具体的结论草案。 |
| Chapter VIII |
第八章 |
| Sea-level rise in relation to international law |
与国际法有关的海平面上升 |
| A. |
A. |
| Introduction |
导言 |
| 128. |
128. |
| At its seventy-first session (2019), the International Law Commission decided to include the topic “Sea-level rise in relation to international law” in its programme of work. |
国际法委员会第七十一届会议(2019年)决定将“与国际法有关的海平面上升”专题列入工作方案。 |
| The Commission also decided to establish an open-ended Study Group on the topic, to be co-chaired, on a rotating basis, by Mr. Bogdan Aurescu, Mr. Yacouba Cissé, Ms. Patrícia Galvão Teles, Ms. Nilüfer Oral and Mr. Juan José Ruda Santolaria. |
委员会还决定设立一个关于该专题的不限成员名额研究组，由波格丹·奥雷斯库先生、雅库巴·西塞先生、帕特里夏·加尔旺·特莱斯女士、尼吕费尔·奥拉尔女士和胡安·何塞·鲁达·桑托拉里亚先生轮流担任共同主席。 |
| The Study Group discussed its composition, its proposed calendar and programme of work, and its methods of work. |
研究组讨论了其成员组成、拟议会议日历和工作方案，以及工作方法。 |
| At its 3480th meeting, on 15 July 2019, the Commission took note of the joint oral report of the Co-Chairs of the Study Group. |
委员会在2019年7月15日第3480次会议上注意到研究组共同主席的联合口头报告。 |
| 129. |
129. |
| At its seventy-second session (2021), the Commission reconstituted the Study Group, and considered the first issues paper on the topic, related to the law of the sea, which had been issued together with a preliminary bibliography. |
委员会第七十二届会议(2021年)重组了研究组，并审议了关于该专题的第一份问题文件，讨论海洋法问题， 该文件已与初步参考文献 一起发布。 |
| At its 3550th meeting, on 27th July 2021, the Commission took note of the joint oral report of the Co-Chairs of the Study Group. |
委员会在2021年7月27日举行的第3550次会议上注意到研究组共同主席的联合口头报告。 |
| 130. |
130. |
| At its seventy-third session (2022), the Commission reconstituted the Study Group, and considered the second issues paper on the topic, related to statehood and the protection of persons affected by sea-level rise, which had been issued together with a preliminary bibliography. |
委员会第七十三届会议(2022年)重组了研究组，并审议了关于该专题的第二份问题文件，讨论国家地位和受海平面上升影响人员的保护问题， 该文件已与初步参考文献 一起发布。 |
| At its 3612th meeting, on 5 August 2022, the Commission considered and adopted the report of the Study Group. |
委员会在2022年8月5日举行的第3612次会议上审议并通过了研究组的报告。 |
| B. |
B. |
| Consideration of the topic at the present session |
本届会议审议此专题的情况 |
| 131. |
131. |
| At the present session, the Commission reconstituted the Study Group on sea-level rise in relation to international law, chaired by the two Co-Chairs on issues related to the law of the sea, namely Mr. Aurescu and Ms. Oral. |
委员会在本届会议上重组了与国际法有关的海平面上升专题研究组，由处理与海洋法有关问题的两位共同主席奥雷斯库先生和奥拉尔女士担任主席。 |
| 132. |
132. |
| In accordance with the agreed programme of work and methods of work, the Study Group had before it the additional paper (A/CN.4/761) to the first issues paper on the topic, prepared by Mr. Aurescu and Ms. Oral, and issued on 20 April 2023. |
根据商定的工作方案和工作方法，研究组收到了由奥雷斯库先生和奥拉尔女士就这一专题的第一份问题文件编写的补充文件(A/CN.4/761)，该文件于2023年4月20日印发。 |
| A selected bibliography, prepared in consultation with members of the Study Group, was issued on 9 June 2023 as an addendum to the additional paper (A/CN.4/761/Add.1). |
经与研究组成员协商编写的参考文献选编作为该补充文件的增编(A/CN.4/761/Add.1)，于2023年6月9日印发。 |
| 133. |
133. |
| The Study Group, which at the current session comprised 32 members, held 12 meetings, from 26 April to 4 May and from 3 to 5 July 2023. |
研究组在本届会议上有32名成员，研究组于2023年4月26日至5月4日和7月3日至5日举行了12次会议。 |
| 134. |
134. |
| At its 3655th meeting, on 3 August 2023, the Commission considered and adopted the report of the Study Group on its work at the present session, as reproduced below. |
在2023年8月3日第3655次会议上，委员会审议并通过了研究组本届会议工作报告，报告载录如下。 |
| 1. |
1. |
| Introduction of the additional paper (A/CN.4/761 and Add.1) to the first issues paper by the Co-Chairs |
共同主席介绍第一份问题文件的补充文件(A/CN.4/761和Add.1) |
| (a) |
(a) |
| General introduction of the topic |
议题概况介绍 |
| 135. |
135. |
| At the first meeting of the Study Group, held on 26 April 2023, four of the Co-Chairs (Mr. Aurescu and Ms. Oral, and Ms. Galvão Teles and Mr. Ruda Santolaria) noted that the topic had generated great and increased interest among members of the Commission and Member States, including, but not exclusively, those particularly affected by sea-level rise. |
在研究组2023年4月26日举行的第一次会议上，四名共同主席(奥雷斯库先生和奥拉尔女士，以及加尔旺·特莱斯女士和鲁达·桑托拉里亚先生)指出，委员会委员和会员国，包括但不限于尤其受海平面上升影响的国家，对这一专题产生了越来越大的兴趣。 |
| The Co-Chairs briefly recalled the manner in which the topic had been placed on the programme of work of the Commission, underlining the progress that had been achieved so far on all three subtopics under consideration through robust discussions within the framework of the Study Group and the Commission and further enriched by Member States’ comments conveyed either in the Sixth Committee or in response to questions raised by the Commission. |
共同主席简要回顾了将这一专题列入委员会工作方案的情况，强调迄今为止在审议的所有三个分专题上取得的进展，这得益于在研究组和委员会框架内进行的积极讨论，会员国在第六委员会或在答复委员会提出的问题时发表的评论使其内容更加丰富。 |
| Within a few years, the topic had become cross-regional and global in nature, and of immediate relevance to Member States, which required global solutions of varying kinds. |
几年之内，这一专题已具有跨区域和全球性质，专题与会员国息息相关，需要不同种类的全球解决办法。 |
| Some regions, including those most affected by the phenomenon, had been particularly active in shedding light on the urgency of addressing the multiple challenges ahead and in identifying potential legal solutions. |
一些区域，包括受这一现象影响最严重的区域，尤为积极地阐明了应对未来多重挑战的紧迫性，并提出了潜在的法律解决办法。 |
| In that regard, three of the Co-Chairs (Ms. Galvão Teles, Ms. Oral and Mr. Ruda Santolaria) indicated that they had participated in a regional conference on preserving statehood and protecting persons in the context of sea-level rise, organized by the Pacific Islands Forum and held in Nadi, Fiji, from 27 to 30 March 2023, and they stressed the importance of the work of such regional organizations. |
在这方面，三名共同主席(加尔旺·特莱斯女士、奥拉尔女士和鲁达·桑托拉里亚先生)说，他们参加了太平洋岛屿论坛2023年3月27日至30日在斐济楠迪举办的关于在海平面上升的情况下维护国家地位和保护人员的区域会议，他们强调此类区域组织工作的重要性。 |
| In addition to the Commission, the Security Council and various United Nations bodies had addressed the topic of sea-level rise, and the topic had been included in requests for advisory opinions addressed first to the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea and then to the International Court of Justice. |
除委员会外，安全理事会和联合国不同机构也讨论了海平面上升专题，已就该专题先后向国际海洋法法庭 和国际法院 征求咨询意见。 |
| (b) |
(b) |
| Procedure followed by the Study Group |
研究组遵循的程序 |
| 136. |
136. |
| Also at the first meeting of the Study Group, Mr. Aurescu and Ms. Oral, in their capacity as Co-Chairs addressing issues related to the law of the sea, indicated that the purpose of the meetings scheduled in the first part of the session was to allow for an exchange of views on the additional paper. |
也是在研究组第一次会议上，奥雷斯库先生和奥拉尔女士作为处理与海洋法相关问题的共同主席表示，本届会议安排的第一期会议的目的是就补充文件交换意见。 |
| The content of the additional paper had been guided by the outcome of the meetings of the Study Group held during the seventy-second (2021) session of the Commission, and by the specific issues flagged by Member States in comments conveyed either in the Sixth Committee or in response to questions raised by the Commission. |
研究组在委员会第七十二届(2021年)会议期间举行会议的成果， 以及会员国在第六委员会发表评论时或在答复委员会提出的问题时发表的评论中提出的具体问题，为补充文件的内容提供了指导。 |
| As such, the additional paper addressed a number of principles and issues on which the Study Group had specifically requested further study in 2021. |
因此，补充文件讨论了研究组2021年特别要求进一步研究的多项原则及议题。 |
| In that regard, the Co-Chairs explained that, owing to word-count limitations, they had addressed a selection of these principles and issues only, giving priority to those on which Member States’ had commented. |
在这方面，共同主席解释说，由于字数限制，他们只讨论了选取的一部分原则和议题，优先考虑会员国发表过意见的原则和议题。 |
| The additional paper was structured in such a way as to including preliminary observations on each principle or issue addressed, with the expectation that the members of the Study Group would then reach conclusions and define practical solutions. |
补充文件的结构安排包含对所涉每项原则或议题的初步意见，希望研究组成员随后得出结论并确定切实可行的解决办法。 |
| The Co-Chairs invited members to engage in a structured and interactive debate, drawing upon the contents of the additional paper, and to provide input on a draft bibliography on the subtopic, to be issued as an addendum to the additional paper. |
共同主席请各位成员参照补充文件的内容，进行分阶段互动辩论，并就将作为补充文件增编印发的分专题参考文献草案提出建议。 |
| As had been the case for the topic during the two preceding sessions of the Commission, the outcome of the first part of the session would be an interim report of the Study Group, to be considered and complemented during the second part of the session so as to reflect a further interactive discussion on the future programme of work. |
与委员会前两届会议期间关于此专题的做法一样，第一期会议的成果将成为研究组的一份临时报告，在第二期会议期间审议并加以补充，以反映关于未来工作方案的进一步互动讨论情况。 |
| The report would then be agreed upon in the Study Group and subsequently presented by the Co-Chairs to the Commission, with a view to being included in the annual report of the Commission. |
报告将在研究组内商定，随后由共同主席提交委员会，以便列入委员会的年度报告。 |
| That procedure, agreed upon by the Study Group, was based on the 2019 report of the Commission. |
研究组商定的这一程序以委员会2019年的报告为根据。 |
| 137. |
137. |
| The Co-Chairs also recalled that, as outlined in chapter XIII of the additional paper, which addressed the future programme of work of the Study Group, in the present quinquennium, the Study Group would revert to each of the subtopics – the law of the sea, statehood and the protection of persons affected by sea-level rise – and would then seek to prepare a substantive report on the topic as a whole by consolidating the results of the work undertaken since 2019, expected to be issued in 2025. |
共同主席还回顾说，补充文件第十三章阐述了研究组未来的工作方案，如该章节所述，在本五年期内，研究组将重新审议海洋法、国家地位和受海平面上升影响人员的保护这几个分专题，然后汇总2019年以来的工作成果，争取编写一份关于整个专题的实质性报告，预计于2025年发布该报告。 |
| 2. |
2. |
| Summary of the exchange of views |
意见交换概要 |
| 138. |
138. |
| Members of the Study Group underscored the importance of the topic for the international community, noting that sea-level rise would have a large impact on people in a broad range of areas and that it was of direct relevance to the question of peace and security. |
研究组成员强调这一专题对国际社会的重要性，指出海平面上升将对广泛地区的人民产生重大影响，并直接关系到和平与安全问题。 |
| In that regard, they recalled that the Security Council had held a meeting on 14 February 2023 on the subject of “Sea-level rise: implications for international peace and security”, under the agenda item “Threats to international peace and security”, at which Mr. Aurescu, in his capacity as Co-Chair, had delivered a briefing on the progress of the Commission’s work. |
在这方面，他们回顾说，安全理事会于2023年2月14日在“对国际和平与安全的威胁”的议程项目下举行了一次会议，主题为“海平面上升：对国际和平与安全的影响”，奥雷斯库先生以共同主席的身份通报了委员会工作的进展情况。 |
| Furthermore, the Inter-American Juridical Committee had recently appointed a rapporteur on the topic of legal implications of sea-level rise in the inter-American regional context, Mr. Julio José Rojas Báez. |
此外，美洲法律委员会近来就海平面上升在美洲区域的法律影响问题，任命Julio José Rojas Báez先生为特别报告员。 |
| Among other initiatives, a special meeting of the Committee on Juridical and Political Affairs of the Organization of American States was held on 4 May 2023 on the consequences of sea-level rise and its legal implications. |
除其他举措外，美洲国家组织司法和政治事务委员会于2023年5月4日举行了一次关于海平面上升的后果及其法律影响的特别会议。 |
| In that regard, the Study Group should exercise caution when interpreting the silence of some affected States, which does not necessarily reflect a position on the interpretation of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. |
在这方面，研究组在对一些受影响国家的沉默进行解读时应谨慎行事，它们的沉默不一定反映对《联合国海洋法公约》进行解释的某种立场。 |
| Sea-level rise had led to the emergence of new concepts, such as “climate displacement”, “climate refugees” and “climate statelessness”, that were undefined in international law, and the term “specially affected State” ought to be used with caution, given its multiple implications since it did not reflect the fact that a large number of States were affected, in particular developing countries. |
海平面上升引发了一些新概念的出现，如“因气候而流离失所”、“气候难民”和“气候所致无国籍状态”，这些概念在国际法中没有定义，“特别受影响国家”一词因具有多重含义，应谨慎使用，因为这个词没有反映出许多国家，特别是发展中国家受到影响这一事实。 |
| 139. |
139. |
| Members welcomed the work of the Co-Chairs and the methodological, detailed and comprehensive nature of the additional paper, underlining that it was well researched and constituted a sound basis for the Commission to meaningfully discharge its mandate. |
研究组成员欢迎共同主席的工作，认为补充文件很有章法，详细又全面； 他们强调该文件经过了充分的调研，为委员会切实履行任务提供了良好的基础。 |
| (a) |
(a) |
| Issue of “legal stability” in relation to sea-level rise, with a focus on baselines and maritime zones |
与海平面上升有关的“法律稳定性”问题，以基线和海区为重点 |
| (i) |
(一) |
| Introduction by the Co-Chair |
共同主席的介绍 |
| 140. |
140. |
| At its first and second meetings, held on 26 and 27 April 2023, the Study Group had an exchange on chapter II of the additional paper, on the issue of “legal stability” in relation to sea-level rise, with a focus on baselines and maritime zones. |
在2023年4月26日和27日举行的第一次和第二次会议上，研究组就补充文件第二章交换了意见，讨论与海平面上升有关的“法律稳定性”问题，以基线和海区作为重点。 |
| The Co-Chair (Mr. Aurescu) recalled that the preliminary observations in paragraphs 82 to 95 of the additional paper were based on numerous views expressed over the period from 2021 to 2022 on the meaning of the terms “legal stability”, “certainty” and “predictability”, including in the Sixth Committee, where some Member States had requested further exploration of those terms. |
共同主席(奥雷斯库先生)回顾说，补充文件第82至95段所载初步意见是基于2021年至2022年期间就“法律稳定性”、“确定性”和“可预测性”等用语的含义表达的若干意见，包括在第六委员会表达的意见，一些会员国在第六委员会要求进一步探讨这些用语。 |
| The Co-Chair noted that Member States had adopted a pragmatic approach, referring to legal stability as inherently linked to the preservation of maritime zones, and that no States, even those with national legislation providing for ambulatory baselines, had contested that approach or the preliminary observations in paragraph 104 of the first issues paper, which supported the solution of fixed baselines. |
共同主席指出，会员国采取了一种务实方针，认为法律稳定性与海区的保护存在内在联系，没有一个国家对这一方针，或对第一份问题文件第104段中支持固定基线解决办法的初步意见提出异议，甚至那些国内法规定了流动基线的国家也未提出异议。 |
| 141. |
141. |
| The Co-Chair observed that Member States had underlined the need to interpret the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea in such a way as to effectively address sea-level rise in order to provide practical guidance to affected States. |
共同主席说，会员国强调，需要采取能够有效应对海平面上升的方法，对《联合国海洋法公约》进行解释，以便为受影响国家提供实际指导。 |
| Although, in the past, before the Commission had embarked on the topic of sea-level rise, the doctrine had interpreted the Convention to the effect that the baselines and outer limits of the territorial sea, contiguous zone and exclusive economic zone were ambulatory, Member States had, in ever-increasing numbers, expressed the contrary view, pointing to an interpretation of the Convention in the sense that it did not forbid or exclude the option of fixing baselines. |
虽然在过去，即在委员会开始讨论海平面上升专题之前，该理论对《公约》的解释认为，领海、毗连区和专属经济区的基线和外部界限是移动的，但有越来越多的会员国表示了相反的看法，认为对《公约》的解释并不禁止或排除固定基线选项。 |
| In doing so, they had stressed the importance of interpreting the Convention with a view to preserving maritime zones, and had noted that the Convention did not prohibit the freezing of baselines. |
会员国以此强调解释《公约》以保护海区的重要性，并指出，《公约》并不禁止冻结基线。 |
| 142. |
142. |
| The Co-Chair noted that few Member States had made references to customary international law, and that those States had considered that there was no obvious evidence of opinio juris concerning the existence of a custom regarding the fixing of baselines. |
共同主席指出，很少有会员国提及习惯国际法，那些提及的国家认为，没有明显的法律确信，表明存在有关固定基线的习惯。 |
| (ii) |
(二) |
| Concept of legal stability |
法律稳定性的概念 |
| 143. |
143. |
| Members of the Study Group noted that the concept of legal stability was encapsulated in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. |
研究组成员指出，《联合国海洋法公约》涵盖了法律稳定性的概念。 |
| In addition, it contributed to the maintenance of international peace and security. |
此外，它对维护国际和平与安全有促进作用。 |
| Although a general view was expressed emphasizing the importance of that legal concept, it was also pointed out that there was a need to exercise caution when approaching it, as it could not be considered in a vacuum and was difficult to separate from other concepts, such as the principle of the immutability of boundaries. |
虽然普遍的看法强调这一法律概念的重要性，但也有人指出，在处理这一概念时需要谨慎，因为不能在真空中讨论该概念，很难将它与边界不可改变原则等其他概念分开。 |
| It was also noted that the loss of land territory, which could result from failure to respect the concept of legal stability, would lead to catastrophic consequences for the most vulnerable States. |
还有人指出，不尊重法律稳定性的概念可能导致丧失陆地领土，这会给最脆弱的国家带来灾难性后果。 |
| 144. |
144. |
| It was further stated that the concept of legal stability was not necessarily linked only to the safety of navigation: the concepts of legal stability and respect for existing boundaries reflected customary international law, and as such could also be applied to maritime boundaries. |
还有人指出，法律稳定性的概念不一定只与航行安全有关：法律稳定性和尊重现有边界等概念反映了习惯国际法，因此也可适用于海洋边界。 |
| A view was expressed that the freezing of baselines, and the consequent lack of an obligation to report on updated baselines, could pose hazards to the safety of navigation and could potentially be in contravention of the relevant instruments concerning the safety of navigation. |
有一种意见认为，冻结基线以及因此缺乏报告更新基线的义务，可能对航行安全造成危害，也可能违反关于航行安全的相关文书。 |
| (iii) |
(三) |
| Ways in which the concept of legal stability is reflected in the context of sea-level rise |
在海平面上升的情况下反映法律稳定性的概念的方式 |
| a. |
a. |
| Interpretation of the United Nations Convention on the Law of Sea |
对《联合国海洋法公约》的解释 |
| 145. |
145. |
| Members of the Study Group broadly supported the preliminary observations of the Co-Chairs in favour of fixed baselines, considering, inter alia, that the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea did not prohibit the option of fixed baselines, and that it was critical that the final outcome of the Commission’s work on the topic should guarantee the sovereign rights that States were claiming over their maritime spaces. |
研究组成员普遍支持共同主席赞成固定基线的初步意见，他们认为，除其他外，《联合国海洋法公约》并不禁止固定基线的选项，委员会关于这一专题的最后工作成果必须保障各国对其海洋空间提出的主权权利。 |
| Caveats and doubts relating to the interpretation of the Convention were expressed, including in relation to the manner in which to achieve that objective. |
有成员针对《公约》的解释问题提出了告诫或疑问，包括对实现这一目标的方式提出了告诫或疑问。 |
| 146. |
146. |
| A view was expressed that the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea did not equate the declaration and publication of the baselines with the acquisition of sovereignty or sovereign rights over the spaces affected by those baselines; |
有一种意见认为，《联合国海洋法公约》并没有把宣布和公布基线等同于取得受这些基线影响的空间的主权或主权权利； |
| otherwise, it could be concluded that the Convention allowed a State to decide unilaterally on its maritime spaces. |
否则就可以得出结论说，《公约》允许一国单方面决定其海洋空间。 |
| 147. |
147. |
| Differing views were expressed as to the applicability to sea-level rise of the concept of the legal stability of baselines under article 7, paragraph 2, of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and of the outer limits of the continental shelf under article 76, which had been raised in the first issues paper and by some States. |
对于《联合国海洋法公约》第七条第2款所述基线的法律稳定性概念和第七十六条所述大陆架外部界限的法律稳定性概念是否适用于海平面上升问题，与会者表达了不同的意见，第一份问题文件和一些国家都提出了这一问题。 |
| 148. |
148. |
| Another suggested option to ensure legal stability was to amend the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, which was deemed difficult. |
确保法律稳定性的另一建议办法是对《联合国海洋法公约》进行修订，但与会者认为这很困难。 |
| A meeting of States parties to the Convention might be considered with a view to interpreting that instrument, including a close examination of the text, context, and object and purpose of its relevant provisions. |
可考虑举行一次该公约的缔约国会议，对该文书进行解释，包括仔细审查其相关条款的案文、背景以及目的和宗旨。 |
| b. |
b. |
| Emergence of rules of customary international law |
习惯国际法规则的出现 |
| 149. |
149. |
| Some members considered that a further option with a view to ensuring legal stability would be the emergence of a rule of customary international law. |
一些成员认为，确保法律稳定性的另一个备选办法是形成一项习惯国际法规则。 |
| Reference was made to the prima facie indication of the formation of a new rule of customary international law providing for fixed baselines. |
有人提到，有初步迹象表明，一项规定固定基线的习惯国际法新规则正在形成。 |
| However, it was opined that it was too early to draw any related conclusions as to the existence of widespread practice and opinio juris in favour of fixed baselines and the preservation of maritime zones, whether on the regional or the international plane. |
然而，有人认为，关于无论是在区域还是国际层面是否存在赞成固定基线和保护海区的广泛实践和法律确信，要得出任何相关结论还为时过早。 |
| Emphasis was nonetheless placed on the new trend of practices and views of States based on a good-faith interpretation of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. |
尽管如此，有人强调了各国基于对《联合国海洋法公约》的善意解释进行实践和发表观点的新的趋势。 |
| It was further stressed that the Commission should be clear in stating that the existence of practice could justify not only a rule of customary international law, but a certain interpretation of the Convention. |
还有人进一步强调，委员会应明确声明，惯例的存在不仅可为一项习惯国际法规则提供合理理由，而且可为《公约》提供某种解释。 |
| A view was expressed that determining whether a rule of customary international law existed was beyond the mandate of the Commission. |
有成员认为，确定一项习惯国际法规则是否存在，超出了委员会的任务范围。 |
| 150. |
150. |
| On the issue of fixed baselines, and recalling the 2021 declarations by the Pacific Islands Forum and the Alliance of Small Island States, members stressed that there was no explicit provision in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea requiring State parties to update their baselines and outer limits of maritime zones in response to changes in coastlines as a result of sea-level rise. |
关于固定基线问题，成员们回顾了太平洋岛屿论坛和小岛屿国家联盟2021年的宣言， 同时强调，《联合国海洋法公约》中没有要求缔约国更新基线和海区外部界限以应对海平面上升导致的海岸线变化的明确规定。 |
| In that regard, it was observed that there was a difference between legally freezing the territorial sea baselines and not updating published baselines, since the latter was simply an administrative matter, while the former could possibly involve the creation of a new rule of law and should be done with great caution. |
在这方面，有成员指出，在法律上冻结领海基线与不更新公布的基线是有区别的，因为后者仅仅是一个行政事项，而前者可能涉及制定新的法律规则，应当非常谨慎。 |
| It was nonetheless noted that if there was an obligation to update baselines, it should have been expressly mentioned in the Convention. |
但也有人指出，如果有更新基线的义务，《公约》应明确提及该义务。 |
| At the same time, it was also stated that the Commission should not take a one-sided position, as both the permanent and ambulatory approaches were legal and viable, and should instead consider favouring practical solutions. |
与此同时，还有成员指出，委员会不应采取片面立场，因为永久基线办法和流动基线办法都是合法和可行的，委员会应考虑采取切实可行的解决办法。 |
| c. |
c. |
| Subsequent agreements and subsequent practice |
嗣后协定和嗣后实践 |
| 151. |
151. |
| It was suggested that subsequent agreements, as provided for in article 31 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, might be useful as an authentic means of interpretation of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. |
有人认为，《维也纳条约法公约》 第三十一条规定的嗣后协定可能发挥有益作用，成为对《联合国海洋法公约》进行解释的权威手段。 |
| Such interpretation could take the form of a resolution of a meeting of States parties to the Convention, as referred to in paragraph 148 above. |
如上文第148段所述，可以采取该公约缔约国会议决议的形式作出这种解释。 |
| It was underlined that subsequent practice as a means of interpretation of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea might also be a useful way forward in lieu of the emergence of a rule of customary international law. |
有与会者强调，嗣后惯例作为对《联合国海洋法公约》进行解释的手段，较之于习惯国际法规则的出现，也可能是一种有益的前进方式。 |
| Some members expressed the view that consideration would then also need to be given to how subsequent practice satisfied the relevant legal benchmarks, as developed by the Commission. |
一些成员认为，随后还需要考虑嗣后惯例如何满足委员会制定的相关法律基准。 |
| 152. |
152. |
| It was further emphasized that the current practice was insufficient to justify the existence of either a regional or a general rule of customary international law. |
还有人强调，当前的实践不足以成为存在一项区域习惯国际法规则或一般习惯国际法规则的理由。 |
| It could nonetheless be used to support a particular interpretation of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. |
不过，可以用它来支持对《联合国海洋法公约》的特定解释。 |
| (iv) |
(四) |
| Sui generis regimes |
自成一类的制度 |
| 153. |
153. |
| On the topic of sui generis regimes, questions were raised as to how the international community could address the problems encountered by States who faced a loss of territory owing to sea-level rise. |
关于自成一类的制度这一专题，有人提出了问题，即国际社会如何解决一些国家因海平面上升而面临丧失领土的问题。 |
| It was suggested that the Study Group should consider sui generis status for territories submerged owing to sea-level rise, in particular because sea-level rise was not a natural phenomenon, but was human-caused. |
有人认为，研究组应审议海平面上升导致领土被淹没这种自成一类的情况，尤其是因为海平面上升不是自然现象，而是人为导致的现象。 |
| While support was expressed for adopting a flexible approach to baselines – ambulatory baselines for certain scenarios and fixed baselines for others – a call was made for reflection and deliberation on the merits of sui generis regimes. |
虽然有人表示支持对基线采取灵活的办法――某些情景下采用流动基线，另一些情景下采用固定基线――但也有人呼吁对自成一类制度的利弊进行反思和讨论。 |
| (v) |
(五) |
| Concluding remarks by the Co-Chairs |
共同主席的总结 |
| 154. |
154. |
| In his concluding remarks, the Co-Chair (Mr. Aurescu) thanked the members of the Study Group for their valuable contribution and welcomed their focus on the question of the interpretation of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, which was an important subject for Member States, as reflected in the additional paper. |
共同主席(奥雷斯库先生)在总结发言中感谢研究组成员给予的宝贵投入，并欢迎他们把问题重点放在对《联合国海洋法公约》的解释问题上，正如补充文件反映的那样，这对会员国来说是一个重要主题。 |
| 155. |
155. |
| As concerns had been expressed that the additional paper did not provide a clear direction for the Study Group’s future work, he recalled that it was the Co-Chairs’ duty to present their analysis, including preliminary observations, to enable the Study Group to collectively reflect on the issues addressed and reach conclusions. |
由于有人对补充文件没有为研究组今后的工作提供明确的方向表示关切，奥雷斯库先生回顾说，共同主席有责任提出他们的分析，包括初步意见，使研究组能够集体思考所讨论的问题并得出结论。 |
| 156. |
156. |
| The Co-Chair stressed the importance of further exploring the issue of submerged territories, which had not been raised in 2021. |
共同主席强调进一步探讨领土被淹没问题的重要性，2021年没有提出该问题。 |
| Given that the issue was related to the law of the sea and to statehood, he suggested that it be addressed in the Study Group’s consolidated final report, expected to be issued in 2025. |
鉴于该问题与海洋法和国家地位有关，他建议在预计于2025年发布的研究组最后综合报告中处理该问题。 |
| 157. |
157. |
| The Co-Chair recalled that interest had been expressed in determining the moment of reference from which it could be considered that baselines were fixed, which could be done in consultation with scientists on sea-level rise. |
共同主席回顾说，有成员表示有兴趣确定参照时刻，可以从该参照时刻起将基线视为固定基线，这可以与研究海平面上升问题的科学家协商进行。 |
| 158. |
158. |
| With regard to the suggestion to amend the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, he recalled that the Commission had agreed, in the syllabus prepared in 2018, to limit the Study Group’s mandate so that it would not propose any amendments to the Convention, as also reflected in the positions expressed by Member States in the light of the delicate balance between the rights and obligations under the Convention. |
关于对《联合国海洋法公约》进行修订的建议，他回顾说，委员会在2018年编写的大纲 中商定对研究组的任务予以限制，不对《公约》提出任何修订意见，会员国在《公约》规定的权利和义务的微妙平衡背景下表达的立场这也反映了这一点。 |
| Nonetheless, consideration could be given to interpreting the Convention. |
尽管如此，可以考虑对《公约》进行解释。 |
| 159. |
159. |
| Noting the suggestion that the Study Group could prepare practical guidance for States, the Co-Chair expressed the view that consideration ought to be given to providing practical legal solutions in line with the requests conveyed by Member States, so as to ensure legal stability as an outcome of the various measures that they could take. |
共同主席注意到关于研究组可为各国编写实用指南的建议，认为应考虑根据会员国提出的请求提供实用的法律解决办法，以确保法律稳定性，作为会员国可采取的各种措施的结果。 |
| 160. |
160. |
| The Co-Chair welcomed the view that the term “specially affected State” should be used with caution, given that two thirds of Member States were currently or could in the future be affected in some way by sea-level rise. |
鉴于三分之二的会员国目前或将来都可能以某种方式受到海平面上升的影响，共同主席欢迎应谨慎使用“特别受影响国家”一词的观点。 |
| 161. |
161. |
| The Co-Chair noted that it was difficult to evaluate State practice within the context of sea-level rise, as it appeared to be the decision of certain States or groups of States not to update coordinates or charts deposited with the Secretary-General. |
共同主席指出，很难在海平面上升的背景下评价国家实践，因为不更新向秘书长交存的坐标或海图似乎是某些国家或国家集团的决定。 |
| As such, practice in those cases was in fact inaction, absent the visibility usually relied upon to determine the content of such practice. |
在缺乏通常据以确定内容的可见度的情况下，惯例做法其实是不采取行动。 |
| 162. |
162. |
| The Co-Chair (Ms. Oral) noted that the mandate of the Study Group was a mapping exercise of the legal questions raised by sea-level rise and its interrelated issues, and that the additional paper had been based on the requests made by members of the Study Group further to the debate in 2021, except for the issue of nautical charts. |
共同主席(奥拉尔女士)指出，研究组的任务是摸清海平面上升及其中相互关联的问题引发的法律问题，补充文件是根据研究组成员在2021年辩论后提出的要求编写的，海图问题除外。 |
| (b) |
(b) |
| Immutability and intangibility of boundaries |
边界不可改变和不可触犯 |
| (i) |
(一) |
| Introduction by the Co-Chair |
共同主席的介绍 |
| 163. |
163. |
| At the third meeting of the Study Group, held on 1 May 2023, the Co-Chair (Ms. Oral) recalled that chapter III of the additional paper related to the existing definitions and functions of boundaries, and contained an examination of relevant international case law and preliminary observations in paragraph 111. |
在2023年5月1日举行的研究组第三次会议上，共同主席(奥拉尔女士)回顾说，补充文件第三章涉及边界的现有定义和功能，并载有对有关国际判例的审查和第111段的初步意见。 |
| The chapter further addressed the principle of uti possidetis juris and its applicability to existing maritime boundaries. |
该章还讨论了占领地保有原则及其对现有海洋边界的适用性。 |
| The Co-Chair observed that the intention had not been to conclude that uti possidetis juris should apply to maritime delimitations within the context of sea-level rise, but rather to emphasize the importance accorded to ensuring the continuity of pre-existing boundaries in the interests of legal stability and the prevention of conflict. |
共同主席指出，这一章的意图并不是要得出在海平面上升背景下占领地保有原则应适用于海洋划界的结论，而是在于强调，为法律稳定性和预防冲突起见，确保先前存在边界的延续性至关重要。 |
| (ii) |
(二) |
| General comments |
一般性评论 |
| 164. |
164. |
| Several members generally agreed with the Co-Chairs’ preliminary observations. |
一些成员大体上同意共同主席的初步意见。 |
| It was also emphasized that the question of immutability and intangibility of boundaries should be addressed from the perspective of the principle of legal stability. |
还有成员强调，边界不可改变和不可触犯的问题应从法律稳定性原则的角度加以处理。 |
| 165. |
165. |
| Some members noted that the intangibility of boundaries was a fundamental principle of international law, and called upon the Study Group to place more emphasis on it. |
一些成员指出，边界不可触犯是国际法的一项基本原则，他们呼吁研究组更加重视这一点。 |
| At the same time, a view was expressed that the legal stability of boundaries had limited application in the field of the law of the sea. |
同时有人认为，边界的法律稳定性在海洋法领域的适用有限。 |
| According to another view, application of the principle of the immutability of boundaries to maritime delimitations should have some degree of flexibility, as maritime entitlements were always based on geographic features and there was no settled case law with regard to the effect of physical land changes on maritime boundaries. |
另一种意见认为，对海洋划界适用边界不变原则应具有一定程度的灵活性，因为海洋权利始终以地理特征为基础，而且在陆地实际变化对海洋边界的影响方面没有既定的判例法。 |
| (iii) |
(三) |
| Application of the principle of uti possidetis juris |
适用占领地保有原则 |
| 166. |
166. |
| Several members called for caution in applying the principle of uti possidetis juris, which in their view was predominantly or exclusively applied in the context of succession of States. |
若干成员呼吁谨慎适用占领地保有原则，他们认为，该原则主要或仅适用于国家继承的情况。 |
| It was also recalled that the principle had been crystallized in the context of decolonization. |
还有人回顾说，该原则是在去殖民化背景下成形的。 |
| Several members disagreed with the view expressed in the additional paper that uti possidetis juris was considered a general principle of law. |
有几位成员不同意补充文件中关于占领地保有被视为一项一般法律原则的观点。 |
| Some members emphasized that the principle was applicable to pre-existing titles only. |
一些成员强调，该原则只适用于先前存在的权利。 |
| A view was expressed that introducing uti possidetis juris to maritime delimitations could affect the integrity of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, which did not include that principle. |
有一种观点认为，对海洋划界采用占领地保有可能会影响《联合国海洋法公约》的完整性，因为该公约并不包含这一原则。 |
| 167. |
167. |
| It was noted that the principle of uti possidetis juris was not helpful or relevant within the context of the topic. |
有人指出，占领地保有原则对本专题没有帮助或相关性。 |
| It was argued that uti possidetis juris implied a different dynamic, where factual realities were not affected by the change in the broader legal framework, while the present topic sought to ensure consistency of the legal framework despite radical factual changes. |
有人认为，占领地保有意味着一种不同的动态，即实际的现实不受更广泛的法律框架变化的影响，而本专题则力求在事实发生根本性变化的情况下确保法律框架的一致性。 |
| Furthermore, some members emphasized that the application of uti possidetis juris required a critical date. |
此外，一些委员强调，适用占领地保有原则需要一个关键日期。 |
| According to one view, such a date was difficult to determine for a gradual process such as sea-level rise. |
有一种观点认为，对于海平面上升这一渐进过程，很难确定这样一个日期。 |
| Several members observed that the principle was not applicable to maritime boundaries. |
一些成员认为，该原则不适用于海洋边界。 |
| Nonetheless, for certain members application of uti possidetis juris to maritime delimitations should not be excluded. |
但是，某些成员认为，不应排除对海洋划界适用占领地保有的情况。 |
| 168. |
168. |
| It was observed that the principle of uti possidetis juris, which was linked to the issues of legal stability and security, was intended to prevent a legal vacuum and avoid conflicts between States. |
有人指出，占领地保有原则与法律稳定性和安全问题有关，其目的是防止出现法律真空，避免国家间的冲突。 |
| In that regard, some members proposed that uti possidetis juris, if not directly applicable, could be used as a source of inspiration, as the Study Group had similar objectives. |
在这方面，一些成员建议，占领地保有如果不能直接适用，可作为一种启发思路的来源，因为研究组也有类似的目标。 |
| It was emphasized that the principle supported the continuity of pre-existing boundaries. |
有人强调，该原则支持原有边界的延续性。 |
| 169. |
169. |
| The Co-Chairs were requested to clarify the meaning of paragraph 111 (b) of the additional paper, according to which the principle of the intangibility of boundaries, as developed under the principle of uti possidetis juris, was considered a general principle of law beyond application to the traditional decolonization process and was a rule of customary international law. |
有人请共同主席澄清补充文件第111(b)段的含义，根据该段，从占领地保有原则发展而来的边界不可触犯原则被视为一项一般法律原则，不止适用于传统的非殖民化进程，已成为一项习惯国际法规则。 |
| It was argued that those observations were not supported by international case law. |
有人认为，这些意见没有国际判例的支持。 |
| The Co-Chair (Ms. Oral) responded that the point was not the applicability of the principle of uti possidetis juris to maritime boundaries in the context of sea-level rise, but the example of the preservation of existing boundaries under international law for the purposes of legal stability and the prevention of conflict. |
共同主席(奥拉尔女士)回答说，重点不在于在海平面上升情况下可否对海洋边界适用占领地保有原则，而在于出于法律稳定性和预防冲突的目的，提供一个根据国际法维护现有边界的实例。 |
| (iv) |
(四) |
| Self-determination |
自决 |
| 170. |
170. |
| The importance of the principle of self-determination was recalled in the present context. |
在这方面，有人回顾了自决原则的重要性。 |
| It was noted that self-determination was closely linked to sovereignty over natural resources and the territorial integrity of States. |
有成员指出，自决与国家对自然资源的主权和领土完整密切相关。 |
| With regard to the latter, it was observed that the principle of self-determination implied that States should not lose their right to territorial integrity as a result of sea-level rise. |
关于后者，有人指出，自决原则意味着各国不应因海平面上升而丧失其领土完整的权利。 |
| The Co-Chairs (Ms. Galvão Teles and Mr. Ruda Santolaria) observed that the principle of self-determination was relevant to all three subtopics under consideration and that it would be addressed by the Study Group during the next session of the Commission, to be held in 2024. |
共同主席(加尔旺·特莱斯女士和鲁达·桑托拉里亚先生)指出，自决原则与审议的所有三个分专题相关，研究组将在委员会2024年举行的下届会议期间处理这一问题。 |
| (c) |
(c) |
| Fundamental change of circumstances (rebus sic stantibus) |
情况之基本改变(情势变更) |
| 171. |
171. |
| At the third meeting of the Study Group, held on 1 May 2023, the Co-Chair (Ms. Oral) introduced chapter IV of the additional paper, on fundamental change of circumstances (rebus sic stantibus). |
在2023年5月1日举行的研究组第三次会议上，共同主席(奥拉尔女士)介绍了补充文件关于情况之基本改变(情势变更)的第四章。 |
| She recalled that the question as to whether sea-level rise would constitute an unforeseen change of circumstances within the meaning of article 62, paragraph 2, of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties had been addressed in the first issues paper, and in the presentation on the practice of African States given by the Co-Chair (Mr. Cissé) during the Commission’s seventy-second session (2021). |
她回顾说，关于海平面上升是否构成《维也纳条约法公约》第六十二条第二款含义的不可预见的情势变更的问题，第一份问题文件 和共同主席(西塞先生)在委员会第七十二届会议(2021年)期间介绍非洲国家的实践时有所讨论。 |
| Both had reflected the view that the cited provision could not be applied in the context of sea-level rise. |
二者均反映了这样一种观点，即引述的条款不能适用于海平面上升的情况。 |
| In the course of their discussion in 2021, members of the Study Group had nonetheless concluded that additional study should be undertaken on the issue. |
但是，在2021年的讨论过程中，研究组成员认为应就此问题开展进一步研究。 |
| Furthermore, a number of delegations in the Sixth Committee had shared the view expressed by the Co-Chairs in the first issues paper, underlining the need for legal stability, and no delegations had conveyed that they were in favour of the application of article 62, paragraph 2, of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties in the context of sea-level rise, although one delegation had indicated that it was still considering the matter. |
此外，第六委员会的一些代表团同意共同主席在第一份问题文件中表达的观点，强调需要法律稳定性，没有代表团赞成对海平面上升的情况适用《维也纳条约法公约》第六十二条第二款，但有一个代表团表示仍在审议这一事项。 |
| The Co-Chair also recalled that article 62, paragraph 1, of that Convention established a high threshold for invoking fundamental change of circumstances, and that it was thus noted in the preliminary observations, in paragraph 125 (d) of the additional paper, that the objective of preserving the stability of boundaries and peaceful relations under article 62 would equally apply to maritime boundaries, as underlined by the International Court of Justice and arbitral tribunals in three cases addressing the issue. |
共同主席还回顾说，该公约第六十二条第一款对援引情况之基本改变规定了一个很高的门槛，因此补充文件在第125(d)段的初步意见指出了这一点，即正如国际法院和仲裁法庭在处理这一问题的三个案件中所强调的那样，第六十二条规定的维护边界稳定及和平关系的目标同样适用于海洋边界。 |
| 172. |
172. |
| Members of the Study Group generally expressed support for the Co-Chairs’ preliminary observations, considering that the principle of fundamental change of circumstances was not applicable to maritime boundaries because the latter involved the same element of legal stability and permanence as land boundaries and were thus subject to the exclusion foreseen in article 62, paragraph 2 (a), of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. |
研究组成员大体上表示支持共同主席的初步意见，认为情况之基本改变原则不适用于海洋边界，因为海洋边界与陆地边界一样涉及法律稳定性和永久性因素，因此属于《维也纳条约法公约》第六十二条第二款(甲)项预见的排除在外的情况。 |
| It was noted that the principles of legal stability and certainty of treaties would accordingly support an argument against the use of the principle rebus sic stantibus to upset the maritime boundary treaties resulting from the rise in sea levels. |
有人指出，条约的法律稳定性和确定性原则因此支持这样一种论点，即反对使用情势变更原则推翻因海平面上升而产生的海洋边界条约。 |
| It was further noted that the principle was difficult to invoke successfully in practice. |
还有人指出，在实践中难以成功援引这一原则。 |
| 173. |
173. |
| The following additional points were raised by individual members: |
个别成员还提出了以下补充意见： |
| (a) |
(a) |
| It would be useful to clarify what should be considered as a cut-off date on which baselines and outer limits of maritime zones had been fixed, as it was unrealistic to decide on uniform dates for all States. |
最好能够澄清应考虑什么作为确定基线和海区外部界限的截止日期，因为为所有国家确定统一的日期是不现实的。 |
| In paragraph 104 (e) and (f) of the first issues paper, reference was made to the moment of deposit of coordinates or charts with the Secretary-General, which would, however, disadvantage those States that had not made such deposits; |
第一份问题文件第104(e)和(f)段提到向秘书长交存坐标或海图的时刻，但这样做会使那些没有交存坐标或海图的国家处于不利地位； |
| (b) |
(b) |
| There was a difference in international case law between the delimitation and the delineation of maritime zones. |
海区的划界和划定在国际判例中是有区别的。 |
| Delimitation applied where States with adjacent or opposite coasts had overlapping maritime claims, and, unlike delineation, was covered by an agreement. |
划界适用于海岸相邻或相向的国家海洋权利主张重叠的情况，由一项协定涵盖，这与划定海区不同。 |
| As such, delimitation agreements were governed by the law of treaties; |
因此，划界协定受条约法的管辖； |
| (c) |
(c) |
| There was a need to study a number – albeit limited – of specific cases that might constitute a fundamental change of circumstances, such as when two States merge into a single State or when a decision is taken to reduce the maritime space of a State applying ambulatory baselines; |
有必要研究一些――尽管是有限的――可能构成情况之基本改变的具体情形，例如两个国家合并为一个国家，或决定缩小一个适用流动基线的国家的海洋空间； |
| (d) |
(d) |
| Similarly, it might be helpful to consider whether and to what extent article 62 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties might apply in the case of treaties establishing provisional boundaries, as opposed to permanent boundaries, or treaties simultaneously establishing maritime boundaries and regimes for the shared exploitation of resources; |
同样，还不妨考虑《维也纳条约法公约》第六十二条是否以及多大程度上适用于确定临时边界而非永久边界的条约，或同时确定海洋边界和共同开发资源制度的条约； |
| (e) |
(e) |
| Further study could be conducted on the requirements to be fulfilled in order to invoke fundamental change of circumstances as grounds for terminating or withdrawing from a treaty where such a possibility had not been foreseen, and on the extent to which the impossibility of performance might be invoked within the context of sea-level rise. |
此外，可进一步研究在未预见到情况会发生基本改变的情形下，需要满足哪些要求才能援引情况的基本改变，作为终止或退出条约的理由，以及在海平面上升的背景下可以在多大程度上援引不可能履行这一理由。 |
| (d) |
(d) |
| Effects of the potential situation whereby overlapping areas of the exclusive economic zones of opposite coastal States, delimited by bilateral agreement, no longer overlap, and the issue of objective regimes; |
由双边协定划定的相向沿海国专属经济区重叠区域不再重叠的潜在情况的影响，以及客观制度问题； |
| effects of the situation whereby an agreed land boundary terminus ends up being located out at sea; |
商定的陆地边界终点最后位于海上的情况的影响； |
| judgment of the International Court of Justice in the Maritime Delimitation in the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) case |
国际法院对加勒比海和太平洋海洋划界案(哥斯达黎加诉尼加拉瓜)的判决 |
| 174. |
174. |
| At the fourth meeting of the Study Group, held on 2 May 2023, the Co-Chair (Mr. Aurescu) introduced chapter V of the additional paper, including preliminary observations in paragraph 147, on the following: effects of the potential situation whereby overlapping areas of the exclusive economic zones of opposite coastal States, delimited by bilateral agreement, no longer overlapped, and the issue of objective regimes; |
在研究组2023年5月2日举行的第四次会议上，共同主席(奥雷斯库先生)介绍了补充文件第五章，包括第147段关于以下问题的初步意见：由双边协定划定的相向沿海国专属经济区重叠区域不再重叠的潜在情况的影响，以及客观制度问题； |
| effects of the situation whereby an agreed land boundary terminus ended up being located out at sea; |
商定的陆地边界终点最后位于海上的情况的影响； |
| and the judgment of the International Court of Justice in the Maritime Delimitation in the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) case. |
以及国际法院对加勒比海和太平洋海洋划界案(哥斯达黎加诉尼加拉瓜)的判决。 |
| He emphasized that the issues addressed in the chapter had been selected on the basis of suggestions made by members of the Study Group in 2021. |
他强调说，这一章讨论的问题是根据研究组成员2021年提出的建议选定的。 |
| The Co-Chairs had explored, inter alia, the supervening impossibility of performance, obsolescence, objective regimes, and situations of submerged land boundaries, and had described relevant State practice and case law on those issues. |
除其他外，共同主席探讨了发生意外不可能履行、过时、客观制度和陆地边界被淹没等情况，并介绍了关于这些问题的相关国家实践和判例。 |
| 175. |
175. |
| Some members agreed with the Co-Chairs’ preliminary observations in paragraph 147 of the additional paper. |
一些成员同意补充文件第147段所载共同主席的初步意见。 |
| 176. |
176. |
| A view was expressed that maritime delimitation treaties took varying approaches to respond to potential physical changes in the basepoints and baselines used. |
有人认为，为应对所用的基点和基线可能发生实际变化的问题，海洋划界条约采取了不同的办法。 |
| While some treaties contained a mechanism to readjust the boundary, most were silent on that and the broader issue of legal stability and did not include amendment provisions. |
虽然一些条约载有重新调整边界的机制，但大多数条约对这一问题和更广泛的法律稳定性问题保持沉默，也不包含修订条款。 |
| Moreover, there had been revisions of baselines without any readjustment of the boundary. |
此外，有过对基线的修订，但没有对边界的任何调整。 |
| 177. |
177. |
| In line with the findings of the additional paper, some members were doubtful as to the relevance and applicability of the supervening impossibility of performing a treaty, as enshrined in article 61 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, to the sea-level rise context. |
根据补充文件的结论，一些成员怀疑《维也纳条约法公约》第六十一条所载发生意外不可能履行的规定与海平面上升的情况是否相关和适用。 |
| It was noted, as also mentioned in the additional paper, that article 61 was not automatically applied, and that sea-level rise could not have an effect on the performance of a maritime delimitation treaty. |
有人指出，正如补充文件中也提到，第六十一条并不自动适用，海平面上升不会对海洋划界条约的履行产生影响。 |
| An abstract examination of that rule was seen as not helpful to the work of the Study Group. |
有人认为，对该规则进行抽象的审查无助于研究组的工作。 |
| According to one view, the only practical scenario in which the impossibility of performance could arise was where a treaty established additional legal regimes together with maritime delimitation. |
一种观点认为，条约在划定海洋界限的同时建立了额外的法律制度，是唯一可能发生不可能履行的实际情景。 |
| However, even in that case, article 62 of the Convention would be more appropriate. |
然而，即使在这种情况下，《公约》第六十二条也更为合适。 |
| 178. |
178. |
| A question was raised as to whether legal regimes could be regarded “an object indispensable for the execution of the treaty”, as referred to in article 61 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. |
有成员询问，法律制度是否可被视为《维也纳条约法公约》第六十一条所指的“实施条约所必不可少之标的物”。 |
| Members expressed diverging views on that question. |
成员们对这个问题表达了不同观点。 |
| It was recalled that the International Court of Justice had avoided pronouncing on the question in the Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary/Slovakia) case. |
有人回顾说，国际法院在加布奇科沃－大毛罗斯项目(匈牙利/斯洛伐克)案中回避就这个问题发表意见。 |
| At the same time, it was noted that article 61 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and International Organizations or between International Organizations could be construed as allowing for a legal regime to be considered an object indispensable for the execution of the treaty. |
与此同时，有人指出，《关于国家和国际组织间或国际组织相互间条约法的维也纳公约》第六十一条可解释为一项法律制度被视为实施条约所必不可少的标的物。 |
| Given the lack of clarity in international law in that respect, it was proposed that the Study Group should not focus its work on the question of the applicability of article 61 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. |
鉴于国际法在这方面缺乏明确性，有成员建议研究组不要将工作重点放在《维也纳条约法公约》第六十一条的适用性问题上。 |
| 179. |
179. |
| With respect to cases in which an agreed land boundary terminus ended up being located out at sea, it was observed that two legal options existed: to recognize, as a legal fiction, that the land boundary remained; |
关于商定的陆地边界终点最后位于海上的情况，有人认为，存在两种法律选择：作为一种法律拟制，承认陆地边界仍然存在； |
| or to conclude that it had become a maritime boundary. |
或者断定它已经成为海上边界。 |
| With respect to the latter case, it was recalled that article 15 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea provided that the delimitation of the territorial sea between States with opposite or adjacent coasts should be done on the basis of the median line. |
关于后一种情况，有人回顾说，《联合国海洋法公约》第十五条规定，海岸彼此相向或相邻的国家间的领海划界应以中线为基础。 |
| However, the submerged land boundary would not always coincide with the median line, and such a case would require an interpretation of article 15 to allow a special circumstance to be taken into account. |
但是，被淹没的陆地边界并不总是与中线重合，在这种情况下需要对第十五条作出解释，以便考虑一种特殊情况。 |
| It was also noted that the method of using fixed points at sea could be applied in such cases for maritime delimitation between States with adjacent coasts. |
还有人指出，在这种情况下，使用海上定点的方法可适用于海岸相邻的国家之间的海洋划界。 |
| 180. |
180. |
| With respect to the issue of objective regimes, it was noted that maritime delimitation agreements should not be considered as imposing any objective regime vis-à-vis third States. |
关于客观制度问题，有人指出，不应将海洋划界协定视为对第三国强加任何客观制度。 |
| It was proposed that the issue be approached from the perspective of the legal effects of acquiescence. |
有人建议从默认行为的法律效力的角度来处理这个问题。 |
| It was also noted that articles 11 and 12 of the 1978 Vienna Convention on the Succession of States in respect of Treaties, as referred to in paragraph 141 of the additional paper, were not applicable in the context of sea-level rise. |
还有人指出，补充文件第141段提到的1978年《关于国家在条约方面的继承的维也纳公约》第十一条和第十二条不适用于海平面上升的情况。 |
| 181. |
181. |
| In line with the additional paper, the question of obsolescence, or desuetude, of treaties was seen as highly controversial and hardly helpful in the context of sea-level rise. |
根据补充文件，成员们认为条约的过时或废弃问题极具争议性，对海平面上升的情况几乎没有帮助。 |
| It was proposed that the Study Group should not focus on it. |
有人建议研究组不要把重点放在这一问题上。 |
| 182. |
182. |
| Some members agreed on the relevance of the Maritime Delimitation in the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) case of the International Court of Justice in the sea-level rise context. |
一些成员同意国际法院加勒比海和太平洋海洋划界案(哥斯达黎加诉尼加拉瓜)在海平面上升背景下的相关性。 |
| However, it was noted that the conclusions reached by the Court in that case could not be generally applied in all situations. |
然而，有人指出，国际法院在该案中得出的结论不能普遍适用于所有情况。 |
| It was also emphasized that the Court had never held that baselines should be fixed. |
还有人强调，国际法院从未认为基线应是固定的。 |
| A view was expressed that the statement of Costa Rica, cited in paragraph 146 of the additional paper, in which that State noted that legal stability did not necessarily require a fixed delimitation line and could also be achieved with a moving delimitation line, introduced too much complexity and should be taken with caution. |
有成员说，补充文件第146段引述了哥斯达黎加的声明，该国在声明中指出，法律稳定性不一定需要固定的分界线，也可以通过移动的分界线来实现，这一声明过于复杂，应谨慎对待。 |
| (e) |
(e) |
| Principle that “the land dominates the sea” |
“陆地支配海洋”原则 |
| 183. |
183. |
| At the fourth meeting of the Study Group, held on 2 May 2023, the Co-Chair (Ms. Oral) introduced chapter VI of the additional paper, including preliminary observations in paragraph 155, on the principle that “the land dominates the sea”. |
在研究组2023年5月2日举行的第四次会议上，共同主席(奥拉尔女士)介绍了关于“陆地支配海洋”原则的补充文件第六章，包括第155段中的初步意见。 |
| She explained that it had been the Co-Chairs’ intention not to reconsider the principle, but rather to highlight the fact that it was a judicially established principle that was broadly applied, and to examine it in the context of sea-level rise further to a mapping exercise of the relevant practice and case law. |
她解释说，共同主席打算不重新审议这一原则，而是强调该原则是一项被广泛适用的既定司法原则，并基于对相关实践和判例的摸底工作在海平面上升的背景下审查这一原则。 |
| She stressed that the Co-Chairs had specifically aimed to consider whether the principle was an absolute rule, and whether it could be applicable in cases where portions of land had become submerged. |
她强调，共同主席的具体目标是审议该原则是否为绝对规则，以及该原则是否适用于部分土地被淹没的情况。 |
| She presented the principle of natural prolongation, a codified rule that, for practical reasons, had fallen into disuse by the International Court of Justice and arbitral tribunals, and the principle of the permanency of the outer boundaries of the continental shelf, under article 76 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. |
她介绍了自然延伸原则，这是一项成文规则，但出于实际原因，国际法院和仲裁法庭已不再使用该原则。 她还介绍了《联合国海洋法公约》第七十六条规定的大陆架外部边界永久性原则。 |
| Both of those principles had been cited by the Co-Chairs as examples of exceptions to the application of the rule that “the land dominates the sea”. |
共同主席以这两项原则为例，说明适用“陆地支配海洋”规则方面的例外情况。 |
| 184. |
184. |
| In the course of their exchange, members expressed diverging views on the nature and status of the concept in international law. |
研究组成员在交流过程中对这一概念在国际法中的性质和地位发表了不同意见。 |
| Some members of the Study Group noted that “the land dominates the sea” was neither a principle nor a rule of customary international law. |
一些成员指出，“陆地支配海洋”并非习惯国际法的原则或规则。 |
| Another view was expressed that it was a question not of contemplating exceptions to the principle that “the land dominates the sea”, but of establishing solid support for the preliminary observations in favour of preservation and permanency of baselines and maritime boundaries. |
另一种观点认为，要考虑的问题并不是“陆地支配海洋”原则的例外情况，而是为主张维护基线和海洋边界及其永久性的初步意见提供坚实的支持。 |
| 185. |
185. |
| Some members considered that “the land dominates the sea” was rather a legal maxim developed in international case law and that, while rights over maritime spaces depended on the sovereignty over the coastline, “the land dominates the sea” was not a rule that could be used in practice to determine maritime zones. |
一些成员认为，“陆地支配海洋”确切地说是国际判例中形成的法律格言，虽然对海洋空间的权利取决于对沿海陆地的主权，但“陆地支配海洋”并不是一项可以在实践中用于确定海区的规则。 |
| A view was expressed that, with the exception of historic title and rights, every privilege enjoyed by States in the form of maritime spaces under their jurisdiction was based on their sovereignty over the coastline. |
有一种观点认为，除历史性所有权和权利外，各国以所管辖海洋空间的形式享有的每一项特权都是基于对海岸线的主权。 |
| There was, however, no overarching principle that made it possible for States to determine, in accordance with the traditional sources of international law, another rationale for the granting of privileges over the sea. |
但是，不存在一项总的原则让各国能够根据国际法的传统渊源确定另一项赋予海洋特权的依据。 |
| Rather, maritime entitlements were determined on the basis of the baselines rule, on which, it was thus suggested, the Study Group should therefore focus. |
相反，海洋权益是根据基线规则确定的，因此有人建议，研究组应重点关注基线规则。 |
| It was also recalled that the outer limits of the continental shelf remained fixed despite the landward shift of baselines, which showed that the principle that “the land dominates the sea” was not universal. |
还有人回顾说，即使基线向陆地移动，大陆架的外部界限也仍然是固定的，这表明“陆地支配海洋”原则并不具有普遍性。 |
| 186. |
186. |
| According to another view, the principle that “the land dominates the sea” was a long-existing principle of international law, stemming from the cannon-shot rule, and was used in practice for maritime delimitation. |
另一种观点认为，“陆地支配海洋”原则是一项长期存在的国际法原则，源于大炮射程规则，在实践中被用于海洋划界。 |
| It was also noted that the principle was a rule of customary international law and was reflected in various international instruments, including the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. |
还有人指出，该原则是一项习惯国际法规则，在《联合国海洋法公约》等多项国际文书中都有反映。 |
| At the same time, the necessity for consistent treatment of changes in coastlines and changes in maritime features was stressed. |
与此同时，有人强调，有必要以一致的方式处理海岸线的变化和海洋地貌的变化。 |
| 187. |
187. |
| It was emphasized that maritime spaces existed in direct relation to the land and that it would be helpful to reconsider the matter in the context of the subtopic on statehood. |
有人强调，海洋空间的存在与陆地直接相关，在关于国家地位的分专题下重新审议这一事项将是有益的。 |
| 188. |
188. |
| It was suggested that the Study Group explore further the issue of basepoints, which were also used for maritime delimitation, to consider, in particular, whether basepoints could be fixed, similarly to baselines. |
有人建议研究组就同样用于海洋划界的基点作进一步探讨，特别是审议是否可以像固定基线那样固定基点。 |
| In that regard, a call was made for States, in particular those facing the threat of sea-level rise, to publish their basepoints. |
在这方面，有人呼吁各国，特别是面临海平面上升威胁的国家公布它们的基点。 |
| (f) |
(f) |
| Historic waters, title and rights |
历史性水域、所有权和权利 |
| 189. |
189. |
| At the fifth meeting of the Study Group, held on 3 May 2023, the Co-Chair (Ms. Oral) introduced chapter VII of the additional paper, including preliminary observations in paragraphs 168 and 169, on historic waters, title and rights. |
在研究组2023年5月3日举行的第五次会议上，共同主席(奥拉尔女士)介绍了关于历史性水域、所有权和权利的补充文件第七章，包括第168和169段中的初步意见。 |
| She noted that the chapter explored the history of the development of the principle, its application by States and international courts and tribunals, and its possible applicability in the context of sea-level rise for the purposes of preserving existing rights in maritime areas. |
她指出，第七章探讨了历史性水域、所有权和权利原则的发展历史、各国及国际法院和法庭对该原则的适用情况，以及在海平面上升背景下该原则在维护现有海域权利方面的可能适用性。 |
| 190. |
190. |
| Some members noted the exceptional nature of the principle of historic waters, title and rights. |
一些成员指出，历史性水域、所有权和权利原则具有特殊性。 |
| Several members called for caution in examining the applicability of the principle in the context of sea-level rise. |
一些成员呼吁在审查该原则在海平面上升背景下的适用性时谨慎行事。 |
| A view was expressed that the content of the principle was ambiguous. |
有人认为，该原则的内容含糊不清。 |
| It was also emphasized that international law did not provide for a single regime for historic waters, title or rights, but provided only for a particular regime for each individual case. |
还有人强调，国际法没有就历史性水域、所有权或权利规定单一的制度，而只是为每个个案规定了具体制度。 |
| Furthermore, it was recalled that the International Court of Justice, in the Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia) case in 2012, had pronounced that historic considerations did not create legal rights per se, but had primarily evidentiary value in confirming that the disputed territory belonged to a specific State. |
此外，有人回顾，国际法院在2012年领土和海洋争端案(尼加拉瓜诉哥伦比亚)的判决中称，历史性因素本身并不产生法律权利，但在确认有争议领土是否属于特定国家方面具有重要证据价值。 |
| 191. |
191. |
| It was recalled that the establishment of a historic regime was conditioned on several requirements, including the need to exercise effective authority over a region. |
有人回顾，历史性制度的建立取决于多项必要条件，包括必须对一个区域行使有效的权力。 |
| The requirement of effective authority, beyond mere legal pronouncements, was seen as potentially problematic for small island and archipelagic States, as it required considerable financial and technical resources. |
除单纯的法律声明外，还应行使有效权力，小岛屿国家和群岛国家在这方面可能会面临问题，因为满足这一要求需要大量的财政和技术资源。 |
| 192. |
192. |
| It was noted that the principle of historic waters, title and rights would be relevant if an ambulatory baselines approach were adopted. |
有人指出，如果采用流动基线的办法，历史性水域、所有权和权利的原则将具有相关性。 |
| Some members expressed reservations as to the applicability of the principle in the context of sea-level rise. |
一些成员对该原则在海平面上升背景下的适用性持保留态度。 |
| In particular, a concern was expressed that the universal nature of sea-level rise would render all existing maritime titles historic. |
具体而言，有人关切地指出，海平面上升的普遍性将使所有现有的海洋所有权成为历史。 |
| At the same time, it was noted that the principle could be useful in situations of submerged land boundaries. |
同时，有人指出，该原则在陆地边界被淹没的情况下可能有用。 |
| 193. |
193. |
| A view was expressed that the Co-Chairs should refrain from citing the South China Sea Arbitration award as it exceeded the scope of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and the award had been criticized. |
有人认为，共同主席应避免援引南海仲裁案的裁决，因为该案超出了《联合国海洋法公约》的管辖范围，并且该裁决受到了批评。 |
| A contrary view was expressed, recalling that the South China Sea was a sensitive area. |
有人表达了相反的观点，指出南海是一个敏感地区。 |
| 194. |
194. |
| The Co-Chair (Ms. Oral) noted that the principle of historic waters, title and rights had led to an exceptional regime of limited application, which, by its nature, would be considered on a case-by-case basis rather than as a general rule applicable to sea-level rise, and was relevant only if baselines were accepted as ambulatory. |
共同主席(奥拉尔女士)指出，历史性水域、所有权和权利原则导致了一个适用范围有限的特殊制度，就其性质而言，该原则将被逐案适用，而不是作为适用于海平面上升的一般规则，并且只有在流动基线被接受的情况下才具有相关性。 |
| Moreover, she stressed that, in her opinion, the principle was relevant to the present study as it provided an example of the preservation of existing rights in maritime areas that would otherwise not be in accordance with international law. |
此外，她强调说，在她看来，该原则之所以与本研究报告相关，是因为它提供了关于维护原本不符合国际法的现有海域权利的例子。 |
| (g) |
(g) |
| Equity |
公平 |
| 195. |
195. |
| At the fifth meeting of the Study Group, held on 3 May 2023, the Co-Chair (Ms. Oral) introduced chapter VIII of the additional paper, including preliminary observations in paragraph 183, on the question of equity. |
在研究组2023年5月3日举行的第五次会议上，共同主席(奥拉尔女士)介绍了关于公平问题的补充文件第八章，包括第183段中的初步意见。 |
| She noted that the request for the Study Group to examine the issue of equity had been made by several States, including small island and small island developing States. |
她指出，包括小岛屿国家和小岛屿发展中国家在内的一些国家要求研究组审查公平问题。 |
| While equity was a broad concept of international law, the Co-Chairs had focused in the chapter on the issue of equity first in general and then in the context of the law of the sea and sea-level rise. |
公平是一个广泛的国际法概念，共同主席在这一章中从两方面重点论述了公平问题：首先从一般意义的角度，然后在海洋法和海平面上升的框架内作了论述。 |
| She recalled that certain examples of case law and State practice had been reflected in the chapter. |
她回顾说，该章列举了某些判例和国家实践的例子。 |
| 196. |
196. |
| It was noted that equity was an important principle that was enshrined in various international conventions and instruments, including the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. |
有人指出，公平是《联合国海洋法公约》等多项国际公约和文书载有的一项重要原则。 |
| It was recalled that those who stood to suffer the most from human-induced sea-level rise had contributed the least to the problem, and the preservation of baselines and maritime entitlements gave expression not only to the foundational principles of equity and legal stability, but also to notions of climate justice that were deeply rooted in human rights and general principles of international law. |
有人回顾说，那些因人类造成的海平面上升而受害最深的国家对这一问题的责任最小，维护基线和海洋权益不仅体现了公平和法律稳定性的基本原则，也体现了深深根植于人权和国际法一般原则的气候公正概念。 |
| The link between the principle of equity and the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities was also mentioned by several members. |
还有几名成员提到公平原则与共同但有区别的责任原则之间的联系。 |
| It was noted that the latter principle, established in international law, was relevant to the obligations of all States to address climate change and its effects, including sea-level rise, and could prove useful in addressing the impact of sea-level rise through mitigation and adaptation measures, especially in developing States. |
有人指出，国际法确立的后一项原则与所有国家应对气候变化及其影响(包括海平面上升)的义务相关； 在通过减缓和适应措施应对海平面上升的影响方面，特别是在发展中国家，该原则可能发挥有益作用。 |
| Furthermore, it was noted that legal stability and equity should be the guiding principles of the Study Group’s work on rising sea levels, given that equity was at the heart of the object and purpose of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea itself. |
此外，有人指出，鉴于公平是《联合国海洋法公约》自身目标和宗旨的核心，法律稳定性和公平应成为研究组关于海平面上升工作的指导原则。 |
| A view was expressed that equity required that the special needs and interests of developing States, especially those vulnerable to climate change, be fully taken into account. |
有人认为，公平要求充分考虑到发展中国家，特别是那些易受气候变化影响的发展中国家的特殊需要和利益。 |
| A view was also expressed that the Study Group should conduct further research into the legal question of the application of the principle of equity to sea-level rise in the context of climate change. |
还有一种意见认为，研究组应进一步研究在气候变化背景下将公平原则适用于海平面上升的法律问题。 |
| 197. |
197. |
| A question was raised as to whether equity could be considered a rule of customary international law or a general principle of law. |
有人提出了问题：公平是否可以被视为一项习惯国际法规则或一般法律原则？ |
| It was noted that equity as a source had been specifically excluded from article 38 of the Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice, which had been transposed verbatim to the Statute of the International Court of Justice. |
有人指出，《常设国际法院规约》第三十八条明确排除了将公平作为一项渊源，该条内容一字不差地纳入了《国际法院规约》。 |
| Furthermore, since there was no single position among States on the legal character of equity, it was considered premature at the present stage to pronounce on whether equity was a source of international law within the meaning of Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice. |
此外，由于各国对公平的法律性质没有统一的立场，就宣布公平是否是《国际法院规约》第三十八条意义上的国际法渊源而言，现阶段还为时过早。 |
| According to another view, equity could be considered a general principle of law. |
另一种观点认为，公平可被视为一项一般法律原则。 |
| It was recalled that the principle of equity had been referred to by the Commission in some of its previous work and had been reflected in international instruments. |
有人回顾说，委员会曾在以往的一些工作中提到公平原则，该原则也反映在国际文书中。 |
| A question was also raised as to whether equity could be considered part of subsidiary means for the determination of rules of international law. |
也有人提出了是否可将公平视为一项确定国际法规则的辅助手段的问题。 |
| 198. |
198. |
| Some members recalled that equity was a broad concept, and stressed that particular care was needed in its application to the context of sea-level rise. |
一些成员回顾说，公平是一个宽泛的概念，并强调在海平面上升方面适用公平需要特别谨慎。 |
| It was noted that equity was a complex legal concept with various permutations, and that the interpretation of equity by the International Court of Justice in maritime delimitation cases was different from the concept of equity in general that was being discussed by the Study Group. |
有人指出，公平是一个复杂的法律概念，对这一概念存在多种理解，国际法院在海洋划界案中对公平的解释不同于研究组正在讨论的一般意义上的公平。 |
| Relatedly, one view was that the additional paper seemed to conflate the distinction between equity as a substantive rule and as a procedural ability of the Court in deciding specific cases. |
在这方面，还有人指出，补充文件似乎混淆了公平作为实质性规则与公平作为国际法院裁决具体案件的程序性能力之间的区别。 |
| It was recalled that the Court had never resolved a case ex aequo et bono and suggested that the Study Group should likewise avoid that concept. |
有人回顾，国际法院从未根据公允及善良原则裁决案件，并建议研究组也避开这一概念。 |
| A proposal was made for the Study Group to adopt a definition of equity for the purposes of its work on the topic. |
有人建议研究组出于本专题工作的目的通过关于公平的定义。 |
| Some members disagreed with the idea that equity allowed a deviation from positive law. |
一些成员不同意公平允许偏离实在法的观点。 |
| 199. |
199. |
| A view was expressed that the concept of equity introduced a teleological dimension to the choice and implementation of applicable rules. |
有一种观点认为，公平概念为可适用规则的选择和执行引入了目的论层面。 |
| It was noted that the notion of equitable results was universally present in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and that it was possible to consider equity as a legitimizing factor that would support, for example, the notion of fixed baselines. |
有人指出，《联合国海洋法公约》中普遍存在公平结果的概念，可以将公平视作支持固定基线等概念的合法性的因素。 |
| It was recalled that the Convention exempted developing States from certain obligations on account of equity. |
有人回顾，《公约》出于公平考虑，免除了发展中国家的某些义务。 |
| At the same time, it was emphasized that the notion of equitable results could not be used for all areas of international law. |
有人同时强调，公平结果的概念不能用于国际法的所有领域。 |
| It was suggested that equity should be seen as the ultimate goal to be achieved, rather than a principle to be relied upon. |
有人建议，应将公平视作要实现的最终目标，而不是一项要依赖的原则。 |
| It was also noted that the concept of equity in the context of sea-level rise meant that any solution to address the impact of sea-level rise on maritime entitlements ought to apply to all States, including the most vulnerable ones. |
还有人指出，海平面上升背景下的公平概念意味着任何解决海平面上升对海洋权益的影响的办法应适用于所有国家，包括最脆弱的国家。 |
| 200. |
200. |
| A view was expressed that the methodology for maritime delimitation, and in particular the role of equity in it, as described in the additional paper, was not necessarily up to date with international case law. |
有观点认为，补充文件所述的海洋划界方法，特别是公平在该方法中的作用不一定符合最新的国际判例。 |
| The need for clarity with regard to the rules of maritime delimitation was therefore emphasized. |
有人就此强调需要明确海洋划界的规则。 |
| 201. |
201. |
| Some support was voiced for the Co-Chairs’ preliminary observation that equity, as a method under international law for achieving justice, should be applied in favour of the preservation of existing maritime entitlements. |
有人表示支持共同主席的初步意见，即公平作为国际法规定的实现正义的一种方法，应加以适用，以维护现有海洋权益。 |
| In particular, a view was expressed that the legal stability principle invoked by States as a justification for the fixed baselines approach was supported by the application of equity. |
具体而言，有人认为，公平的适用可以支持各国为证明固定基线办法的合理性所援引的法律稳定性原则。 |
| According to another view, while equity might strengthen the legal argument in favour of the solution of fixing baselines, the legal vagueness of the concept of equity meant that the fixed baselines approach should not at the present stage be seen as the only possible or preferable solution. |
另一种观点认为，虽然公平可能会加强支持固定基线解决方案的法律论据，但公平概念在法律上的模糊性意味着现阶段不应将固定基线办法视为唯一可行或可取的解决方案。 |
| It was emphasized that equity in some cases could contribute to legal instability. |
有人强调，在某些情况下，公平可能造成法律方面的不稳定。 |
| 202. |
202. |
| Some members expressed reservations about the applicability of equity in the context of sea-level rise. |
一些成员对公平在海平面上升背景下的适用性持保留态度。 |
| It was noted that the preliminary observations contained the assumption that any loss of maritime entitlement would be inherently inequitable. |
有人指出，初步意见中载有这样的假设：任何海洋权益的丧失必然是不公平的。 |
| A question was raised as to whether that would always be the case. |
有人质疑情况是否总是如此。 |
| In particular, doubt was expressed as to whether the landward shift of exclusive economic zones without change to their size could be considered inequitable. |
具体而言，有人提出质疑：在不改变专属经济区面积的情况下将其向陆地移动是否可被视为不公平。 |
| In that regard, it was noted that equity could work against the objective of the Study Group, namely that of ensuring the legal stability of the system in the light of the changing realities resulting from sea-level rise. |
就此问题，有人指出，公平可能不利于研究组的目标，即在海平面上升造成不断变化的现实情况下确保系统的法律稳定性的目标。 |
| 203. |
203. |
| The Co-Chairs (Mr. Aurescu and Ms. Oral) recalled that the intention of the chapter was to map various issues related to equity and explore the applicability of the concept to the context of sea-level rise. |
共同主席(奥雷斯库先生和奥拉尔女士)回顾说，这一章意在阐述多项与公平有关的问题，并探讨这一概念在海平面上升背景下的适用性。 |
| The Co-Chairs expressed concern that the views of the Study Group could be interpreted as being against equity, and emphasized the need to reach a conclusion on how equity could be helpful in the context of sea-level rise. |
共同主席表示关切的是，研究组的意见可能被解释为与公平相悖，他们强调，需要就公平在海平面上升背景下有何助益达成结论。 |
| (h) |
(h) |
| Permanent sovereignty over natural resources |
对自然资源的永久主权 |
| 204. |
204. |
| At the sixth meeting of the Study Group, held on 4 May 2023, the Co-Chair (Ms. Oral) introduced chapter IX of the additional paper, including preliminary observations in paragraphs 192 to 194, on the principle of permanent sovereignty over natural resources. |
在研究组2023年5月4日举行的第六次会议上，共同主席(奥拉尔女士)介绍了关于自然资源永久主权原则的补充文件第九章，包括第192至194段中的初步意见。 |
| She recalled that members had raised the need for the Study Group to address the principle in greater detail. |
她回顾说，成员们曾提出研究组需要更详细地讨论这一原则。 |
| The chapter explored the development and scope of the principle of permanent sovereignty over natural resources, as reflected in relevant international instruments and the doctrine, and its application to marine resources. |
该章探讨了相关国际文书和学说中反映的自然资源永久主权原则的发展和该原则的范围，以及该原则对海洋资源的适用性。 |
| The Co-Chair also observed that the principle was widely recognized as a principle of customary international law. |
共同主席还指出，这一原则已被广泛承认为一项习惯国际法原则。 |
| 205. |
205. |
| Some members considered the principle of permanent sovereignty over natural resources to be relevant to the topic under consideration. |
一些成员认为，自然资源永久主权原则与正在审议的专题相关。 |
| Members agreed that it was a principle of customary international law, as outlined in the additional paper. |
成员们赞同补充文件中关于该原则是一项习惯国际法原则的论述。 |
| It was recalled that, on 11 December 1970, the General Assembly had adopted resolution 2692 (XXV), entitled “Permanent sovereignty over natural resources of developing countries and expansion of domestic sources of accumulation for economic development”, whereby it recognized that the principle of permanent sovereignty over natural resources was applicable to marine natural resources. |
有人回顾，1970年12月11日，大会通过了题为《发展中国家天然资源之永久主权及本国经济发展资金积聚来源之扩展》的第2692(XXV)号决议，其中承认自然资源永久主权原则适用于海洋自然资源。 |
| A doubt was expressed as to whether the loss by a State of its maritime entitlements outside of its own volition could be considered a violation of the inalienable rights, as recognized by other States, that were inherent in its sovereignty. |
有人提出疑问：一国海洋权益的非自愿丧失是否可被视为其主权中固有并且得到其他国家承认的不可剥夺的权利受到侵犯？ |
| 206. |
206. |
| A view was expressed that a distinction should be drawn between natural resources in the seabed and subsoil and those in the water column. |
有人认为，海床和底土中的自然资源与水体中的自然资源应加以区分。 |
| It was also noted that the principle of permanent sovereignty over natural resources had a special historical meaning and that the question of its applicability outside the colonial context was not yet settled. |
还有人指出，自然资源永久主权原则具有特殊的历史意义，该原则在殖民背景之外的适用性问题尚无定论。 |
| 207. |
207. |
| Several members underlined the link between the principle of permanent sovereignty over natural resources and the right of peoples to self-determination. |
一些成员强调了自然资源永久主权原则与人民自决权之间的联系。 |
| In that regard, it was recalled that examination of the principle of permanent sovereignty over natural resources could continue the following year, when the Study Group would return to the subtopics of statehood and the protection of persons affected by sea-level rise. |
有人就此回顾说，对自然资源永久主权原则的审查可在下一年继续进行，届时研究组将重新讨论国家地位和保护受海平面上升影响的人员这两个分专题。 |
| The link between the principle of permanent sovereignty over natural resources and the presumption of continuity of statehood, as addressed in the subtopic of statehood, was also noted. |
还有人提及国家地位分专题中涉及的自然资源永久主权原则与国家地位连续性的推定之间的联系。 |
| 208. |
208. |
| Support was expressed for the preliminary observations in paragraph 194 of the additional paper. |
有人表示支持补充文件第194段中的初步意见。 |
| At the same time, several members expressed doubt that the principle of permanent sovereignty over natural resources necessarily supported the observations in paragraph 194 (b), concerning the loss of marine natural resources. |
同时，一些成员对自然资源永久主权原则是否一定支持第194(b)段中关于海洋自然资源的丧失的意见表示怀疑。 |
| A view was expressed that the principle would not in itself be sufficient to override the change of maritime entitlements caused by changes to the coast. |
有一种观点认为，该原则本身不足以推翻因海岸变化而引起的海洋权益的改变。 |
| Another view was expressed that the principle of permanent sovereignty over natural resources was agnostic about the existence and spatial scope of sovereign rights and jurisdiction over maritime spaces, and instead identified the manner in which they could be exercised. |
另一种观点认为，自然资源永久主权原则并不影响是否存在对海洋空间的主权权利和管辖权及其空间范围，而是确定了可行使这些主权和管辖权的方式。 |
| 209. |
209. |
| The Co-Chair (Ms. Oral) welcomed the rich discussion between the members of the Study Group on chapter IX of the additional paper. |
联合主席(奥拉尔女士)欢迎研究组成员就补充文件第九章进行的丰富讨论。 |
| She emphasized that while the principle of permanent sovereignty over natural resources was linked to the decolonization process, it continued to play an important part in economic development for many developing States. |
她强调，自然资源永久主权原则与非殖民化进程有关，该原则在许多发展中国家的经济发展中继续发挥重要作用。 |
| The Co-Chair noted that the principle was relevant in the context of sea-level rise, as it provided for additional layers of support for the concept of the preservation of maritime entitlements. |
共同主席指出，该原则为维护海洋权益的概念提供了更多层次的支持，因此与海平面上升问题相关。 |
| (i) |
(i) |
| Possible loss or gain by third States |
第三国可能的损失或收益 |
| 210. |
210. |
| At the sixth meeting of the Study Group, held on 4 May 2023, the Co-Chair (Ms. Oral) introduced chapter X of the additional paper, including preliminary observations in paragraph 214, on possible loss or gain by third States. |
在研究组2023年5月4日举行的第六次会议上，共同主席(奥拉尔女士)介绍了关于第三国可能的损失或收益的补充文件第十章，包括第214段中的初步意见。 |
| She noted that the question of the possible legal effects of sea-level rise on the exercise of sovereign rights and jurisdiction of coastal States and third States had been addressed in the first issues paper. |
她指出，第一份问题文件已经讨论过海平面上升可能对沿海国和第三国行使主权权利和管辖权产生的法律影响的问题。 |
| She recalled that, during the seventy-second session (2021) of the Commission, the Study Group had decided that there was a need to explore the question further, in particular from the perspective of third States, which prompted the inclusion of the matter in the additional paper. |
她回顾说，研究组在委员会第七十二届会议(2021年)期间决定，有必要进一步探讨这一问题，特别是从第三国的角度进行探讨，这促使该事项被纳入补充文件。 |
| The chapter thus explored different scenarios, triggered by baselines shifting landward, and their effect on the possible benefits and losses to third States, concluding that the preservation of existing baselines and maritime boundaries would not result in any loss to either party. |
因此，本章探讨了基线向陆地移动所引发的多种情景以及各种情景对第三国可能的利益和损失的影响，并得出结论认为，维持现有基线和海洋边界不会给任何一方造成任何损失。 |
| 211. |
211. |
| The Co-Chairs were commended for the clear and analytical discussion of possible loss or gain by third States. |
与会者赞扬共同主席就第三国可能的损失或收益进行了清晰的分析性讨论。 |
| A view was expressed that the legal issues arising from scenarios addressed in the additional paper could occur only where there was no prior maritime delimitation agreement between States, and the question of practical relevance, given the limited number of scenarios in which the legal issues could occur, was therefore raised. |
有一种观点认为，只有在国家之间事先没有海洋划界协定的情况下，才会出现补充文件述及的多种情景下的法律问题。 鉴于可能产生法律问题的情景数量有限，所以有人提出了实际相关性问题。 |
| It was further noted that the legal consequences of sea-level rise for existing delimitation treaties were of particular importance, in terms of their influence on third States specifically. |
还有人指出，海平面上升对现有划界条约的法律后果会对第三国产生具体影响，因此特别重要。 |
| In that regard, a proposal was made for the Study Group to explore available options for third States that could have an interest in the termination, owing to the effects of sea-level rise, of existing delimitation treaties to which they were not parties. |
在这方面，有人建议研究组探讨，如果第三国因海平面上升影响而有意终止其并非缔约方的现有划界条约，它们有哪些可用的办法。 |
| 212. |
212. |
| A view was expressed that sea-level rise, in the context of ambulatory baselines, would not disturb the balance established by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, as maritime zones would move landward, but their size would remain unchanged and loss by States would be limited to land territory. |
有人认为，在流动基线的背景下，海平面上升不会破坏《联合国海洋法公约》确立的平衡，因为虽然海区将向陆地移动，但其面积保持不变，各国的损失仅限于陆地领土。 |
| It was nonetheless observed that the fixed baselines approach, if adopted, would undoubtedly affect the rights of third States, and would also lead to significant changes in the rules governing the law of the sea. |
但有人指出，如果采用固定基线的办法，无疑会影响第三国的权利，也会导致指导海洋法的规则的重大变化。 |
| A concern was raised that the increase in portions of waters under the sovereignty of coastal States would have a considerable effect on the right of innocent passage for third States. |
有人关切地指出，沿海国主权范围内水域的增加将对第三国的无害通过权产生相当大的影响。 |
| At the same time, it was noted that the fixed baselines approach was indispensable to maintaining the predictability of maritime entitlements and preserving the balance of rights and obligations established by the Convention. |
同时，有人指出，对于保持海洋权益的可预测性和维护《公约》规定的权利和义务的平衡来说，固定基线的办法不可或缺。 |
| A view was also expressed that, in addition to fixing baselines, the existing defined outer limits of maritime zones must be preserved in order to maintain the status quo of maritime entitlements as established in accordance with international law. |
还有意见认为，除了固定基线外，必须保留现有已界定的海区外部界限，以便维持根据国际法确立的海洋权益的现状。 |
| 213. |
213. |
| With regard to paragraph 199 of the additional paper, a point was made suggesting that there were different positions in international law as to whether the right of innocent passage applied to both merchant and military vessels. |
有人就补充文件第199段指出，在无害通过权是否适用于商船和军舰的问题上，国际法中有不同的立场。 |
| 214. |
214. |
| The Co-Chair (Ms. Oral) emphasized the link between the matter under consideration and the principle of equity, discussed in chapter VIII of the additional paper. |
共同主席(奥拉尔女士)强调了正在审议的事项与补充文件第八章讨论的公平原则之间的联系。 |
| (j) |
(j) |
| Nautical charts and their relationship to baselines, maritime boundaries and the safety of navigation |
海图及其与基线、海洋边界和航行安全的关系 |
| 215. |
215. |
| At the sixth meeting of the Study Group, held on 4 May 2023, the Co-Chair (Ms. Oral) recalled that the issue of navigational charts had been raised during the Study Group discussions during the seventy-second session (2021) of the Commission. |
在研究组2023年5月4日举行的第六次会议上，共同主席(奥拉尔女士)回顾说，在委员会第七十二届会议(2021年)期间，研究组在讨论中提出了导航图问题。 |
| She noted that the purpose of chapter XI of the additional paper was to examine in greater detail the various functions of navigational charts under international law and to determine whether States had an obligation to update such charts periodically under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. |
她指出，补充文件第十一章意在更详细地审查国际法规定的导航图的各项功能，并确定各国是否有义务根据《联合国海洋法公约》定期更新此类导航图。 |
| She also brought to the attention of the Study Group that the Co-Chairs had prepared the chapter on the basis, inter alia, of information from States and international organizations, in particular the International Hydrographic Organization, the International Maritime Organization and the Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea of the United Nations Office of Legal Affairs. |
她还提请研究组注意，共同主席在编写这一章时，除其他外，参考了各国和国际组织，特别是国际水道测量组织、国际海事组织以及联合国法律事务厅海洋事务和海洋法司提供的资料。 |
| 216. |
216. |
| Referring to the preliminary conclusions in paragraphs 245–249 of the additional paper, the Co-Chair emphasized that nautical charts were principally used for the purposes of the safety of navigation, and that the depiction of baselines or maritime zones was a supplementary function. |
共同主席提及补充文件第245至249段中的初步结论，强调海图主要用于航行安全的目的，绘制基线或海区是一项补充功能。 |
| The Co-Chair also observed that there was no evidence in practice or in sources of international law of an obligation on States to regularly update their nautical charts, particularly so since many States lacked the necessary capacity to conduct regular hydrographic surveys. |
共同主席还指出，实践或国际法渊源中都没有证据表明各国有义务定期更新海图，特别是因为许多国家缺乏定期进行水道测量所需的能力。 |
| 217. |
217. |
| With regard to the purpose of the nautical charts under international law, several members recalled that such charts were predominantly used for the safety of navigation and that the maritime boundaries delimitation was a concern that was secondary in nature. |
关于国际法规定的海图的目的，一些成员回顾说，此类海图主要用于航行安全，海洋划界是次要关注点。 |
| Other members questioned whether the Study Group could conclude that the safety of navigation was the primary function of the navigation charts. |
另一些成员质疑研究组是否可以得出“导航图的主要功能是促进航行安全”这一结论。 |
| The need to distinguish between nautical charts used for seafaring purposes and those used for recording maritime zones was emphasized. |
有人强调，需要区分用于航行目的的海图和用于记录海区的海图。 |
| 218. |
218. |
| Members expressed agreement that there was no obligation for States under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea to update nautical charts, once duly deposited with the Secretary-General, for the purposes of depicting basepoints, baselines or maritime boundaries. |
成员们一致认为，根据《联合国海洋法公约》，各国没有义务在海图正式交存秘书长后为绘制基点、基线或海洋边界的目的更新海图。 |
| Several members noted that there was also insufficient State practice to support the existence of such an obligation. |
一些成员还指出，没有足够的国家实践证明存在这种义务。 |
| It was also recalled that some States had difficulties in preparing charts as they did not have dedicated hydrographic agencies. |
还有人指出，一些国家由于没有专门的水道测量机构，在绘制海图方面面临困难。 |
| It was further stressed that the need for legal stability should not have any effect on the question of updating navigational charts. |
还有人强调，虽然法律稳定性很重要，但不应对导航图的更新问题产生任何影响。 |
| A question was raised as to whether it would be beneficial to encourage States to register their nautical charts, and to provide technical assistance to that end. |
有人提出了鼓励各国登记海图并为此提供技术援助是否有益的问题。 |
| A concern was raised that the fixed baselines approach together with the lack of an obligation to update baselines could pose hazards to the safety of navigation as charts might not reflect physical reality, potentially in contravention of the relevant international instruments, in particular the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea. |
有人关切地指出，固定基线的办法加上不存在更新基线的义务，可能会危及航行安全，因为海图可能并不反映现实情况，这可能违反相关国际文书，特别是《国际海上人命安全公约》。 |
| 219. |
219. |
| The Co-Chair (Ms. Oral) reiterated that the purpose of the chapter was to examine the role of navigational charts and, specifically, whether there was an obligation for States to update them. |
共同主席(奥拉尔女士)重申，该章的目的是审查导航图的作用，特别是审查各国是否有更新海图的义务。 |
| She recognized that the issue was linked to the debate on fixed versus ambulatory baselines and noted that the preliminary observations in paragraph 214 of the issues paper – in chapter X, on possible loss or gain by third States – did not contravene the fixed baseline approach. |
她承认这个问题与关于固定基线和流动基线的辩论有关，并指出，补充文件第十章第214段中关于第三国可能的损失或收益的初步意见并不违反固定基线的办法。 |
| (k) |
(k) |
| Relevance of other sources of law |
其他法律渊源的相关性 |
| 220. |
220. |
| At the seventh meeting of the Study Group, held on 4 May 2023, the Co-Chair (Mr. Aurescu) introduced chapter XII of the additional paper, on the relevance of other sources of law. |
在研究组2023年5月4日举行的第七次会议上，共同主席(奥雷斯库先生)介绍了补充文件中关于其他法律渊源的相关性的第十二章。 |
| He recalled that the members of the Study Group had suggested at the seventy-second session (2021) of the Commission that the Co-Chairs explore sources beyond the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and the 1958 Geneva Conventions. |
他回顾说，研究组成员在委员会第七十二届会议(2021年)上建议共同主席探讨除《联合国海洋法公约》和1958年日内瓦四公约 以外的其他渊源。 |
| The chapter therefore listed a number of potentially relevant international instruments. |
因此，本章列出了一些可能相关的国际文书。 |
| The preliminary observations, reflected in paragraph 280, were that their relevance to the topic was limited, although the fixed baselines solution would favour the proper implementation of some of the international instruments examined. |
第280段载有的初步意见是，尽管固定基线的解决方案有利于妥善执行所审查的一些国际文书，但这些文书与本专题的相关性有限。 |
| 221. |
221. |
| Some members agreed with the preliminary observations of the additional paper as to the limited usefulness of exploring other sources of law. |
一些成员同意补充文件中的初步意见，即关于其他法律渊源的探讨作用有限。 |
| It was noted that a large number of multilateral and bilateral international instruments referred to various maritime zones, and that it was practically unfeasible for the Study Group to exhaustively explore the matter. |
有人指出，许多多边和双边国际文书都提及各类海区，研究组要详尽无遗地探讨这一问题实际上是不可行的。 |
| The central role of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea was thus emphasized. |
有人就此强调《联合国海洋法公约》的核心作用。 |
| 3. |
3. |
| Future work of the Study Group |
研究组今后的工作 |
| 222. |
222. |
| Members made various suggestions and outlined several options during their exchange of views concerning the working methods of the Study Group and future work on the topic. |
成员们在就研究组的工作方法和今后关于本专题的工作交换意见时提出了多项建议，并概述了几个备选方案。 |
| 223. |
223. |
| First, it was underlined that a clearer road map was required to meet the expectations of States, including in determining the form and content of the Study Group’s final report, expected to be issued in 2025, and the outcomes to be delivered. |
首先，有人强调，为满足各国的期望，需要有一个更明确的路线图，包括确定研究组预计于2025年发布的最后报告的形式和内容，以及要交付的成果。 |
| The prioritization of issues that the Commission was in a position to address was also recommended. |
还有人建议对委员会能够处理的问题排定优先次序。 |
| 224. |
224. |
| Second, some members suggested that the Study Group proceed to an operative phase and propose concrete solutions to practical problems caused by sea-level rise. |
第二，一些成员建议，研究组应进入行动阶段，就海平面上升造成的实际问题提出具体解决方案。 |
| It was accordingly suggested that the Study Group should contemplate providing some practical guidance to States, possibly through a set of conclusions. |
有人就此建议，研究组应考虑向各国提供一些实际指导，可能的话为此通过一套结论。 |
| 225. |
225. |
| Third, several members were in favour of preparing an interpretative declaration on the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, which could serve as a basis for future negotiations between States parties. |
第三，一些成员赞成编写一份关于《联合国海洋法公约》的解释性声明，作为缔约国今后谈判的基础。 |
| In that connection, reference was made to the precedent of the fourth Review Conference (1996) of the Parties to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction. |
有人就此提及《禁止细菌(生物)及毒素武器的发展、生产及储存以及销毁这类武器的公约》 缔约国第四次审查会议(1996年)在这方面的先例。 |
| At the same time, it was stressed that the interpretation of treaties, including the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, fell within the purview of States parties and the instrument’s bodies. |
也有人同时强调，对《联合国海洋法公约》等条约的解释属于缔约国和文书下设各机构的职权范围。 |
| A view was expressed that in the light of inadequate State practice and insufficient scientific evidence, there was no need to reinterpret the existing regime on the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. |
一种观点认为，由于国家实践不足，科学证据也不足，所以没有必要重新解释《联合国海洋法公约》的现行制度。 |
| Another view was expressed that an interpretative declaration would not serve as a sufficient guarantee to the affected States in the future. |
另一种观点认为，解释性声明无法成为今后对受影响国家的充分保障。 |
| 226. |
226. |
| Fourth, the Co-Chairs stressed the importance of further exploring the issue of submerged territories, which had not been raised in 2021. |
第四，共同主席强调进一步探讨领土被淹没问题的重要性，2021年没有提出该问题。 |
| Given that the issue was related both to the law of the sea and to statehood, they suggested that it be addressed in the Study Group’s additional paper to the second issues paper, expected to be issued in 2024, and in the consolidated final report, expected to be issued in 2025. |
鉴于该问题同时与海洋法和国家地位有关，共同主席建议在预计于2024年发布的第二份问题文件的补充文件中，以及在预计于2025年发布的研究组最后综合报告中处理该问题。 |
| 227. |
227. |
| With regard to the outcome of the Study Group’s work, various proposals were made, including a draft framework convention on issues related to sea-level rise that could be used as a basis for further negotiations within the United Nations system, following the example of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa. |
关于研究组的工作成果，与会者提出了多项建议，包括仿照《联合国关于在发生严重干旱和/或荒漠化的国家特别是在非洲防治荒漠化的公约》，起草一项关于海平面上升问题的框架公约草案，作为联合国系统内进一步谈判的基础。 |
| 228. |
228. |
| More generally, it was also suggested that any outcome of the Commission’s work on the topic should guarantee the sovereign rights of States over their maritime spaces. |
有人从更宽泛的角度提出建议，指出委员会关于该专题的任何工作成果都应保证各国对其海洋空间的主权权利。 |
| It was recalled that, while the Commission’s mandate allowed for promotion of the progressive development of international law, its work ought to be rooted within the existing international rules. |
有人回顾说，虽然委员会的任务规定在于促进逐渐发展国际法，但其工作应立足于现有的国际规则。 |
| 229. |
229. |
| In the light of recent requests for advisory opinions addressed first to the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea and then to the International Court of Justice, a view was expressed that the Study Group should exercise caution in considering issues addressed by other bodies. |
有人表示，鉴于国际海洋法法庭和国际法院最近先后收到了征求其咨询意见的请求，研究组在审议其他机构处理的问题时应谨慎行事。 |
| 230. |
230. |
| In 2024, the Study Group will revert to the subtopics of statehood and the protection of persons affected by sea-level rise. |
2024年，研究组将重新审议关于国家地位和受海平面上升影响人员的保护分专题。 |
| In 2025, the Study Group will then seek to finalize a substantive report on the topic as a whole by consolidating the results of the work undertaken. |
2025年，研究组将汇总已开展工作的成果，力求最终完成关于整个专题的实质性报告。 |
| Chapter IX |
第九章 |
| Succession of States in respect of State responsibility |
国家责任方面的国家继承 |
| A. |
A. |
| Introduction |
导言 |
| 231. |
231. |
| At its sixty-ninth session (2017), the Commission decided to include the topic “Succession of States in respect of State responsibility” in its programme of work and appointed Mr. Pavel Šturma as Special Rapporteur. |
委员会在第六十九届会议(2017年)上决定将“国家责任方面的国家继承”专题列入工作方案，并任命帕维尔·斯图尔马先生为特别报告员。 |
| The General Assembly, in its resolution 72/116 of 7 December 2017, took note of the decision of the Commission to include the topic in its programme of work. |
联大在2017年12月7日第72/116号决议中注意到委员会决定将此专题列入其工作方案。 |
| 232. |
232. |
| The Special Rapporteur submitted five reports from 2017 to 2022. |
2017年至2022年，特别报告员提交了五份报告。 |
| The Commission also had before it, at the seventy-first session (2019), a memorandum prepared by the Secretariat providing information on treaties which may be of relevance to its future work on the topic. |
委员会在第七十一届会议(2019年)上还收到了秘书处编写的一份备忘录，其中提供了可能与委员会今后关于此专题的工作有关的条约的资料。 |
| Following the debate on each report, the Commission decided to refer the proposals for draft articles made by the Special Rapporteur to the Drafting Committee. |
委员会对每份报告进行辩论之后，决定将特别报告员提出的关于条款草案的建议转交起草委员会。 |
| The Commission heard interim reports and statements from the successive Chairs of the Drafting Committee on succession of States in respect of State responsibility at the sixty-ninth to seventy-third sessions (2017 to 2019, 2021 and 2022). |
委员会在第六十九至第七十三届会议(2017至2019年、2021年和2022年)上听取了起草委员会历任主席关于国家责任方面的国家继承的临时报告和发言。 |
| 233. |
233. |
| At its seventy-third session (2022), on 17 May 2022, the Commission decided, on the recommendation of the Special Rapporteur, to instruct the Drafting Committee to proceed with the preparation of draft guidelines on the basis of the provisions previously referred to the Drafting Committee (including those provisions provisionally adopted by the Commission at previous sessions), taking into account the debate held in the plenary on the Special Rapporteur’s fifth report. |
在第七十三届会议(2022年)上，委员会于2022年5月17日根据特别报告员的建议，决定指示起草委员会根据先前转交起草委员会的规定(包括委员会前几届会议暂时通过的规定)，参考全体会议关于特别报告员第五次报告的辩论情况，着手编写指南草案。 |
| 234. |
234. |
| Also at its seventy-third session, the Commission provisionally adopted, with commentaries, draft guidelines 6, 10, 10 bis and 11, which had been provisionally adopted by the Drafting Committee in 2018 and 2021, as well as draft guidelines 7 bis, 12, 13, 13 bis, 14, 15 and 15 bis, which were provisionally adopted by the Drafting Committee in 2022. |
也在第七十三届会议上，委员会与评注一并暂时通过了起草委员会2018年和2021年暂时通过的指南草案6、10、10之二和11，以及起草委员会于2022年暂时通过的指南草案7之二、12、13、13之二、14、15和15之二。 |
| As a result of the change of form of the outcome, the Commission also took note of draft articles 1, 2, 5, 7, 8 and 9, as revised by the Drafting Committee to be draft guidelines. |
由于成果形式的变化，委员会还注意到经起草委员会修订为指南草案的第1、第2、第5、第7、第8和第9条草案。 |
| B. |
B. |
| Consideration of the topic at the present session |
本届会议审议此专题的情况 |
| 235. |
235. |
| At the present session, the Commission had no report before it on the topic, as the Special Rapporteur was no longer with the Commission. |
委员会本届会议没有收到关于此专题的报告，因为特别报告员已从委员会离任。 |
| At its 3621st meeting, on 10 May 2023, the Commission decided to establish a Working Group on the topic and appointed Mr. August Reinisch as Chair of the Working Group. |
在2023年5月10日第3621次会议上，委员会决定设立一个关于此专题的工作组，并任命奥古斯特·赖尼施先生为工作组主席。 |
| 236. |
236. |
| The Working Group held four meetings, on 14, 18, 19 and 20 July 2023. |
工作组于2023年7月14日、18日、19日和20日举行了四次会议。 |
| 237. |
237. |
| The Working Group focused its discussion on considering the way forward for the topic. |
工作组的讨论重点是审议此专题的前进方向。 |
| It considered whether the Commission should continue developing a text in the Drafting Committee and proceed to conclude the first reading of the draft guidelines, or whether it should pursue a different course, as suggested in the plenary in 2022, and convene a dedicated Working Group with a view to eventually producing a report on the topic to be adopted by the Commission. |
工作组审议了委员会是应继续在起草委员会拟订案文并着手完成对指南草案的一读，还是应按照2022年全体会议的建议采取不同的做法，召集一个专门的工作组，以期最终编写一份关于此专题的报告，供委员会通过。 |
| The Working Group expressed its deep appreciation to the former Special Rapporteur for his outstanding contribution to the topic. |
工作组向前任特别报告员表示深切感谢，感谢他对此专题作出的杰出贡献。 |
| 238. |
238. |
| In the course of a broad and inclusive discussion in the Working Group, which highlighted both merits and shortcomings of the earlier work carried out on the topic, two main trends emerged. |
工作组进行了广泛和包容的讨论，重点指出了先前就此专题开展的工作的优点和不足，讨论过程中产生了两种主要倾向。 |
| According to one approach, it was preferable to proceed in an incremental manner such that the Working Group would be reconstituted at the seventy-fifth session (2024) to continue its deliberations on the way forward and with a clear mandate to take a decision, as far as possible within a defined time period and on the basis of a working paper to be prepared by the Chair of the Working Group. |
一种方法是，宜以渐进方式行事，即在第七十五届会议上(2024年)重新组建工作组，继续审议前进方向，并明确授权工作组尽可能在规定的时间内根据工作组主席编写的工作文件作出决定。 |
| That paper should also situate the topic within a broader global framework, reflecting more comprehensively the diversity of State practice across regions. |
该工作文件还应将此专题置于更广泛的全球框架内，同时更全面地反映各区域国家实践的多样性。 |
| 239. |
239. |
| The alternative approach was to take a decision, at the present session, to discontinue the present Special Rapporteur-led format of the work, and instead opt for a Working Group-driven process aimed at preparing a final report to be adopted by the Commission, for eventual submission to the General Assembly. |
另一种方法是在本届会议上作出决定，停止目前由特别报告员领导的工作方式，转为选择由工作组推动的进程，目标是编写一份最后报告，由委员会通过并最终提交联大。 |
| The Working Group considered a proposal along such lines, which would have involved recommending the reconstitution of the Working Group with a new mandate, and possibly with a restricted membership, precisely to prepare such a final report on the topic, within a period of two years. |
工作组审议了一项这方面的提案，提案内容涉及建议重新组建工作组，赋予其新的任务授权，并可能限制成员人数，专门负责在两年内编写关于此专题的最后报告。 |
| 240. |
240. |
| While the preponderance of views within the Working Group favoured the conversion of the present format into a Working Group-based process, with the goal of producing a final report as opposed to the adoption of draft guidelines, there was nonetheless a preference for the more incremental approach, whereby a decision on such a way forward would be taken only at the seventy-fifth session, so as to allow more time for reflection. |
工作组内大多数意见赞成将目前的形式转变为基于工作组的进程，目标是编写一份最后报告而不是通过指南草案，尽管如此，也有意见倾向于采取更为渐进的方法，即到第七十五届会议才就这一前进方向作出决定，以便有更多的时间进行思考。 |
| 241. |
241. |
| Accordingly, the Working Group decided to recommend that the Commission continue its consideration of the topic, but not proceed with the appointment of a new Special Rapporteur. |
因此，工作组决定建议委员会继续审议此专题，但不着手任命新的特别报告员。 |
| 242. |
242. |
| It further recommended that the Working Group be re-established at the seventy-fifth session of the Commission, with the present open-ended composition, with a view to undertaking further reflection on the way forward for the topic, taking into account the views expressed, and the options identified, in the Working Group at the current session. |
工作组还建议在委员会第七十五届会议上重新设立工作组，延续目前不限名额的成员组成，以期进一步思考此专题的前进方向，同时考虑到本届会议上在工作组内发表的意见和确定的备选办法。 |
| 243. |
243. |
| Such further reflection should be undertaken on the basis of a working paper identifying the various complexities surrounding the provisions adopted by the Commission thus far and outlining the options open to the Commission, to be prepared by the Chair of the Working Group in advance of the seventy-fifth session of the Commission, in close collaboration with interested members of the Working Group. |
上述进一步思考应以一份工作文件为基础，这份工作文件应由工作组主席在与工作组有关成员的密切合作下，于委员会第七十五届会议之前编写，指明围绕委员会迄今通过的各项规定的各种复杂性，并概述委员会可选择的备选办法。 |
| 244. |
244. |
| It was recommended that the re-established Working Group should seek to make a recommendation with a view to the Commission taking a decision on the way forward at its next session. |
建议重新设立的工作组力求提出一项建议，以便委员会在下届会议上就前进方向作出决定。 |
| 245. |
245. |
| At its 3648th meeting, on 27 July 2023, the Commission took note of the oral report of the Chair of the Working Group, including the recommendations contained therein. |
在2023年7月27日第3648次会议上，委员会注意到工作组主席的口头报告，包括其中所载的建议。 |
| 246. |
246. |
| Following consultations within the Bureau and among members, the Commission decided, at its 3655th meeting, on 3 August 2023, to appoint Mr. August Reinisch as Chair of the Working Group to be re-established at the seventy-fifth session and to report to the Commission for further deliberation and decision. |
主席团内和委员间进行协商后，委员会在2023年8月3日第3655次会议上决定任命奥古斯特·赖尼施先生担任将于第七十五届会议重新设立的工作组的主席，并向委员会提出报告，供进一步审议和作出决定。 |
| Chapter X |
第十章 |
| Other decisions and conclusions of the Commission |
委员会的其他决定和结论 |
| A. |
A. |
| Special memorial meetings |
特别纪念会 |
| 247. |
247. |
| At its 3641st meeting, held on 20 July 2023, the Commission convened a memorial meeting in honour of the memory of former members Mr. Gaetano Arangio-Ruiz, Mr. Guillaume Pambou-Tchivounda, Mr. Sompong Sucharitkul and Mr. Nugroho Wisnumurti. |
在2023年7月20日举行的第3641次会议上，委员会举行了一次纪念会，悼念委员会前委员加埃塔诺·阿兰焦－鲁伊斯先生、纪尧姆·庞布－奇冯达先生、颂蓬·素差伊库先生、努格罗霍·维斯努穆尔蒂先生。 |
| 248. |
248. |
| At its 3652nd meeting, held on 3 August 2023, the Commission convened a memorial meeting in honour of the memory of former member Mr. João Clemente Baena Soares. |
在2023年8月3日举行的第3652次会议上，委员会举行了一次纪念会，悼念委员会前委员若昂·克莱门特·巴埃纳·苏亚雷斯先生。 |
| B. |
B. |
| Inclusion of new topics in the programme of work |
将新专题列入工作方案 |
| 249. |
249. |
| At its 3656th meeting, on 4 August 2023, the Commission decided to include the topic “Non-legally binding international agreements” in its programme of work and to appoint Mr. Mathias Forteau as Special Rapporteur. |
在2023年8月4日第3656次会议上，委员会决定将“无法律约束力的国际协定”专题列入工作方案，并任命马蒂亚斯·福尔托先生为特别报告员。 |
| C. |
C. |
| Immunity of State officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction |
国家官员的外国刑事管辖豁免 |
| 250. |
250. |
| At its 3621st meeting, on 10 May 2023, the Commission decided to appoint Mr. Claudio Grossman Guiloff as Special Rapporteur for the topic “Immunity of State officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction” to replace Ms. Concepción Escobar Hernández, who was no longer with the Commission. |
在2023年5月10日第3621次会议上，委员会决定任命克劳迪奥·格罗斯曼·吉洛夫先生为“国家官员的外国刑事管辖豁免”专题特别报告员，接替已经不在委员会任职的康塞普西翁·埃斯科瓦尔·埃尔南德斯女士。 |
| On 17, 18 and 19 July 2023, the Special Rapporteur held informal consultations on the topic, for which the Commission had completed its first reading of the draft articles at its seventy-third session (2022). |
2023年7月17日、18日和19日，特别报告员就委员会已在第七十三届会议(2022年)上完成条款草案一读的该专题举行了非正式磋商。 |
| The Commission awaits comments and observations of Governments to resume consideration at its seventy-fifth session (2024). |
委员会等待各国政府提出评论和意见，以便在第七十五届会议(2024年)上继续审议。 |
| D. |
D. |
| Programme, procedures and working methods of the Commission and its documentation |
委员会的方案、程序和工作方法以及文件 |
| 251. |
251. |
| On 28 April 2023, the Planning Group was constituted for the present session. |
2023年4月28日，成立了本届会议规划组。 |
| 252. |
252. |
| The Planning Group held five meetings on 28 April and on 7, 14, 20 and 21 July 2023. |
规划组于2023年4月28日和7月7日、14日、20日和21日举行了五次会议。 |
| It had before it the topical summary of the discussion held in the Sixth Committee of the General Assembly during its seventy-seventh session, prepared by the Secretariat (A/CN.4/755); |
规划组收到了秘书处编写的联大第七十七届会议期间第六委员会讨论情况的专题摘要(A/CN.4/755)； |
| General Assembly resolution 77/103 of 7 December 2022 on the report of the International Law Commission on the work of its seventy-third session; |
联大2022年12月7日关于国际法委员会第七十三届会议工作报告的第77/103号决议； |
| General Assembly resolution 77/110 of 7 December 2022 on the rule of law at the national and international levels; |
联大2022年12月7日关于国内和国际法治的第77/110号决议； |
| and the proposed programme budget for 2024, Programme 6, Legal affairs, subprogramme 3, concerning the progressive development and codification of international law. |
和2024年拟议方案预算的方案6(法律事务)次级方案3(国际法的逐渐发展和编纂)。 |
| The Chair of the Planning Group presented an oral report on the work of the Planning Group at the current session to the Commission, at its 3648th meeting, on 27 July 2023. |
规划组主席在2023年7月27日委员会第3648次会议上向委员会口头报告了规划组在本届会议的工作。 |
| The Commission took note of the oral report. |
委员会注意到该口头报告。 |
| 1. |
1. |
| Working Group on the long-term programme of work |
长期工作方案工作组 |
| 253. |
253. |
| At its 1st meeting, on 28 April 2023, the Planning Group decided to establish the Working Group on the long-term programme of work for the present quinquennium, and elected Mr. Marcelo Vázquez-Bermúdez as Chair. |
在2023年4月28日第1次会议上，规划组决定设立本五年期长期工作方案工作组，并选举马塞洛·巴斯克斯－贝穆德斯先生为主席。 |
| The Chair of the Working Group presented an oral report on the work of the Working Group, including on proposals for topics being considered, at the current session to the Planning Group, at its fourth meeting, on 20 July 2023. |
工作组主席在2023年7月20日规划组第四次会议上向规划组口头报告了工作组在本届会议的工作，包括就审议的各专题提出的各项提案。 |
| The Planning Group took note of the oral report. |
规划组注意到该口头报告。 |
| 2. |
2. |
| Working Group on methods of work of the Commission |
委员会工作方法工作组 |
| 254. |
254. |
| At its 1st meeting, on 28 April 2023, the Planning Group decided to reconstitute the Working Group on methods of work of the Commission, and elected Mr. Charles Chernor Jalloh as Chair. |
在2023年4月28日第1次会议上，规划组决定重新组建委员会工作方法工作组，并选举查尔斯·切尔诺·贾洛先生为主席。 |
| The Working Group held four meetings on 5 May and 12 and 13 July 2023. |
工作组于2023年5月5日及7月12日和13日举行了四次会议。 |
| 255. |
255. |
| The Working Group first held a general exchange of views on the working methods of the Commission, at which time several issues for possible future consideration by the Working Group were raised. These included: the possibility of developing rules of procedure for the Commission; |
工作组首先就委员会的工作方法进行了一般性意见交换，期间提出了工作组今后可能审议的若干问题，其中包括：制定委员会议事规则的可能性； |
| the possibility of developing an internal practice manual on the working methods and procedures of the Commission; |
是否可能编写一份关于委员会工作方法和程序的内部做法手册； |
| the question of possible limits on the length of interventions made in the plenary, as well as on Special Rapporteur reports; |
对全体会议上的发言以及特别报告员报告的篇幅可能加以限制的问题； |
| the membership size of the Drafting Committees; |
起草委员会的成员人数； |
| the possibility of developing guidance on the nomenclature of the texts and instruments adopted by the Commission, including the meaning of output on topics described as draft articles, draft conclusions, draft guidelines, and draft principles; |
是否可能就委员会通过的案文和文书的术语制定指导意见，包括确定条款草案、结论草案、指南草案和原则草案等专题成果的含义； |
| the allocation of time for the deliberation of topics on the programme of the Commission; |
为审议委员会方案中的专题分配时间； |
| the question of participation in meetings of the Drafting Committees and Working Groups; |
参加起草委员会和工作组会议的问题； |
| the timing of the issuance and distribution of official documents including in the various official languages; |
正式文件的印发和分发时间，包括以各种正式语文印发和分发的时间； |
| the possibility of establishing some mechanism for reviewing the reception by Member States of the past products of the Commission; |
是否可能建立某种机制，审查会员国对委员会以往工作成果的接受情况； |
| and the role of the Special Rapporteurs. |
以及特别报告员的作用。 |
| Views were also expressed on how best to enhance the interaction with the Sixth Committee and other legal bodies, including expert bodies. |
委员们还就如何最好地加强与第六委员会和其他法律机构包括专家机构的互动发表了意见。 |
| It was stressed that the relationship between the Commission and the Sixth Committee should be given priority, through formal and informal contact, but that consideration should also be given to how to deepen cooperation with other legal bodies, including regional codification bodies; |
有委员强调，应通过正式和非正式接触，优先重视国际法委员会与第六委员会的关系，但也应考虑如何深化与其他法律机构包括区域编纂机构的合作； |
| for example, by organizing regular intersessional virtual meetings, briefings and exchanges of view on topics of shared interest. |
例如应定期组织闭会期间虚拟会议、情况介绍会和就共同关心的议题交换意见。 |
| Additional suggestions included the preparation of a code of conduct for members in relation to issues of conflict of interest and even the possibility of undertaking a review of the statute to address, inter alia, issues of representation including gender parity in composition. |
其他建议包括就利益冲突问题编写委员行为守则，甚至可能对章程进行审查，以解决代表性等问题，包括委员会组成的性别平等问题。 |
| A further suggestion was that the Working Group undertake a review of the implementation of its prior reports, particularly those adopted in 1996 and 2011. |
另一项建议是，工作组应审查以往报告的执行情况，特别是1996年和2011年通过的报告。 |
| The Working Group also adopted several procedural recommendations (see below). |
工作组还通过了若干程序性建议(见下文)。 |
| 256. |
256. |
| The Chair of the Working Group presented an oral report on the work of the Working Group at the current session to the Planning Group at its 4th meeting, on 20 July 2023. |
工作组主席在规划组2023年7月20日第4次会议上，向规划组口头汇报了工作组本届会议的工作。 |
| The Planning Group took note of the oral report. |
规划组注意到该口头报告。 |
| 257. |
257. |
| The Commission noted the decision of the Working Group to establish a standing agenda, which will serve to organize its work into the future, until the Working Group decides otherwise, composed of the following three items: |
委员会注意到工作组决定设立一个常设议程，在工作组另有决定之前，该议程将用于安排委员会今后的工作。 常设议程由以下三个项目组成： |
| 1. |
1. |
| Revitalization of the working methods and procedures of the International Law Commission. |
恢复国际法委员会工作方法和程序的活力。 |
| 2. |
2. |
| Relationship of the International Law Commission with the General Assembly and other bodies. |
国际法委员会与联大和其他机构的关系。 |
| 3. |
3. |
| Other issues. |
其他问题。 |
| 258. |
258. |
| The above standing agenda items are the broad themes under which specific working methods issues concerning both the more internal and external aspects of the work of the Commission will be discussed and debated each year. |
上述常设议程项目是宽泛的主题，每年将在这些主题下讨论和辩论涉及委员会工作内部和外部各个方面的具体工作方法问题。 |
| 259. |
259. |
| The Commission further endorsed the recommendations of the Working Group that a new reporting practice be adopted whereby a brief summary of the Working Group’s deliberations will be included in the Commission’s annual report to the General Assembly, and that from the seventy-fifth session, in 2024, onwards the Working Group will be designated as the “Working Group on methods of work and procedures of the Commission”. |
委员会还核可了工作组的建议，即采用新的报告做法，将工作组审议情况的简要摘要列入委员会提交联大的年度报告，并从2024年第七十五届会议起，将工作组名称改为“委员会工作方法和程序工作组”。 |
| 260. |
260. |
| The Commission requests the Secretariat, under the guidance of the Chair, to prepare a draft of an internal practice guide, handbook or manual on the working methods and procedures of the Commission, containing relevant material drawn from volume I of the Work of the International Law Commission and the reports of the Commission addressing methods of work from 1996 and 2011, as well as proposals for improvement made by members in the previous quinquennium, to be considered by the Working Group once it has concluded its current work on another report on working methods. |
委员会请秘书处在主席的指导下，编写一份关于委员会工作方法和程序的内部做法指南或手册草稿，其中应载有摘自《国际法委员会的工作》第一卷以及委员会1996年和2011年关于工作方法的报告的相关材料以及委员们在上个五年期中提出的改进建议。 工作组在完成目前关于工作方法的另一份报告的工作后，将审议这一草稿。 |
| 3. |
3. |
| Work programme of the Commission for the remainder of the quinquennium |
委员会五年期余下时间的工作方案 |
| 261. |
261. |
| The Commission recalled its decision in 2011 that the Planning Group should cooperate with Special Rapporteurs to define, at the beginning of any new topic, a tentative schedule for the development of the topic over a number of years as may be required, and periodically review the attainment of annual targets in such schedule, updating it when appropriate. |
委员会回顾其2011年的决定，即规划组应与特别报告员合作，在任何新专题开始时，根据需要确定若干年内专题发展的暂定时间表，并定期审查该时间表中年度目标的实现情况，酌情予以更新。 |
| The Commission further recalled that it was customary at the beginning of each quinquennium to prepare the Commission’s work programme for the remainder of the quinquennium, setting out in general terms the anticipated goals in respect of each topic on the basis of indications by the Special Rapporteurs. |
委员会还回顾，按照惯例，在每一个五年期开始时，都要为该五年期余下的时间拟订委员会的工作方案，根据特别报告员的说明，概括地列出每一专题的预期目标。 |
| It is the understanding of the Commission that the work programme has a tentative character, since the nature and the complexities of the work preclude certainty in making predictions in advance. |
委员会的理解是，工作方案具有暂定性质，因工作性质和复杂性，对事先作出的预测都没有把握。 |
| Work programme (2024–2027) |
工作方案(2024-2027年) |
| (a) |
(a) |
| Immunity of State officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction |
国家官员的外国刑事管辖豁免 |
| 2024 |
2024年 |
| First (and final) report: discussing inter alia the comments received from Governments and possible amendments to the draft articles adopted on first reading. |
第一次(也是最后一次)报告：除其他外，讨论从各国政府收到的评论和对一读通过的条款草案的可能修正。 |
| Completion of the draft articles on second reading. |
二读完成条款草案。 |
| (b) |
(b) |
| Succession of States in respect of State responsibility |
国家责任方面的国家继承 |
| See chapter IX of the present report. |
见本报告第九章。 |
| (c) |
(c) |
| General principles of law |
一般法律原则 |
| 2025 |
2025年 |
| Fourth (and final) report: discussing inter alia the comments received from Governments and possible amendments to the draft conclusions adopted on first reading. |
第四次(也是最后一次)报告：除其他外，讨论从各国政府收到的评论和对一读通过的结论草案的可能修正。 |
| Completion of the draft conclusions on second reading. |
二读完成结论草案。 |
| (d) |
(d) |
| Sea-level rise in relation to international law |
与国际法有关的海平面上升 |
| 2024 |
2024年 |
| Additional paper to the second issues paper relating to statehood and protection of persons. |
关于国家地位和人员保护的第二份问题文件的补充文件。 |
| 2025 |
2025年 |
| The Study Group will seek to finalize a substantive report on the topic as a whole by consolidating the results of the work undertaken. |
研究组将整合已开展工作的成果，努力完成关于整个专题的实质性报告。 |
| (e) |
(e) |
| Settlement of disputes to which international organizations are parties |
国际组织作为当事方的争端的解决 |
| 2024 |
2024年 |
| Second report: analysis of the practice of the settlement of disputes between international organizations and States, as well as between international organizations; |
第二次报告：对解决国际组织与国家之间以及国际组织相互之间争端的实践的分析； |
| formulation of recommended practices for the settlement of such disputes. |
拟订解决此类争端的推荐做法。 |
| 2025 |
2025年 |
| Third report: analysis of the practice of the settlement of disputes between international organizations and private parties; |
第三次报告：对解决国际组织与私人当事方之间争端的实践的分析； |
| formulation of recommended practices for the settlement of such disputes. |
拟订解决这些争端的推荐做法。 |
| Completion of the draft guidelines on first reading. |
一读完成指南草案。 |
| 2027 |
2027年 |
| Fourth (and final) report: discussing, inter alia, the comments received from Governments and possible amendments to the draft guidelines adopted on first reading. |
第四次(也是最后一次)报告：除其他外，讨论从各国政府收到的评论和对一读通过的指南草案的可能修正。 |
| Completion of the draft guidelines on second reading. |
二读完成指南草案。 |
| (f) |
(f) |
| Prevention and repression of piracy and armed robbery at sea |
防止和打击海盗和海上武装抢劫行为 |
| 2024 |
2024年 |
| Second report: analysis of regional and subregional practice and initiatives for combating piracy and armed robbery at sea, as well as the resolutions of relevant international organizations, in particular the International Maritime Organization. |
第二次报告：分析打击海盗和海上武装抢劫的区域和次区域做法和举措，以及相关国际组织特别是国际海事组织的决议。 |
| 2025 |
2025年 |
| Third report: analysis of trends in academic writings and the views of learned societies on the topic, as well as the resolutions of the General Assembly and Security Council. |
第三次报告：分析学术著作的趋势和学术团体对这一专题的看法，以及联大和安全理事会的决议。 |
| Completion of the draft articles on first reading. |
一读完成条款草案。 |
| 2027 |
2027年 |
| Fourth (and final) report: discussing, inter alia, the comments received from Governments and possible amendments to the draft articles adopted on first reading. |
第四次(也是最后一次)报告：除其他外，讨论从各国政府收到的评论和对一读通过的条款草案的可能修正。 |
| Completion of the draft articles on second reading. |
二读完成条款草案。 |
| (g) |
(g) |
| Subsidiary means for the determination of rules of international law |
确定国际法规则的辅助手段 |
| 2024 |
2024年 |
| Second report: focusing on the function of subsidiary means, especially judicial decisions and their relationship to the sources of international law, namely treaties, customary international law and general principles of law. |
第二次报告：侧重于辅助手段的功能，特别是司法决定及其与国际法渊源即条约、习惯国际法和一般法律原则的关系。 |
| Possible consideration of the question of the unity and coherence of international law in relation to conflicting judicial decisions by different courts and tribunals. |
可能审议不同法院和法庭相互冲突的司法决定所涉及的国际法统一性和一致性问题。 |
| Preliminary consideration of the memorandum by the Secretariat surveying the case law of international courts and tribunals, and other bodies, which could be particularly relevant for the future work on the topic of subsidiary means for the determination of rules of international law. |
初步审议秘书处关于调查国际性法院和法庭及其他机构判例的备忘录，这些判例可能与今后关于确定国际法规则的辅助手段专题的工作特别相关。 |
| 2025 |
2025年 |
| Third report: analysis of teachings and other subsidiary means for the determination of rules of international law, inter alia, the work of public and private expert bodies and the resolutions of international organizations; |
第三次报告：分析学说和确定国际法规则的其他辅助手段，尤其是公共和私人专家机构的工作和国际组织的决议； |
| any other miscellaneous issues arising from the study of subsidiary means and the input of States on the topic. |
对辅助手段的研究和各国对该专题的投入所产生的任何其他杂项问题。 |
| Completion of the draft conclusions on first reading. |
一读完成结论草案。 |
| 2027 |
2027年 |
| Fourth (and final) report: discussing, inter alia, the comments received from Governments, international organizations and others, and possible amendments to the draft conclusions adopted on first reading. |
第四次(也是最后一次)报告：除其他外，讨论从各国政府、国际组织及其他方面收到的评论和对一读通过的结论草案的可能修正。 |
| Completion of the draft conclusions on second reading. |
二读完成结论草案。 |
| 4. |
4. |
| Consideration of General Assembly resolution 77/110 of 7 December 2022 on the rule of law at the national and international levels |
审议联大关于国内和国际法治的2022年12月7日第77/110号决议 |
| 262. |
262. |
| The General Assembly, in its resolution 77/110 on the rule of law at the national and international levels, inter alia, reiterated its invitation to the Commission to comment, in its report to the General Assembly, on its current role in promoting the rule of law. |
联大在关于国内和国际法治的第77/110号决议中特别重申，请委员会在提交联大的报告中，就委员会目前在促进法治方面的作用作出评论。 |
| Since its sixtieth session (2008), the Commission has commented at each of its sessions on its role in promoting the rule of law. |
委员会自第六十届会议(2008年)以来，在每届会议上都就其在促进法治方面的作用发表了评论。 |
| The Commission notes that the comments contained in paragraphs 341 to 346 of its 2008 report remain relevant and reiterates the comments made at its previous sessions. |
委员会指出，2008年报告 中第341至第346段所载评论依然适用，并重申了在历届会议所作的评论。 |
| 263. |
263. |
| The Commission recalls that the rule of law is of the essence of its work. |
委员会回顾，法治是其工作的核心。 |
| The Commission’s purpose, as set out in article 1 of its statute, is to promote the progressive development of international law and its codification. |
委员会章程第1条规定，委员会的宗旨是促进国际法的逐渐发展和编纂。 |
| 264. |
264. |
| Having in mind the principle of the rule of law in all its work, the Commission is fully conscious of the importance of the implementation of international law at the national level, and aims at promoting respect for the rule of law at the international level. |
委员会在所有工作中都铭记法治原则，充分意识到在国家层面实施国际法的重要性，并以在国际上促进尊重法治为目标。 |
| 265. |
265. |
| In fulfilling its mandate concerning the progressive development of international law and its codification, the Commission will continue to take into account the rule of law as a principle of governance and the human rights and sustainable development that are fundamental to the rule of law, as reflected in the preamble and Article 13 of the Charter of the United Nations and in the declaration of the high-level meeting of the General Assembly on the rule of law at the national and international levels. |
在履行逐渐发展和编纂国际法任务的过程中，正如《联合国宪章》序言和第十三条及《国内和国际的法治问题大会高级别会议宣言》所反映的，委员会将继续将法治作为一项治理原则加以考虑，同时考虑对法治具有根本意义的人权和可持续发展。 |
| 266. |
266. |
| In its current work, the Commission is aware of “the interrelationship between the rule of law and the three pillars of the United Nations (peace and security, development, and human rights)”, without emphasizing one at the expense of the other. |
在目前的工作中，委员会意识到“法治与联合国三个支柱(和平与安全、发展、人权)之间的相互关系”，不会强调一个方面而忽略另一个方面。 |
| The Commission also welcomes recent developments addressing sustainable development and climate change, and the recourse to advisory proceedings, in particular, the General Assembly’s request for an advisory opinion submitted by consensus to the International Court of Justice. |
委员会还欢迎最近在可持续发展和气候变化方面的事态发展，以及诉诸咨询程序的情况，特别是联大以协商一致方式向国际法院提出了咨询意见请求。 |
| 267. |
267. |
| In fulfilling its mandate concerning the progressive development and codification of international law, the Commission is conscious of current challenges to the rule of law, including the need to ensure gender parity in national and international institutions. |
在履行其逐渐发展和编纂国际法的任务时，委员会意识到当前对法治的挑战，包括需要确保国家和国际机构中的性别平等。 |
| In this regard, the Commission itself recognizes the need for gender parity in its own composition. |
在这方面，委员会自己也认识到委员会的组成需要性别平等。 |
| 268. |
268. |
| Recalling that the General Assembly has stressed the importance of promoting the sharing of national best practices on the rule of law, the Commission wishes to recall that much of its work consists of collecting and analysing national practices related to the rule of law with a view to assessing their possible contribution to the progressive development and codification of international law. |
委员会忆及联大强调促进分享各国法治最佳做法的重要性，愿再次说明，其大部分工作是收集和分析与法治有关的国家实践，以评估这些实践对国际法的逐渐发展和编纂的可能贡献。 |
| 269. |
269. |
| The Commission particularly welcomes the decision of the General Assembly inviting Member States to focus their comments regarding the rule of law, during the upcoming Sixth Committee debate at the seventy-eighth session of the General Assembly, on the subtopic “Using technology to advance access to justice for all”. |
委员会特别欢迎联大决定邀请会员国在联大第七十八届会议第六委员会即将举行的辩论中，在发表关于法治的评论时侧重于“利用技术推动让所有人都有诉诸司法的机会”这一分专题。 |
| 270. |
270. |
| In this regard, the Commission notes that technological innovations may both pose challenges and provide opportunities for international law. |
在这方面，委员会指出，技术革新既可能对国际法提出挑战，也可能提供机会。 |
| For example, as evidenced by the work on the topic of prevention and repression of piracy and armed robbery at sea, which was considered in the present session, technology has changed the way in which these crimes are carried out. |
例如，正如围绕本届会议审议的防止和打击海盗和海上武装抢劫行为专题开展的工作所证明的那样，技术已经改变了实施这些犯罪的方式。 |
| The Commission in its debate considered current and emerging technologies and the role that they may play in both combating piracy and armed robbery at sea, as well as facilitating the international cooperation essential to ensure justice and access to justice for those affected by these crimes. |
委员会在辩论中审议了现有技术和新兴技术及其在打击海盗和海上武装抢劫行为方面可能发挥的作用，并审议了这些技术在促进国际合作以确保为这些罪行受害者伸张正义和获得司法救助方面可能发挥的作用。 |
| The Commission is consistently mindful of technological challenges faced by the various nations of the world and works to ensure that the outcomes of Commission topics are sufficiently inclusive and practical to be of greatest possible value now and in the future. |
委员会始终注意到世界各国面临的技术挑战，并努力确保委员会专题的成果具有足够的包容性和实用性，以便在现在和将来具有最大的价值。 |
| Accordingly, the Commission wishes to reiterate the great value of input from States and international organizations, particularly on how they are using technologies to improve access to justice for all within their own States and within their international partnerships. |
因此，委员会希望重申各国和国际组织的投入的巨大价值，特别是关于它们在本国和国际伙伴关系中如何利用技术改善所有人求助于司法的机会。 |
| The Commission stressed the importance of its website to disseminate its work. |
委员会强调，委员会网站对宣传其工作发挥着重要作用。 |
| 271. |
271. |
| Bearing in mind the role of multilateral treaty processes in advancing the rule of law, the Commission recalls that the work of the Commission on different topics has led to several multilateral treaty processes and to the adoption of a number of multilateral treaties. |
委员会铭记多边条约进程在推进法治方面的作用，回顾说，委员会围绕各个不同专题的工作促成了若干多边条约进程和一些多边条约的通过。 |
| 272. |
272. |
| The Commission is of the view that the rule of law is greatly served when the law in such multilateral treaties may be supported by new technologies. |
委员会认为，当这种多边条约中的法律可以得到新技术的支持时，法治就大为受益。 |
| In this regard, the Commission noted the reference by Mr. Miguel de Serpa Soares, Under-Secretary-General for Legal Affairs and United Nations Legal Counsel, in his statement of 11 May 2023 to the Commission, that the legal regime under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea continues to evolve, pursuant to General Assembly resolution 72/249 of 24 December 2017, with the finalization of the text of an agreement on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction which, inter alia, includes substantive provisions to further cooperation in capacity-building and the transfer of marine technology to strengthen the rule of law and help ensure the continued health of our global waters. |
在这方面，委员会注意到主管法律事务副秘书长兼联合国法律顾问米格尔·德塞尔帕·苏亚雷斯先生2023年5月11日在委员会发言时提到， 根据联大2017年12月24日第72/249号决议， 并随着关于国家管辖范围以外区域海洋生物多样性的养护和可持续利用协定案文的定稿，《联合国海洋法公约》下的法律制度继续发生着演变。 该协定除其他外，含有在能力建设和海洋技术转让方面进一步合作的实质性规定，用以加强法治并帮助确保全球水域的持续健康。 |
| The text of this agreement was subsequently adopted by the intergovernmental conference on 19 June 2023. |
政府间会议随后于2023年6月19日通过了该协定的案文。 |
| 273. |
273. |
| In the course of the present session, in the first year in which the Commission returned to its usual working methods without the constraints of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Commission continues to make its contribution to the promotion of the rule of law, including by working on the topics in the programme of work for the present session: “General principles of law” (adopted on first reading at the present session); |
本届会议期间，在委员会不再受到2019冠状病毒病疫情限制的情况下恢复其惯常工作方法的第一年，委员会继续为促进法治作出贡献，包括就本届会议工作方案中的以下专题开展工作：“一般法律原则”(本届会议一读通过)； |
| “Succession of States in respect of State responsibility”; |
“国家责任方面的国家继承”； |
| “Sea-level rise in relation to international law”; |
“与国际法有关的海平面上升”； |
| “Settlement of disputes to which international organizations are parties”; |
“国际组织作为当事方的争端的解决”； |
| “Prevention and repression of piracy and armed robbery at sea”; |
“防止和打击海盗和海上武装抢劫行为”； |
| and “Subsidiary means for the determination of rules of international law”. |
以及“确定国际法规则的辅助手段”。 |
| 274. |
274. |
| The Commission reiterates its commitment to the promotion of the rule of law in all of its activities. |
委员会重申致力于在其所有活动中促进法治。 |
| 5. |
5. |
| Commemoration of the seventy-fifth anniversary of the International Law Commission |
纪念国际法委员会成立七十五周年 |
| 275. |
275. |
| The Commission discussed the holding of the seventy-fifth anniversary session in Geneva in 2024 and agreed that during the first part of the session: |
委员会讨论了2024年在日内瓦举行七十五周年会议的问题，并商定在第一期会议期间： |
| (a) |
(a) |
| there should be a solemn meeting of the Commission to which dignitaries, including the Secretary-General, the President of the General Assembly, the President of the International Court of Justice, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, and representatives of the host Government should be invited; |
委员会应举行一次庄严的会议，邀请秘书长、联大主席、国际法院院长、联合国人权事务高级专员和东道国政府代表等贵宾出席； |
| (b) |
(b) |
| there should be one and a half days of meetings with legal advisers of Ministries of Foreign Affairs dedicated to the work of the Commission; |
与各国外交部法律顾问举行一天半的会议，专门讨论委员会的工作； |
| (c) |
(c) |
| Member States, in association with regional organizations, professional associations, academic institutions and members of the Commission concerned, should be encouraged to convene national or regional meetings, which would be dedicated to the work of the Commission. |
应鼓励会员国与区域组织、专业协会、学术机构和有关委员会委员联合召开专门讨论委员会工作的国家或区域会议。 |
| 276. |
276. |
| The Commission recommended that the Secretariat, in consultation with the Chair and Bureau of the seventy-fourth session for the remainder of 2023, and then in consultation with the Chair designate and Bureau designate for the seventy-fifth session in 2024, assist in making arrangements for the implementation of (a) and (b). |
委员会建议秘书处在2023年剩余时间内与第七十四届会议主席和主席团协商，然后与2024年第七十五届会议候任主席和候任主席团协商，协助做出安排，以执行(a)和(b)两项决定。 |
| 6. |
6. |
| Honoraria |
酬金 |
| 277. |
277. |
| The Commission reiterates its views concerning the question of honoraria, resulting from the adoption by the General Assembly of its resolution 56/272 of 27 March 2002, which have been expressed in the previous reports of the Commission. |
委员会重申对联大通过2002年3月27日第56/272号决议所引起的酬金问题的意见，委员会以前的报告已表明了这些意见。 |
| The Commission emphasizes that resolution 56/272 especially affects Special Rapporteurs, as it compromises support for their research. |
委员会强调，第56/272号决议尤其影响到特别报告员，削弱了对他们研究工作的支持。 |
| This is without prejudice to the establishment of the trust fund pursuant to paragraph 37 of resolution 77/103 of 7 December 2022. |
这不妨碍根据2022年12月7日第77/103号决议第37段设立信托基金。 |
| 7. |
7. |
| Documentation and publications |
文件和出版物 |
| 278. |
278. |
| The Commission underscored once more the unique nature of its functioning in the progressive development of international law and its codification, in that it attaches particular relevance to State practice and the decisions of national and international courts in its treatment of questions of international law. |
委员会再次强调，委员会在国际法的逐渐发展和编纂方面的工作具有独特性，因为委员会在处理国际法问题时，尤为重视国家实践及国内法院和国际性法院的裁决。 |
| The Commission reiterated the importance of providing and making available all evidence of State practice and other sources of international law relevant to the performance of the function of the Commission. |
委员会重申，必须提供并开放一切与委员会履行职能有关的国家实践和其他国际法渊源的证据。 |
| The reports of its Special Rapporteurs require an adequate presentation of precedents and other relevant data, including treaties, judicial decisions and doctrine, and a thorough analysis of the questions under consideration. |
特别报告员的报告需要充分介绍先例和其他有关资料，包括条约、司法决定和理论学说，并对审议的问题展开深入分析。 |
| The Commission stressed that it and its Special Rapporteurs are fully conscious of the need to achieve economies whenever possible in the overall volume of documentation and will continue to bear such considerations in mind. |
委员会强调，委员会及其特别报告员充分意识到，有必要在总的文件量方面尽可能节约，并将继续铭记这一点。 |
| While the Commission is aware of the advantages of being as concise as possible, it reiterates its strong belief that an a priori limitation cannot be placed on the length of the documentation and research projects relating to the work of the Commission. |
尽管委员会意识到尽可能简洁的好处，但仍重申，委员会坚信，不应预先限定与委员会工作有关的文件和研究项目的篇幅。 |
| It follows that Special Rapporteurs cannot be asked to reduce the length of their reports following submission to the Secretariat, irrespective of any estimates of their length made in advance of submission to the Secretariat. |
因此，无论在报告提交秘书处之前所作的篇幅预估如何，都不能要求特别报告员在报告提交秘书处后缩短篇幅。 |
| Word limits are not applicable to Commission documentation, as has been consistently reiterated by the General Assembly. |
联大已一再重申，字数限制的规定不适用于国际法委员会的文件。 |
| The Commission stresses also the importance of the timely preparation of reports by Special Rapporteurs and their submission to the Secretariat for processing and submission to the Commission sufficiently in advance so that the reports are issued in all official languages, ideally four weeks before the start of the relevant part of the session of the Commission. |
委员会还强调，特别报告员必须及时编写报告，并充分提前提交秘书处，供其处理并提交委员会，以便最好在委员会届会有关部分开始之前四周以所有正式语文印发报告。 |
| In this respect, the Commission reiterates the importance of Special Rapporteurs submitting their reports within the time limits specified by the Secretariat. |
在这方面，委员会重申，特别报告员务必在秘书处规定的时限内提交报告。 |
| Only on this basis can the Secretariat ensure that official documents of the Commission are published in due time in the six official languages of the United Nations. |
只有在此基础之上，秘书处才能确保按时以联合国的六种正式语文印发委员会的正式文件。 |
| 279. |
279. |
| On the other hand, the Commission called on the Secretariat to ensure that the documentation services involved in editing and translating documents increase their efficiencies, in particular, in ensuring the timely processing and circulation of Special Rapporteur reports from the original languages in which they are prepared and all the other official languages of the United Nations. |
另一方面，委员会吁请秘书处确保参与文件编辑和翻译的各个部门提高效率，特别是确保以编写特别报告员报告所用的语文和联合国所有其他正式语文及时处理和分发报告。 |
| 280. |
280. |
| The Commission recognizes the particular relevance and significant value to the work of the Commission of the legal publications prepared by the Secretariat. |
委员会认识到秘书处编写的法律出版物对委员会的工作具有特别的相关性和重要价值。 |
| The Commission notes with appreciation the efforts of the Secretariat in desktop publishing, which greatly enhanced the timely issuance of such publications for the Commission, despite constraints due to lack of resources. |
委员会赞赏地注意到秘书处在桌面出版方面所作的努力，尽管由于缺乏资源而受到限制，但这大大提高了为委员会及时印发这类出版物的能力。 |
| The Commission expressed its appreciation for the issuance, at the beginning of the present quinquennium, of the tenth edition in English of The Work of the International Law Commission, which is a vital tool in the Commission’s work, and urges that its early availability in the various official languages be ensured. |
委员会对在本五年期开始时印发《国际法委员会的工作》第十版英文本表示赞赏，这是委员会工作中的一个重要工具，并敦促确保早日以各种正式语文提供该版本。 |
| 281. |
281. |
| The Commission reiterated its firm view that the summary records of the Commission, constituting crucial travaux préparatoires in the progressive development and codification of international law, cannot be subject to arbitrary length restrictions. |
委员会重申，委员会坚定地认为其简要记录是国际法逐渐发展和编纂过程中的重要准备工作文件，不能受到任意的篇幅限制。 |
| The Commission once more noted with satisfaction that the measures introduced at its sixty-fifth session (2013) to streamline the processing of its summary records had resulted in the more expeditious transmission to members of the Commission of the English version for timely correction and prompt release. |
委员会再次满意地指出，第六十五届会议(2013年)实行的简化简要记录处理程序的措施，加快了向委员会委员传送英文本的速度，方便及时改错和迅速印发。 |
| The Commission once more called on the Secretariat to resume the practice of preparing provisional summary records in both English and French, and to continue its efforts to sustain the measures in question, in order to ensure the expeditious transmission of the provisional records to members of the Commission. |
委员会再次吁请秘书处恢复以英文和法文编写临时简要记录的做法，并继续努力保持有关措施，以确保向委员会委员迅速传送临时记录。 |
| The Commission further noted that the more recent practice of submitting to the members of the Commission the provisional records electronically for corrections to be made in track changes was working smoothly. |
委员会还指出，最近向委员会委员提交电子版临时记录、方便以显示修改的方式进行更正的做法进展顺利。 |
| The Commission also welcomed the fact that those working methods had led to the more rational use of resources and called on the Secretariat to continue its efforts to facilitate the preparation of the definitive records in all official languages, without compromising their integrity. |
委员会还欣闻这些工作方法使资源得到了更合理的利用，并吁请秘书处继续努力，便利以所有正式语文编写简要记录定本，同时不影响其完整性。 |
| 282. |
282. |
| The Commission expressed its gratitude to all Services involved in the processing of documentation, both in Geneva and in New York, for their efforts in seeking to ensure timely and efficient processing of the Commission’s documents, often under narrow time constraints. |
委员会感谢日内瓦和纽约参与文件处理的所有部门努力确保及时、高效地处理委员会文件，而且经常在时间紧迫的情况下完成工作。 |
| It emphasized that timely and efficient processing of documentation was essential for the smooth conduct of the Commission’s work. |
委员会强调，及时、高效地处理文件对委员会顺利开展工作至为重要。 |
| The work done by all Services was all the more appreciated under the current conditions. |
在目前情况下，所有部门所做的工作尤为值得赞赏。 |
| 283. |
283. |
| The Commission reaffirmed its commitment to multilingualism and recalled the paramount importance to be given in its work to the equality of the six official languages of the United Nations, which had been emphasized in General Assembly resolution 76/268 of 10 June 2022. |
委员会重申对使用多种语文的承诺，并回顾其工作中对联合国六种正式语文平等的高度重视，正如联大2022年6月10日第76/268号决议所强调的那样。 |
| 284. |
284. |
| The Commission expressed its gratitude for the continued efforts by the United Nations Library at Geneva to provide effective research support services, including the online information package and multilingual bibliographies that are prepared by the Library exclusively for the Commission, and expressed its gratitude for the briefings on library services and the guided tour of the Library and Archives it received in May 2023. |
委员会感谢联合国日内瓦图书馆继续努力提供有效的研究支持服务，包括图书馆专门为委员会编写的在线资料包和多语种书目，并感谢2023年5月图书馆服务情况介绍和安排的图书馆和档案馆参观。 |
| The Commission commends the continuing efforts of the Library to maintain excellence in service despite the effects of protracted budget restrictions, which have begun to impact the capacity of the Library to implement its mandate and to adequately maintain its collections. |
委员会赞扬图书馆一向努力保持优质的服务，尽管长期预算限制的影响已开始影响图书馆执行任务和适当维持馆藏的能力。 |
| The Commission noted that library services are essential to the functioning of the Commission and expressed concern that current budget restrictions may inhibit the Library’s ability to provide specialized research assistance and to procure additional digital products and publications required to support the Commission during the closing of the Library building due to renovations. |
委员会注意到，图书馆服务对委员会的运作至关重要，并表示关切的是，目前的预算限制可能会抑制图书馆提供专门研究协助的能力，以及在图书馆大楼因翻修而关闭期间采购支持委员会所需的额外数字产品和出版物的能力。 |
| The Commission emphasized both the need to maintain the budget and staff resources of the Library and to limit as much as possible the impact of the renovations on the access to research spaces and the legal collection of the Library, especially during the Commission’s seventy-fifth session. |
委员会强调，需要维持图书馆的预算和工作人员资源，并尽可能限制翻修工程对使用图书馆研究空间和法律藏书的影响，特别是在委员会第七十五届会议期间。 |
| Finally, the Commission wished to encourage the continuing evolution of the United Nations Library at Geneva towards a research centre of excellence to build research capacity and to improve the accessibility and diversity of resources available to the Commission in the performance of its mandate. |
最后，委员会希望鼓励日内瓦联合国图书馆继续发展成为一个卓越的研究中心，以建立研究能力，并使委员会在执行任务时能够更方便地获得各种资源。 |
| 8. |
8. |
| Yearbook of the International Law Commission |
《国际法委员会年鉴》 |
| 285. |
285. |
| The Commission reiterated that the Yearbook of the International Law Commission was critical to the understanding of the Commission’s work in the progressive development of international law and its codification, as well as in the strengthening of the rule of law in international relations. |
委员会重申，《国际法委员会年鉴》对于了解委员会在国际法的逐渐发展和编纂，以及在国际关系中加强法治方面的工作具有关键意义。 |
| The Commission took note that the General Assembly, in its resolution 77/103 of 7 December 2022, expressed its appreciation to Governments that had made voluntary contributions to the Trust Fund on the backlog relating to the Yearbook of the International Law Commission, and encouraged further contributions to the Trust Fund. |
委员会注意到，联大在2022年12月7日第77/103号决议中表示赞赏有关国家政府为帮助解决《国际法委员会年鉴》工作积压问题的信托基金提供自愿捐款，并鼓励各方进一步为该信托基金捐款。 |
| 286. |
286. |
| The Commission recommends that the General Assembly, as in its resolution 77/103, express its satisfaction with the remarkable progress achieved in recent years in catching up with the backlog of the Yearbook of the International Law Commission in all six languages, and welcome the efforts made by the Division of Conference Management of the United Nations Office at Geneva, especially its Editing Section, in effectively implementing relevant resolutions of the General Assembly calling for the reduction of the backlog; |
委员会建议联大如在第77/103号决议中那样，对过去几年在减少所有六种语文版《国际法委员会年鉴》积压方面取得的显著进展表示满意，并欢迎联合国日内瓦办事处会议管理司，特别是其编辑科作出努力，切实执行联大要求减少文件积压的有关决议； |
| and encourage the Division of Conference Management to continue providing all necessary support to the Editing Section in advancing work on the Yearbook. |
鼓励会议管理司继续向编辑科提供一切必要支持，推动《年鉴》的相关工作。 |
| 9. |
9. |
| Trust fund on Assistance to Special Rapporteurs |
协助特别报告员信托基金 |
| 287. |
287. |
| The Commission notes with appreciation that, pursuant to paragraph 37 of General Assembly resolution 77/103 of 7 December 2022, the Secretary-General had established a trust fund to receive voluntary contributions for assistance to Special Rapporteurs of the International Law Commission or Chairs of its Study Groups and matters ancillary thereto. |
委员会赞赏地注意到，根据联大2022年12月7日第77/103号决议第37段，秘书长设立了一个信托基金，接受自愿捐款，用于协助国际法委员会特别报告员或研究组主席及相关事项。 |
| While reiterating the importance of ensuring necessary allocations for the Commission and its secretariat in the regular budget, the Commission appeals to Member States, NGOs, private entities and individuals to contribute to the trust fund, in accordance with the terms of the trust fund, including the need for the financial contributions not to be earmarked for any specific activity of the International Law Commission, its Special Rapporteurs or Chairs of its Study Groups. |
委员会重申必须确保在经常预算中为委员会及其秘书处提供必要的拨款，同时呼吁会员国、非政府组织、私营实体和个人按照信托基金的规定向信托基金捐款，包括捐款不得指定用于国际法委员会、其特别报告员或研究组主席的任何具体活动。 |
| 10. |
10. |
| Assistance of the Codification Division |
编纂司的协助 |
| 288. |
288. |
| The Commission expressed its appreciation for the invaluable assistance of the Codification Division of the Secretariat in its substantive servicing of the Commission and the ongoing assistance provided to Special Rapporteurs and the preparation of in-depth research studies pertaining to aspects of topics presently under consideration, as requested by the Commission. |
委员会感谢秘书处编纂司在向委员会提供实质性服务方面提供宝贵协助，以及一直向特别报告员提供协助，并应委员会的要求就目前审议的专题的各方面编写深入的研究报告。 |
| In particular, the Commission expressed its appreciation to the Secretariat for the preparation of memorandums on prevention and repression of piracy and armed robbery at sea (A/CN.4/757); |
委员会特别感谢秘书处编写了关于防止和打击海盗和海上武装抢劫行为的备忘录(A/CN.4/757)； |
| and on subsidiary means for the determination of rules of international law – elements in the previous work of the International Law Commission that could be particularly relevant to the topic (A/CN.4/759). |
以及关于确定国际法规则的辅助手段――国际法委员会以往工作中可能与该专题特别相关的内容的备忘录(A/CN.4/759)。 |
| The Commission also recognized the work of the Codification Division in providing texts in different languages to ensure the quality and representativeness of the work of the Drafting Committee. |
委员会还感谢编纂司为确保起草委员会工作的质量和代表性而提供不同语文文本的努力。 |
| 11. |
11. |
| Websites |
网站 |
| 289. |
289. |
| The Commission expressed its appreciation to the Secretariat for the website on the work of the Commission, and welcomed its continuous updating and improvement. |
委员会对秘书处维护关于委员会工作的网站表示感谢，并欢迎不断更新和完善该网站。 |
| The Commission reiterated that the website and other websites maintained by the Codification Division constitute an invaluable resource for the Commission and for researchers of the work of the Commission in the wider community, thereby contributing to the rule of law and to the overall strengthening of the teaching, study, dissemination and wider appreciation of international law. |
委员会重申，这个网站以及由编纂司维护的其他网站是委员会和广大社会中研究委员会工作的学者的宝贵资源，有助于法治和全面加强国际法的教学、研究、传播以及对国际法的更广泛理解。 |
| The Commission welcomed the fact that the website on the work of the Commission included information on the current status of the topics on the agenda of the Commission, as well as links to the advance edited versions of the summary records of the Commission and the audio and video recordings of the plenary meetings of the Commission. |
委员会欣见关于委员会工作的网站还介绍了委员会议程上各个专题的现状，并收录了委员会简要记录的预先编辑版和委员会全体会议录音录像的链接。 |
| 12. |
12. |
| United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law |
联合国国际法视听图书馆 |
| 290. |
290. |
| The Commission once more noted with appreciation the extraordinary value of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law in promoting a better knowledge of international law and the work of the United Nations in the field, including the work of the Commission. |
委员会再次赞赏地指出，联合国国际法视听图书馆 对于增进对国际法和联合国在该领域的工作(包括委员会的工作)的了解，意义非凡。 |
| 13. |
13. |
| Consideration of the convening in the present quinquennium of the first part of a session of the Commission in New York |
审议本五年期内在纽约举行委员会某届会议第一期会议的问题 |
| 291. |
291. |
| Further to paragraph 281 of the report of its seventy-third session (2022), in which the Commission recommended the holding of the first part of a session in New York during the next quinquennium with the view to enhancing its dialogue with the General Assembly to facilitate direct contact between the Commission and delegates of the Sixth Committee, the Commission takes note that it will not be able to meet at the United Nations Headquarters in New York due to the unavailability of conference rooms for the first part of its seventy-fifth (2024) or seventy-sixth session (2025). |
委员会第七十三届会议(2022年)报告第281段曾建议在下一个五年期内在纽约举行一次第一期会议，以加强与联大的对话，促进委员会与第六委员会代表之间的直接接触。 委员会指出，由于第七十五届会议(2024年)或第七十六届会议(2025年)第一期会议没有会议室，委员会无法在纽约联合国总部举行会议。 |
| It therefore recommends that the first part of its seventy-seventh session (2026) be held in New York. |
因此，委员会建议第七十七届会议第一期会议(2026年)在纽约举行。 |
| The Commission requests the Secretariat to proceed with the necessary administrative and organizational arrangements to facilitate the holding of that part of the session in New York. |
委员会请秘书处着手作出必要的行政和组织安排，为在纽约举行这样一次第一期会议提供便利。 |
| Particular attention was drawn to the need to ensure access to sufficient conference and library facilities at Headquarters and electronic access to the resources and research assistance of the Library of the United Nations Office at Geneva. |
特别提请注意的是，必须确保能够利用总部充足的会议设施和图书馆设施，并能够以电子方式利用联合国日内瓦办事处图书馆的资源和研究协助。 |
| The need to ensure access and sufficient space for assistants to members of the Commission to attend meetings of the Commission was also emphasized. |
还强调必须确保委员会委员的助理有出席委员会会议的机会和足够的空间。 |
| E. |
E. |
| Date and place of the seventy-fifth session of the Commission |
委员会第七十五届会议的日期和地点 |
| 292. |
292. |
| The Commission decided that its seventy-fifth session would be held in Geneva from 15 April to 31 May and from 1 July to 2 August 2024. |
委员会决定，第七十五届会议于2024年4月15日至5月31日和7月1日至8月2日在日内瓦举行。 |
| F. |
F. |
| Cooperation with other bodies |
与其他机构的合作 |
| 293. |
293. |
| At the 3639th meeting, on 18 July 2023, Judge Joan E. Donoghue, President of the International Court of Justice, addressed the Commission and briefed it on the recent judicial activities of the Court. |
国际法院院长琼·多诺霍法官在委员会2023年7月18日第3639次会议上发言，通报了国际法院最近的司法活动。 |
| An exchange of views followed. |
随后交换了意见。 |
| 294. |
294. |
| The Inter-American Juridical Committee was represented at the present session of the Commission by Mr. George Rodrigo Bandeira Galindo, member of the Committee, who addressed the Commission at the 3636th meeting, on 4 July 2023, and gave an overview of the activities of the Committee on various legal issues. |
美洲法律委员会委员乔治·罗德里戈·班代拉·加林多先生代表该委员会出席了委员会本届会议，他在2023年7月4日委员会第3636次会议上作了发言，概述了该委员会在各种法律问题上的活动。 |
| An exchange of views followed. |
随后交换了意见。 |
| 295. |
295. |
| The African Union Commission on International Law was represented at the present session of the Commission by Ms. Hajer Gueldich, Chair of the Commission and Mr. Kevin Ferdinand Ndjimba, its General Rapporteur. |
非洲联盟国际法委员会由该委员会主席阿热尔·盖尔迪什女士和总报告员凯文·费迪南·恩金巴先生代表该委员会出席了本届会议。 |
| They addressed the Commission at its 3637th meeting, on 6 July 2023, and gave an overview of the activities of the African Union Commission on various legal issues. |
他们在2023年7月6日委员会第3637次会议上作了发言，概述了非洲联盟委员会在各种法律问题上的活动。 |
| An exchange of views followed. |
随后交换了意见。 |
| 296. |
296. |
| The Committee of Legal Advisers on Public International Law of the Council of Europe was represented at the present session of the Commission by Mr. Helmut Tichy, Chair of the Committee, and Mr. Jörg Polakiewicz, Legal Adviser to the Council of Europe, who addressed the Commission at its 3638th meeting, on 13 July 2023. |
欧洲委员会国际公法法律顾问委员会由委员会主席赫尔穆特·蒂奇先生和委员会主席欧洲委员会法律顾问约尔格·波拉凯维奇先生在委员会2023年7月13日第3638次会议上发言。 |
| They focused on the current activities of the Committee in the field of public international law, as well of the Council of Europe. |
他们着重讨论了委员会以及欧洲委员会目前在国际公法领域的活动。 |
| An exchange of views followed. |
随后交换了意见。 |
| 297. |
297. |
| The Asian-African Legal Consultative Organization was represented at the present session of the Commission by Mr. Kamalinne Pinitpuvadol, the Secretary-General of the Organization, who addressed the Commission at its 3639th meeting, on 18 July 2023. |
亚非法律协商组织秘书长卡马林·皮尼普瓦多尔先生代表该组织出席了委员会本届会议，在委员会2023年7月18日举行的第3639次会议上作了发言。 |
| He briefed the Commission on the organization and provided an overview of its activities. |
他向委员会简要介绍了该组织的情况，并概述了其活动。 |
| An exchange of views followed. |
随后交换了意见。 |
| 298. |
298. |
| On 4 July 2023, an informal exchange of views was held between members of the Commission and the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) on matters of mutual interest. |
2023年7月4日，委员会委员与红十字国际委员会(红十字委员会)就共同关心的问题非正式地交换了意见。 |
| Welcoming remarks were made by Mr. Nils Melzer, Director, International Law, Policy and Humanitarian Diplomacy, ICRC, and opening remarks by Ms. Cordula Droege, Chief Legal Officer and Head of the Legal Division, ICRC, and Ms. Patrícia Galvão Teles, Chair of the Commission. |
红十字委员会国际法、政策和人道外交事务主任尼尔斯·梅尔策先生致欢迎词，红十字委员会首席法律干事兼法律司司长科尔杜拉·德勒格女士和委员会主席帕特里夏·加尔旺·特莱斯女士致开场词。 |
| A discussion was held on “Current challenges for the implementation of international law”, moderated by Ms. Droege. |
在德勒格女士的主持下，就“国际法的执行目前面临的挑战”进行了讨论。 |
| Presentations were made on the topics “International humanitarian law and cyber operations during armed conflicts” by Mr. Tilman Rodenhäuser and Mr. Kubo Mačák, Legal Advisers, ICRC, and on “Subsidiary means for the determination of rules of international law” by Mr. Charles C. Jalloh, Special Rapporteur on the topic. |
红十字委员会法律顾问蒂尔曼·罗登豪瑟先生和库博·马查克先生就“武装冲突期间的国际人道法和网络行动”专题发言，“确定国际法规则的辅助手段”专题的特别报告员查尔斯·贾洛先生就该专题作了发言。 |
| Each set of presentations was followed by a discussion moderated by Ms. Droege. |
每组发言之后都有一场由德勒格女士主持的讨论。 |
| Concluding remarks were made by Mr. Melzer. |
梅尔策先生作了总结发言。 |
| G. |
G. |
| Representation at the seventy-eighth session of the General Assembly |
出席联大第七十八届会议的代表 |
| 299. |
299. |
| The Commission decided that it should be represented at the seventy-eighth session of the General Assembly by its Chair, Ms. Patrícia Galvão Teles. |
委员会决定由其主席帕特里夏·加尔旺·特莱斯女士代表委员会出席联大第七十八届会议。 |
| The Chair during the first part of the session, Ms. Nilüfer Oral, will also attend. |
本届会议第一期会议主席尼吕费尔·奥拉尔女士也将出席。 |
| H. |
H. |
| International Law Seminar |
国际法讲习班 |
| 300. |
300. |
| Pursuant to General Assembly resolution 77/103 of 19 December 2022, the fifty–seventh session of the International Law Seminar was held at the Palais des Nations from 3 to 21 July 2023, during the present session of the Commission. |
根据联大2022年12月19日第77/103号决议，第五十七届国际法讲习班于2023年7月3日至21日委员会本届会议期间在万国宫举行。 |
| The Seminar is intended for young jurists specializing in international law, and young professors or government officials pursuing an academic or diplomatic career in posts in the civil service of their countries. |
讲习班的对象是专门研究国际法的年轻法学家，以及在本国公务员系统中从事学术或外交工作的年轻教授或政府官员。 |
| 301. |
301. |
| Twenty-three participants of different nationalities, from all regional groups, took part in the session. |
来自所有区域集团、分属不同国籍的23名学员参加了讲习班。 |
| The participants attended plenary meetings of the Commission and specially arranged lectures, and participated in working groups on specific topics. |
参加者出席了委员会的全体会议和特别安排的讲座，并参加了关于具体专题的工作组。 |
| 302. |
302. |
| Ms. Patrícia Galvão Teles, Chair of the Commission, and Ms. Nilüfer Oral opened the Seminar. |
委员会主席帕特里夏·加尔旺·泰莱斯女士和尼吕费尔·奥拉尔女士宣布讲习班开幕。 |
| Mr. Markus Schmidt, Senior Legal Adviser to the United Nations Office at Geneva, was responsible for the administration, organization and conduct of the Seminar and served as its Director. |
联合国日内瓦办事处高级法律顾问乌尔里希·冯·布卢门塔尔先生负责讨论会的行政管理、组织事宜和会议的进行，并担任主任。 |
| Mr. Vittorio Mainetti, international law expert and consultant, acted as Coordinator, assisted by Ms. Kira Reitemeier and Ms. Nomungerel Jamsranjav, legal assistants. |
国际法专家和顾问维托里奥·马内蒂先生担任协调员，法律助理基拉·赖特梅尔女士和诺芒格勒尔·加姆斯兰加夫女士提供协助。 |
| 303. |
303. |
| The following lectures were given by members of the Commission: “Introduction to the work of the International Law Commission” by Mr. Mathias Forteau; |
委员会委员作了下列讲座：马蒂亚斯·福尔托先生，“国际法委员会工作介绍”； |
| “The contribution of the International Law Commission to the development of international law” by Mr. Dapo Akande; |
达波·阿坎德先生，“国际法委员会对国际法发展的贡献”； |
| “Subsidiary means for the determination of rules of international law” by Mr. Charles C. Jalloh; |
查尔斯·贾洛先生，“确定国际法规则的辅助手段”； |
| “Particular customary international law” by Mr. George Rodrigo Bandeira Galindo; |
乔治·罗德里戈·班代拉·加林多先生，“特定习惯国际法”； |
| “The International Law Commission and the Sixth Committee” by Mr. Giuseppe Nesi; |
朱塞佩·内西先生，“国际法委员会与第六委员会”； |
| “General principles of law” by Mr. Marcelo Vázquez-Bermúdez; |
马塞洛·巴斯克斯－贝穆德斯先生，“一般法律原则”； |
| “The impact of the burden of proof on the overall determination of reparations in Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda case (International Court of Justice 2022)” by Mr. Ivon Mingashang; |
伊冯·明加尚先生，“刚果民主共和国诉乌干达案(国际法院，2022年)中举证责任对总体确定赔偿的影响”； |
| “Immunity of State officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction” by Mr. Claudio Grossman Guiloff; |
克劳迪奥·格罗斯曼·吉洛夫先生，“国家官员的外国刑事管辖豁免”； |
| “Prevention and repression of piracy and armed robbery at sea” by Mr. Yacouba Cissé; |
雅库巴·西塞先生，“防止和打击海盗和海上武装抢劫行为”； |
| “Settlement of disputes to which international organizations are parties” by Mr. August Reinisch; |
奥古斯特·赖尼施先生，“国际组织作为当事方的争端的解决”； |
| “Legal aspects of Governmental representation at the United Nations” by Ms. Phoebe Okowa; |
菲比·奥科瓦女士，“政府在联合国代表权的法律问题”； |
| and “The International Criminal Court and the issue of immunities” by Mr. Dapo Akande and Mr. Rolf Einar Fife. |
以及达波·阿坎德先生和罗尔夫·埃纳尔·法伊夫先生，“国际刑事法院和豁免问题”。 |
| In addition, a round table was organized with four co-Chairs of the Study Group on the topic “Sea-level rise in relation to international law”, Mr. Bogdan Aurescu, Ms. Patrícia Galvão Teles, Ms. Nilüfer Oral and Mr. Juan José Ruda Santolaria. |
此外，还与“与国际法有关的海平面上升”专题研究组的四位共同主席组织了一次圆桌会议，他们是波格丹·奥雷斯库先生、帕特里夏·加尔旺·特莱斯女士、尼吕费尔·奥拉尔女士和胡安·何塞·鲁达·桑托拉里亚先生。 |
| 304. |
304. |
| A lecture was given by Ms. Laurence Boisson de Chazournes, Professor at the University of Geneva, on “Prevention and settlement of disputes relating to the environment and climate change”. |
日内瓦大学教授劳伦斯·布瓦松·德沙祖尔内女士作了关于“预防和解决与环境和气候变化有关的争端”的演讲。 |
| 305. |
305. |
| Participants visited the exhibition “100 years of Multilateral Cooperation in Geneva” at the United Nations Museum Geneva, led by Mr. Alex Renault, historian and adviser to the United Nations Library and Archives Geneva. |
讲习班学员在日内瓦联合国图书馆和档案馆历史学家和顾问亚历克斯·雷诺先生带领下，参观了在日内瓦联合国博物馆举行的“日内瓦多边合作100年”展览。 |
| Participants also visited the International Labour Organization (ILO), under the guidance of Mr. Remo Becci, Director of the ILO Archives, and attended two presentations given by Mr. Dražen Petrović, Registrar of the ILO Administrative Tribunal, on “International administrative tribunals”, and Mr. Georges Politakis, ILO Legal Adviser, on “ILO standard-setting”. |
与会者还在国际劳工组织(劳工组织)档案馆主任雷莫·贝奇先生的引导下参观了劳工组织，并听取了劳工组织行政法庭书记官长德拉森·彼得罗维奇先生关于“国际行政法庭”和劳工组织法律顾问乔治·波利塔基斯先生关于“劳工组织的标准制定”的两场介绍。 |
| They also visited the World Trade Organization (WTO) and attended presentations by Ms. Gabrielle Marceau, Senior Counsellor at the Research Division, and Mr. Juan Pablo Moya Hoyos, Dispute settlement Lawyer at WTO. |
他们还访问了世界贸易组织(世贸组织)，听取了研究司高级顾问加布里埃尔·玛索女士和世贸组织争端解决律师胡安·巴勃罗·莫亚·奥约斯先生的演讲。 |
| 306. |
306. |
| A day trip was organized to Lausanne to the Swiss Institute of Comparative Law, where a special programme was specifically designed, with the participation of Mr. Lukas Heckendorn Urscheler, Acting Director, Ms. Nathalie Matthey, Head of the Library, Mr. John Curran, Legal Adviser, Common Law, Ms. Ilaria Pretelli, Legal Adviser, Italian Law, Ms. Carole Viennet, Legal Adviser, French Law, and Mr. Henrik Westermark, Legal Adviser, Scandinavian Law. |
组织了前往洛桑的瑞士比较法研究所的一日游，在那里专门安排了一次特别活动，参加者有代理所长卢卡斯·赫肯多恩·乌舍勒先生、图书馆馆长娜塔莉·马蒂女士、普通法法律顾问约翰·卡兰先生、意大利法法律顾问伊拉里亚·普雷泰利女士、法国法法律顾问卡罗尔·维内特女士和斯堪的纳维亚法法律顾问亨里克·韦斯特马克先生。 |
| 307. |
307. |
| Participants attended a workshop hosted by the University of Geneva on the topic “Unravelling waves: exploring climate change’s impact on the law of the sea and international water law”, with the participation of Ms. Laurence Boisson de Chazournes, Professor at the University of Geneva, Ms. Mara Tignino, Reader, University of Geneva, and Coordinator of the Platform for International Water Law/Geneva Water Hub, and Ms. Patrícia Galvão Teles, Ms. Nilüfer Oral, Mr. Mario Oyarzábal, Mr. Juan José Ruda Santolaria, members of the Commission. |
讲习班学员出席了日内瓦大学主办的题为“解开波浪：探索气候变化对海洋法和国际水法的影响”的讨论会，到会的有日内瓦大学教授劳伦斯·布瓦松·德沙祖尔内女士、日内瓦大学教授、国际水法平台/日内瓦水中心协调员玛拉·蒂格尼诺女士、委员会委员帕特里夏·加尔旺·特莱斯女士、尼吕费尔·奥拉尔女士、马里奥·奥亚萨瓦尔先生、胡安·何塞·鲁达·桑托拉里亚先生。 |
| They also attended a conference on “Social justice and the future of ILO”, in honour of Mr. Francis Maupain, former ILO legal adviser, at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva. |
他们还出席了日内瓦国际和发展问题研究生院为前劳工组织法律顾问弗朗西斯·莫潘先生举行的关于“社会正义和劳工组织的未来”的会议。 |
| 308. |
308. |
| Two working groups, on “Identifying new topics for the International Law Commission” and “Regionalism and universalism in the work of the International Law Commission” were organized and participants were assigned to one of them. |
组织了关于“为国际法委员会确定新专题”和“国际法委员会工作中的区域主义和普遍主义”的两个工作组，学员被分配到其中一个工作组。 |
| Two members of the Commission, Mr. Dapo Akande and Mr. George Rodrigo Bandeira Galindo, respectively, supervised and provided guidance to the working groups. |
委员会的两名委员达波·阿坎德先生和乔治·罗德里戈·班代拉·加林多先生分别负责监督和指导工作组的工作。 |
| Each group prepared a report and presented its findings during the last working session of the Seminar. |
每个工作组都编写了一份报告，并在讲习班的最后一次工作会议上介绍了结果。 |
| The reports were compiled and distributed to all participants, as well as to the members of the Commission. |
这些报告已经汇编并分发给所有与会者以及委员会委员。 |
| 309. |
309. |
| Participants also attended a session with the International Law Seminar Alumni Network. |
与会者还参加了国际法讲习班学员网络的一次会议。 |
| Ms. Verity Robson (alumna 2017), President of the Network, Mr. Moritz Rudolf (alumnus 2017), Vice-President of the Network, Ms. Mary Chong (alumna 2017), Vice-President of the Network, and Mr. Vittorio Mainetti, Secretary-General of the Network and Coordinator of the International Law Seminar, addressed the participants and presented the work of the Network. |
网络主席韦里蒂·罗布森女士(2017届学员)、网络副主席莫里茨·鲁道夫先生(2017届学员)、网络副主席Mary Chong女士(2017届学员)、网络秘书长兼国际法讲习班协调员维托里奥·梅内蒂先生向学员们致辞并介绍了学员网络的工作情况。 |
| 310. |
310. |
| The Republic and Canton of Geneva offered its traditional hospitality at the Geneva Hôtel de Ville. |
日内瓦共和国和州在日内瓦市政厅提供了传统的款待。 |
| Seminar participants visited the Alabama room and the premises of the cantonal authorities, guided by Mr. Samy Bensalem, Deputy Head of Protocol of the Republic and Canton of Geneva. |
学员们在日内瓦共和国和州礼宾司副司长萨米·本萨勒姆先生的带领下，参观了阿拉巴马厅和州政府的办公地。 |
| 311. |
311. |
| The Chair of the Commission, the Director of the International Law Seminar and Mr. Marvin Ikondere (Uganda), on behalf of participants attending the Seminar, addressed the Commission during the ceremony of diplomas. |
委员会主席、国际法讲习班主任和讲习班学员代表马文·伊康德尔先生(乌干达)在颁发证书仪式上向委员会致词。 |
| Each participant was presented with a diploma. |
每位学员都获得了一份证书。 |
| 312. |
312. |
| The Commission noted with preoccupation that, in recent years, the finances of the International Law Seminar have been adversely affected by economic and financial factors, which in turn has had an impact on what the Seminar can offer in terms of stipends. |
委员会关切地注意到，近年来，国际法讲习班的经费受到经济和财政因素的不利影响，这反过来又影响到讲习班能够提供的津贴。 |
| The situation is now much better than it was in 2019, due to two large voluntary contributions the Seminar have now secured on a regular basis. |
现在的情况比2019年好得多，这是因为讲习班现在定期获得两大笔自愿捐款。 |
| However, the Seminar must nonetheless reflect on ways and means to broaden its financial basis in the future. |
然而，讲习班必须思考今后扩大其财政基础的方式方法。 |
| In 2023, 16 fellowships were granted (15 for travel and subsistence, 1 for subsistence only). |
2023年，讲习班发放了16笔研究金(15笔用于旅费和生活津贴，1笔仅用于生活津贴)。 |
| 313. |
313. |
| Since its inception in 1965, 1,307 participants, representing 178 nationalities, have taken part in the Seminar. |
自1965年开始举办讲习班以来，来自178个国家的共1,307名学员参加了讲习班。 |
| Some 797 participants have received a fellowship. |
约797名学员获得了研究金。 |
| 314. |
314. |
| The Commission stresses the importance it attaches to the Seminar, which enables young lawyers, especially those from developing countries, to familiarize themselves with the work of the Commission and the activities of the many international organizations based in Geneva. |
委员会强调它对讲习班的重视，讲习班使得青年法律工作者，特别是发展中国家的青年法律工作者能够熟悉委员会的工作和总部设在日内瓦的许多国际组织的活动。 |
| The Commission recommends that the General Assembly should again appeal to States to make voluntary contributions in order to secure the organization of the Seminar in 2024 with as broad participation as possible, and an adequate geographical distribution. |
委员会建议联大再次呼吁各国提供自愿捐款，以确保在2024年能够举办讲习班，并确保尽可能广泛的参加和适当的地域分配。 |
| Elected as Chair for the duration of the first part of the session. |
当选为本届会议第一期会议的主席。 |
| Elected at its 3634th meeting on 2 June 2023 as Chair for the remainder of the seventy-fourth session. |
在2023年6月2日第3634次会议上当选为第七十四届会议余下会期的主席。 |
| Mr. Yacouba Cissé, Mr. Claudio Grossman Guiloff, Mr. Charles Chernor Jalloh, Mr. August Reinisch and Mr. Marcelo Vázquez-Bermúdez. |
雅库巴·西塞先生、克劳迪奥·格罗斯曼·吉洛夫先生、查尔斯·切尔诺·贾洛先生、奥古斯特·赖尼施先生和马塞洛·巴斯克斯·贝穆德斯先生。 |
| Mr. Bogdan Aurescu, Mr. Yacouba Cissé, Ms. Patrícia Galvão Teles, Ms. Nilüfer Oral and Mr. Juan José Ruda Santolaria. |
波格丹·奥雷斯库先生、雅库巴·西塞先生、帕特里夏·加尔旺·特莱斯女士、尼吕费尔·奥拉尔女士和胡安·何塞·鲁达·桑托拉里亚先生。 |
| Official Records of the General Assembly, Seventy-seventh Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/77/10), para. 30. |
《大会正式记录，第七十七届会议，补编第10号》(A/77/10)，第30段。 |
| Ibid., para. 29. |
同上，第29段。 |
| Ibid., Seventy-fourth Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/74/10), paras. 31–33. |
同上，《第七十四届会议，补编第10号》(A/74/10)，第31-33段。 |
| Ibid., Seventy-sixth Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/76/10), para. 26. |
同上，《第七十六届会议，补编第10号》(A/76/10)，第26段。 |
| Ibid., Seventy-seventh Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/77/10), para. 28. |
同上，《第七十七届会议，补编第10号》(A/77/10)，第28段。 |
| Ibid., chap. VI. |
同上，第六章。 |
| The interim report of the Chair of the Drafting Committee is available under the analytical guide to the work of the International Law Commission: http://legal.un.org/ilc/guide/1_15.shtml. |
起草委员会主席的临时报告可查阅国际法委员会工作分析指南： http://legal.un.org/ilc/guide/1_15.shtml。 |
| Official Records of the General Assembly, Seventy-sixth Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/76/10), paras. 169–172 and 238–239. |
《大会正式记录，第七十六届会议，补编第10号》(A/76/10)，第169-172段和第238-239段。 |
| See also A/CN.4/L.955 and Add.1. |
另见A/CN.4/L.955和Add.1。 |
| Ibid., Seventy-seventh Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/77/10), paras. 94–149. |
同上，《第七十七届会议，补编第10号》(A/77/10)，第94-149段。 |
| See also A/CN.4/L.971. |
另见A/CN.4/L.971。 |
| At the seventy-third session, the Drafting Committee provisionally adopted the consolidated text of draft conclusions 1 to 11, as contained in the report of the Committee for that session (A/CN.4/L.971). |
在第七十三届会议上，起草委员会暂时通过了起草委员会该届会议报告(A/CN.4/L.971)所载结论草案1至11的合并案文。 |
| Taking into consideration recent practice of States and jurisprudence, the French and Spanish texts of draft conclusion 1 refer, respectively, to “principes généraux du droit” and “principios generales del derecho”. |
考虑到近来的国家实践和判例，结论草案1的法文和西班牙文本分别用“principes généraux du droit”和“principios generales del derecho”。 |
| It was understood that the use of “du droit” and “del derecho” did not change, nor imply a change to, the substance of Article 38, paragraph 1 (c), of the Statute of the International Court of Justice. |
有一项理解，即使用“du droit”和“del derecho”既不改变也不暗示改变《国际法院规约》第三十八条第一款(寅)项的实质内容。 |
| See, for example, A/CN.4/732 (first report by the Special Rapporteur) and A/CN.4/742 (memorandum by the Secretariat). |
例如见A/CN.4/732(特别报告员的第一次报告)和A/CN.4/742(秘书处的备忘录)。 |
| Other terms considered included “States”, “community of States”, “the international community”, “nations”, “nation States” and “nations as a whole”. |
考虑的其他说法包括“States”(各个国家)、“community of States”(国家共同体)、“the international community”(国际社会)、“nations”(不同国家)，“nation States”(民族国家)和“nations as a whole”(全体国家)。 |
| The provision reads: “Nothing in this article shall prejudice the trial and punishment of any person for any act or omission which, at the time when it was committed, was criminal according to the general principles of law recognized by the community of nations.” |
该款规定：“任何人之行为或不行为，于发生当时依各国公认之一般法律原则为有罪者，其审判与刑罚不受本条规定之影响。” |
| International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (New York, 16 December 1966), United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 999, No. 14668, p. 171. |
《公民及政治权利国际公约》(1966年12月16日，纽约)，联合国，《条约汇编》，第999卷，第14668号，第171页。 |
| See United Nations, Status of Multilateral Treaties, chap. IV.4. |
见联合国，《多边条约现况》，第四章第4节。 |
| Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (Vienna, 23 May 1969), United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1155, No. 18232, p. 331. |
《维也纳条约法公约》(1969年5月23日，维也纳)，联合国，《条约汇编》，第1155卷，第18232号，第331页。 |
| See, for example, the Fabiani case (1896) (in H. La Fontaine, Pasicrisie internationale 1794–1900: Histoire documentaire des arbitrages internationaux (Berlin, Stämpfli, 1902), p. 356); |
例如见the Fabiani case (1896) (in H. La Fontaine, Pasicrisie internationale 1794–1900: Histoire documentaire des arbitrages internationaux (Berlin, Stämpfli, 1902), p. 356)； |
| Affaire de l’indemnité russe (Russie, Turquie), Award of 11 November 1912, Reports of International Arbitral Awards (UNRIAA), vol. XI, pp. 421–447, at p. 445; |
俄罗斯赔偿案(俄罗斯、土耳其)，1912年11月11日裁决，《国际仲裁裁决汇编》，第十一卷，第421-447页，见第445页； |
| International Court of Justice, Corfu Channel case, Judgment of 9 April 1949: I.C.J. Reports 1949, p. 4, at p. 18; |
国际法院，科孚海峡案，1949年4月9日判决，《1949年国际法院案例汇编》，第4页起，见第18页； |
| International Court of Justice, South West Africa, Second Phase, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1966, p. 6, para. 88; |
国际法院，西南非洲案(第二阶段)，判决，《1966年国际法院案例汇编》，第6页，第88段； |
| Argentine-Chile Frontier Case, Award of 9 December 1966, UNRIAA, vol. XVI, pp. 109–182, at p. 164; |
阿根廷－智利边境案，1966年12月9日裁决，《国际仲裁裁决汇编》，第十六卷，第109-182页，见第164页； |
| International Court of Justice, Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1970, p. 3, at p. 38, para. 50; |
国际法院，巴塞罗那电车、电灯及电力有限公司案，判决，《1970年国际法院案例汇编》，第3页起，见第38页，第50段； |
| Iran-United States Claims Tribunal, Sea-Land Service, Inc. v. Iran, Award No. 135-33-1, 20 June 1984, Iran-United States Claims Tribunal Reports (IUSCTR), vol. 6, pp. 149 et seq., at p. 168; |
Iran-United States Claims Tribunal, Sea-Land Service, Inc. v. Iran, Award No. 135-33-1, 20 June 1984, Iran-United States Claims Tribunal Reports (IUSCTR), vol. 6, pp. 149 et seq., at p. 168; |
| Iran-United States Claims Tribunal, Questech, Inc. v. Iran, Award No. 191-59-1, 25 September 1985, IUSCTR, vol. 9, pp. 107 et seq., at p. 122; |
Iran-United States Claims Tribunal, Questech, Inc. v. Iran, Award No. 191-59-1, 25 September 1985, IUSCTR, vol. 9, pp. 107 et seq., at p. 122; |
| Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Aloeboetoe et al. v. Suriname, Judgment (Reparations and Costs), 10 September 1993, Series C, No. 15, para. 50; |
Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Aloeboetoe et al. v. Suriname, Judgment (Reparations and Costs), 10 September 1993, Series C, No. 15, para. 50; |
| International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Prosecutor v. Duško Tadić, No. IT-94-1-A, Judgment, 15 July 1999, Appeals Chamber, para. 225; |
International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Prosecutor v. Duško Tadić, No. IT-94-1-A, Judgment, 15 July 1999, Appeals Chamber, para. 225; |
| Prosecutor v. Zejnil Delalić et al., No. IT-96-21-A, Judgment, 20 February 2001, Appeals Chamber, para. 179; |
Prosecutor v. Zejnil Delalić et al., No. IT-96-21-A, Judgment, 20 February 2001, Appeals Chamber, para. 179; |
| World Trade Organization, Appellate Body, United States – Tax Treatment for “Foreign Sales Corporations”, Appellate Body Report, 14 January 2002 (WT/DS108/AB/RW), paras. 142–143; |
World Trade Organization, Appellate Body, United States – Tax Treatment for “Foreign Sales Corporations”, Appellate Body Report, 14 January 2002 (WT/DS108/AB/RW), paras. 142–143; |
| Germany, Constitutional Court, Judgment, 4 September 2004 (2 BvR 1475/07), para. 20; |
Germany, Constitutional Court, Judgment, 4 September 2004 (2 BvR 1475/07), para. 20; |
| Permanent Court of Arbitration, Award in the Arbitration regarding the delimitation of the Abyei Area between the Government of Sudan and the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/Army, Case No. 2008-7, Award, 22 July 2009, UNRIAA, vol. XXX, pp. 145–416, at p. 299, para. 401; |
常设仲裁法院，关于苏丹政府与苏丹人民解放运动/解放军之间阿卜耶伊地区划界的仲裁裁决，案件编号2008-7, 裁决，2009年7月22日，《国际仲裁裁决汇编》，第三十卷，第145-416页，见第299页，第401段； |
| International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes, El Paso Energy International Company v. The Argentine Republic, Case No. ARB/03/15, Award, 31 October 2011, para. 622; |
International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes, El Paso Energy International Company v. The Argentine Republic, Case No. ARB/03/15, Award, 31 October 2011, para. 622; |
| Philippines, Supreme Court, Mary Grace Natividad S. Poe-Llamanzares v. COMELEC, Decision of 8 March 2016 (G.R. No. 221697; |
Philippines, Supreme Court, Mary Grace Natividad S. Poe-Llamanzares v. COMELEC, Decision of 8 March 2016 (G.R. No. 221697; |
| G.R. Nos. 221698-700), pp. 19 and 21. |
G.R. Nos. 221698-700), pp. 19 and 21。 |
| See, for example, B. Cheng, General Principles of Law as Applied by International Courts and Tribunals (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1953/2006), p. 25; |
例如见B. Cheng, General Principles of Law as Applied by International Courts and Tribunals (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1953/2006), p. 25; |
| G. Abi-Saab, “Cours général de droit international public”, in Collected Courses of the Hague Academy of International Law, vol. 207 (1987), pp. 188–189; |
G. Abi-Saab, “Cours général de droit international public”, in Collected Courses of the Hague Academy of International Law, vol. 207 (1987), pp. 188–189; |
| J. A. Barberis, “Los Principios Generales de Derecho como Fuente del Derecho Internacional”, Revista IIDH, vol. 14 (1991), pp. 11–41, at pp. 30–31; |
J. A. Barberis, “Los Principios Generales de Derecho como Fuente del Derecho Internacional”, Revista IIDH, vol. 14 (1991), pp. 11–41, at pp. 30–31; |
| R. Jennings and A. Watts, Oppenheim’s International Law, vol. I, 9th ed. (Longman, 1996), pp. 36–37; |
R. Jennings and A. Watts, Oppenheim’s International Law, vol. I, 9th ed. (Longman, 1996), pp. 36–37; |
| S. Yee, “Article 38 of the ICJ Statute and applicable law: selected issues in recent cases”, Journal of International Dispute Settlement, vol. 7 (2016), pp. 472–498, at p. 487; |
S. Yee, “Article 38 of the ICJ Statute and applicable law: selected issues in recent cases”, Journal of International Dispute Settlement, vol. 7 (2016), pp. 472–498, at p. 487; |
| P. Palchetti, “The role of general principles in promoting the development of customary international rules”, in M. Andenas et al. (eds.), General Principles and the Coherence of International Law (Leiden, Brill, 2019), pp. 47–59, at p. 48; |
P. Palchetti, “The role of general principles in promoting the development of customary international rules”, in M. Andenas et al. (eds.), General Principles and the Coherence of International Law (Leiden, Brill, 2019), pp. 47–59, at p. 48; |
| A. Pellet and D. Müller, “Article 38”, in A. Zimmermann et al. (eds.), The Statute of the International Court of Justice: A Commentary, 3rd ed. (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2019), p. 925. |
A. Pellet and D. Müller, “Article 38”, in A. Zimmermann et al. (eds.), The Statute of the International Court of Justice: A Commentary, 3rd ed. (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2019), p. 925。 |
| Permanent Court of International Justice, Advisory Committee of Jurists, Procès-verbaux of the Proceedings of the Committee, June 16th – July 24th, 1920 (The Hague, Van Langenhuysen Bros., 1920), pp. 331–336. |
常设国际法院，法学家咨询委员会，《委员会议事录，1920年6月16日至7月24日》(1920年，海牙，Van Langenhuysen Bros.)，第331-336页。 |
| See, for example, International Court of Justice, Corfu Channel case (see footnote 20 above), p. 22; |
例如见国际法院，科孚海峡案(见上文脚注20)，第22页； |
| International Court of Justice, Reservations to the Convention on Genocide, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1951, p. 15, at p. 23; |
国际法院，对《防止及惩治灭绝种族罪公约》提出的保留，咨询意见，《1951年国际法院案例汇编》，第15页起，见第23页； |
| International Court of Justice, Case of the monetary gold removed from Rome in 1943 (Preliminary Question), Judgment of June 15th, 1954, I.C.J. Reports 1954, p. 19, at p. 32; |
国际法院，1943年从罗马运走的货币黄金案(初步问题)，1954年6月15日的判决，《1954年国际法院案例汇编》，第19页起，见第32页； |
| International Court of Justice, Frontier Dispute, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1986, p. 554, at p 565, paras. 20–21; |
国际法院，边界争端案，判决，《1986年国际法院案例汇编》，第554页起，见第565页，第20-21段； |
| International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Prosecutor v. Anto Furundžija, No. IT-95-17/1-T, Judgment, Trial Chamber, 10 December 1998 (IT-95-17/1-T), para. 183; |
International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Prosecutor v. Anto Furundžija, No. IT-95-17/1-T, Judgment, Trial Chamber, 10 December 1998 (IT-95-17/1-T), para. 183; |
| International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Prosecutor v. Zoran Kupreškić et al., No. IT-95-16-T, Judgment, Trial Chamber, 14 January 2000, para. 738. |
International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Prosecutor v. Zoran Kupreškić et al., No. IT-95-16-T, Judgment, Trial Chamber, 14 January 2000, para. 738。 |
| See, for example, D. Anzilotti, Cours de droit international (Editions Panthéon-Assas, 1929/1999), p. 117; |
例如见D. Anzilotti, Cours de droit international (Editions Panthéon-Assas, 1929/1999), p. 117; |
| L. Siorat, Le problème des lacunes en droit International: Contribution à l’étude des sources du droit et de la fonction judiciaire (Paris, Librairie générale de droit et de jurisprudence, 1958), p. 286; |
L. Siorat, Le problème des lacunes en droit International: Contribution à l’étude des sources du droit et de la fonction judiciaire (Paris, Librairie générale de droit et de jurisprudence, 1958), p. 286; |
| P. Reuter, Principes de droit international public, Collected Courses of the Hague Academy of International Law, vol. 103 (1961), pp. 425–656, at pp. 466–467; |
P. Reuter, Principes de droit international public, Collected Courses of the Hague Academy of International Law, vol. 103 (1961), pp. 425–656, at pp. 466-467; |
| J.G. Lammers, “General principles of law recognized by civilized nations”, in F. Kalshoven, P.J. Kuyper and J.G. Lammers (eds.), Essays on the Development of the International Legal Order in Memory of Haro F. van Panhuys (Alphen aa den Rijn, Sijthoff & Noordhoff, 1980), pp. 53–75, at p. 67; |
J.G. Lammers, “General principles of law recognized by civilized nations”, in F. Kalshoven, P.J. Kuyper and J.G. Lammers (eds.), Essays on the Development of the International Legal Order in Memory of Haro F. van Panhuys (Alphen aa den Rijn, Sijthoff & Noordhoff, 1980), pp. 53–75, at p. 67; |
| O. Schachter, “International law in theory and practice: general course in public international law”, in Collected Courses of the Hague Academy of International Law, vol. 178 (1982), pp. 9–396, at pp. 75, 79–80; |
O. Schachter, “International law in theory and practice: general course in public international law”, in Collected Courses of the Hague Academy of International Law, vol. 178 (1982), pp. 9–396, at pp. 75, 79–80; |
| R. Kolb, La bonne foi en droit international public: contribution à l’étude des principes généraux de droit (Geneva/Paris, Presse Universitaire de France, 2000), pp. 56–57; |
R. Kolb, La bonne foi en droit international public: contribution à l’étude des principes généraux de droit (Geneva/Paris, Presse Universitaire de France, 2000), pp. 56–57; |
| R. Wolfrum, “General international law (principles, rules, and standards)”, in R. Wolfrum (ed.), Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Law, vol. IV (entry updated in 2010; |
R. Wolfrum, “General international law (principles, rules, and standards)”, in R. Wolfrum (ed.), Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Law, vol. IV (entry updated in 2010; |
| Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2012), para. 28; |
Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2012), para. 28; |
| M. Diez de Velasco Vallejo, Instituciones de Derecho Internacional Público, 18th ed. (Madrid, Tecnos, 2013), pp. 126–127; |
M. Diez de Velasco Vallejo, Instituciones de Derecho Internacional Público, 18th ed. (Madrid, Tecnos, 2013), pp. 126-127; |
| A. A. Cançado Trindade, International Law for Humankind: Towards a New Jus Gentium, 3rd rev. ed. (Leiden/Boston, Martinus Nijhoff, 2013), pp. 55–86; |
A. A. Cançado Trindade, International Law for Humankind: Towards a New Jus Gentium, 3rd rev. ed. (Leiden/Boston, Martinus Nijhoff, 2013), pp. 55-86; |
| B. I. Bonafé and P. Palchetti, “Relying on general principles of law”, in C. Brölmann and Y. Radi (eds.), Research Handbook on the Theory and Practice of International Lawmaking (Cheltenham, Edward Edgar Publishing, 2016), pp. 160–176, at p. 162; |
B. I. Bonafé and P. Palchetti, “Relying on general principles of law”, in C. Brölmann and Y. Radi (eds.), Research Handbook on the Theory and Practice of International Lawmaking (Cheltenham, Edward Edgar Publishing, 2016), pp. 160–176, at p. 162; |
| R. Yotova, “Challenges in the identification of the ‘general principles of law recognized by civilized nations’: the approach of the International Court”, Canadian Journal of Comparative and Contemporary Law, vol. 3. |
R. Yotova, “Challenges in the identification of the ‘general principles of law recognized by civilized nations’: the approach of the International Court”, Canadian Journal of Comparative and Contemporary Law, vol. 3. |
| (2017), pp. 269–325, at p. 275, and 291–310; |
(2017), pp. 269-325, at p. 275, and 291-310; |
| M. Fitzmaurice, “The history of Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice: the journey from the past to the present”, in S. Besson, J. d’Aspremont and S. Knuchel (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of the Sources of International Law (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2017), p. 193; |
M. Fitzmaurice, “The history of Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice: the journey from the past to the present”, in S. Besson, J. d’Aspremont and S. Knuchel (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of the Sources of International Law (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2017), p. 193; |
| A. Yusuf, “Concluding remarks”, in M. Andenas et al. (eds.), General Principles and the Coherence of International Law (footnote 21 above), p. 450; |
A. Yusuf, “Concluding remarks”, in M. Andenas et al. (eds.), General Principles and the Coherence of International Law (footnote 21 above), p. 450; |
| P. Dumberry, A Guide to General Principles of Law in International Investment Arbitration (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2020), pp. 35–42; |
P. Dumberry, A Guide to General Principles of Law in International Investment Arbitration (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2020), pp. 35-42; |
| F. Francioni, “Custom and general principles of international cultural heritage law”, in F. Francioni and A. F. Vrdoljak (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of International Cultural Heritage Law (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2020), pp. 531–550, at pp. 541–544; |
F. Francioni, “Custom and general principles of international cultural heritage law”, in F. Francioni and A. F. Vrdoljak (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of International Cultural Heritage Law (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2020), pp. 531–550, at pp. 541-544; |
| G. Gaja, “General principles of law”, in Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law (2020), paras. 17–20; |
G. Gaja, “General principles of law”, in Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law (2020), paras. 17–20; |
| G. Boas, Public International Law: Contemporary Principles, 2nd ed. (Cheltenham, Edward Elgar, 2023), pp. 125–126. |
G. Boas, Public International Law: Contemporary Principles, 2nd ed. (Cheltenham, Edward Elgar, 2023), pp. 125-126. |
| Some authors consider that general principles of law are limited to those derived from national legal systems. |
一些作者认为，一般法律原则仅限于源自国内法律体系的原则。 |
| See, for example, International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Furundžija (footnote 23 above), para. 178; |
例如见International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Furundžija (上文脚注23), para. 178; |
| and Prosecutor v. Dragoljub Kunarac, Radomir Kunac and Zoran Vuković, Nos. IT-96-23-T & IT-96-23/1-T, Judgment, Trial Chamber, 22 February 2001, para. 439. |
and Prosecutor v. Dragoljub Kunarac, Radomir Kunac and Zoran Vuković, Nos. IT-96-23-T & IT-96-23/1-T, Judgment, Trial Chamber, 22 February 2001, para. 439。 |
| A general principle of law that is often referred to in practice and in the literature, and which may be considered to be of a general and abstract character, is the principle of good faith. |
在实践和文献中经常提到的一项可被认为具有一般性和抽象性的一般法律原则是善意原则。 |
| Examples of general principles of law that have been invoked or applied in practice, and which may be considered to be of a more specific character (because they present, for instance, precise conditions for their application), include the principles of res judicata and lis pendens, and the right to lawyer-client confidentiality. |
在实践中得到过援引或适用并可(譬如因为提出了确切的适用条件而)被视为更有特定性的一般法律原则的例子，包括既判力原则和未决诉讼原则，以及律师与委托人保密权。 |
| See, respectively, International Court of Justice, Question of the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between Nicaragua and Colombia beyond 200 Nautical Miles from the Nicaraguan Coast (Nicaragua v. Colombia), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2016, p. 100, at pp. 125–126, paras. 58–61; |
分别见国际法院，尼加拉瓜和哥伦比亚距尼加拉瓜海岸200海里以外大陆架划界问题案(尼加拉瓜诉哥伦比亚)，初步反对意见，判决，《2016年国际法院案例汇编》，第100页起，见第125-126页，第58-61段； |
| Permanent Court of International Justice, Certain German Interests in Polish Upper Silesia, Judgment, 25 August 1925, P.C.I.J. Series A, No. 6, pp. 5 et seq., at p. 20; |
国际常设法院，德国在波兰上西里西亚的某些权益案，判决，1925年8月25日，《常设国际法院案例汇编》，A辑，第6号，第5页及以下各页，见第20页； |
| International Court of Justice, Questions relating to the Seizure and Detention of Certain Documents and Data (Timor‐Leste v. Australia), Provisional Measures, Order of 3 March 2014, I.C.J. Reports 2014, p. 147, at pp. 152–153, paras. 24–28. |
国际法院，收缴和扣押某些文件和数据的问题案(东帝汶诉澳大利亚)，临时措施，2014年3月3日的命令，《2014年国际法院案例汇编》，第147页起，见第152-153页，第24-28段。 |
| Examples of State practice where a wide and representative comparative analysis may be considered to have been conducted include International Court of Justice, Case concerning Right of Passage over Indian Territory (Merits), Judgment of 12 April 1960: I.C.J. Reports 1960, p. 6, Observations and Submissions of Portugal on the Preliminary Objections of India, annex 20, pp. 714–752, and Reply of Portugal, annex 194, pp. 858–861 (including the legal systems of Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, France, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Myanmar, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Republic of Korea, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye, United States of America, Uruguay, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of), Yemen and Zambia, and Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union); |
可以认为进行了广泛和有代表性的比较分析的国家实践的例子包括：国际法院，穿越印度领土的通行权案(实质问题)，1960年4月12日的判决：《1960年国际法院案例汇编》，第6页，葡萄牙就印度的初步反对意见提出的意见和陈述，附件20，第714-752页，以及葡萄牙的答复，附件194，第858-861页(包括了下列国家的法律体系：阿根廷、澳大利亚、奥地利、比利时、多民族玻利维亚国、巴西、保加利亚、加拿大、智利、中国、哥伦比亚、哥斯达黎加、古巴、丹麦、多米尼加共和国、厄瓜多尔、埃及、萨尔瓦多、法国、德国、加纳、希腊、危地马拉、海地、洪都拉斯、印度、印度尼西亚、爱尔兰、意大利、日本、墨西哥、缅甸、荷兰、新西兰、尼加拉瓜、挪威、巴基斯坦、巴拿马、巴拉圭、秘鲁、菲律宾、波兰、葡萄牙、大韩民国、沙特阿拉伯、南非、西班牙、斯里兰卡、瑞典、瑞士、土耳其、美利坚合众国、乌拉圭、委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国、也门和赞比亚、捷克斯洛伐克和苏联)； |
| International Court of Justice, Certain Phosphate Lands in Nauru (Nauru v. Australia), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1992, p. 240, Memorial of Nauru, appendix 3 (including the legal systems of Argentina, Australia, Bangladesh, Belgium, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Cyprus, Denmark, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Hungary, India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Liechtenstein, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Pakistan, Romania, Senegal, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States); |
国际法院，瑙鲁境内某些磷酸盐地案(瑙鲁诉澳大利亚)，初步反对意见，判决，《1992年国际法院案例汇编》，第240页，瑙鲁诉状，附录3(包括了下列国家的法律体系：阿根廷、澳大利亚、孟加拉国、比利时、加拿大、智利、中国、哥伦比亚、塞浦路斯、丹麦、埃塞俄比亚、芬兰、法国、德国、加纳、希腊、匈牙利、印度、爱尔兰、意大利、日本、列支敦士登、墨西哥、荷兰、新西兰、尼日利亚、巴基斯坦、罗马尼亚、塞内加尔、南非、西班牙、斯里兰卡、瑞典、瑞士、联合王国和美国)； |
| International Court of Justice, Questions relating to the Seizure and Detention of Certain Documents and Data (Timor-Leste v. Australia) (see footnote 28 above), Memorial of Timor-Leste, annexes 22 to 24 (including the legal systems of Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, China, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of Korea, Romania, Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Africa, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Türkiye, United Kingdom and the United States, and the European Union, and Hong Kong, China) and Counter-Memorial of Australia, annex 51 (covering the legal systems of Australia, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Morocco, New Zealand, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Switzerland, Timor-Leste, Uganda, United Kingdom and United States of America). |
国际法院，收缴和扣押某些文件和数据的问题案(东帝汶诉澳大利亚)(见上文脚注28)，东帝汶诉状，附件22至24(包括了下列国家的法律体系：澳大利亚、奥地利、比利时、巴西、保加利亚、中国、塞浦路斯、捷克共和国、丹麦、爱沙尼亚、芬兰、法国、德国、希腊、匈牙利、印度尼西亚、爱尔兰、意大利、日本、拉脱维亚、立陶宛、卢森堡、马耳他、墨西哥、荷兰、新西兰、挪威、波兰、葡萄牙、大韩民国、罗马尼亚、俄罗斯联邦、沙特阿拉伯、新加坡、南非、斯洛伐克、斯洛文尼亚、西班牙、瑞典、瑞士、泰国、土耳其、联合王国和美国以及欧洲联盟和中国香港)和澳大利亚的辩诉状，附件51(涵盖下列国家的法律体系：澳大利亚、比利时、丹麦、法国、德国、印度、印度尼西亚、墨西哥、摩洛哥、新西兰、俄罗斯联邦、斯洛伐克、瑞士、东帝汶、乌干达、联合王国和美利坚合众国)。 |
| Similar examples are found in the case law. |
类似的例子见于判例。 |
| See, for example, International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Delalić, Appeals Chamber (see footnote 20 above), paras. 584–589 (Australia, Bahamas, Barbados, Croatia, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russian Federation, Singapore, South Africa, Türkiye, United States, England, Scotland, and former Yugoslavia, and Hong Kong, China); |
例如见International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Delalić, Appeals Chamber (见上文脚注20), paras. 584–589 (澳大利亚、巴哈马、巴巴多斯、克罗地亚、德国、意大利、日本、俄罗斯联邦、新加坡、南非、土耳其、美国、英格兰、苏格兰和前南斯拉夫，以及中国香港)； |
| International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Prosecutor v. Pavle Strugar, No. IT-01-42-A, Judgment, Appeals Chamber, 17 July 2008, paras. 52–54 (Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Canada, Chile, Croatia, Germany, India, Japan, Malaysia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Republic of Korea, Russian Federation, Serbia, United Kingdom and United States); |
International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Prosecutor v. Pavle Strugar, No. IT-01-42-A, Judgment, Appeals Chamber, 17 July 2008, paras. 52-54 (澳大利亚、奥地利、比利时、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、加拿大、智利、克罗地亚、德国、印度、日本、马来西亚、黑山、荷兰、大韩民国、俄罗斯联邦、塞尔维亚、联合王国和美国)； |
| International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Prosecutor v. Dražen Erdemović, Judgment, Appeals Chamber, Case No. IT-96-22-A, Judgment, 7 October 1997, para. 19, referring to the Joint Separate Opinion of Judge McDonald and Judge Vohrah, paras. 59–65 (Australia, Belgium, Canada, Chile, China, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, Morocco, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Norway, Panama, Poland, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of), and England, and former Yugoslavia); |
International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Prosecutor v. Dražen Erdemović, Judgment, Appeals Chamber, Case No. IT-96-22-A, Judgment, 7 October 1997, para. 19, referring to the Joint Separate Opinion of Judge McDonald and Judge Vohrah, paras. 59-65 (澳大利亚、比利时、加拿大、智利、中国、埃塞俄比亚、芬兰、法国、德国、印度、意大利、日本、马来西亚、墨西哥、摩洛哥、荷兰、尼加拉瓜、尼日利亚、挪威、巴拿马、波兰、索马里、南非、西班牙、瑞典、委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国和英格兰，以及前南斯拉夫)； |
| Furundžija (see footnote 23 above), para. 180 (Argentina, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Chile, China, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Pakistan, Uganda, Zambia, and England and Wales, former Yugoslavia, and New South Wales (Australia)); |
Furundžija (见上文脚注23), para. 180 (阿根廷、奥地利、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、智利、中国、法国、德国、印度、意大利、日本、荷兰、巴基斯坦、乌干达、赞比亚，以及英格兰和威尔士、前南斯拉夫和新南威尔士州(澳大利亚))； |
| Kunarac (see footnote 26 above), paras. 437–460 (Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Canada, China, Costa Rica, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, Philippines, Portugal, Republic of Korea, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Uruguay, United Kingdom, United States and Zambia). |
Kunarac (见上文脚注26), paras. 437-460 (阿根廷、澳大利亚、奥地利、孟加拉国、比利时、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、巴西、加拿大、中国、哥斯达黎加、丹麦、爱沙尼亚、芬兰、法国、德国、印度、意大利、日本、新西兰、挪威、菲律宾、葡萄牙、大韩民国、塞拉利昂、南非、西班牙、瑞典、瑞士、乌拉圭、联合王国、美国和赞比亚)。 |
| Barcelona Traction (see footnote 20 above), p. 38, para. 50. |
巴塞罗那电车公司案(见上文脚注20)，第38页，第50段。 |
| See also Mary Grace Natividad S. Poe-Llamanzares v. COMELEC (footnote 20 above), pp. 19 and 21; |
另见Mary Grace Natividad S. Poe-Llamanzares v. COMELEC (上文脚注20), pp. 19 and 21； |
| El Paso Energy International Company v. The Argentine Republic (footnote 20 above), para. 622; |
El Paso Energy International Company v. The Argentine Republic (上文脚注20), para. 622； |
| International Court of Justice, Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo), Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2010, p. 639, at p. 675, para. 104; |
国际法院，艾哈迈杜·萨迪奥·迪亚洛案(几内亚共和国诉刚果民主共和国)，实质问题，判决，《2010年国际法院案例汇编》，第639页起，见第675页，第104段； |
| Abyei Area (footnote 20 above), p. 299, para. 401; |
阿卜耶伊地区仲裁裁决(上文脚注20)，第299页，第401段； |
| Germany, Constitutional Court, Judgment, 4 September 2004 (footnote 20 above), para. 20; |
Germany, Constitutional Court, Judgment, 4 September 2004 (上文脚注20), para. 20； |
| Kunarac (see footnote 26 above), para. 439; |
Kunarac (见上文脚注26), para. 439； |
| Delalić, Appeals Chamber (footnote 20 above), para. 179; |
Delalić, Appeals Chamber (上文脚注20), para. 179； |
| Tadić (footnote 20 above), para. 225; |
Tadić (上文脚注20), para. 225； |
| International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, Prosecutor v. Jean-Paul Akayesu, No. ICTR-96-4-T, Judgment, 2 September 1998, para. 46; |
International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, Prosecutor v. Jean-Paul Akayesu, No. ICTR-96-4-T, Judgment, 2 September 1998, para. 46; |
| International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Prosecutor v. Zejnil Delalić et al., No. IT-96-21-T, Decision on the motion to allow witnesses K, L and M to give their testimony by means of video-link conference, Trial Chamber, 28 May 1997, paras. 7–8; |
International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Prosecutor v. Zejnil Delalić et al., No. IT-96-21-T, Decision on the motion to allow witnesses K, L and M to give their testimony by means of video-link conference, Trial Chamber, 28 May 1997, paras. 7–8; |
| Aloeboetoe et al. v. Suriname (footnote 20 above), para. 62; |
Aloeboetoe et al. v. Suriname (上文脚注20), para. 62； |
| Questech (footnote 20 above), p. 122; |
Questech (上文脚注20), p. 122； |
| Sea-Land Service, Inc. v. Iran (footnote 20 above), p. 168; |
Sea-Land Service, Inc. v. Iran (上文脚注20), p. 168； |
| Corfu Channel case (footnote 20 above), p. 18; |
科孚海峡案(上文脚注20)，第18页； |
| Fabiani case (footnote 20 above), p. 356; |
Fabiani case (上文脚注20), p. 356； |
| and the Queen case between Brazil, Norway and Sweden (1871) (reproduced in La Fontaine, Pasicrisie internationale 1794–1900: Histoire documentaire des arbitrages internationaux (footnote 20 above)), p. 155. |
and the Queen case between Brazil, Norway and Sweden (1871) (reproduced in La Fontaine, Pasicrisie internationale 1794–1900: Histoire documentaire des arbitrages internationaux (上文脚注20)), p. 155。 |
| See, for example, Question of the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between Nicaragua and Colombia (footnote 28 above), p. 125, para. 58 (applying the principle of res judicata, derived from civil procedure); |
例如见尼加拉瓜和哥伦比亚大陆架划界问题案(上文脚注28)，第125页，第58段(适用源自民事诉讼程序的既判力原则)； |
| Barcelona Traction (footnote 20 above), p. 38, para. 50 (applying the principle of separation between companies and shareholders, derived from corporate law); |
巴塞罗那电车公司案(上文脚注20)，第38页，第50段(适用源自公司法的公司与股东分离原则)； |
| United States–Tax Treatment for “Foreign Sales Corporations” (footnote 20 above), para. 143 (applying a principle relating to taxation of non-residents, derived from tax law); |
United States–Tax Treatment for “Foreign Sales Corporations” (上文脚注20), para. 143 (适用源自税法的非居民征税原则)； |
| Questech (see footnote 20 above), p. 122 (applying the principle rebus sic stantibus, derived from contract law); |
Questech (见上文脚注20), p. 122 (适用源自合同法的情势不变原则)； |
| Sea-Land Service (footnote 20 above), p. 168 (applying the principle of unjust enrichment, derived from civil law or the law of obligations); |
Sea-Land Service (上文脚注20), p. 168 (适用源自民法或债务法的不当得利原则)； |
| Furundžija (see footnote 23 above), paras. 178–182, and Kunarac (see footnote 26 above), paras. 439–460 (applying a definition of “rape” derived from criminal law); |
Furundžija (见上文脚注23), paras. 178-182, 以及Kunarac (见上文脚注26), paras. 439-460 (适用源自刑法的“强奸”定义)； |
| Aloeboetoe v. Suriname (footnote 20 above), para. 62 (applying a principle relating to succession for purposes of compensation, derived from laws on inheritance or succession); |
Aloeboetoe v. Suriname (上文脚注20), para. 62 (适用源自遗产或继承法的为赔偿目的继承的原则)； |
| Mary Grace Natividad S. Poe-Llamanzares v. COMELEC (footnote 20 above), p. 21 (applying a principle of nationality of foundlings, derived from laws on nationality). |
Mary Grace Natividad S. Poe-Llamanzares v. COMELEC (上文脚注20), p. 21 (适用源自国籍法的弃儿国籍原则)。 |
| See also El Paso Energy International Company v. The Argentine Republic (footnote 20 above), para. 622 (“‘general principles’ are rules largely applied in foro domestico, in private or public, substantive or procedural matters”); |
另见El Paso Energy International Company v. The Argentine Republic (上文脚注20), para. 622 (“‘一般原则’是主要适用于国内法院的、私人或公共的实质性或程序性事项的规则”)； |
| South West Africa, Second Phase (footnote 20 above), Dissenting Opinion of Judge Tanaka, p. 250, at p. 294 (“So far as the ‘general principles of law’ are not qualified, the ‘law’ must be understood to embrace all branches of law, including municipal law, public law, constitutional and administrative law, private law, commercial law, substantive and procedural law, etc.”). |
西南非洲案(第二阶段)(上文脚注20)，田中法官的反对意见，第250页起，见第294页(“只要‘一般法律原则’没有限定，‘法律’就必须理解为包括所有法律分支，包括国内法、公法、宪法和行政法、私法、商法、实体法和程序法等”)。 |
| For instance, in the North Atlantic Coast Fisheries case, the tribunal did not support the principle of “international servitude” as it was considered as “being but little suited to the principle of sovereignty”. North Atlantic Coast Fisheries Case (Great Britain, United States), Award, 7 September 1910, UNRIAA, vol. XI, pp. 167–226, at p. 182. |
例如，在北大西洋海岸渔业案中，仲裁庭不支持“国际地役”原则，认为该原则与主权原则并不相容，北大西洋海岸渔业案(英国，美国)，1910年9月7日裁决，《国际仲裁裁决汇编》，第十一卷，第167-226页，见第182页。 |
| In North Sea Continental Shelf, the International Court of Justice did not support the “principle of the just and equitable share” invoked by Germany as a general principle of law, pointing out that this doctrine was “quite foreign to, and inconsistent with, the basic concept of continental shelf entitlement”. |
在北海大陆架案中，国际法院驳不支持德国作为一项一般法律原则援引的“公证和公平份额原则”，指出这一主张“与大陆架权利的基本概念格格不入，并不一致”。 |
| North Sea Continental Shelf, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1969, p. 3, at pp. 21–23, paras. 17 and 19–20. |
北海大陆架案，判决，《1969年国际法院案例汇编》，第3页起，见第21至23页，第17段和第19-20段。 |
| In the Tadić case, regarding the principle that a tribunal must be established by law, the Appeals Chamber of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia observed that “[i]t is clear that the legislative, executive and judicial division of powers which is largely followed in most municipal systems does not apply to the international setting nor, more specifically, to the setting of an international organization such as the United Nations … Consequently the separation of powers element of the requirement that a tribunal be ‘established by law’ finds no application in an international law setting.” |
在Tadić案中，对于法庭必须依法设立的原则，前南斯拉夫问题国际刑事法庭上诉分庭认为“显然，大多数国内法体系基本上遵循的立法、行政和司法分权不适用于国际上的情况，更具体地说，不适用于联合国等国际组织的情况……因此，法庭必须‘依法设立’这一要求中的分权要素在国际法背景下是不适用的。” |
| Taking into account several human rights conventions and decisions by human rights bodies, the Appeals Chamber considered that “established by law” means “in accordance with the rule of law”. |
考虑多项人权公约和人权机构的决定后，上诉分庭认为“依法设立”意指“依照法治”。 |
| Prosecutor v. Duško Tadić a/k/a “DULE”, Case No. IT-94-1-AR72, Decision on the defence motion for interlocutory appeal on jurisdiction, 2 October 1995, Appeals Chamber, International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, paras. 43–45. |
Prosecutor v. Duško Tadić a/k/a “DULE”, Case No. IT-94-1-AR72, Decision on the defence motion for interlocutory appeal on jurisdiction, 2 October 1995, Appeals Chamber, International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, paras. 43-45。 |
| In Delalić et al., a Trial Chamber of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia considered that the “principles of legality [nullum crimen sine lege and nulla poena sine lege] exist and are recognised in all the world’s major criminal justice systems”, but that it was “not certain to what extent they have been admitted as part of international legal practice, separate and apart from the existence of the national legal systems … because of the different methods of criminalisation of conduct in national and international criminal justice systems”. |
在Delalić等人案中，前南斯拉夫问题国际刑事法庭的一个审判分庭认为，“罪行法定原则[法无明文不为罪和法无明文者不罚]在世界所有主要刑事司法体系中是存在并得到承认的”，但“不能肯定此种原则在多大程度上被承认为国际法律实践的一部分，独立于国内法律体系的存在。 ……因为国内和国际刑事司法体系关于行为入罪的方法不同”。 |
| As a result, the Trial Chamber found that “the principles of legality in international criminal law are different from their related national legal systems with respect to their application and standards. |
因此，审判分庭认为“国际刑法中的罪行法定原则在适用和标准方面不同于其相关的国内法律体系。 |
| They appear to be distinctive, in the obvious objective of maintaining a balance between the preservation of justice and fairness towards the accused and taking into account the preservation of world order. |
前者显然是不同的，因为其目标显然是在维护对被告的正义和公平与维护世界秩序的考量之间保持平衡。 |
| To this end, the affected State or States must take into account the following factors, inter alia: the nature of international law; |
为此，受影响的一个或多个国家除其他外，须考虑以下因素：国际法的性质； |
| the absence of international legislative policies and standards; |
缺乏国际立法政策和标准； |
| the ad hoc processes of technical drafting; |
技术性起草的特别程序； |
| and the basic assumption that international criminal law norms will be embodied into the national criminal law of the various States.” |
以及关于国际刑法规范将被纳入各国国内刑法的基本假设。” |
| Prosecutor v. Zejnil Delalić et al., Case No. IT-96-21-T Judgment, 16 November 1998, Trial Chamber, International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, paras. 403 and 405. |
Prosecutor v. Zejnil Delalić et al., Case No. IT-96-21-T Judgment, 16 November 1998, Trial Chamber, International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, paras. 403 and 405. |
| Owing to the differences between the international and domestic legal systems, sometimes only certain aspects of a principle common to various legal systems can be transposed to the international legal system. |
由于国际和国内法律体系之间的差异，有时一项各法律体系共有的原则只有某些方面可移植到国际法律体系内。 |
| As a result of the transposition, general principles of law applied in international settings may not have exactly the same content as the relevant domestic legal principles. |
移植的结果是，在国际环境中适用的一般法律原则的内容可能不完全等同于相关国内法律原则的内容。 |
| See, e.g., Tadić (footnote 20 above), paras. 41–45; |
例如见Tadić (上文脚注20), paras. 41-45； |
| Delalić (footnote 32 above), paras. 403–405; |
Delalić (上文脚注32), paras. 403-405； |
| Furundžija (footnote 23 above), para. 178; |
Furundžija (上文脚注23), para. 178； |
| El Paso Energy International Company v. The Argentine Republic (footnote 20 above) para. 622; |
El Paso Energy International Company v. The Argentine Republic (上文脚注20), para. 622； |
| International Court of Justice, Application of the Interim Accord of 13 September 1995 (the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia v. Greece), Judgment of 5 December 2011, I.C.J. Reports 2011, p. 695, Separate Opinion of Judge Simma, para. 13. |
国际法院，1995年9月13日《临时协议》的适用案(前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国诉希腊)，2011年12月5日判决，《2011年国际法院案例汇编》，第695页，辛马法官的个别意见，第13段。 |
| It has been noted, in this regard, that a principle in foro domestico cannot be transposed “lock, stock and barrel” (International Court of Justice, International status of South-West Africa, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1950, p. 128, Separate Opinion of Judge McNair, p. 146, at p. 148). |
在这方面，有意见指出，国内法院适用的原则不能“完全照搬”地进行移植(国际法院，西南非洲的国际地位，咨询意见，《1950年国际法院案例汇编》，第128页，麦克奈尔法官的个别意见，第146页起，见第148页)。 |
| Examples that were referred to by members of the Commission during the debates of the Commission include the principle of sovereign equality of States, the principle of territorial integrity, the principle of uti possidetis juris, the principle of non-intervention in the internal affairs of another State, the principle of consent to the jurisdiction to international courts and tribunals, elementary considerations of humanity, respect for human dignity, the Nürnberg Principles and principles of international environmental law. |
委员会委员在委员会辩论期间提到的例子包括各国主权平等原则、领土完整原则、依法保有原则、不干涉他国内政原则、同意国际性法院和法庭管辖权的原则、基本的人道考虑、尊重人的尊严、纽伦堡原则和国际环境法的各项原则。 |
| (Principles of International Law Recognized in the Charter of the Nürnberg Tribunal and in the Judgment of the Tribunal (Nürnberg Principles), are contained in Yearbook of the International Law Commission, 1950, vol. II, p. 374, para. 96.) |
(见《纽伦堡法庭宪章和判决书所确认的国际法原则》(《纽伦堡原则》)，载于《1950年国际法委员会年鉴》，第二卷，第374页，第96段。 |
| See, for example, Case of the monetary gold (footnote 23 above), p. 32 (“[t]o adjudicate upon the international responsibility of Albania without her consent would run counter to a well-established principle of international law embodied in the Court’s Statute, namely, that the Court can only exercise jurisdiction over a State with its consent”); |
例如见货币黄金案(上文脚注23)，第32页(“未经阿尔巴尼亚同意而就阿尔巴尼亚的国际责任作出裁决将违反《国际法院规约》所载的国际法既定原则，即国际法院只有在一国同意的情况下才能对该国行使管辖权”)； |
| International Court of Justice, Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras), Application to Intervene, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1990, p. 92, at pp. 132–133, para. 94. |
国际法院，陆地、岛屿和海上边界争端案(萨尔瓦多/洪都拉斯)，申请允许参加，判决，《1990年国际法院案例汇编》，第92页起，见第132-133页，第94段。 |
| Frontier Dispute (see footnote 23 above), p. 565, para. 20. |
边界争端案(见上文脚注23)，第565页，第20段。 |
| Ibid., para. 21. |
同上，第21段。 |
| On the relationship between customary international law and general principles of law, see draft conclusion 11 below. |
关于习惯国际法与一般法律原则之间的关系，见下文结论草案11。 |
| Ibid., pp. 565–566, para. 22. |
同上，第565-566页，第22段。 |
| Ibid., para. 24. |
同上，第24段。 |
| See also p. 567, para. 26 (“the applicability of uti possidetis in the present case cannot be challenged merely because in 1960, the year when Mali and Burkina Faso achieved independence, the Organization of African Unity which was to proclaim this principle did not yet exist, and the above-mentioned resolution calling for respect for the pre-existing frontiers dates only from 1964”). |
另见第567页，第26段(“不能仅因为在马里和布基纳法索实现独立的1960年，后来宣布占领地保有原则的非洲统一组织还未成立，而且呼吁尊重原已存在边界的上述决议1964年才通过，就质疑这一原则在本案中的适用性”)。 |
| Corfu Channel case (see footnote 20 above), p. 22: “The obligations incumbent upon the Albanian authorities consisted in notifying, for the benefit of shipping in general, the existence of a minefield in Albanian territorial waters and in warning the approaching British warships of the imminent danger to which the minefield exposed them. |
科孚海峡案(见上文脚注20)，第22页：“阿尔巴尼亚当局应尽的义务包括，为一般的航行利益起见应通告在阿尔巴尼亚领海设有布雷区并应警告趋近的英国军舰布雷区可对它们造成紧急危险。 |
| Such obligations are based, not on the Hague Convention of 1907, No. VIII, which is applicable in time of war, but on certain general and well-recognized principles, namely: elementary considerations of humanity, even more exacting in peace than in war; |
这些义务的依据不是适用于战时的1907年《海牙第八公约》，而是一些公认的一般原则，即：基本的人道考虑，在和平时期甚至比在战时更为严格； |
| the principle of the freedom of maritime communication; |
海上通信自由原则； |
| and every State’s obligation not to allow knowingly its territory to be used for acts contrary to the rights of other States.” |
以及每个国家均有义务不在知情的情况下允许其领土被用于从事违反他国权利的行为。” |
| See also International Court of Justice, Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States), Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1986, p. 14, at p. 112, para. 215; |
另见国际法院，关于尼加拉瓜境内和针对尼加拉瓜的军事和准军事活动案(尼加拉瓜诉美国)，实质问题，判决，《1986年国际法院案例汇编》，第14页，见第112页，第215段； |
| International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, M/V “SAIGA” (No. 2) Case (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines v. Guinea), Judgment, ITLOS Reports 1999, p. 10, at pp. 61–62, para. 155. |
国际海洋法法庭，M/V“塞加号”(第2号)案(圣文森特和格林纳丁斯诉几内亚)，判决，《国际海洋法法庭案例汇编》，1999年，第10页，见第61-62页，第155段。 |
| Convention (VIII) of 1907 relative to the Laying of Automatic Submarine Contact Mines (The Hague, 18 October 1907), The Hague Conventions and Declarations of 1899 and 1907, J.B. Scott, ed. (New York, Oxford University Press, 1915), p. 151. |
《关于敷设自动触发水雷的1907年海牙第八公约》(1907年10月18日，海牙)，The Hague Conventions and Declarations of 1899 and 1907, J.B. Scott, ed. (New York, Oxford University Press, 1915), p. 151。 |
| Furundžija (footnote 23 above), para. 183. |
Furundžija (上文脚注23), para. 183。 |
| Yearbook … 2018, vol. II (Part Two), paras. 65–66. |
《2018年……年鉴》，第二卷(第二部分)，第65-66页。 |
| Corfu Channel case (see footnote 20 above), p. 18. |
科孚海峡案(见上文脚注20)，第18页。 |
| International Court of Justice, Sovereignty over Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge (Malaysia/Singapore), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2008, p. 12, at p. 31, para. 45. |
国际法院，白礁岛、中岩礁和南礁的主权归属案(马来西亚/新加坡)，判决，《2008年国际法院案例汇编》，第12页起，见第31页，第45段。 |
| Permanent Court of Arbitration, Chagos Marine Protected Area (Mauritius v. United Kingdom), Case No. 2011-03, Award of 18 March 2015, UNRIAA, vol. XXXI, p. 543, para. 436. |
常设仲裁法院，查戈斯海洋保护区案(毛里求斯诉联合王国)，案件编号2011-03, 2015年3月18日裁决，《国际仲裁裁决汇编》，第31卷，第543页，第436段。 |
| European Court of Human Rights, Handyside v. the United Kingdom, 7 December 1976, Series A, No. 24, para. 41; |
European Court of Human Rights, Handyside v. the United Kingdom, 7 December 1976, Series A, No. 24, para. 41; |
| European Court of Human Rights, Guerra and Others v. Italy, 19 February 1998, Reports of Judgments and Decisions 1998-I, para. 44; |
European Court of Human Rights, Guerra and Others v. Italy, 19 February 1998, Reports of Judgments and Decisions 1998-I, para. 44; |
| on Inter-American Court of Human Rights, see, inter alia, Velásquez Rodríguez v. Honduras, Judgment (Merits) of 29 July 1988, Series C, No. 4, para. 163. |
Inter-American Court of Human Rights, see, inter alia, Velásquez Rodríguez v. Honduras, Judgment (Merits) of 29 July 1988, Series C, No. 4, para. 163. |
| See, for example, International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Prosecutor v. Enver Hadžihasanović, Mehmed Alagić and Amir Kubura, Case No. IT-01-47-PT, Decision on Joint Challenge to Jurisdiction, Trial Chamber, 12 November 2002, paras. 58–61; |
例如见International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Prosecutor v. Enver Hadžihasanović, Mehmed Alagić and Amir Kubura, Case No. IT-01-47-PT, Decision on Joint Challenge to Jurisdiction, Trial Chamber, 12 November 2002, paras. 58-61; |
| Special Court for Sierra Leone, Prosecutor v. Sam Hinga Norman, Case No. SCSL-2004-14-AR72(E), Decision on Preliminary Motion Based on Lack of Jurisdiction (Child Recruitment), 31 May 2004, paras. 25–26; |
Special Court for Sierra Leone, Prosecutor v. Sam Hinga Norman, Case No. SCSL-2004-14-AR72(E), Decision on Preliminary Motion Based on Lack of Jurisdiction (Child Recruitment), 31 May 2004, paras. 25-26; |
| Special Court for Sierra Leone, Prosecutor v. Sam Hinga Norman et al., Case No. SCSL-04-14-PT, Decision on Prosecution’s Motion for Judicial Notice and Admission of Evidence, 2 June 2004, paras. 22–30; |
Special Court for Sierra Leone, Prosecutor v. Sam Hinga Norman et al., Case No. SCSL-04-14-PT, Decision on Prosecution’s Motion for Judicial Notice and Admission of Evidence, 2 June 2004, paras. 22-30; |
| Special Court for Sierra Leone, Prosecutor v. Issa Hassan Sesay et al., Case No. SCSL-04-15-T, Ruling on the Issue of the Third Accused, Augustine Gbao, to Attend Hearing of the Special Court for Sierra Leone on 7 July 2004 and Succeeding Days, 12 July 2004, paras. 10–11. |
Special Court for Sierra Leone, Prosecutor v. Issa Hassan Sesay et al., Case No. SCSL-04-15-T, Ruling on the Issue of the Third Accused, Augustine Gbao, to Attend Hearing of the Special Court for Sierra Leone on 7 July 2004 and Succeeding Days, 12 July 2004, paras. 10-11。 |
| South West Africa, Second Phase (footnote 20 above), p. 47, para. 88; |
西南非洲案，第二阶段(上文脚注20)，第47页，第88段； |
| North Sea Continental Shelf (footnote 32 above), pp. 21–22, paras. 17–18; |
北海大陆架案(上文脚注32)，第21-22页，第17-18段； |
| Avena and Other Mexican Nationals (Mexico v. United States of America), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2004, p. 12, at p. 61, para. 127. |
阿韦纳和其他墨西哥国民案(墨西哥诉美利坚合众国)，判决，《2004年国际法院案例汇编》，第12页，见第61页，第127段。 |
| See, for example, Corfu Channel case (footnote 20 above), pp. 18 and p. 22; |
例如见科孚海峡案(上文脚注20)，第18和22页； |
| Reservations to the Convention on Genocide (footnote 23 above), p. 23; |
对《防止及惩治灭绝种族罪公约》提出的保留(上文脚注23)，第23页； |
| Effect of awards of compensation made by the U.N. Administrative Tribunal, Advisory Opinion of July 13th,1954: I.C.J. Reports 1954, p. 47, at p. 53; |
联合国行政法庭的赔偿裁决的效力，1954年7月13日咨询意见，《1954年国际法院案例汇编》，第47页起，见第53页； |
| Right of Passage (footnote 29 above), p. 43; |
通行权案(上文脚注29)，第43页； |
| South West Africa, Second Phase (footnote 20 above), p. 47, para. 88; |
西南非洲案(第二阶段)(上文脚注20)，第47页，第88段； |
| North Sea Continental Shelf (footnote 32 above), pp. 21–22, paras. 17–18; |
北海大陆架案(上文脚注32)，第21-22页，第17-18段； |
| Barcelona Traction (footnote 20 above), p. 37, para. 50; |
巴塞罗那电车公司案(上文脚注20)，第37页，第50段； |
| Application for Review of Judgment No. 158 of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1973, p. 166, at p. 181, para. 36; |
申请复核联合国行政法庭第158号判决，咨询意见，《1973年国际法院案例汇编》，第166页起，见第181页，第36段； |
| Application for Review of Judgment No. 273 of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1982, p. 325, at pp. 338–339, para. 29; |
申请复核联合国行政法庭第273号判决，咨询意见，《1982年国际法院案例汇编》，第325页起，见第338-339页，第29段； |
| Question of the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between Nicaragua and Colombia (footnote 28 above), p. 100, para. 58; |
尼加拉瓜和哥伦比亚大陆架划界问题案(上文脚注28)，第100页，第58段； |
| Maritime Delimitation in the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) and Land Boundary in the Northern Part of Isla Portillos (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2018, p. 139, at p. 166, para. 68. |
加勒比海和太平洋海洋划界案(哥斯达黎加诉尼加拉瓜)和波蒂略岛北部的陆地边界案(哥斯达黎加诉尼加拉瓜)，判决，《2018年国际法院案例汇编》，第139页起，见第166页，第68段。 |
| See also Pellet and Müller, “Article 38”, pp. 934–935; |
另见Pellet and Müller, “Article 38”, pp. 934–935; |
| H. Lauterpacht, Private Law Sources and Analogies of International Law (London, Longmans, 1927), p. 85; |
H. Lauterpacht, Private Law Sources and Analogies of International Law (London, Longmans, 1927), p. 85; |
| F. Raimondo, General Principles of Law in the Decisions of International Criminal Courts and Tribunals (Leiden, Martinus Nijhoff, 2008), pp. 42–43; |
F. Raimondo, General Principles of Law in the Decisions of International Criminal Courts and Tribunals (Leiden, Martinus Nijhoff, 2008), pp. 42–43; |
| M. Bogdan, “General principles of law and the problem of lacunae in the law of nations”, Nordic Journal of International Law, vol. 46 (1977), pp. 37–53, at pp. 37–41; |
M. Bogdan, “General principles of law and the problem of lacunae in the law of nations”, Nordic Journal of International Law, vol. 46 (1977), pp. 37–53, at pp. 37–41; |
| Yee, “Article 38 of the ICJ Statute and applicable law”, p. 487; |
Yee, “Article 38 of the ICJ Statute and applicable law”, p. 487; |
| Bonafé and Palchetti, “Relying on general principles in international law”), p. 162. |
Bonafé and Palchetti, “Relying on general principles in international law”), p. 162。 |
| See statement of H.E. Mr. Abdulqawi Ahmed Yusuf, President of the International Court of Justice before the Sixth Committee of the General Assembly, New York, 1 November 2019, para. 37 (“The question of coherence in international law is an existential one. |
见国际法院院长阿卜杜勒卡维·艾哈迈德·优素福先生阁下于2019年11月1日在纽约联大第六委员会的发言，第37段。 |
| The lack of a centralized legislator at the international level has often triggered fears about the possible effect of contradictions between international legal norms. It has also raised questions about possible lacunae in international law, and its corollary, the potential declaration by the Court of a non liquet. |
(“国际法的一致性问题是涉及存亡的问题。 没有国际一级的中央立法机构常常引发担忧，担心国际规范可能相互矛盾，担心国际法可能存在空白，并因此担心法院会作出无法可依的宣告。 |
| General principles have proved effective in helping the Court to address both structural problems of law-making in international society and to promote coherence”). |
事实证明，一般原则可有效协助法院解决国际社会立法的结构性问题并促进一致性”)。 |
| See also H. Thirlway, The Sources of International Law (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2019), p. 113 (“The principles contemplated by [Article 38, paragraph 1 (c), of the Statute of the International Court of Justice] are, or at all events include, those principles without which no legal system can function at all, that are part and parcel of legal reasoning”); |
另见H. Thirlway, The Sources of International Law (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2019), p. 113 (“[《国际法院规约》第三十八条第一款(寅)项]所设想的原则是，或无论如何包括以下原则：如果没有这些原则，任何法律体系都无法运作，它们是法律推理不可或缺的一部分”)； |
| R. Kolb, Theory of International Law (Oxford, Hart Publishing, 2016), p. 136 (“From the logical point of view, there are some general principles that must be supposed to conceive a legal order. |
R. Kolb, Theory of International Law (Oxford, Hart Publishing, 2016), p. 136 (“从逻辑的角度来看，构建法律秩序必须假定一些一般原则。 |
| Without these principles, the construction of the sources would fall into a vicious circle”); |
如果没有这些原则，渊源的构建将陷入恶性循环”)； |
| T. Gazzini, “General principles of law in the field of foreign investment”, Journal of World Investment and Trade, vol. 10 (2009), p. 106 (General principles of law “lie at the very foundation of the [international] legal system and are indispensable to its operation” (citing B. Cheng, General Principles of Law as Applied by International Courts and Tribunals)); |
T. Gazzini, “General principles of law in the field of foreign investment”, Journal of World Investment and Trade, vol. 10 (2009), p. 106 (一般法律原则是“[国际]法律体系的根本基础，对其运作所不可或缺”(引用B. Cheng, General Principles of Law as Applied by International Courts and Tribunals)); |
| M. Andenas and L. Chiussi, “Cohesion, convergence and coherence of international law”, in M. Andenas et al. (eds.), General Principles and the Coherence of International Law (Leiden, Brill, 2019), p. 10 (“principles of law represent a central cohesive force, revealing and reinforcing the systemic nature of the system. |
M. Andenas and L. Chiussi, “Cohesion, convergence and coherence of international law”, in M. Andenas et al. (eds.), General Principles and the Coherence of International Law (Leiden, Brill, 2019), p. 10 (“法律原则代表着核心凝聚力，揭示并加强了体系的系统性。 |
| Second, they operate as a tool for intra-systemic convergence in the constellation of international courts and tribunals, avoiding or reducing fragmentation in the approaches adopted in different sub-fields of international law by ensuring that they remain part of general international law. |
其次，法律原则是国际性法院和法庭体系内实现系统内趋同的工具，通过确保它们仍然是一般国际法的组成部分，从而避免或减少国际法不同子领域所采用的方法不成体系的问题。 |
| Third, principles of law promote inter-systemic coherence by bridging the gap between international law and domestic legal systems”). |
第三，法律原则通过填补国际法体系与国内法体系之间的空白来促进体系间的一致性”)。 |
| See, for example, European Court of Human Rights, Golder v. the United Kingdom, Judgment of 21 February 1975, Series A No. 18, para. 35 (“Article 31 para. 3 (c) of the Vienna Convention indicates that account is to be taken, together with the context, of ‘any relevant rules of international law applicable in the relations between the parties’. |
例如见European Court of Human Rights, Golder v. the United Kingdom, Judgment of 21 February 1975, Series A No. 18, para. 35 (“《维也纳公约》第三十一条第三款(丙)项指出，应与上下文一并考虑‘适用于当事国间关系之任何有关国际法规则’。 |
| Among those rules are general principles of law and especially ‘general principles of law recognized by civilized nations’ … The principle whereby a civil claim must be capable of being submitted to a judge ranks as one of the universally ‘recognised’ fundamental principles of law; |
这些规则中包括一般法律原则，特别是‘文明国家承认的一般法律原则’……民事索赔必须能够提交给法官的原则是得到普遍‘承认’的一项基本法律原则； |
| the same is true of the principle of international law which forbids the denial of justice. |
禁止司法不公的国际法原则也是如此。 |
| Article 6 para. 1 (art. 6-1) must be read in the light of these principles”); |
第六条第一款必须根据这些原则来解读”)； |
| World Trade Organization, United States – Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products, Appellate Body Report, 6 November 1998 (WT/DS58/AB/R), Dispute Settlement Reports 1998, vol. VII, p. 2755, at para. 158 (“The chapeau of Article XX is, in fact, but one expression of the principle of good faith. |
World Trade Organization, United States – Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products, Appellate Body Report, 6 November 1998 (WT/DS58/AB/R), Dispute Settlement Reports 1998, vol. VII, p. 2755, at para. 158 (“第二十条的起首部分实际上只是善意原则的一种表述。 |
| This principle, at once a general principle of law and a general principle of international law, controls the exercise of rights by states … our task here is to interpret the language of the chapeau, seeking additional interpretative guidance, as appropriate, from the general principles of international law”); |
这一原则既是一般法律原则，也是国际法的一般原则，控制着各国对权利的行使……我们在此的任务是解释起首部分的措辞，酌情从国际法的一般原则中寻求额外的解释性指导”)； |
| United States – Tax Treatment for “Foreign Sales Corporations” (footnote 20 above), para. 142 (“Although these instruments do not define ‘foreign-source income’ uniformly, it appears to us that certain widely recognized principles of taxation emerge from them. |
United States – Tax Treatment for “Foreign Sales Corporations” (上文脚注20), para. 142 (“虽然这些文书没有统一定义‘国外来源的收入’，但在我们看来，从中产生了某些得到广泛承认的税收原则。 |
| In seeking to give meaning to the term ‘foreign-source income’ in footnote 59 to the SCM Agreement, which is a tax-related provision in an international trade treaty, we believe that it is appropriate for us to derive assistance from these widely recognized principles which many States generally apply in the field of taxation”); |
在设法对《补贴与反补贴措施协定》脚注59中的‘国外来源的收入’(这是一项国际贸易条约中与税收有关的规定)赋予含义时，我们认为，应当求助于许多国家在税收领域普遍适用的这些得到广泛承认的原则”)； |
| Kupreškić (footnote 23 above), para. 609 (“The Trial Chamber is thus called upon to examine what acts not covered by Article 5 of the Statute of the International Tribunal may be included in the notion of persecution. |
Kupreškić (上文脚注23), para. 609 (“因此，要求审判分庭审查迫害的定义中可包括哪些《国际法庭规约》第五条未涵盖的行为。 |
| Plainly, the Trial Chamber must set out a clear-cut notion of persecution, in order to decide whether the crimes charged in this case fall within its ambit. |
显然，审判分庭必须明确规定迫害的定义，以判定此案中指控的罪行是否在其管辖范围内。 |
| In addition, this notion must be consistent with general principles of criminal law such as the principles of legality and specificity”). |
此外，这一定义必须符合刑法的一般原则，如罪刑法定原则和罪行特定原则”)。 |
| See also Central American Court of Justice, El Salvador v. Nicaragua, Judgment of 9 March 1917, in American Journal of International Law, vol. 11 (1917), pp. 674–730, at p. 728; |
另见Central American Court of Justice, El Salvador v. Nicaragua, Judgment of 9 March 1917, in American Journal of International Law, vol. 11 (1917), pp. 674-730, at p. 728； |
| Furundžija (footnote 23 above), para. 180; |
Furundžija (上文脚注23), para. 180； |
| Kunarac (footnote 26 above), paras. 437–460; |
Kunarac (上文脚注26), paras. 437-460； |
| Delalić, Appeals Chamber (footnote 20 above), para. 538. |
Delalić, Appeals Chamber (上文脚注20), para. 538。 |
| Report of the Study Group on the fragmentation of international law, Yearbook … 2006, vol. II (Part Two), para. 251, at p. 180, conclusions (17)–(20). |
国际法不成体系问题研究组的报告，《2006年……年鉴》，第二卷(第二部分)，第251段，见第180页，结论(17)-(20)。 |
| In the Barcelona Traction case, for example, the International Court of Justice considered that applying general principles of law was appropriate since the customary rules on diplomatic protection did not address the specific issue of the relationship between companies and shareholders, noting in particular that “international law ha[d] not established its own rules” on the matter (Barcelona Traction (see footnote 20 above), pp. 33–34, para. 38. |
例如，在巴塞罗那电车公司案中，国际法院认为，适用一般法律原则是适当的，因为关于外交保护的习惯规则并未处理公司与股东之间的关系这一具体问题，国际法院特别指出，“国际法尚未就这一问题制定规则”(巴塞罗那电车公司案(见上文脚注20)，第33-34页，第38段)。 |
| See also Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo) (see footnote 30 above), p. 675, para. 104. |
另见迪亚洛案(几内亚共和国诉刚果民主共和国)(见上文脚注30)，第675页，第104段)。 |
| Similarly, the arbitral tribunal in the Proceedings concerning the OSPAR Convention noted, in determining the law applicable to the dispute, that “[i]t should go without saying that the first duty of the Tribunal is to apply the OSPAR Convention [Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic]. |
同样，仲裁庭在关于《奥斯巴公约》的诉讼中指出，在确定适用于该争端的法律时，“不言而喻，仲裁庭的首要职责是适用《奥斯巴公约》[《保护东北大西洋海洋环境公约》]。 |
| An international tribunal, such as this Tribunal, will also apply customary international law and general principles unless and to the extent that the Parties have created a lex specialis” (Proceedings pursuant to the OSPAR Convention (Ireland – United Kingdom), Decision of 2 July 2003, UNRIAA, vol. XXIII, pp. 59–151, at p. 87, para. 84). |
诸如本庭这样的国际仲裁庭也将适用习惯国际法和一般原则，除非(并仅限于)因当事各方已制定特别法而例外(根据《奥斯巴公约》提出的诉讼(爱尔兰诉联合王国))，2003年7月2日裁决，《国际仲裁裁决汇编》，第二十三卷，第59-151页，见第87页，第84段)。 |
| See also Prosecutor v. Dražen Erdemović, No. IT-96-22-T, Sentencing Judgment, 29 November 1996, para. 26 (“the Trial Chamber notes that the Statute and the Rules provide no further indication as to the length of imprisonment to which the perpetrators of crimes falling within the International Tribunal’s jurisdiction, including crimes against humanity, might be sentenced. |
另见Prosecutor v. Dražen Erdemović, No. IT-96-22-T, Sentencing Judgment, 29 November 1996, para. 26 (“审判分庭指出，《规约》和《规则》没有进一步说明犯下国际法庭管辖范围内的罪行，包括危害人类罪的犯罪人可被判处的监禁期限。 |
| In order to review the scale of penalties applicable for crimes against humanity, the Trial Chamber will identify the features which characterise such crimes and the penalties associated with them under international law and national laws, which are expressions of general principles of law recognised by all nations”). |
为了审查适用于危害人类罪的量刑，审判分庭将查明此类罪行的特征以及国际法和国内法规定的与之相关的刑罚，这些体现了所有国家均承认的一般法律原则”)。 |
| Art. 12 (Existence of a breach of an international obligation) of the 2001 articles on State responsibility for internationally wrongful acts provides that: “There is a breach of an international obligation by a State when an act of that State is not in conformity with what is required of it by that obligation, regardless of its origin”. |
2001年《国家对国际不法行为的责任条款》第12条(违背国际义务行为的发生)规定：“一国的行为如不符合国际义务对它的要求，即为违背国际义务，而不论该义务的起源为何”。 |
| In explaining the meaning of the term “regardless of its origin”, the commentary noted that “[i]nternational obligations may be established by a customary rule of international law, by a treaty or by a general principle applicable within the international legal order”. |
评注在解释“不论该义务的起源为何”的含义时指出，“国际义务可能是由国际法的惯例规则、条约或国际法律秩序内适用的一般原则确定的”。 |
| See Yearbook … 2001, vol. II (Part Two) and corrigendum, paras. 76−77, at p. 55, para. (3) of the commentary to art. 12. |
见《2001年……年鉴》，第二卷(第二部分)和更正，第76-77段，见第55页，第12条的评注第(3)段。 |
| See also Yearbook … 1976, vol. II (Part Two), pp. 80–87. |
另见《1976年……年鉴》，第二卷(第二部分)，第80-87页。 |
| Sea-Land Service (see footnote 20 above), p. 169. |
Sea-Land Service (见上文脚注20), p. 169。 |
| Frontier Dispute (see footnote 23 above), p. 565, paras. 20–21. |
边界争端案(见上文脚注23)，第565页，第20-21段。 |
| Dispute between Argentina and Chile concerning the Beagle Channel, Decision of 18 February 1977, UNRIAA, vol. XXI, pp. 53–264, at p. 145. |
阿根廷和智利关于比格尔海峡的争端，1977年2月18日裁决，《国际仲裁裁决汇编》，第二十一卷，第53-264页，见第145页。 |
| Reservations to the Convention on Genocide (see footnote 23 above), p. 23 (Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Paris, 9 December 1948), United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 78, No. 1021, p. 277). |
对《防止及惩治灭绝种族罪公约》提出的保留(见上文脚注23)，第23页(《防止及惩治灭绝种族罪公约》(1948年12月9日，巴黎)，联合国，《条约汇编》，第78卷，第1021号，第277页)。 |
| See article 15, paragraph 2, of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (“Nothing in this article shall prejudice the trial and punishment of any person for any act or omission which, at the time when it was committed, was criminal according to the general principles of law recognized by the community of nations”). |
见《公民及政治权利国际公约》第十五条第二款(“任何人之行为或不行为，于发生当时依各国公认之一般法律原则为有罪者，其审判与刑罚不受本条规定之影响”)。 |
| See also article 7, paragraph 2, of the European Convention on Human Rights (“This Article shall not prejudice the trial and punishment of any person for any act or omission which, at the time when it was committed, was criminal according to the general principles of law recognised by civilised nations”) (Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (European Convention on Human Rights) (Rome, 4 November 1950), United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 213, No. 2889, p. 221). |
另见《欧洲人权公约》第七条第二款(“任何人之行为或不行为，于发生当时依文明国家公认之一般法律原则为有罪者，其审判与刑罚不受本条规定之影响”)(《保护人权与基本自由公约》(《欧洲人权公约》)(1950年11月4日，罗马)，联合国，《条约汇编》，第213卷，第2889号，第221页)。 |
| Corfu Channel case (see footnote 20 above), p. 22. |
科孚海峡案(见上文脚注20)，第22页。 |
| Mary Grace Natividad S. Poe-Llamanzares v. COMELEC (see footnote 20 above), p. 21. |
Mary Grace Natividad S. Poe-Llamanzares v. COMELEC (见上文脚注20), p. 21。 |
| See, e.g., European Court of Justice: Denkavit België NV v. Belgian State, case 145/85, judgment, 5 February 1987, European Court Reports 1987, p. 565; |
例如见European Court of Justice: Denkavit België NV v. Belgian State, case 145/85, judgment, 5 February 1987, European Court Reports 1987, p. 565; |
| and Commission of the European Communities v. Italian Republic, case 101/84, judgment, 11 July 1985, ibid., 1985, p. 2629. |
and Commission of the European Communities v. Italian Republic, case 101/84, judgment, 11 July 1985, ibid., 1985, p. 2629。 |
| See also United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (Vienna, 11 April 1980), United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1489, No. 25567, p. 3, art. 79; |
另见《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》(维也纳，1980年4月11日)，联合国，《条约汇编》，第1489卷，第25567号，第3页，第79条； |
| P. Schlechtriem (ed.), Commentary on the UN Convention on the International Sale of Goods, 2nd ed. (trans. G. Thomas) (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1998), pp. 600–626; |
P. Schlechtriem (ed.), Commentary on the UN Convention on the International Sale of Goods, 2nd ed. (trans. G. Thomas) (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1998), pp. 600–626; |
| art. 7.1.7 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (Rome, UNIDROIT, 1994), pp. 169–171; |
art. 7.1.7 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (Rome, UNIDROIT, 1994), pp. 169– 171; |
| and G. H. Aldrich, The Jurisprudence of the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1996), pp. 306–320. |
and G. H. Aldrich, The Jurisprudence of the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1996), pp. 306–320。 |
| Permanent Court of International Justice, Case concerning the Factory at Chorzów (Merits), Judgment of 13 September 1928, PCIJ Series A, No. 17, p. 29. |
常设国际法院，霍茹夫工厂案(实质问题)，1928年9月13日判决，《常设国际法院案例汇编》，A辑，第17号，第29页。 |
| Affaire de l’indemnité russe (Russie, Turquie), Award of 11 November 1912, UNRIAA, vol. XI, pp. 421–447, at p. 441. |
俄罗斯赔偿案(俄罗斯、土耳其)，1912年11月11日裁决，《国际仲裁裁决汇编》，第十一卷，第421-447页，见第441页。 |
| Questech (see footnote 20 above), p. 122. |
Questech (见上文脚注20), p. 122。 |
| Aloeboetoe v. Suriname (see footnote 20 above), paras. 61–62. |
Aloeboetoe v. Suriname (见上文脚注20), paras. 61-62。 |
| Question of the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between Nicaragua and Colombia (see footnote 28 above), p. 100, at pp. 125–126, paras. 58–61. |
尼加拉瓜和哥伦比亚大陆架划界问题案(见上文脚注28)，第100页起，见第125-126页，第58-61段。 |
| See footnote 47 above. |
见上文脚注47。 |
| Permanent Court of International Justice, Interpretation of Greco-Turkish Agreement of December 1st, 1926, Advisory Opinion of 28 August 1928, PCIJ Series B, No. 16, p. 20. |
常设国际法院，1926年12月1日希腊－土耳其协定的解释，1928年8月28日咨询意见，《常设国际法院案例汇编》，B辑，第16号，第20页。 |
| Abyei Area (see footnote 20 above), p. 299, paras. 401–406. |
阿卜耶伊地区仲裁裁决(见上文脚注20)，第299页，第401-406段。 |
| Permanent Court of International Justice, Interpretation of Article 3, Paragraph 2, of the Treaty of Lausanne, Advisory Opinion of 21 November 1925, PCIJ Series B, No. 12, p. 32 (considering that Article 15, paragraphs 6 and 7, of the Covenant of the League of Nations reflected the “well-known rule that no one can be judge in his own suit”). |
常设国际法院，《洛桑条约》第3条第2款的解释，1925年11月21日咨询意见，《常设国际法院案例汇编》，B辑，第12号，第32页(考虑到《国际联盟盟约》第15条第6和第7款反映了“众所周知的规则，即任何人都不能在自己的案件中担任法官”)。 |
| Salini Costruttori S.p.A. and Italstrade S.p.A. v. The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, Case No. ARB/02/13, Award of 31 January 2006, paras. 70 ff; |
Salini Costruttori S.p.A. and Italstrade S.p.A. v. The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, Case No. ARB/02/13, Award of 31 January 2006, paras. 70 ff; |
| Autopista Concesionada de Venezuela, C.A. v. Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Case No. ARB/00/5, Award of 23 September 2003, para. 110; |
Autopista Concesionada de Venezuela, C.A. v. Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Case No. ARB/00/5, Award of 23 September 2003, para. 110; |
| International Thunderbird Gaming Corporation v. United Mexican States, UNCITRAL Award of 26 January 2006, para. 95; |
International Thunderbird Gaming Corporation v. United Mexican States, UNCITRAL Award of 26 January 2006, para. 95; |
| Asian Agricultural Products Limited v. Republic of Sri Lanka, Case No. ARB/87/3, Award of 27 June 1990, para. 56. |
Asian Agricultural Products Limited v. Republic of Sri Lanka, Case No. ARB/87/3, Award of 27 June 1990, para. 56. |
| Corfu Channel case (see footnote 20 above), p. 18. |
科孚海峡案(见上文脚注20)，第18页。 |
| Sesay (see footnote 48 above), paras. 9–10. |
Sesay (见上文脚注48), paras. 9-10。 |
| Conclusions of the work of the Study Group on the fragmentation of international law, Yearbook … 2006, vol. II (Part Two), p. 182, para. (31) (“The main sources of international law (treaties, custom and general principles of law as laid out in Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice) are not in a hierarchical relationship inter se”). |
国际法不成体系问题研究组的工作结论，《2006年……年鉴》，第二卷(第二部分)，第182页，第(31)段(“国际法的主要渊源(《国际法院规约》第三十八条载列的条约、习惯和一般法律原则)之间并不存在位阶关系”)。 |
| This proposition is also generally accepted in teachings. |
这一主张在学说中也被普遍接受。 |
| See, for example, Pellet and Müller, “Article 38”, p. 935; |
例如见Pellet and Müller, “Article 38”, p. 935; |
| J. Dugard and D. Tladi, “Sources of international law” in J. Dugard et al. (eds.), Dugard’s International Law: A South African Perspective, 5th ed. (Cape Town, Juta & Company Ltd., 2018), pp. 28–56, at pp. 28–29; |
J. Dugard and D. Tladi, “Sources of international law” in J. Dugard et al. (eds.), Dugard’s International Law: A South African Perspective, 5th ed. (Cape Town, Juta & Company Ltd., 2018), pp. 28–56, at pp. 28-29; |
| Palchetti, “The role of general principles in promoting the development of customary international rules”, p. 49; |
Palchetti, “The role of general principles in promoting the development of customary international rules”, p. 49; |
| C. Bassiouni, “A functional approach to ‘general principles of international law’”, Michigan Journal of International Law, vol. 11 (1990), pp. 768–818, at pp. 781–783; |
C. Bassiouni, “A functional approach to ‘general principles of international law’”, Michigan Journal of International Law, vol. 11 (1990), pp. 768–818, at pp. 781–783; |
| Cheng, General Principles of Law as Applied by International Courts and Tribunals, pp. 20–22; |
Cheng, General Principles of Law as Applied by International Courts and Tribunals, pp. 20–22; |
| Raimondo, General Principles of Law in the Decisions of International Criminal Courts and Tribunals, p. 20; |
Raimondo, General Principles of Law in the Decisions of International Criminal Courts and Tribunals, p. 20; |
| Diez de Velasco Vallejo, Instituciones de Derecho Internacional Público (footnote 24 above), pp. 121–122; |
Diez de Velasco Vallejo, Instituciones de Derecho Internacional Público (footnote 24 above), pp. 121-122; |
| V.D. Degan, Sources of International Law (The Hague, Martinus Nijhoff, 1997), p. 5; |
V. D. Degan, Sources of International Law (The Hague, Martinus Nijhoff, 1997), p. 5; |
| T. Gazzini, “General principles of law in the field of foreign investment”, p. 108. |
T. Gazzini, “General principles of law in the field of foreign investment”, p. 108。 |
| See, for example, Right of Passage (footnote 29 above), p. 43 (“Having arrived at the conclusion that the course of dealings between the British and Indian authorities on the one hand and the Portuguese on the other established a practice, well understood between the Parties, by virtue of which Portugal had acquired a right of passage in respect of private persons, civil officials and goods in general, the Court does not consider it necessary to examine whether general international custom or the general principles of law recognized by civilized nations may lead to the same result”). |
例如见通行权案(上文脚注29)，第43页(“法院得出结论认为，英国和印度当局与葡萄牙当局之间的交往过程确立了一种双方均充分理解的惯例，而葡萄牙据此惯例获得了私人、文职官员和一般货物的通行权，因此认为没有必要审查一般国际习惯或文明国家承认的一般法律原则是否会导致同样的结果”)。 |
| Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (Rome, 17 July 1998), United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 2187, No. 38544, p. 3. |
《国际刑事法院罗马规约》(1998年7月17日，罗马)，联合国，《条约汇编》，第2187卷，第38544号，第3页。 |
| See also art. 61 of the African Charter on Human and People’s Rights (Nairobi, 27 June 1981), United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1520, No. 26363, p. 217. |
另见《非洲人权和民族权宪章》第61条(1981年6月27日，内罗毕)； 联合国，《条约汇编》，第1520卷，第26363号，第217页。 |
| An example in this regard is the principle pacta sunt servanda, reflected in article 26 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, which may apply as a treaty rule between the States parties to the Convention, and as a general principle of law between States parties and non-parties to the Convention, as well as between States non-parties to the Convention. |
这方面的一个例子是《维也纳条约法公约》第二十六条所反映的条约必须遵守原则，该原则可作为条约规则在《公约》缔约国之间适用，也可作为一般法律原则在《公约》缔约国与非缔约国之间，以及非缔约国之间适用。 |
| The preamble to the Convention notes that “the principles of free consent and of good faith and the pacta sunt servanda rule are universally recognized”. |
《公约》序言指出，“自由同意与善意之原则以及条约必须遵守规则乃举世所承认”。 |
| The principle of res judicata, for example, has been referred to on various occasions by the International Court of Justice as a principle that is at the same time a general principle of law and a rule provided for in its Statute (Question of the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between Nicaragua and Colombia (see footnote 28 above), p. 125, para 58; |
例如，国际法院曾在不同场合多次提到既判力原则，认为该原则既是一项一般法律原则，也是其《规约》规定的规则(尼加拉瓜和哥伦比亚大陆架划界问题案(见上文脚注28)，第125页，第58段； |
| Maritime Delimitation in the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) and Land Boundary in the Northern Part of Isla Portillos (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) (see footnote 50 above), p. 166, para. 68). |
加勒比海和太平洋海洋划界案(哥斯达黎加诉尼加拉瓜)和波蒂略岛北部的陆地边界案(哥斯达黎加诉尼加拉瓜)(见上文脚注50)，第166条，第68段)。 |
| Another instance where the Court seems to have noted the parallel existence of a rule laid down in its Statute and a general principle of law is the Nottebohm case, as regards the principle compétence-compétence (Nottebohm case (Preliminary Objection), Judgment of November 18th, 1953: I.C.J. Reports 1953, p. 111, at p. 120). |
法院似乎注意到《规约》所载规则与一般法律原则并行存在的另一个例子是诺特博姆案，涉及自裁管辖权原则(诺特博姆案(初步反对意见)，1953年11月18日判决，《1953年国际法院案例汇编》，第111页起，见第120页)。 |
| With respect to the principle rebus sic stantibus, the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal noted that “[t]his concept of changed circumstances … has in its basic form been incorporated into so many legal systems that it may be regarded as a general principle of law; |
关于情势变更原则，伊朗－美国索赔法庭指出，“情势变更这一概念……其基本形式已被纳入许多法律体系，可被视为一项一般法律原则； |
| it has also found a widely recognized expression in article 62 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties” (Questech (see footnote 20 above), p. 122). |
《维也纳条约法公约》第六十二条也包含得到广泛认可的对这项原则的表述”(Questech (见上文脚注20), p. 122)。 |
| A further example is the doctrine of abuse of rights, codified in article 300 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ((Montego Bay, 10 December 1982), United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1833, No. 31363, p. 3), and the general principles of criminal law codified in Part 3 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. |
另一个例子是《联合国海洋法公约》第三○○条编纂的滥用权利原则((1982年12月10日，蒙特哥贝)，联合国，《条约汇编》，第1833卷，第31363号，第3页)，以及《国际刑事法院罗马规约》第三部分编纂的刑法的一般原则。 |
| For example, the “pacta tertiis nec nocent nec prosunt” principle, which is codified in article 34 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, may be considered a rule of customary international law and a general principle of law at the same time. |
例如，《维也纳条约法公约》第三十四条编纂的“协定不约束第三方”原则可同时被视为习惯国际法规则和一般法律原则。 |
| The general principle of good faith has been codified, for instance, in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (e.g., arts. 26 and 31). |
例如，善意的一般原则已被编入《维也纳条约法公约》(例如第二十六条和第三十一条)。 |
| Conclusion 2, paragraph 1, of the conclusions on subsequent agreement and subsequent practice in relation to the interpretation of treaties, adopted by the Commission, states that the rules set forth in articles 31 and 32 of the Vienna Convention of the Law of Treaties also apply as customary international law (Yearbook … 2018, vol. II (Part Two), para. 51). |
委员会通过的关于与条约解释相关的嗣后协定和嗣后实践的结论2第1段指出，《维也纳条约法公约》第三十一条和第三十二条所述规则也可作为习惯国际法适用(《2018年……年鉴》，第二卷(第二部分)，第51段)。 |
| The principle of good faith is also reflected in the Friendly Relations Declaration. |
善意原则也体现在《友好关系宣言》中。 |
| At its 3582nd meeting, on 17 May 2022. |
在2022年5月17日第3582次会议上。 |
| The topic had been included in the long-term programme of work of the Commission during its sixty-eighth session (2016), on the basis of the proposal contained in an annex to the report of the Commission to that session (Yearbook 2016, vol. II (Part Two), annex I, p. 233). |
委员会第六十八届会议(2016年)按照委员会该届会议报告附件所载的建议(《2016年……年鉴》，第二卷(第二部分)，附件一，第233段)，将此专题列入长期工作方案。 |
| At its 3612th meeting, on 5 August 2022. |
在2022年8月5日第3612次会议上。 |
| Tax regime governing pensions paid to retired UNESCO officials residing in France (France UNESCO), 14 January 2003, Reports of International Arbitral Awards (UNRIAA), vol. XXV(Sales No. E.05.V.5), pp. 231–266. |
居住在法国的教科文组织退休职员所领退休金的征税制度(法国－教科文组织)，2003年1月14日，《国际仲裁裁决汇编》，第二十五卷(出售品编号：E.05.V.5)，第231-266页。 |
| European Molecular Biology Laboratory Arbitration (EMBL v. Germany), 29 June 1990, International Law Reports (ILR), vol. 105 (1997), pp. 1–74. |
European Molecular Biology Laboratory Arbitration (EMBL v. Germany), 29 June 1990, International Law Reports (ILR), vol. 105 (1997), pp. 1-74. |
| Interpretation of the Agreement of 25 March 1951 between the WHO and Egypt, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1980, p. 7. |
1951年3月25日世界卫生组织同埃及的协定的解释，咨询意见，《1980年国际法院案例汇编》，第7页。 |
| Applicability of the Obligation to Arbitrate under Section 21 of the United Nations Headquarters Agreement of 26 June 1947, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1988, p. 12. |
1947年6月26日《联合国总部协定》第二十一节规定的仲裁义务的适用，咨询意见，《1988年国际法院案例汇编》，第12页。 |
| Reparation for injuries suffered in the service of the United Nations, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1949, p. 174. |
联合国公务中所受伤害赔偿案，咨询意见，《1949年国际法院案例汇编》，第174页。 |
| Exchange of Letters Constituting an Agreement between the United Nations and Belgium Relating to the Settlement of Claims Filed against the United Nations in the Congo by Belgian Nationals (New York, 20 February 1965), United Nations Juridical Yearbook 1965 (United Nations publication, Sales No. 67.V.3), p. 39. |
《构成联合国和比利时关于解决比利时国民对联合国刚果行动索赔案的协定的换文》(1965年2月20日，纽约)，《1965年联合国法律年鉴》(联合国出版物，出售品编号：67.V.3)，第39页。 |
| Starways Limited v. United Nations, 24 September 1969 (Bachrach, Sole Arbitrator), ILR, vol. 44 (1972), pp. 433–437. |
Starways Limited v. United Nations, 24 September 1969 (Bachrach, Sole Arbitrator), ILR, vol. 44 (1972), pp. 433-437. |
| International Bank for Reconstruction and Development d/b/a The World Bank v. Yoo Jin Sohn, Case No. 2002-0222, Administrative Panel Decision, 7 May 2002, WIPO [World Intellectual Property Organization] Arbitration and Mediation Center. |
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development d/b/a The World Bank v. Yoo Jin Sohn, Case No. 2002-0222, Administrative Panel Decision, 7 May 2002, WIPO [World Intellectual Property Organization] Arbitration and Mediation Center. |
| Available at https://www.wipo.int/amc/en/domains/decisions/html/2002/d2002-0222.html. |
可查阅https://www.wipo.int/amc/en/domains/decisions/html/2002/d2002-0222.html。 |
| See “Legal opinion of the Secretariat of the United Nations on law applicable to contracts concluded by the United Nations with private parties–procedures for settling disputes arising out of such contracts–relevant rules and practices”, United Nations Juridical Yearbook 1976 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.78.V.5), p. 159, at p. 165; |
见“联合国秘书处的法律意见：联合国与私人当事方订立的合同的适用法律――这类合同引起的争端的解决程序――相关规则和实践”，《1976年联合国法律年鉴》(联合国出版物，出售品编号：E.78.V.5)，第159页起，见第165页； |
| “Legal opinion of the Secretariat of the United Nations on determination of the applicable law to contracts concluded between the United Nations and private parties – “service contracts” and “functional contracts” – UNCITRAL arbitral rules”, United Nations Juridical Yearbook 1988 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.99.V.1), p. 285. |
“联合国秘书处的法律意见：确定联合国与私人当事方订立的合同的适用法律――“服务合同”和“职能合同”――贸易法委员会仲裁规则”，《1988年联合国法律年鉴》(联合国出版物，出售品编号：E.99.V.1)，第285页。 |
| See also August Reinisch, “Contracts between international organizations and private law persons”, in Anne Peters and Rüdiger Wolfrum (eds.), The Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law (online, Oxford University Press, 2021). |
另见August Reinisch, “Contracts between international organizations and private law persons”, in Anne Peters and Rüdiger Wolfrum (eds.), The Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law (online, Oxford University Press, 2021)。 |
| Available at http://www.mpepil.com/. |
可查阅http://www.mpepil.com/。 |
| Art. VIII, sect. 29, of the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations (New York, 13 February 1946), United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1, No. 4, p. 15 (“The United Nations shall make provisions for appropriate modes of settlement of: (a) Disputes arising out of contracts or other disputes of a private law character to which the United Nations is a party”). Art. IX, sect. |
《联合国特权和豁免公约》(1946年2月13日，纽约)第八条第二十九节，联合国，《条约汇编》，第1卷，第4号，第15页(“联合国应对下列争端提供适当的解决方式：(甲) 由于联合国为当事人的契约所产生的争端或联合国为当事人的其他私法性质的争端”)。 |
| 31, of the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the Specialized Agencies (New York, 21 November 1947), ibid., vol. 33, No. 521, p. 261. The Commission’s terminology has varied. |
《专门机构特权和豁免公约》(1947年11月21日，纽约)第九条第三十一节，同上，第33卷，第521号，第261页。 |
| In addition to referring in other topics to “national” law (see, e.g., art. 2, para. 3, and art. 6 of the draft articles on prevention and punishment of crimes against humanity, Official Records of the General Assembly, Seventy-fourth Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/74/10), paras. 44–45; arts. 14 and 15 of the draft articles on the protection of persons in the event of disasters, Yearbook of the International Law Commission, 2016, vol. II (Part Two), p. 26, para. 48), it has used the expressions “municipal” law (see, e.g., draft arts. |
委员会使用的术语有所不同。 除了在其他专题中提及“national”law(例如见防止及惩治危害人类罪条款草案，第2条第3款和第6条，《大会正式记录，第七十四届会议，补编第10号》(A/74/10)，第44-45段； |
| 29 and 38 of the draft articles on consular relations, Yearbook … 1961, vol. II, at pp. 109 and 113–114; para. (3) of the commentary to art. 1 of the articles on the responsibility of international organizations, Yearbook … |
关于发生灾害时的人员保护的条款草案，第14和第15条，《2016年国际法委员会年鉴》，第二卷(第二部分)，第26页，第48段)外，委员会还使用了“municipal”law(例如见领事关系条款草案，第29和第38条，《1961年……年鉴》，第二卷，见第109和第113-114页； |
| 2011, vol. II (Part Two), paras. 87–88, at p. 47 (see also General Assembly resolution 66/100 of 9 December 2011, annex)), “internal” law (see, e.g., arts. 3, 4 and 32 of the articles on responsibility of States for internationally wrongful acts and commentaries thereto, Yearbook … 2001, vol. II (Part Two) and corrigendum, para. 76, at pp. 36–38, 40–42 and 94 (see also General Assembly resolution 56/83 of 12 December 2001, annex)), as well as “domestic” law (see, e.g., paras. (1), (2) and (4) of the commentary to draft art. 9 of the draft articles on consular relations, Yearbook … |
国际组织的责任条款，第1条评注第(3)段，《2011年……年鉴》，第二卷(第二部分)，第87-88段，见第47页(另见联大2011年12月9日第66/100号决议，附件))，“internal”law(例如见国家对国际不法行为的责任条款，第3、第4和第32条及其评注，《2001年……年鉴》，第二卷(第二部分)，第76段，见第36-38、第40-42和第94页(另见联大2001年12月12日第56/83号决议，附件))，以及“domestic”law(例如见领事关系条款草案，第9条评注第(1)、第(2)和第(4)段，《1961年……年鉴》，第二卷，见第99-100页)。 |
| 1961, vol. II, at pp. 99–100). Jean-Pierre Ritter, “La protection diplomatique à l’égard d’une organisation internationale”, Annuaire français de droit international, vol. 8 (1962), pp. 427–456. |
Jean-Pierre Ritter, “La protection diplomatique à l’égard d’une organisation internationale”, Annuaire français de droit international, vol. 8 (1962), pp. 427–456. |
| See para. (3) of the commentary to draft art. 2 of the draft articles on the law of treaties between States and international organizations or between international organizations, Yearbook … 1982, vol. II (Part Two), para. 63, at p. 18. |
见国家和国际组织间或国际组织相互间的条约法条款草案，第2条评注第(3)段，《1982年……年鉴》，第二卷(第二部分)，第63段，见第18页。 |
| C.F. Amerasinghe, The Law of the International Civil Service as Applied by International Administrative Tribunals, 2 vols. |
C. F. Amerasinghe, The Law of the International Civil Service as Applied by International Administrative Tribunals, 2 vols. |
| (Oxford, Clarendon Press; |
(Oxford, Clarendon Press; |
| New York, Oxford University Press, 1988); |
New York, Oxford University Press, 1988); |
| Henry G. Schermers and Niels M. Blokker, International Institutional Law: Unity Within Diversity, 6th ed. (Leiden, Brill Nijhoff, 2018), pp. 382 et seq. |
Henry G. Schermers and Niels M. Blokker, International Institutional Law: Unity Within Diversity, 6th ed. (Leiden, Brill Nijhoff, 2018), pp. 382 et seq. |
| See, for the United Nations, Report of the Secretary-General on procedures in place for implementation of article VIII, section 29, of the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations, adopted by the General Assembly on 13 February 1946 (A/C.5/49/65), para. 5. |
见联合国，秘书长关于联大1946年2月13日通过的《联合国特权和豁免公约》第八条第29节的现行执行程序的报告(A/C.5/49/65)，第5段。 |
| At its 3631st meeting, held on 25 May 2023. |
在2023年5月25日举行的第3631次会议上。 |
| Art. XVIII, paragraph (a), of the Agreement relating to the International Telecommunications Satellite Organization “INTELSAT” (Washington, opened for signature 20 August 1971), United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1220, No. 19677, p. 21. |
《国际通信卫星组织协定》(1971年8月20日开放供签署，华盛顿)第十八条(a)款，联合国，《条约汇编》，第1220卷，第19677号，第21页。 |
| Art. 32 of the Agreement on the Privileges and Immunities of the International Criminal Court (New York, 9 September 2002), ibid., vol. 2271, No. 40446, p. 3. |
《国际刑事法院特权和豁免协定》(2002年9月9日，纽约)第32条，同上，第2271卷，第40446号，第3页。 |
| Art. VIII, sect. 21, of the Agreement between the United Nations and the United States of America regarding the Headquarters of the United Nations (Lake Success, 26 June 1947), ibid., vol. 11, No. 147, p. 11. |
《联合国和美利坚合众国关于联合国总部的协定》(1947年6月26日，成功湖)第八条第二十一节，同上，第11卷，第147号，第11页。 |
| See footnote 103 above. |
见上文脚注103。 |
| See para. (2) of the introduction to the Guide to Practice on Reservations to Treaties, Yearbook … 2011, vol II (Part Three), at p. 35 (“The purpose of this Guide is not – or, in any case, not only – to offer the reader a guide to past (and often uncertain) practice in this area, but rather to direct the user towards solutions that are consistent with existing rules (where they exist) or to the solutions that seem most appropriate for the progressive development of such rules”). |
见《对条约的保留实践指南》导言第(2)段，《2011年……年鉴》，第二卷(第三部分)，见第35页(“本指南的目的不是为读者提供指引，使其能够理解这一领域过去(而且通常不够明确)的实践，至少不仅仅如此，而是引导使用者采取与现行规则相符的解决办法(如果有现行规则的话)或者最适合逐渐发展这些规则的解决办法”)。 |
| See para. (1) of the general commentary to the Guide to Provisional Application of Treaties, Official Records of the General Assembly, Seventy-sixth Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/76/10), para. 52 (“The objective of the Guide is to direct States, international organizations and other users to answers that are consistent with existing rules or that seem most appropriate for contemporary practice”). |
见《条约的暂时适用指南》总评注第(1)段，《大会正式记录，第七十六届会议，补编第10号》(A/76/10)，第52段(“本指南的目标是引导各国、国际组织和其他使用方找到与现行规则相符或看来最适合当代实践的答案”)。 |
| Yearbook … 1966, vol. II, document A/6309/Rev.1, at pp. 177–274. |
《1966年……年鉴》，第二卷，A/6309/Rev.1号文件，见第177-274页。 |
| Art. 2, para. 1 (i), Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (Vienna, 23 May 1969), United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1155, No. 18232, p. 331 (“‘international organization’ means an intergovernmental organization”). |
《维也纳条约法公约》(1969年5月23日，维也纳)第二条第一款(壬)项，联合国，《条约汇编》，第1155卷，第18232号，第331页(“称‘国际组织’者，谓政府间之组织”)。 |
| Art. 2, para. 1 (i), Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and International Organizations or between International Organizations (Vienna, 21 March 1986, not yet in force), Official Records of the United Nations Conference on the Law of Treaties between States and International Organizations or between International Organizations (Documents of the Conference), vol. II, document A/CONF.129/15 (reproduced in A/CONF.129/16/Add.1 (Vol. II)) (“‘international organization’ means an intergovernmental organization”). |
《关于国家和国际组织间或国际组织相互间条约法的维也纳公约》(1986年3月21日，维也纳，尚未生效)第2条第1款(i)项，《联合国关于国家和国际组织间或国际组织间的条约法会议正式记录(会议文件)》，第二卷，A/CONF.129/15号文件(转载于A/CONF.129/16/Add.1 (Vol.II))(“‘国际组织’指政府间组织”)。 |
| Art. 1, para. 1, of the Vienna Convention on the Representation of States in their Relations with International Organizations of a Universal Character (Vienna, 14 March 1975, not yet into force), A/CONF.67/16; |
《维也纳关于国家在其对普遍性国际组织关系上的代表权公约》(1975年3月14日，维也纳，尚未生效)第一条第1款，A/CONF.67/16； |
| or United Nations Juridical Yearbook 1975 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.77.V.3), p. 87 (“‘international organization’ means an intergovernmental organization”). |
或《1975年联合国法律年鉴》(联合国出版物，出售品编号：E.77.V.3)，第87页(“‘国际组织’指政府间组织”)。 |
| Art. 2, para. 1 (n), of the Vienna Convention on Succession of States in respect of Treaties (Vienna, 23 August 1978), United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1946, No. 33356, p. 3 (“‘international organization’ means an intergovernmental organization”). |
《关于国家在条约方面的继承的维也纳公约》(1978年8月23日，维也纳)第二条第1款(n)项，联合国，《条约汇编》，第1946卷，第33356号，第3页(“‘国际组织’是指政府间组织”)。 |
| Para. (23) to draft art. 2 of the draft articles on the law of treaties between States and international organizations or between international organizations, Yearbook … 1982, vol. II (Part Two), para. 63, at p. 21 (“the Commission has wondered whether the concept of international organization should not be defined by something other than the ‘intergovernmental’ nature of the organization”). |
国家和国际组织间或国际组织相互间的条约法条款草案，第2条草案第(23)段，《1982年……年鉴》，第二卷(第二部分)，第63段，见第21页(“委员会想知道，国际组织的概念是否不应由该组织的‘政府间’性质以外的东西来界定”)。 |
| The Commission’s Special Rapporteur, Giorgio Gaja, originally suggested the use of the term “international organization” for “an organization which includes States among its members insofar as it exercises in its own capacity certain governmental functions”. |
委员会特别报告员吉奥尔吉奥·加亚最初建议用“国际组织”一词来表示“接纳国家为其成员，而又以其本身的身份行使某些政府职能的组织”。 |
| See Yearbook … 2003, vol. II (Part One), document A/CN.4/532 (first report on responsibility of international organizations), p. 105, para. 34. |
见《2003年……年鉴》，第二卷(第一部分)，A/CN.4/532号文件(关于国际组织的责任的第一次报告)，第105页，第34段。 |
| Para. (3) of the commentary to art. 2 of the articles on the responsibility of international organizations, Yearbook … 2011, vol. II (Part Two), paras. 87–88, at p. 49 (“First, it is questionable whether by defining an international organization as an intergovernmental organization one provides much information: it is not even clear whether the term ‘intergovernmental organization’ refers to the constituent instrument or to actual membership. |
国际组织的责任条款，第2条评注第(3)段，《2011年……年鉴》，第二卷(第二部分)，第87-88段，见第49页(“第一，将国际组织定义为政府间组织是否提供很多信息是有疑问的：甚至不清楚‘政府间组织’一语是指组成文书还是实际成员资格。 |
| Second, the term ‘intergovernmental’ is in any case inappropriate to a certain extent, because several important international organizations have been established with the participation also of State organs other than Governments. |
第二，‘政府间’一词在某种程度上在任何情况下均不适当，因为一些重要的国际组织是由国家机关而不是政府参加的。 |
| Third, an increasing number of international organizations include among their members entities other than States as well as States”). |
第三，越来越多的国际组织成员不仅包括国家，而且包括国家以外的其他实体”)。 |
| Art. 2 (a), ibid., at p. 49. Art. 2 (c), ibid. |
第2条(a)项，同上，见第49页。 |
| (“‘organ of an international organization’ means any person or entity which has that status in accordance with the rules of the organization”). |
第2条(c)项，同上(“‘国际组织的机关’是指按照该组织的规则具有该地位的人或实体”)。 |
| See para. (8) of the commentary to draft guideline 2 below. |
见下文指南草案2的评注第(8)段。 |
| Para. (10) of the commentary to article 2, ibid., at p. 50. |
第2条评注第(10)段，同上，见第50页。 |
| Schermers and Blokker, International Institutional Law … (see footnote 102 above), p. 15. |
Schermers and Blokker, International Institutional Law …(见上文脚注102), p. 15. |
| Institute of International Law, resolution of the 7th Commission, “Limits to evolutive interpretation of the constituent instruments of the organizations within the United Nations system by their internal organs”, 4 September 2021, first preambular paragraph (“Noting that international organizations are established by multilateral agreements or by decisions of other international organizations”). |
国际法学会，第七届委员会决议，“联合国系统内各组织的内部机构对各组织组成文书的演化解释的局限”，2021年9月4日，序言部分第1段(“注意到国际组织是根据多边协定或其他国际组织的决定设立的”)。 |
| Constitution of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (Vienna, 8 April 1979), United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1401, No. 23432, p. 3. |
《联合国工业发展组织章程》(1979年4月8日，维也纳)，联合国，《条约汇编》，第1401卷，第23432号，第3页。 |
| See also Abdulqawi A. Yusuf, “The role of the legal adviser in the reform and restructuring of an international organization: the case of UNIDO”, in United Nations (ed.), Collection of Essays by Legal Advisers of States, Legal Advisers of International Organizations and Practitioners in the Field of International Law (1999), pp. 329–350. |
另见Abdulqawi A. Yusuf, “The role of the legal adviser in the reform and restructuring of an international organization: the case of UNIDO”, in United Nations (ed.), Collection of Essays by Legal Advisers of States, Legal Advisers of International Organizations and Practitioners in the Field of International Law (1999), pp. 329–350。 |
| General Assembly resolution 2152 (XXI) of 17 November 1966. |
联大1966年11月17日第2152(XXI)号决议。 |
| General Assembly resolution 34/96 of 13 December 1979. |
联大1979年12月13日第34/96号决议。 |
| General Assembly resolution 40/180 of 17 December 1985; |
联大1985年12月17日第40/180号决议； |
| United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1412, No. 937, p. 305. |
联合国，《条约汇编》，第1412卷，第937号，第305页。 |
| The Asian-African Legal Consultative Organization (originally known as the Asian-African Legal Consultative Committee) was constituted by the Governments of Burma, Ceylon, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Japan and Syria on 15 November 1956, as an outcome of the Asia-Africa Conference, held in Bandung, Indonesia, in April 1955. |
亚非法律协商组织(原名亚洲法律协商委员会)由缅甸、锡兰、印度、印度尼西亚、伊拉克、日本和叙利亚政府于1956年11月15日成立，是1955年4月在印度尼西亚举行的亚非会议的成果。 |
| Asian Legal Consultative Committee Statutes (1956), in “Asian Legal Consultative Committee: first session – New Delhi: India, April 18 to 27, 1957” (New Delhi, Caxton Press), p. 7, available at https://www.aalco.int/First%20Session%20New%20Delhi.pdf. |
亚洲法律协商委员会章程(1956年)，载于“Asian Legal Consultative Committee: first session – New Delhi: India, April 18 to 27, 1957”(New Delhi, Caxton Press), p. 7, 可查阅 https://www.aalco.int/First%20Session%20New%20Delhi.pdf。 |
| See Agreement concerning the creation of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) (Baghdad, 14 September 1960), United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 443, No. 6363, p. 247, Resolution I. 2, para. 1 (“With a view to giving effect to the provisions of Resolution No. I the Conference decides to form a permanent Organization called the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, for regular consultation among its Members with a view to …”). |
见《关于成立石油输出国组织(欧佩克)的协定》(1960年9月14日，巴格达)，联合国，《条约汇编》，第443卷，第6363号，第247页，第一.2号决议，第1段(“为了实施第一号决议的规定，会议决定成立一个名为石油输出国组织的常设组织，从而使其成员之间可以进行定期磋商，以……”)。 |
| The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) was established by a declaration of the foreign ministers of five States in 1967 (Bangkok Declaration). |
东南亚国家联盟(东盟)是根据1967年五国外长宣言(《曼谷宣言》)成立的。 |
| ASEAN was transformed into an organization through the Charter of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN Charter) (Singapore, 20 November 2007), United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 2624, No. 46745, p. 223. |
东盟通过《东南亚国家联盟宪章》(《东盟宪章》)(2007年11月20日，新加坡)成为一个组织，联合国，《条约汇编》，第2624卷，第46745号，第223页。 |
| The predecessor of the Southern African Development Community was the Southern African Development Co-ordination Conference. |
南部非洲发展共同体的前身是南部非洲发展协调会议。 |
| The Southern African Development Co-ordination Conference was established through a series of decisions adopted at conferences of States with incremental institutionalization. |
南部非洲发展协调会议是经由在多国会议上通过的一系列决定，逐步制度化而建立的。 |
| On 17 August 1992, the Southern African Development Community was founded at a summit held in Windhoek. |
1992年8月17日，在温得和克举行的首脑会议上成立了南部非洲发展共同体。 |
| See Declaration and Treaty of the Southern African Development Community, available at https://www.sadc.int/sites/default/files/2021-11/Declaration__Treaty_of_SADC_0.pdf. |
见《南部非洲发展共同体宣言和条约》，可查阅 https://www.sadc.int/sites/default/files/2021-11/Declaration__Treaty_of_SADC_0.pdf。 |
| Denmark, Iceland, Norway and Sweden were the founding members of the Nordic Council when it was formed in 1952. |
丹麦、冰岛、挪威和瑞典是北欧理事会1952年成立时的创始成员国。 |
| See Nordic Co-Operation, “The Nordic Council”, available at https://www.norden.org/en/information/nordic-council. |
见北欧政府合作论坛，“北欧理事会”，可查阅https://www.norden.org/en/information/nordic-council。 |
| See Economic and Social Council resolution 1996/31 on the arrangements for consultation with non-governmental organizations, para. 12 (“Any such organization that is not established by a governmental entity or intergovernmental agreement shall be considered a non-governmental organization for the purpose of these arrangements”). |
见经济及社会理事会关于与非政府组织的咨商安排的第1996/31号决议，第12段(“就本安排而言，凡非经任何政府实体或政府间协议设立的这类组织，均应视为非政府组织”)。 |
| In United Nations terminology, the notion “transnational corporations” prevails (see Commission on Transnational Corporations, established by the Economic and Social Council, pursuant to its resolution 1913 (LVII) (Yearbook of the United Nations 1974 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.76.I.1), vol. 28, part 1, p. 485), whereas the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) uses the expression “multinational enterprises” (see OECD, Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises (2011 ed.)). |
在联合国术语中，大多使用“跨国公司”的概念(见经济及社会理事会根据其第1913(LVII)号决议设立的跨国公司委员会)(《1974年联合国年鉴》(联合国出版物，出售品编号：E.76.I.1)，第28卷，第一部分，第485页)，而经济合作与发展组织(经合组织)使用“多国企业”的表述(见经合组织，《多国企业准则》(2011年版))。 |
| See also Peter T. Muchlinski, Multinational Enterprises and the Law, 3rd ed. (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2021), pp. 3 et seq. |
另见Peter T. Muchlinski, Multinational Enterprises and the Law, 3rd ed. (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2021), pp. 3 et seq。 |
| A useful definition of NGOs is found in article 1 of the European Convention on the Recognition of the Legal Personality of International Non-Governmental Organizations (Strasbourg, 24 April 1986), European Treaty Series, No. 124 (NGOs are “associations, foundations and other private institutions which …: (a) have a non-profit-making aim of international utility; |
《欧洲承认国际非政府组织法律人格公约》第1条中载有非政府组织的实用定义(1986年4月24日，斯特拉斯堡)，《欧洲条约汇编》，第124号(非政府组织是有以下特征的“协会、基金会和其他私营机构：(a) 具有国际性的非营利目的； |
| (b) have been established by an instrument governed by the internal law of a Party; |
(b) 由受一方国内法管辖的文书设立； |
| (c) carry on their activities with effect in at least two States; |
(c) 至少在两个国家开展活动； |
| and (d) have their statutory office in the territory of a Party and the central management and control in the territory of that Party or of another Party”). |
以及(d) 在一缔约方境内设有法定办事处，并在该缔约方或另一缔约方境内实行中央管理和控制”)。 |
| See also Bas Arts, Math Noortmann and Bob Reinalda (eds.), Non-State Actors in International Relations (Aldershot, Ashgate, 2001); |
另见Bas Arts, Math Noortmann and Bob Reinalda (eds.), Non-State Actors in International Relations (Aldershot, Ashgate, 2001); |
| Math Noortmann, August Reinisch and Cedric Ryngaert (eds.), Non-State Actors in International Law (Oxford, Bloomsbury, 2015); |
Math Noortmann, August Reinisch and Cedric Ryngaert (eds.), Non-State Actors in International Law (Oxford, Bloomsbury, 2015); |
| Stephan Hobe, “Non-governmental organizations”, in Rüdiger Wolfrum (ed.), The Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law vol. VII (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2012), p. 716. |
Stephan Hobe, “Non-governmental organizations”, in Rüdiger Wolfrum (ed.), The Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law vol. VII (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2012), p. 716。 |
| The Code of Conduct on Transnational Corporations refers to transnational corporations as enterprises “comprising entities in two or more countries, regardless of the legal form and fields of activity of these entities, which operate under a system of decision-making, permitting coherent policies and a common strategy through one or more decision-making centres, in which the entities are so linked, by ownership or otherwise, that one or more of them may be able to exercise a significant influence over the activities of others and, in particular, to share knowledge, resources and responsibilities with the others” (E/1988/39/Add.1, para. 1) and the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises indicate that “multinational enterprises … operate in all sectors of the economy. |
《跨国公司行为守则》将跨国公司称为“由两个或两个以上国家的实体组成的企业，而不论这些实体的法律形式和活动领域如何，这些实体在一个决策制度下运作，这种制度允许通过一个或多个决策中心实行连贯一致的政策和共同战略，这些实体在决策中心内通过所有权或其他方式相互联系，其中一个或多个实体可能对其他实体的活动施加重大影响，特别是与其他实体分享知识、资源和责任”(E/1988/39/Add.1, 第1段)，经合组织《多国企业准则》指出，“多国企业……在所有经济部门开展业务。 |
| They usually comprise companies or other entities established in more than one country and so linked that they may coordinate their operations in various ways. |
它们通常由在一个以上国家设立的公司或其他实体组成，彼此联系密切，可以通过各种方式协调业务。 |
| While one or more of these entities may be able to exercise a significant influence over the activities of others, their degree of autonomy within the enterprise may vary widely from one multinational enterprise to another. |
虽然这些实体中的一个或多个可能能够对其他实体的活动施加重大影响，但它们在企业内的自主程度可能因多国企业的不同而大相径庭。 |
| Ownership may be private, State or mixed” (sect. I. Concepts and Principles, para. 4). |
所有权可以是私人所有、国家所有或混合所有”(第一节，概念和原则，第4段)。 |
| Statutes of the World Tourism Organization (Mexico City, 27 September 1970), United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 985, No. 14403, p. 339. |
《世界旅游组织章程》(1970年9月27日，墨西哥城)，联合国，《条约汇编》，第985卷，第14403号，第339页。 |
| General Assembly resolution 58/232 of 23 December 2003. |
联大2003年12月23日第58/232号决议。 |
| Art. 36, Statutes of the World Tourism Organization. |
《世界旅游组织章程》第36条。 |
| Art. XII, para. 1 (“Accession”), of the Marrakesh Agreement establishing the World Trade Organization (Marrakesh, 15 April 1994, entered into force 1 January 1995), United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1867, No. 31874, p. 3 (permitting membership of “[a]ny separate customs territory possessing full autonomy in the conduct of its external commercial relations”). |
《马拉喀什建立世界贸易组织协定》(1994年4月15日，马拉喀什，1995年1月1日生效)第十二条第1款(“加入”)，联合国，《条约汇编》，第1867卷，第31874号，第3页(允许“任何在处理对外商业关系方面拥有完全自主权的单独关税区”成为成员)。 |
| Art. 3 of the Convention of the World Meteorological Organization (Washington D.C., 11 November 1947), ibid., vol. 77, No. 998, p. 143 (permitting membership of “[a]ny territory or group of territories maintaining its own meteorological service”). |
《世界气象组织公约》(1947年11月11日，华盛顿特区)第三条，同上，第77卷，第998号，第143页(允许“设有气象机构的领地或领地群”成为成员)。 |
| Agreement between the United Nations and the Government of Sierra Leone on the establishment of a Special Court for Sierra Leone (Freetown, on 16 January 2002), ibid., vol. 2178, No. 38342, p. 137. |
《联合国和塞拉利昂政府关于设立塞拉利昂问题特别法庭的协定》(2002年1月16日，弗里敦)，同上，第2178卷，第38342号，第137页。 |
| Agreement for the establishment of the Joint Vienna Institute (Vienna, 27 and 29 July 1994 and 10 and 19 August 1994), ibid., vol. 2029, No. 1209, p. 391. |
《建立维也纳联合研究所协定》(1994年7月27日和29日及1994年8月10日和19日，维也纳)，同上，第2029卷，第1209号，第391页。 |
| The Joint Vienna Institute was established by the Bank for International Settlements, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the International Monetary Fund and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. |
维也纳联合研究所是由国际清算银行、欧洲复兴开发银行、国际复兴开发银行、国际货币基金组织和经济合作与发展组织设立的。 |
| Subsequently, the World Trade Organization also joined. |
后来，世界贸易组织也加入为成员。 |
| Art. II, para. 3, of the Constitution of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (Quebec, 16 October 1945), British and Foreign State Papers, vol. 145, p. 910, provides for the possibility “to admit as a Member of the Organization any regional economic integration organization meeting the criteria set out in paragraph 4 of this Article”. |
《联合国粮食及农业组织章程》(1945年10月16日，魁北克)第二条第3款，《英国和外国国家文件》，第145卷，第910页，其中规定，有可能“接纳符合本条第4款标准的任何区域经济一体化组织为本组织成员”。 |
| That paragraph specifies that “a regional economic integration organization must be one constituted by sovereign States, a majority of which are Member Nations of the Organization, and to which its Member States have transferred competence over a range of matters within the purview of the Organization, including the authority to make decisions binding on its Member States in respect of those matters”. |
该款明确规定，“区域经济一体化组织必须是一个由主权国家组成的组织，其中大多数是本组织成员国，且其成员国已将处理本组织职权范围内一系列事项的权限转移给该组织，包括就这些事项作出对其成员国具有约束力的决定的权力”。 |
| To date, only the European Union has made use of this option. |
迄今为止，只有欧盟使用了这一选项。 |
| See Basic texts of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, vols. I and II, 2017 ed., p. 240. |
见《联合国粮食及农业组织基本文件》，第一卷和第二卷，2017年版，第240页。 |
| See also art. 4 of the Agreement establishing the Common Fund for Commodities (Geneva, 27 June 1980), United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1538, No. 26691, p. 3 (“Membership in the Fund shall be open to: … [a]ny intergovernmental organization of regional economic integration which exercises competence in fields of activity of the Fund”). |
另见《建立商品共同基金协定》(1980年6月27日，日内瓦)第四条，联合国，《条约汇编》，第1538卷，第26691号，第3页(“下列国家或政府间组织可以取得基金的成员资格：在基金活动领域行使职权的任何区域经济一体化政府间组织”)。 |
| See text at footnote 120 above. |
见上文脚注120。 |
| Éric David, Droit des Organisations Internationales (Brussels, Bruylant, 2016), p. 582; |
Éric David, Droit des Organisations Internationales (Brussels, Bruylant, 2016), p. 582; |
| Manuel Diez de Velasco Vallejo, Las Organizaciones Internacionales, 14th ed. (Madrid, Tecnos, 2006), pp. 46–47; |
Manuel Diez de Velasco Vallejo, Las Organizaciones Internacionales, 14th ed. (Madrid, Tecnos, 2006), pp. 46–47; |
| Rosalyn Higgins et al., Oppenheim’s International Law: United Nations (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2017), p. 385; |
Rosalyn Higgins et al., Oppenheim’s International Law: United Nations (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2017), p. 385; |
| Jan Klabbers, An Introduction to International Organizations Law, 4th ed. (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2022), p. 12; |
Jan Klabbers, An Introduction to International Organizations Law, 4th ed. (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2022), p. 12; |
| Shigeru Kozai et al., Introduction to International Law, 3rd ed. (Tokyo, Yuhikaku Publishing Co. |
Shigeru Kozai et al., Introduction to International Law, 3rd ed. (Tokyo, Yuhikaku Publishing Co. |
| Ltd., 1988), p. 101; |
Ltd., 1988), p. 101; |
| Pierre-Yves Marro, Rechtsstellung internationaler Organisationen (Zürich, Dike, 2021), p. 29; |
Pierre-Yves Marro, Rechtsstellung internationaler Organisationen (Zürich, Dike, 2021), p. 29; |
| Francisco Rezek, Direito internacional público, 16th ed. (São Paulo, Editora Saraiva, 2016), pp. 301–302; |
Francisco Rezek, Direito internacional público, 16th ed. (São Paulo, Editora Saraiva, 2016), pp. 301–302; |
| Matthias Ruffert and Christian Walter, Institutionalisiertes Völkerrecht. |
Matthias Ruffert and Christian Walter, Institutionalisiertes Völkerrecht. |
| Das Recht der Internationalen Organisationen und seine wichtigsten Anwendungsfelder, 2nd ed. (Munich, C.H. Beck, 2015), p. 4; |
Das Recht der Internationalen Organisationen und seine wichtigsten Anwendungsfelder, 2nd ed. (Munich, C.H. Beck, 2015), p. 4; |
| Schermers and Blokker, International Institutional Law … |
Schermers and Blokker, International Institutional Law … |
| (see footnote 102 above), pp. 48 and 1031; |
(见上文脚注102), pp. 48 and 1031; |
| Kirsten Schmalenbach, “International organizations or institutions, general aspects”, in Rüdiger Wolfrum (ed.), The Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law vol. V (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2012), p. 1128; |
Kirsten Schmalenbach, “International organizations or institutions, general aspects”, in Rüdiger Wolfrum (ed.), The Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law vol. V (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2012), p. 1128; |
| Ignaz Seidl-Hohenveldern and Gerhard Loibl, Das Recht der Internationalen Organisationen einschließlich der Supranationalen Gemeinschaften, 7th ed. (Köln, Carl Heymanns, 2000), p. 7. |
Ignaz Seidl-Hohenveldern and Gerhard Loibl, Das Recht der Internationalen Organisationen einschließlich der Supranationalen Gemeinschaften, 7th ed. (Köln, Carl Heymanns, 2000), p. 7。 |
| See para. (10) of the commentary to article 2 of the articles on the responsibility of international organizations, Yearbook … 2011, vol. II (Part Two), paras. 87–88, at p. 50 (referring to “the requirement in article 2, subparagraph (a), that the international legal personality should be the organization’s ‘own’, a term that the Commission considers as synonymous with the phrase ‘distinct from that of its member States’”). |
见国际组织的责任条款第2条评注第(10)段，《2011年……年鉴》，第二卷(第二部分)，第87-88段，第50页(提到“第2条(a)项规定，国际法律人格应该是该组织‘独立的’，委员会认为该术语与‘有别于其成员国的意愿’一语同义”)。 |
| Legality of the Use by a State of Nuclear Weapons in Armed Conflict, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1996, p. 66, at p. 75, para. 19 (characterizing the object of constituent instruments of international organizations as “to create new subjects of law endowed with a certain autonomy, to which the parties entrust the task of realizing common goals”). |
国家在武装冲突中使用核武器的合法性，咨询意见，《1996年国际法院案例汇编》，第66页起，见第75页，第19段(将国际组织组成文书的目的定性为“组建具有某种自主权的新的法律主体，该法律主体受各缔约方的委托，负责实现共同的目标”)。 |
| See Celso D. de Albuquerque Mello, Curso de Direito Internacional Público, vol. I, 12th ed. (Rio de Janeiro, Renovar, 2000), pp. 577–579; |
见Celso D. de Albuquerque Mello, Curso de Direito Internacional Público vol. I, 12th ed., (Rio de Janeiro, Renovar, 2000), pp. 577–579; |
| José E. Alvarez, International Organizations as Law-makers (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2005), p. 9; |
José E. Alvarez, International Organizations as Law-makers (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2005), p. 9; |
| Jean Combacau and Serge Sur, Droit international public, 13th ed. (Paris, LGDJ, 2019), pp. 782 et seq.; |
Jean Combacau and Serge Sur, Droit international public, 13th ed. (Paris, LGDJ, 2019), pp. 782 et seq.; |
| Diez de Velasco Vallejo, Las Organizaciones Internacionales (footnote 147 above), pp. 101–109. |
Diez de Velasco Vallejo, Las Organizaciones Internacionales (上文脚注147), pp. 101–109。 |
| Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade, Princípios do Direito Internacional Contemporâneo, 2nd ed. (Brasília, Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão, 2017) p. 336; |
Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade, Princípios do Direito Internacional Contemporâneo, 2nd ed. (Brasília, Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão, 2017) p. 336; |
| Mathias Forteau and others, Droit international public, 9th ed. (Paris, LGDJ, 2022), p. 861; |
Mathias Forteau and others, Droit international public, 9th ed. (Paris, LGDJ, 2022), p. 861; |
| Inés Martínez Valinotti, Derecho Internacional Público (Asunción, Colección de Estudios Internacionales, 2012), p. 229. |
Inés Martínez Valinotti, Derecho Internacional Público (Asunción, Colección de Estudios Internacionales, 2012), p. 229. |
| Heber Arbuet-Vignali, “Las organizaciones internacionales como sujetos del derecho internacional”, in Eduardo Jiménez de Aréchaga, Heber Arbuet-Vignali and Roberto Puceiro Ripoll (eds.), Derecho Internacional Público: Principios, normas y estructuras, vol. I (Montevideo, Fundación de Cultura Universitaria, 2005), pp. 154–156; |
Heber Arbuet-Vignali, “Las organizaciones internacionales como sujetos del derecho internacional”, in Eduardo Jiménez de Aréchaga, Heber Arbuet-Vignali and Roberto Puceiro Ripoll (eds.), Derecho Internacional Público: Principios, normas y estructuras, vol. I (Montevideo, Fundación de Cultura Universitaria, 2005), pp. 154–156; |
| David J. Bederman, “The souls of international organizations: legal personality and the lighthouse at Cape Spartel”, Virginia Journal of International Law, vol. 36, No. 2 (1996), pp. 275–377; |
David J. Bederman, “The souls of international organizations: legal personality and the lighthouse at Cape Spartel”, Virginia Journal of International Law, vol. 36, No. 2 (1996), pp. 275–377; |
| Chris Osakwe, “Contemporary Soviet doctrine on the juridical nature of universal international organizations”, American Journal of International Law, vol. 65, No. 3 (July 1971), pp. 502–521; |
Chris Osakwe, “Contemporary Soviet doctrine on the juridical nature of universal international organizations”, American Journal of International Law, vol. 65, No. 3 (July 1971), pp. 502–521; |
| Manuel Rama-Montaldo, “International legal personality and implied powers of international organizations”, The British Yearbook of International Law, vol. 44 (1970), pp. 111–155. |
Manuel Rama-Montaldo, “International legal personality and implied powers of international organizations”, The British Yearbook of International Law, vol. 44 (1970), pp. 111–155. |
| Philippe Sands and Pierre Klein, Bowett’s Law of International Institutions, 6th ed. (London, Sweet and Maxwell, 2009), p. 479; |
Philippe Sands and Pierre Klein, Bowett’s Law of International Institutions, 6th ed. (London, Sweet and Maxwell, 2009), p. 479; |
| Ruffert and Walter, Institutionalisiertes Völkerrecht (see footnote 147 above), p. 58. |
Ruffert and Walter, Institutionalisiertes Völkerrecht (见上文脚注147), p. 58. |
| See also Grigory I. Tunkin, “The legal nature of the United Nations”, Recueil des Cours, vol. 119 (1966-III), pp. 1–68. |
See also Grigory I. Tunkin, “The Legal Nature of the United Nations”, Recueil des Cours, vol. 119 (1966-III), pp. 1–68。 |
| Originally developed in a series of contributions by Finn Seyersted. |
最初来源于Finn Seyersted的系列文章。 |
| See Finn Seyersted, “International personality of intergovernmental organizations: do their capacities really depend upon their constitutions?”, Indian Journal of International Law, vol. 4 (1964), pp. 1–74; |
见Finn Seyersted, “International personality of intergovernmental organizations: do their capacities really depend upon their constitutions?”, Indian Journal of International Law, vol. 4 (1964), pp. 1–74; |
| “Is the international personality of intergovernmental organizations valid vis-à-vis non-members?”, ibid., pp. 233–268; |
“Is the international personality of intergovernmental organizations valid vis-à-vis non-members?”, 同上，pp. 233–268; |
| “Objective international personality of intergovernmental organizations: do their capacities really depend upon the conventions establishing them?”, Nordisk Tidsskrift for International Ret, vol. 34 (1964), pp. 1–112. |
“Objective international personality of intergovernmental organizations: do their capacities really depend upon the conventions establishing them?”, Nordisk Tidsskrift for International Ret, vol. 34 (1964), pp. 1–112。 |
| See also Pierre d’Argent, “La personnalité juridique de l’organisation internationale”, in Evelyne Lagrange and Jean-Marc Sorel (eds.), Droit des organisations internationales (Paris, LGDJ, 2013), p. 452; |
另见Pierre d’Argent, “La personnalité juridique de l’organisation internationale”, in Evelyne Lagrange and Jean-Marc Sorel (eds.), Droit des organisations internationales (Paris, LGDJ, 2013), p. 452; |
| Dapo Akande, “International organizations”, in Malcolm D. Evans (ed.), International Law, 5th ed. (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2018), pp. 233–234. |
Dapo Akande, “International organizations”, in Malcolm D. Evans (ed.), International Law, 5th ed. (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2018), pp. 233–234。 |
| Jan Klabbers, “Presumptive personality: the European Union in international law”, in Martti Koskenniemi (ed.), International Law Aspects of the European Union (The Hague, Kluwer Law International, 1998), p. 231; |
Jan Klabbers, “Presumptive personality: the European Union in international law”, in Martti Koskenniemi (ed.), International Law Aspects of the European Union (The Hague, Kluwer Law International, 1998), p. 231; |
| Angelo Golia Jr and Anne Peters, “The concept of international organization”, in Jan Klabbers (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to International Organizations Law (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2022), p. 37. |
Angelo Golia Jr and Anne Peters, “The concept of international organization”, in Jan Klabbers (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to International Organizations Law (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2022), p. 37. |
| See, e.g. art. 10, sect. 1, of the Agreement establishing the International Fund for Agricultural Development (Rome, 13 June 1976), United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1059, No. 16041, p. 191 (“The Fund shall possess international legal personality”); |
例如见《关于建立国际农业发展基金的协定》第10条第1款 (1976年6月13日，罗马)，联合国，《条约汇编》，第1059卷，第16041号，第191页(“该基金应拥有国际法律人格”)； |
| art. 176 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (with regard to the International Sea-Bed Authority) (Montego Bay, 10 December 1982), United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1833, No. 31363, p. 3 (“The Authority shall have international legal personality and such legal capacity as may be necessary for the exercise of its functions and the fulfilment of its purposes”); |
《联合国海洋法公约》第176条(关于国际海底管理局)(1982年12月10日，蒙特哥湾)，联合国，《条约汇编》，第1833卷，第31363号，第3页，(“管理局应具有国际法律人格以及为执行其职务和实现其宗旨所必要的法律行为能力”)； |
| art. 34 of the Additional Protocol to the Asunción Treaty on the Institutional Structure of Mercosur [Southern Common Market] (Ouro Preto, 17 December 1994), ibid., vol. 2145, annex A, No. A-37341, p. 298 (“Mercosur shall possess legal personality of international law”); |
《关于南方共同市场体制结构的亚松森条约附加议定书》第34条(1994年12月17日，奥鲁普雷托)，同上，第2145卷，附件A，第A-37341号，第298页，(“南方共同市场应具有国际法的法律人格”)； |
| art. 4, para. 1, of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (Rome, 17 July 1998), ibid., vol. 2187, No. 38544, p. 3 (“The Court shall have international legal personality”); |
《国际刑事法院罗马规约》第4条第1款(1998年7月17日，罗马)，同上，第2187卷，第38544号，第3页 (“本法院具有国际法律人格”)； |
| art. I, para. 2, of the Agreement for the Establishment of the International Anti-Corruption Academy as an International Organization (Vienna, 2 September 2010), ibid., vol. 2751, No. 48545, p. 81 (“The Academy shall possess full international legal personality”). |
《关于建立一个国际组织形式的国际反腐败学院的协定》第一条第2款(2010年9月2日，维也纳)，同上，第2751卷，第48545号，第81页(“学院应拥有完全的国际法人地位”)。 |
| Reparation for injuries suffered in the service of the United Nations (see footnote 92 above). |
联合国公务中所受伤害赔偿案(见上文脚注92)。 |
| Ibid., p. 179. |
同上，第179页。 |
| See also the opinion of the International Court of Justice in the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) case, Judgment No. 2867 of the Administrative Tribunal of the International Labour Organization upon a Complaint Filed against the International Fund for Agricultural Development, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 2012, p. 10, at p. 36, para. 61, in which it found that “the Global Mechanism [of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa] had no power and has not purported to exercise any power to enter into contracts, agreements or ‘arrangements’, internationally or nationally”. |
另见国际法院在国际农业发展基金(农发基金)案中的意见，国际劳工组织行政法庭就针对国际农业发展基金提出的指控所作第2867号判决，咨询意见，《2012年国际法院案例汇编》，第10页起，见第36页，第61段，其中国际法院认为“[《联合国关于在发生严重干旱和/或荒漠化的国家特别是在非洲防治荒漠化的公约》]全球机制没有权力也没有打算行使任何权力在国际或国内订立合同、协定或‘安排’”。 |
| This led the Court to conclude that in the absence of a separate legal personality, the Global Mechanism had to “identify an organization to house it and to make appropriate arrangements with such an organization for its administrative operations”, which included IFAD employing staff members working for the Global Mechanism. |
这让法院得出结论认为，在没有单独的法律人格的情况下，全球机制必须“确定一个容纳它的组织，并与该组织就其行政业务作出适当安排”，其中包括农发基金雇用工作人员为全球机制工作。 |
| See paras. (7) et seq. of the commentary to article 2 of the articles on the responsibility of international organizations, Yearbook … 2011, vol. II (Part Two), paras. 87–88, at p. 50; |
见国际组织的责任条款第2条的评注第(7)段及以下各段，《2011年……年鉴》，第二卷(第二部分)，第87-88段，见第50页； |
| Schermers and Blokker, International Institutional Law … |
Schermers and Blokker, International Institutional Law … |
| (see footnote 102 above), pp. 1031 et seq.; |
(见上文脚注102), pp. 1031 et seq.; |
| James Crawford, Brownlie’s Principles of Public International Law, 9th ed. (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2019), p. 157; |
James Crawford, Brownlie’s Principles of Public International Law, 9th ed. (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2019), p. 157; |
| Paola Gaeta, Jorge E. Viñuales and Salvatore Zappalà, Cassese’s International Law, 3rd ed. (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2020), pp. 143–145; |
Paola Gaeta, Jorge E. Viñuales and Salvatore Zappalà, Cassese’s International Law, 3rd ed. (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2020), pp. 143–145; |
| Golia Jr and Peters, “The concept of international organization” (see footnote 155 above), p. 37; |
Golia Jr and Peters, “The concept of international organization” (见上文脚注155), p. 37; |
| see also Tarcisio Gazzini, “Personality of international organizations”, in Jan Klabbers and Åsa Wallendahl (eds.), Research Handbook on the Law of International Organizations (Cheltenham, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2011), p. 33; |
另见Tarcisio Gazzini, “Personality of international organizations”, in Jan Klabbers and Åsa Wallendahl (eds.), Research Handbook on the Law of International Organizations (Cheltenham, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2011), p. 33; |
| Zewei Yang (ed.), Liang Xi’s International Organization Law–Principles and Practices, 7th ed. (Wuhan, Wuhan University Press, 2022), pp. 4–5. |
Zewei Yang (ed.), Liang Xi’s International Organization Law—Principles and Practices, 7th ed. (Wuhan, Wuhan University Press, 2022), pp. 4–5。 |
| There remains controversy over the international legal personality and the status of organizations such as the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). |
对欧洲安全与合作组织(欧安组织)等组织的国际法律人格和地位仍有争议。 |
| See Niels M. Blokker and Ramses A. Wessel, “Revisiting questions of organisationhood, legal personality and membership in the OSCE: the interplay between law, politics and practice”, in Manteja Steinbrück Platise, Carolyn Moser and Anne Peters (eds.), The Legal Framework of the OSCE (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2019), pp. 135–164. |
见Niels M. Blokker and Ramses A. Wessel, “Revisiting questions of organisationhood, legal personality and membership in the OSCE: the interplay between law, politics and practice”, in Manteja Steinbrück Platise, Carolyn Moser and Anne Peters (eds.), The Legal Framework of the OSCE (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2019), pp. 135–164。 |
| Reparation for injuries suffered in the service of the United Nations (see footnote 92 above), p. 185. |
联合国公务中所受伤害赔偿案(见上文脚注92)，第185页。 |
| See, e.g., the Soviet Union’s policy of non-recognition of the European Economic Community (EEC). |
例如见苏联对欧洲经济共同体(欧共体)不予承认的政策。 |
| Sands and Klein, Bowett’s Law of International Institutions (footnote 153 above), p. 480; |
Sands and Klein, Bowett’s Law of International Institutions (见上文脚注153), p. 480; |
| Schermers and Blokker, International Institutional Law … (see footnote 102 above), pp. 1238 et seq. |
Schermers and Blokker, International Institutional Law …(见上文脚注102), pp. 1238 et seq。 |
| See Akande, “International organizations”, pp. 233–234 (“Thus, international organizations with a membership consisting of the vast majority of the international community possess objective international personality. |
见Akande, “International organizations”, pp. 233-234 (“因此，成员包括国际社会绝大多数成员的国际组织具有客观的国际人格。 |
| However, it is important to note that the Court did not say that only such organizations possess objective personality and there are good reasons of practice and principle for concluding that the personality possessed by any international organization is objective and opposable to non-members. |
然而，必须指出的是，法院没有说只有此类组织才具有客观人格，而且有充分的实践和理论理由认为，任何国际组织所具有的人格都是客观的，非成员是可以反对的。 |
| In practice, ‘no recent instances are known of a non-member State refusing to acknowledge the personality of an organization on the ground that it was not a member State and had not given the organization specific recognition’ (Amerasinghe, 2005, p 87)”); |
实践中，‘最近未发生过以下情况，即非成员国以非成员、未给予组织明确承认为由拒绝承认该组织的人格’(Amerasinghe，2005年，第87页)”)； |
| Crawford, Brownlie’s Principles of Public International Law (see footnote 160 above), p. 160 (“Although the Court conditioned its opinion on the quantity and standing of the founding Members of the [United Nations], there are good reasons for applying this proposition to all international organizations, and in practice this has occurred”). |
Crawford, Brownlie’s Principles of Public International Law (见上文脚注160)，p. 160 (“虽然法院以[联合国]创始会员国的数量和地位作为其意见的条件，但有充分理由将这一主张适用于所有国际组织，而且在实践中也发生过这种情况”)。 |
| The practice at the United Nations of granting observer status to international organizations can be regarded as a recognition of the status of an entity as an international organization. |
联合国给予国际组织观察员地位的做法可视为对一个实体的国际组织地位的承认。 |
| See Miguel de Serpa Soares, “Responsibility of international organizations”, in Courses of the Summer School on Public International Law, vol. 7 (Moscow, International and Comparative Law Research Center, 2022), p. 100. |
见Miguel de Serpa Soares, “Responsibility of international organizations”, in Courses of the Summer School on Public International Law, vol. 7 (Moscow, International and Comparative Law Research Center, 2022), p. 100。 |
| C.F. Amerasinghe, Principles of the Institutional Law of International Organizations, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2005), pp. 10–11; |
C.F. Amerasinghe, Principles of the Institutional Law of International Organizations, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2005), pp. 10–11; |
| August Reinisch, International Organizations Before National Courts (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2000), p. 6. |
August Reinisch, International Organizations Before National Courts (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2000), p. 6. |
| See Fernando Lusa Bordin, The Analogy between States and International Organizations (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2018), pp. 72–79. |
见Fernando Lusa Bordin, The Analogy between States and International Organizations (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2018), pp. 72–79。 |
| The Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions, Judgment No. 2, 1924, P.C.I.J. Series A, No. 2, p. 7. |
马夫罗马蒂斯在巴勒斯坦的特许权案，第2号判决，1924年，《常设国际法院案例汇编》，A辑，第2号，第7页。 |
| See, e.g., Interpretation of Peace Treaties, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1950, p. 65, at p. 74; |
例如见和约的解释，咨询意见，《1950年国际法院案例汇编》，第65页起，见第74页； |
| Certain Property (Liechtenstein v. Germany), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2005, p. 6, at p. 18, para. 24; |
某些财产案(列支敦士登诉德国)，初步反对意见，判决，《2005年国际法院案例汇编》，第6页起，见第18页，第24段； |
| Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (New Application: 2002) (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda), Jurisdiction and Admissibility, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2006, p. 6, at p. 40, para. 90; |
刚果境内的武装活动(新申诉：2002年)(刚果民主共和国诉卢旺达)，管辖权和可否受理，判决，《2006年国际法院案例汇编》，第6页起，见第40页，第90段； |
| Territorial and Maritime Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Honduras), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2007, p. 659, at p. 700, para. 130. |
尼加拉瓜和洪都拉斯在加勒比海的领土和海洋争端(尼加拉瓜诉洪都拉斯)，判决，《2007年国际法院案例汇编》，第659页起，见第700页，第130段。 |
| The Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions (see footnote 167 above), p. 11. |
马夫罗马蒂斯在巴勒斯坦的特许权案(见上文脚注167)，第11页。 |
| See e.g., South West Africa Cases (Ethiopia v. South Africa; |
例如见西南非洲案(埃塞俄比亚诉南非； |
| Liberia v. South Africa), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1962, p. 319, at p. 328; |
利比里亚诉南非)，初步反对意见，判决，《1962年国际法院案例汇编》，第319页起，见第328页； |
| Certain Property (Liechtenstein v. Germany), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2005, p. 6 at p. 18, para. 24 (“for the purposes of verifying the existence of a legal dispute it falls to the Court to determine whether ‘the claim of one party is positively opposed by the other’”); |
某些财产案(列支敦士登诉德国)，初步反对意见，判决，《2005年国际法院案例汇编》，第6页起，见第18页，第24段(“为核实是否存在法律争端，应由法院确定‘一方的要求是否遭到另一方的积极反对’”)； |
| Alleged Violations of Sovereign Rights and Maritime Spaces in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Colombia), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2016, p. 3, at p. 26, para. 50 (“It does not matter which one of them advances a claim and which one opposes it. |
加勒比海主权权利和海洋空间受侵犯的指控(尼加拉瓜诉哥伦比亚)，初步反对意见，判决，《2016年国际法院案例汇编》，第3页起，见第26页，第50段(“他们中哪一方提出主张，哪一方反对主张并不重要。 |
| What matters is that ‘the two sides hold clearly opposite views concerning the question of the performance or non–performance of certain’ international obligations) (Interpretation of Peace Treaties with Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania, First Phase, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1950, p. 74)”. |
重要的是，‘双方在履行或不履行某些国际义务的问题上持有明显相反的观点’(与保加利亚、匈牙利和罗马尼亚的和约的解释，第一阶段，咨询意见，《1950年国际法院案例汇编》，第74页)”。 |
| See John Merrills and Eric De Brabandere, Merrills’ International Dispute Settlement, 7th ed. (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2022), p. 1 (“a specific disagreement concerning a matter of fact, law or policy in which a claim or assertion of one party is met with refusal, counter-claim or denial by another”). |
见John Merrills and Eric De Brabandere, Merrills’ International Dispute Settlement, 7th ed. (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2022), p. 1 (“涉及某一事实、法律或政策事项的具体分歧，其中一方的主张或断言遭到另一方的拒绝、反诉或否认”)。 |
| Jeffrey Lehman and Shirelle Phelps (eds.), West’s Encyclopedia of American Law, vol. 3, 2nd ed. (Farmington Hills, Thomson Gale, 2005), p. 461 (“DISPUTE: A conflict or controversy; |
Jeffrey Lehman and Shirelle Phelps (eds.), West’s Encyclopedia of American Law vol. 3, 2nd ed. (Farmington Hills, Thomson Gale, 2005), p. 461 (“争端：一种冲突或争议； |
| a conflict of claims or rights; |
主张或权利的冲突； |
| an assertion of a right, claim, or demand on one side, met by contrary claims or allegations on the other”). |
一方提出权利断言、主张或要求，另一方则提出相反的主张或指控”)。 |
| See United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1980, p. 3, at p. 20, para. 37 (“legal disputes between sovereign States by their very nature are likely to occur in political contexts, and often form only one element in a wider and long-standing political dispute between the States concerned”). |
见美国驻德黑兰外交和领事人员案，判决，《1980年国际法院案例汇编》，第3页起，见第20页，第37段(“主权国家之间的法律争端就其性质而言很可能发生在政治背景下，而且往往只是有关国家之间更广泛且长期的政治争端中的一个因素”)。 |
| See, in particular, Article 36, para. 2 (c), of the Statute of the International Court of Justice (indicating the jurisdiction of the Court in all legal disputes concerning “the existence of any fact which, if established, would constitute a breach of an international obligation”). |
特别见《国际法院规约》第三十六条第二款(寅)项(指出该法院对一切法律争端之管辖涉及：“任何事实之存在，如经确定即属违反国际义务者”)。 |
| Since international organizations cannot be parties before the International Court of Justice, some treaties provide that their disputes with States be settled through requesting an advisory opinion from the Court which the parties agree to accept as binding. See e.g. art. VIII, sect. |
由于国际组织不能成为国际法院的当事方，一些条约规定，国际组织可通过请求国际法院发表咨询意见以解决与国家的争端，当事方同意接受咨询意见具有约束力。 |
| 30, of the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations. |
例如见《联合国特权和豁免公约》第八条第三十节。 |
| Article 33 of the Charter of the United Nations (“The parties to any dispute, the continuance of which is likely to endanger the maintenance of international peace and security, shall, first of all, seek a solution by negotiation, enquiry, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, judicial settlement, resort to regional agencies or arrangements, or other peaceful means of their own choice.”). |
《联合国宪章》第三十三条(“任何争端之当事国，于争端之继续存在足以危及国际和平与安全之维持时，应尽先以谈判、调查、调停、和解、公断、司法解决、区域机关或区域办法之利用，或各该国自行选择之其他和平方法，求得解决。 |
| Christian Tomuschat, “Article 33”, in Bruno Simma et al. (eds.), The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary, vol. II, 3rd ed. (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2012), p. 1076, para. 23. |
Christian Tomuschat, “Article 33”, in Bruno Simma et al. (eds.), The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary, vol. II, 3rd ed. (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2012), p. 1076, para. 23. |
| Reparation for injuries suffered in the service of the United Nations (see footnote 92 above), p. 178. |
联合国公务中所受伤害赔偿案(见上文脚注92)，第178页。 |
| See para. (8) of the commentary to draft guideline 1 above. |
见上文指南草案1的评注第(8)段。 |
| At its 3582nd meeting, on 17 May 2022 (Official Records of the General Assembly, Seventy-seventh Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/77/10), para. 239). |
在2022年5月17日第3582次会议上(《大会正式记录，第七十七届会议，补编第10号》(A/77/10)，第239段)。 |
| The topic had been included in the long-term programme of work of the Commission during its seventy-first session (2019), on the basis of the proposal contained in annex C to the report of the Commission (Official Records of the General Assembly, Seventy-fourth Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/74/10), para. 290 (b)). |
在委员会第七十一届会议(2019年) 期间，根据委员会报告附件C所载的建议，此专题被列入委员会长期工作方案(《大会正式记录，第七十四届会议，补编第10号》(A/74/10)，第290 (b)段)。 |
| At its 3612th meeting, on 5 August 2022 (A/77/10, paras. 243 and 244). |
在2022年8月5日第3612次会议上(A/77/10，第243和244段)。 |
| United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (Montego Bay, 10 December 1982), United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1834, No. 31363, p. 3. |
《联合国海洋法公约》(蒙特哥湾，1982年12月10日)，联合国，《条约汇编》，第1834卷，第31363号，第3页。 |
| For a commentary, see: S.N. Nandan and S. Rosenne, eds., United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982 A Commentary, vol. III: Articles 86 to 132 (Leiden, Martinus Nijhoff, 1995); |
评论见：S.N. Nandan and S. Rosenne, eds., United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982 A Commentary, vol. III: Articles 86 to 132 (Leiden, Martinus Nijhoff, 1995); |
| A. Proelss et al., eds., United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea: a commentary (Munich, Oxford and Baden-Baden, C.H.N Beck/Hart/Nomos, 2017), pp. 737–744. |
A. Proelss et al., eds., United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea: a commentary (Munich, Oxford and Baden-Baden, C.H.N Beck/Hart/Nomos, 2017), pp. 737-744。 |
| Although old, the study published by V. Pella deserves attention : “La répression de la piraterie”, Recueil des cours de l’Académie de droit international (RCADI), vol. 15 (1926), pp. 145–275. |
尽管年代久远，但V. Pella发表的以下研究报告值得关注：“La répression de la piraterie”, Recueil des cours de l’Académie de droit international (RCADI), vol. 15 (1926), pp. 145-275。 |
| Code of Conduct concerning the repression of piracy and armed robbery against ships in the Western Indian Ocean and the Gulf of Aden (Djibouti Code of Conduct) (Djibouti, 29 January 2009), Council of the International Maritime Organization, document C 102/14, annex, attachment 1, resolution 1, annex; |
《关于打击西印度洋和亚丁湾海盗和武装抢劫船舶的吉布提行为守则》(《吉布提行为守则》) (2009年1月29日，吉布提)，国际海事组织理事会，C 102/14号文件，附件，附文1，决议1，附件； |
| Code of Conduct concerning the Repression of Piracy, Armed Robbery against Ships and Illicit Maritime Activity in West and Central Africa (Yaoundé Code of Conduct) (Yaoundé, 25 June 2013), available at https://au.int/sites/default/files/newsevents/workingdocuments/27463-wd-code_de_conduite.pdf; |
《关于在西非和中非打击海盗、武装抢劫船只和海上非法活动的行为守则》(《雅温得行为守则》) (2013年6月25日，雅温得)，可查阅 https://au.int/sites/default/files/newsevents/workingdocuments/27463-wd-code_de_conduite.pdf； |
| Regional Cooperation Agreement on Combating Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships in Asia (Tokyo, 11 November 2004), available at https://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/gaiko/kaiyo/pdfs/kyotei_s.pdf. |
《亚洲打击海盗和武装抢劫船舶行为区域合作协定》(2004年11月11日，东京)，可查阅 https://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/gaiko/kaiyo/pdfs/kyotei_s.pdf。 |
| Security Council resolution 2039 (2012), para. 5. |
安全理事会第2039 (2012)号决议，第5段。 |
| Security Council resolution 1838 (2008), para. 3. |
安全理事会第1838 (2008)号决议，第3段。 |
| Convention on the High Seas (Geneva, 29 April 1958), United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 450, No. 6465, p. 11. |
《公海公约》(1958年4月29日，日内瓦)，联合国，《条约汇编》，第450卷，第6465号，第11页。 |
| Yearbook of the International Law Commission, 1956, vol. II, document A/3159, pp. 256 ff, at p. 282. |
《1956年国际法委员会年鉴》，第二卷，A/3159号文件，第256页起，见第282页。 |
| See Official Records of the General Assembly, Seventy-fourth Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/74/10), paras. 44 and 45. |
见《大会正式记录，第七十四届会议，补编第10号》(A/74/10)，第44和45段。 |
| See article 99 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, which provides in part: “Every State shall take effective measures to prevent and punish the transport of slaves in ships authorized to fly its flag and to prevent the unlawful use of its flag for that purpose.” |
见《联合国海洋法公约》第九十九条，其中一部分规定：“每个国家应采取有效措施，防止和惩罚准予悬挂该国旗帜的船舶贩运奴隶，并防止为此目的而非法使用其旗帜。 |
| Yearbook of the International Law Commission, 1956, vol. II, document A/3159, pp. 256 ff, at pp. 260 and 261. |
《1956年……年鉴》，第二卷，文件A/3159，第256页起，见第260和261页。 |
| See Regional Cooperation Agreement on Combating Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships in Asia, art. 1, para. 1; |
见《亚洲打击海盗和武装抢劫船舶行为区域合作协定》，第1条第1款； |
| the CARICOM Maritime and Airspace Security Cooperation Agreement (3 July 2008), available from Law of the Sea Bulletin, No. 68 (2008), arts. 1, para. 2 (b), and 2, para. 2 (g); |
《加共体海上和空域安全合作协定》(2008年7月3日)，可查阅《海洋法公报》，第68期(2008年)，第1条第2 (b)款和第2条第2 (g)款； |
| the Djibouti Code of Conduct, art. 1, para. 1; |
《吉布提行为守则》第1条第1款； |
| Revised Code of Conduct concerning the Repression of Piracy, Armed Robbery against Ships, and Illicit Maritime Activities in the Western Indian Ocean and Gulf of Aden Area (Jeddah, 12 January 2017), available from https://wwwcdn.imo.org/localresources/en/OurWork/Security/Documents/A2%20Revised%20Code%20Of%20Conduct%20Concerning%20The%20Repression%20Of%20Piracy%20Armed%20Robbery%20Against%20Ships%20Secretariat.pdf, art. 1, para. 1; |
《关于打击西印度洋和亚丁湾地区海盗、武装抢劫船舶和非法海上活动的行为守则修订本》(2017年1月12日，吉达)，可查阅 https://wwwcdn.imo.org/localresources/en/OurWork/Security/Documents/A2%20Revised%20Code%20Of%20Conduct%20Concerning%20The%20Repression%20Of%20Piracy%20Armed%20Robbery%20Against%20Ships%20Secretariat.pdf, 第1条第1款； |
| the Memorandum of Understanding on the Establishment of a Sub-Regional Integrated Coast Guard Function Network in West and Central African, July 2008, available from https://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Security/Pages/Code-of-Conduct-against-illicit-maritime-activity.aspx, art. 1; |
《关于在西非和中部非洲建立次区域一体化海岸警卫职能网络的谅解备忘录》，2008年7月，可查阅 https://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Security/Pages/Code-of-Conduct-against-illicit-maritime-activity.aspx, 第1条； |
| the Yaoundé Code of Conduct, art. 1(310); |
《雅温得行为守则》，第1(310)条； |
| the African Charter on Maritime Security, Safety and Development in Africa (Lomé Charter) (Lomé, 15 October 2017), available at https://au.int/sites/default/files/treaties/37286-treaty-african_charter_on_maritime_security.pdf, art. 1. |
《非洲海事安保、安全和发展宪章》(《洛美宪章》)(2017年10月15日，洛美)，可查阅 https://au.int/sites/default/files/treaties/37286-treaty-african_charter_on_maritime_security.pdf, 第1条。 |
| Official Records of the General Assembly, Seventy-fourth Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/74/10), annex C, Prevention and repression of piracy and armed robbery at sea, para. 11. |
《大会正式记录，第七十四届会议，补编第10号》(A/74/10)，附件C，防止和打击海盗和海上武装抢劫行为，第11段。 |
| Yearbook of the International Law Commission, 1956, vol. II, document A/3159, p. 282. |
《1956年国际法委员会年鉴》，第二卷，A/3159号文件，第282页。 |
| The Commission in 1956 also considered that: “Acts of piracy may be prompted by feelings of hatred or revenge, and not merely by the desire for gain.” |
委员会在1956年还认为：“海盗行为可能是出于仇恨或报复心理，而不仅仅是为了获取利益。 |
| R. Churchill, V. Lowe and A. Sander, The Law of the Sea, 4th ed. (Manchester, Manchester University Press, 2022), pp. 385–386. |
R. Churchill, V. Lowe and A. Sander, The Law of the Sea, 4th ed. (Manchester, Manchester University Press, 2022), pp. 385-386. |
| See also Belgian Court of Cassation, Castle John and Nederlandse Stichting Sirius v. NV Nabeco and NV Parfin, 19 December 1986, International Law Reports, vol. 77, p. 537, at p. 540 (1986); |
另见Belgian Court of Cassation, Castle John and Nederlandse Stichting Sirius v. NV Nabeco and NV Parfin, 19 December 1986, International Law Reports, vol. 77, p. 537, at p. 540 (1986); |
| Supreme Court of Seychelles, The Republic v. Mohamed Ahmed Dahir & 10 others, Case No. 51 of 2009, Judgment, 25 July 2010, para. 37; |
Supreme Court of Seychelles, The Republic v. Mohamed Ahmed Dahir & 10 others, Case No. 51 of 2009, Judgment, 25 July 2010, para. 37; |
| Supreme Court of Seychelles, The Republic v. Abdukar Ahmed & 5 others, Case No. 21 of 2011, 14 July 2011, para. 21; |
Supreme Court of Seychelles, The Republic v. Abdukar Ahmed & 5 others, Case No. 21 of 2011, 14 July 2011, para. 21; |
| United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, The Institute of Cetacean Research v. Sea Shepherd Conservation Society, 25 February 2013, International Law Reports, vol. 156 (2014), pp. 718–763, 756 (US CA 2nd Cir, 2013); |
United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, The Institute of Cetacean Research v. Sea Shepherd Conservation Society, 25 February 2013, International Law Reports, vol. 156 (2014), pp. 718–763, 756 (US CA 2nd Cir, 2013); |
| D. Guilfoyle, Shipping Interdiction and the Law of the Sea (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2009), pp. 32–42; |
D. Guilfoyle, Shipping Interdiction and the Law of the Sea (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2009), pp. 32-42; |
| R. O’Keefe, International Criminal Law (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2015), p. 20; |
R. O’Keefe, International Criminal Law (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2015), p. 20; |
| United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Maritime Crime: A Manual for Criminal Justice Practitioners, 3rd ed. (Colombo, 2020), para. 9.3. |
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Maritime Crime: A Manual for Criminal Justice Practitioners, 3rd ed. (Colombo, 2020), para. 9.3. |
| This extends to the exclusive economic zone; see para. 2 of draft article 2. |
范围扩大至专属经济区，见第2条草案第2款。 |
| Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation, (Rome, 10 March 1988), United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1678, No. 29004, p. 201. |
《制止危及海上航行安全非法行为公约》(罗马，1988年3月10日)，联合国，《条约汇编》，第1678卷，第29004号，第201页。 |
| Convention on International Civil Aviation (Chicago, 7 December 1944), United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 15, No. 102, p. 295. |
《国际民用航空公约》(芝加哥，1944年12月7日)，联合国，《条约汇编》，第15卷，第102号，第295页。 |
| Some national laws distinguish between piracy targeting ships and “maritime offences” targeting fixed or floating platforms: see Suppression of Piracy and other Maritime Offences Act, 2019, of Nigeria, available at: https://placbillstrack.org/8th/upload/Suppression%20of%20Piracy%20and%20Other%20Maritime%20Offences%20Act%202019.pdf. |
一些国内法区分针对船舶的海盗行为和针对固定或浮动平台的“海上犯罪”：见尼日利亚2019年《制止海盗和其他海上犯罪法》，可在以下网址查阅： https://placbillstrack.org/8th/upload/Suppression%20of%20Piracy%20and%20Other%20Maritime%20Offences%20Act%202019.pdf。 |
| Permanent Court of Arbitration, The Arctic Sunrise Arbitration (Netherlands v Russia), Case No. 2014-02, Award on the Merits, 14 August 2015, Reports of International Arbitral Awards, vol. XXXII (2019), p. 205, at para. 238, also para. 240. |
常设仲裁法院，北极日出仲裁案(荷兰诉俄罗斯)，第2014-02号案件，关于实质问题的裁决，2015年8月14日，《国际仲裁裁决汇编》，第三十二卷(2019年)，第205页，见第238段，也见第240段。 |
| United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, art. 102. |
《联合国海洋法公约》，第一百零二条。 |
| See, for example: Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter (London, Mexico City, Moscow and Washington, 29 December 1972), United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1046, No. 15749, p. 120, at art. III, para. 2: “‘Vessels and aircraft’ means waterborne or airborne craft of any type whatsoever. This expression includes air-cushioned craft and floating craft, whether self-propelled or not.” |
例如见《防止倾倒废物及其他物质污染海洋的公约》(伦敦、墨西哥城、莫斯科和华盛顿，1972年12月29日)，联合国,《条约汇编》，第1046卷，第15749号，第120页，见第三条第2款：“‘船舶和航空器’系指任何类型的海、空运载工具，包括不论是否是自动推进的气垫船和浮动工具。 |
| Security Council resolution 1976 (2011), para. 13. |
安全理事会第1976 (2011)号决议，第13段。 |
| Security Council resolution 2020 (2011), para. 15. |
安全理事会第2020 (2011)号决议，第15段。 |
| Security Council resolution 2634 (2022), para. 3, which “Calls upon Member States in the region to criminalize piracy and armed robbery at sea under their domestic laws, and to investigate, and to prosecute or extradite, in accordance with applicable international law, including international human rights law, perpetrators of piracy and armed robbery at sea, as well as those who incite, finance or intentionally facilitate such crimes, including key figures of criminal networks involved in piracy and armed robbery at sea who plan, organize, facilitate, finance or profit from such attacks”. |
安全理事会第2634 (2022)号决议，第3段：“促请区域内会员国根据本国法律将海盗和海上武装抢劫行为定为刑事犯罪，并根据适用的国际法，包括国际人权法，调查和起诉或引渡海盗和海上武装抢劫行为人以及煽动、资助或故意协助此类犯罪者，包括参与海盗和海上武装抢劫行为的犯罪网络中策划、组织、协助、资助此类袭击或从此类袭击中获利的关键人物”。 |
| United States Court of Appeals, District of Colombia Circuit, United States v. Ali, 21 August 2013, 718 F.3d 929. |
United States Court of Appeals, District of Colombia Circuit, United States v. Ali, 21 August 2013, 718 F.3d 929. |
| British Empire, Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, In re Piracy Jure Gentium, 26 July 1934 (available at https://vlex.co.uk/vid/re-piracy-jure-gentium-805016117), cited in Dahir (see footnote 194 above), para. 57: “As was held in Re Piracy Jure Gentium (1934) A.G. 586, ‘an actual robbery is not an essential element of the crime. |
British Empire, Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, In re Piracy Jure Gentium, 26 July 1934 (available at https://vlex.co.uk/vid/re-piracy-jure-gentium-805016117), cited in Dahir (see footnote 194 above), para. 57: “As was held in Re Piracy Jure Gentium (1934) A.G. 586, ‘an actual robbery is not an essential element of the crime. |
| A frustrated attempt to commit a piratical robbery will constitute piracy jure gentium’”. |
A frustrated attempt to commit a piratical robbery will constitute piracy jure gentium’”. |
| Cyprus, Criminal Code, art. 69; |
Cyprus, Criminal Code, art. 69; |
| Republic of Korea, Act concerning Punishment of Unlawful Acts against Ships and Maritime Navigational Facilities, art. 5; |
Republic of Korea, Act concerning Punishment of Unlawful Acts against Ships and Maritime Navigational Facilities, art. 5; |
| India, Maritime Anti-Piracy Act, 2022, No. 3 of 2023, sect. |
India, Maritime Anti-Piracy Act, 2022, No. 3 of 2023, sect. |
| 3. |
3. |
| Permanent Court of Arbitration, The “Enrica Lexie” Incident (Italy v India), Case 2015-28, Award, 21 May 2020, para. 979. |
常设仲裁法院，“Enrica Lexie”事件案(意大利诉印度)，案件2015-28，2020年5月21日裁决，第979段。 |
| International Court of Justice, Alleged Violations of Sovereign Rights and Maritime Spaces in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Colombia), Judgment, 21 April 2022, para. 62. |
国际法院，指控侵犯加勒比海主权权利和海洋空间案(尼加拉瓜诉哥伦比亚)，2022年4月21日判决，第62段。 |
| See first report by the Special Rapporteur, A/CN.4/758. |
见特别报告员的第一次报告A/CN.4/758。 |
| IMO resolution A.1025(26) of 2 December 2009, annex. |
海事组织2009年12月2日A.1025(26)号决议，附件。 |
| Security Council resolution 2634 (2022). |
安全理事会第2634 (2022)号决议。 |
| See also statement by the President of the Security Council S/PRST/2021/15 of 9 August 2021. |
另见2001年8月9日安全理事会主席的声明 S/PRST/2021/15。 |
| At its 3583rd meeting, on 17 May 2022. |
在2022年5月17日第3583次会议上。 |
| The topic had been included in the long-term programme of work of the Commission during its seventy-second session (2021), on the basis of the proposal contained in an annex to the report of the Commission to that session (Official Records of the General Assembly, Seventy-sixth Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/76/10), annex). |
根据委员会第七十二届会议(2021年)报告附件(《大会正式记录，第七十六届会议，补编第10号》(A/76/10)，附件)所载的建议，委员会第七十二届会议已将本专题列入委员会的长期工作方案。 |
| At its 3612th meeting, on 5 August 2022. |
在2022年8月5日第3612次会议上。 |
| The draft conclusions proposed by the Special Rapporteur in his first report read as follows: |
特别报告员在第一次报告中提出的结论草案如下： |
| “Draft conclusion 1 |
“结论草案1 |
| Scope |
范围 |
| The present draft conclusions concern the way in which subsidiary means are used to determine the existence and content of rules of international law. |
本结论草案涉及如何使用辅助手段确定国际法规则的存在和内容。 |
| Draft conclusion 2 |
结论草案2 |
| Categories of subsidiary means for the determination of rules of law |
确定法律规则的辅助手段的类别 |
| Subsidiary means for the determination of rules of international law include: |
确定国际法规则的辅助手段包括： |
| (a) |
|
| Decisions of national and international courts and tribunals; |
(a) 国家和国际性法院和法庭的决定； |
| (b) |
|
| Teachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations; |
(b) 各国权威最高的公法学家的学说； |
| (c) Any other means derived from the practices of States or international organizations. |
(c) 源自国家或国际组织实践的任何其他手段。 |
| Draft conclusion 3 |
结论草案3 |
| Criteria for the assessment of subsidiary means for the determination of rules of law |
确定法律规则的辅助手段的评估标准 |
| Subsidiary means used to determine a rule of international law are assessed on the basis of the quality of the evidence presented, the expertise of those involved, conformity with an official mandate, the level of agreement among those involved and the reception by States and others. |
对用于确定国际法规则的辅助手段的评估依据是，所提出证据的质量、有关人员的专业知识、是否符合正式任务规定、有关人员之间的一致程度以及各国和其他各方的接受情况。 |
| Draft conclusion 4 |
结论草案4 |
| Decisions of courts and tribunals |
法院和法庭的决定 |
| (a) |
(a) |
| Decisions of international courts and tribunals on questions of international law are particularly authoritative means for the identification or determination of the existence and content of rules of international law; |
国际性法院和法庭关于国际法问题的决定是识别或确定国际法规则的存在及其内容的特别权威的手段； |
| (b) |
(b) |
| For the purposes of paragraph (a), particular regard shall be had to the decisions of the International Court of Justice; |
为(a)段的目的，应特别考虑到国际法院的决定； |
| (c) |
(c) |
| Decisions of national courts may be used, in certain circumstances, as subsidiary means for the identification or determination of the existence and content of rules of international law. |
在某些情况下，国内法院的决定可用作识别或确定国际法规则的存在及其内容的辅助手段。 |
| Draft conclusion 5 |
结论草案5 |
| Teachings |
学说 |
| Teachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations, especially those reflecting the coinciding views of scholars, may serve as subsidiary means for the identification or determination of the existence and content of rules of international law.” |
各国权威最高的公法学家的学说，特别是那些反映学者一致观点的学说，可以作为识别或确定国际法规则的存在及其内容的辅助手段。 |
| The report and the corresponding statement of the Chair of the Drafting Committee are available in the Analytical Guide to the Work of the International Law Commission: https://legal.un.org/ilc/guide/1_16.shtml. |
该报告和起草委员会主席的相应声明可查阅《国际法委员会工作分析指南》：https://legal.un. org/ilc/guide/1_16.shtml。 |
| The draft conclusions 4 and 5, provisionally adopted by the Drafting Committee, read as follows: |
起草委员会暂时通过的结论草案4和5如下： |
| “Draft conclusion 4 |
“结论草案4 |
| Decisions of courts and tribunals |
法院和法庭的决定 |
| 1. |
1. |
| Decisions of international courts and tribunals, in particular of the International Court of Justice, are a subsidiary means for the determination of the existence and content of rules of international law. |
国际性法院和法庭的决定，特别是国际法院的决定，是确定国际法规则的存在及其内容的辅助手段。 |
| 2. |
2. |
| Decisions of national courts may be used, in certain circumstances, as a subsidiary means for the determination of the existence and content of rules of international law. |
在某些情况下，国内法院的决定可用作确定国际法规则的存在及其内容的辅助手段。 |
| Draft conclusion 5 |
结论草案5 |
| Teachings |
学说 |
| Teachings, especially those generally reflecting the coinciding views of persons with competence in international law from the various legal systems and regions of the world, are a subsidiary means for the determination of the existence and content of rules of international law. |
学说，特别是那些普遍反映来自世界各法律制度和各区域的具有国际法专业能力的人的一致观点的学说，是确定国际法规则的存在及其内容的辅助手段。 |
| In assessing the representativeness of teachings, due regard should also be had to, inter alia, gender and linguistic diversity.” |
在评估学说的代表性时，除其他外，应当适当考虑到性别和语言多样性。 |
| See infra paras. 84–108 for the summary of the plenary debate on these two draft conclusions. |
这两项结论草案的全体会议辩论摘要见下文第84-108段。 |
| Covenant of the League of Nations (Versailles, 28 April 1919), League of Nations, Official Journal, No. 1, February 1920, p. 3. |
《国际联盟盟约》(1919年4月28日，凡尔赛)，国际联盟，《公报》，第1号，1920年2月，第3页。 |
| Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (Vienna, 23 May 1969), United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1155, No. 18232, p. 443. |
《维也纳条约法公约》(1969年5月23日，维也纳)，联合国，《条约汇编》，第1155卷，第18232号，第443页。 |
| See above footnote 214 for the initial proposal of the Special Rapporteur and footnote 215 for the text provisionally adopted by the Drafting Committee after the plenary debate. |
特别报告员最初的提议见上文脚注214，起草委员会在全会辩论后暂时通过的案文见脚注215。 |
| See above footnote 214 for the initial proposal of the Special Rapporteur and footnote 215 for the text provisionally adopted by the Drafting Committee after the plenary debate. |
特别报告员最初的提议见上文脚注214，起草委员会在全会辩论后暂时通过的案文见脚注215。 |
| Yearbook … 2006, vol. II (Part Two) (Addendum 2), document A/CN.4/L.682 and Add.1. |
《2006年……年鉴》，第二卷(第二部分)(增编2)，A/CN.4/L.682和Add.1号文件。 |
| See chap. X below. |
见下文第十章。 |
| Statute of the International Court of Justice, Article 38, available at http://www.icj-cij.org/en/statute. |
《国际法院规约》，第三十八条，可查阅http://www.icj-cij.org/en/statute。 |
| The Commission also addressed the question of the existence and content of rules in its topic on identification of customary international law (see conclusions on identification of customary international law and commentaries thereto, Yearbook … 2018, vol. II (Part Two), paras. 65–66). |
委员会在习惯国际法的识别专题中也处理了规则的存在和内容这一问题(见关于习惯国际法的识别的结论及其评注，《2018年……年鉴》，第二卷(第二部分)，第65-66段)。 |
| The same logic applies here, even though the discussion in the present context is about subsidiary means instead of a source of international law. |
虽然本专题中讨论的是辅助手段，而非国际法渊源，但同样的逻辑也适用于此。 |
| See the first report of the Special Rapporteur on the present topic (A/CN.4/760). |
见特别报告员关于本专题的第一次报告(A/CN.4/760)。 |
| The Commission, in various projects, has already determined that a methodology is needed to clarify the sources of international law. |
委员会在各种项目中已经确定，需要一种方法来澄清国际法渊源。 |
| It should build, as appropriate, on its previous conclusions on subsidiary means that may be used for the determination of the existence and content of rules of international law, which have already found general support among States, whether those rules are of a customary international law nature (conclusion 13, para. 1: “[d]ecisions of international courts and tribunals, in particular of the International Court of Justice, concerning the existence and content of rules of customary international law are a subsidiary means for the determination of such rules”; |
委员会应酌情以其先前已经获得各国普遍支持的、关于可用于确定国际法规则存在和内容的辅助手段的结论为基础，无论这些规则属于：习惯国际法(结论13，第1段：“国际性法院和法庭特别是国际法院涉及习惯国际法规则的存在及内容的判决，是确定此类规则的辅助手段”； |
| conclusion 14: “[t]eachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations may serve as a subsidiary means for the determination of rules of customary international law”, Yearbook … 2018, vol. II (Part Two), para. 65), general principles of law (draft conclusion 8, para. 1: “[d]ecisions of international courts and tribunals, in particular of the International Court of Justice, concerning the existence and content of general principles of law are a subsidiary means for the determination of such principles”; |
结论14：“各国最权威的国际法专家的学说可用作确定习惯国际法规则的辅助手段”，《2018年……年鉴》，第二卷(第二部分)，第65段)，一般法律原则(结论草案8，第1段：“国际性法院和法庭特别是国际法院涉及一般法律原则的存在及内容的判决是确定此类原则的辅助手段”； |
| draft conclusion 9: “[t]eachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations may serve as a subsidiary means for the determination of general principles of law”, contained in chap. IV of the present report) or even peremptory norms of general international law (jus cogens) (draft conclusion 9, para. 1: [d]ecisions of international courts and tribunals, in particular of the international court of justice, are a subsidiary means for determining the peremptory character of norms of general international law”; |
结论草案9：“各国权威最高的公法学家学说可用作确定一般法律原则的辅助手段”，载于本报告第四章)，还是一般国际法强制性规范(强行法)(结论草案9，第1段：“国际性法院和法庭的判决，特别是国际法院的判决，是确定一般国际法规范强制性的辅助手段”； |
| draft conclusion 9, para. 2: “[t]he works of expert bodies established by States or international organizations and the teachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations may also serve as subsidiary means for determining the peremptory character of norms of general international law”, Official Records of the General Assembly, Seventy-seventh Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/77/10), para. 43). |
结论草案9，第2段：“各国或国际组织设立的专家机构的工作成果和各国权威最高的公法学家学说也可作为确定一般国际法规范强制性的辅助手段”，《大会正式记录，第七十七届会议，补编第10号》(A/77/10)，第43段)。 |
| Article 38, paragraph 1 (c), of the Statute of the International Court of Justice refers to “civilized nations”. |
《国际法院规约》第三十八条第一款(寅)项采用了“文明各国”的提法。 |
| The Commission has, in the context of its topic “General principles of law”, rightly dispensed with that outdated term in favour of the more inclusive term “community of nations”. |
委员会在“一般法律原则”专题中正确地摒弃了这一过时用语，改为更包容的“各国”一词。 |
| The latter term will therefore also be used in this topic. |
因此，本专题也将使用后者。 |
| See draft conclusion 2 on general principles of law, contained in chap. IV of the present report. |
见关于一般法律原则的结论草案2，载于本报告第四章。 |
| Charter of the United Nations, Article 92: “The International Court of Justice shall be the principal judicial organ of the United Nations. |
《联合国宪章》第九十二条：“国际法院为联合国之主要司法机关，应依所附规约执行其职务。 |
| It shall function in accordance with the annexed Statute, which is based upon the Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice and forms an integral part of the present Charter.” |
该项规约系以国际常设法院之规约为根据并为本宪章之构成部分。 |
| Yearbook … 2018, vol. II (Part Two), chap. V, pp. 89–113, paras. 53–66. |
《2018年……年鉴》，第二卷(第二部分)，第五章，第89-113页，第53-66段。 |
| Contained in chap. IV of the present report. |
载于本报告第四章。 |
| Official Records of the General Assembly, Seventy-seventh Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/77/10), chap. IV, paras. 43–44. |
《大会正式记录，第七十七届会议，补编第10号》(A/77/10)，第四章，第43-44段。 |
| Yearbook … 2018, vol. II (Part Two), chap. IV, pp. 23–88, paras. 39–52. |
《2018年……年鉴》，第二卷(第二部分)，第四章，第23-88页，第39-52段。 |
| The scope provision, in conclusion 1, stated: “[t]he present draft conclusions concern the way in which the existence and content of rules of customary international law are to be determined.” |
作为范围规定，结论1指出，“本结论草案涉及如何确定习惯国际法规则的存在及内容。 |
| See conclusion 1 of the conclusions on identification of customary international law, Yearbook … 2018, vol. II (Part Two), para. 65. |
”见关于习惯国际法的识别的结论，结论1，《2018年……年鉴》，第二卷(第二部分)，第65段。 |
| See, in this regard, Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, art. 33. |
在这方面，见《维也纳条约法公约》第三十三条。 |
| Furthermore, pursuant to Article 111 of the Charter of the United Nations, the Chinese, French, Russian, English, and Spanish texts are equally authentic. |
此外，根据《联合国宪章》第一百一十一条，中、法、俄、英、及西文各本同一作准。 |
| In accordance with Article 92 of the Charter, the annexed Statute of the Court forms an integral part of the Charter. |
根据《宪章》第九十二条，所附《法院规约》是《宪章》的组成部分。 |
| The Charter has therefore been authenticated in the above five languages. |
因此，《宪章》以上述五种语文认证作准。 |
| Pursuant to resolution 3190 (XXVIII) of the General Assembly of 18 December 1973, Arabic was included among the official and the working languages of the General Assembly and its Main Committees. |
根据联大1973年12月18日第3190(XXVIII)号决议，阿拉伯文被列为联大及其所属主要委员会的正式语文和工作语文。 |
| “Subsidiary”, Oxford English Dictionary (Clarendon, 3d ed., 2013). |
“Subsidiary”, Oxford English Dictionary (Clarendon, 3d ed., 2013). |
| Available at www.oed.com. |
可查阅www.oed.com。 |
| “Means”, ibid. |
“Means”, 同上。 |
| The same understanding is reflected in the Chinese and Russian versions. |
中文和俄文本也体现了同样的理解。 |
| The Arabic version of the Charter and of the annexed Statute is not covered by Article 111 of the Charter, and different translations exist. |
《宪章》和所附《规约》的阿拉伯文本不属于《宪章》第一百一十一条的范围，存在不同的译文。 |
| The Arabic-speaking members of the Commission therefore engaged in a useful linguistic exchange in a meeting with the United Nations translators and interpreters, leading to an assessment that the better translation of “subsidiary means” would be: وسائل احتياطية. |
因此，委员会中讲阿拉伯语的委员在与联合国笔译员和口译员举行的一次会议中进行了有益的语言交流，最终认为“辅助手段”的更好译法是：وسائل احتياطية。 |
| See, in this regard, draft conclusion 9, para. 1, entitled “Subsidiary means for the determination of the peremptory character of norms of general international law” and paras. (1) to (4) of the commentary thereto, Official Records of the General Assembly, Seventy-seventh Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/77/10), para. 44, at pp. 43–45. |
在这方面，见题为“确定一般国际法规范强制性的辅助手段”的结论草案9第1段及其评注第(1)至(4)段，《大会正式记录，第七十七届会议，补编第10号》(A/77/10)，第44段，见第43-45页。 |
| See also para. (2) of the commentary to conclusion 13 of the conclusions on identification of customary international law, Yearbook … 2018, vol. II (Part Two), para. 66, at p. 109 (“The term ‘subsidiary means’ denotes the ancillary role of such decisions in elucidating the law, rather than being themselves a source of international law (as are treaties, customary international law and general principles of law). |
另见关于习惯国际法的识别的结论，结论13评注第(2)段，《2018年……年鉴》，第二卷(第二部分)，第66段，见第109页(“‘辅助手段’的措辞表明了这类判决在阐明法律方面的补充作用，而并非(像条约、习惯国际法或一般法律原则那样)本身就是国际法的渊源。 |
| The use of the term ‘subsidiary means’ does not, and is not intended to, suggest that such decisions are not important for the identification of customary international law”). |
‘辅助手段’一词的使用不是表明也无意表明这类判决对于习惯国际法的识别不重要”)。 |
| Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America), Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1986, p. 14, at p. 82–85. |
尼加拉瓜境内和针对尼加拉瓜的军事和准军事活动案(尼加拉瓜诉美利坚合众国)，实质问题，判决，《1986年国际法院案例汇编》，第14页起，见第82-85页。 |
| Continental Shelf (Tunisia/ Libyan Arab Jamahiriya), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1982, p. 18. at p. 37, para. 23. |
大陆架案(突尼斯/阿拉伯利比亚民众国)，判决，《1982年国际法院案例汇编》，第18页起，见第37页，第23段。 |
| Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary in the Gulf of Maine Area, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1984, p. 246, at p. 290–291, para. 83. |
缅因湾地区海洋边界划界案，判决，《1984年国际法院案例汇编》，第246页起，见第290-291页，第83段。 |
| Maritime Delimitation in the Area between Greenland and Jan Mayen, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1993, p. 38, at p. 61, para. 52. |
格陵兰和扬马延间区域海洋划界案，判决，《1993年国际法院案例汇编》，第38页起，见第61页，第52段。 |
| Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso/Niger), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2013, pp. 44, at p. 73, para. 62. |
边界争端案(布基纳法索/尼日尔)，判决，《2013年国际法院案例汇编》，第44页起，见第73页，第62段。 |
| Ibid., paras. 63 and 66. |
同上，第63和66段。 |
| M. Shahabuddeen, Precedent in the World Court (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1996), p. 76. |
M. Shahabuddeen, Precedent in the World Court (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1996), p. 76. |
| Rosenne, The Law and Practice of the International Court, 1920–2005, p. 1553. |
Rosenne, The Law and Practice of the International Court, 1920-2005, p. 1553. |
| See Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2007, p. 43, at pp. 90–92 and 101, paras. 116, 120 and 139 (“116. |
见《防止及惩治灭绝种族罪公约》的适用案(波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那诉塞尔维亚和黑山)，判决，《2007年国际法院案例汇编》，第43页起，见第90-92页和第101页，第116、120和139段(“116. |
| Two purposes, one general, the other specific, underlie the principle of res judicata, internationally as nationally. |
无论在国际上还是在国内，既判力原则都有两个目的，一个是一般目的，另一个是具体目的。 |
| First, the stability of legal relations requires that litigation come to an end. |
首先，法律关系的稳定要求结束诉讼。 |
| The Court’s function, according to Article 38 of its Statute, is to ‘decide’, that is, to bring to an end, ‘such disputes as are submitted to it’. |
根据《规约》第三十八条，国际法院的职能是‘裁判’，即终结‘陈诉的各项争端’。 |
| Secondly, it is in the interest of each party that an issue which has already been adjudicated in favour of that party be not argued again. |
其次，已作出有利于当事一方的裁判的问题不应再次争论，这符合当事各方的利益。 |
| Article 60 of the Statute articulates this finality of judgments. |
《规约》第六十条阐明了判决的这种终局性。 |
| Depriving a litigant of the benefit of a judgment it has already obtained must in general be seen as a breach of the principles governing the legal settlement of disputes.”). |
剥夺诉讼当事人已经获得的判决利益，通常应被视为违反了通过法律解决争端的原则。 |
| See, for instance, Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy: Greece intervening), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012, p. 99, at p. 122, where the Court determined that it must “determine, in accordance with Article 38 (1) (b) of its Statute, the existence of ‘international custom, as evidence of a general practice accepted as law’ conferring immunity on States and, if so, what is the scope and extent of that immunity. |
例如见国家的管辖豁免案(德国诉意大利：希腊参加诉讼)，《2012年国际法院案例汇编》，第99页起，见第122页。 在该案中，法院确定，它必须“根据《规约》第三十八条第一款(丑)项，确定是否存在赋予国家豁免权的‘国际习惯作为通例之证明而经接受为法律者’，如果存在，豁免的范围和程度如何。 |
| To do so, it must apply the criteria which it has repeatedly laid down for identifying a rule of customary international law. |
为此，法院必须适用它一再制定的用于识别习惯国际法规则的标准。 |
| In particular, as the Court made clear in the North Sea Continental Shelf cases, the existence of a rule of customary international law requires that there be ‘a settled practice’ together with opinio juris (North Sea Continental Shelf (Federal Republic of Germany/Denmark; |
具体而言，正如法院在北海大陆架案中所明确的，存在习惯国际法规则的前提是，存在‘既有惯例’和法律确信(北海大陆架案(德意志联邦共和国/丹麦)； |
| Federal Republic of Germany/Netherlands), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1969, p. 44, para. 77)” (emphasis added). |
德意志联邦共和国/荷兰)，判决，《1969年国际法院案例汇编》，第44页起，见第77页)”(强调是后加的)。 |
| For example, as was the case in the title of conclusion 13 in the topic identification of customary international law: “Decisions of courts and tribunals”. |
例如，习惯国际法的识别专题结论13的标题：“法院和法庭的判决”。 |
| Yearbook … 2018, vol. II (Part Two), para. 65. |
《2018年……年鉴》，第二卷(第二部分)，第65段。 |
| The above reading is consistent with the Commission’s view in identification of customary international law, where, in the commentary to conclusion 13 addressing subsidiary means, it explained that “the term ‘decisions’ includes judgments and advisory opinions, as well as orders on procedural and interlocutory matters”: para. (5) of the commentary to conclusion 13, Yearbook … 2018, vol. II (Part Two), para. 66, at p. 109. |
上述解释符合委员会在习惯国际法的识别专题中的观点，在关于辅助手段的结论13的评注中，委员会解释说，“‘判决’一词包括判决和咨询意见以及关于程序事项和中间事宜的指示”：结论13评注第(5)段，《2018年……年鉴》，第二卷(第二部分)，第66段，见第109页。 |
| Para. (5) of the commentary to conclusion 13 of the conclusions on identification of customary international law, Yearbook…2018, vol. II (Part Two), para. 66, at pp. 109–110. |
关于习惯国际法的识别的结论，结论13评注第(5)段，《2018年……年鉴》，第二卷(第二部分)，第66段，见第109-110页。 |
| The Commission, in the context of the topic of identification of customary international law, has offered working definitions of the terms “international courts and tribunals” and “hybrid” courts which is a convenient albeit starting point for our purposes: para. (6) of the commentary to draft conclusion 13 of the conclusions on identification of customary international law, Yearbook … 2018, vol. II (Part Two), pp. 109–110. |
委员会在习惯国际法的识别专题中，提供了“国际性法院和法庭”和“混合法院”二词的工作定义，这虽然只是一个起点，但也方便了我们的工作：关于习惯国际法的识别的结论，结论13评注第(6)段，《2018年……年鉴》，第二卷(第二部分)，第109-110页。 |
| Ibid., para. 65, conclusion 5 of the conclusions on identification of customary international law. |
同上，第65段，关于习惯国际法的识别的结论，结论5。 |
| Further discussion of “hybrid courts”, and their output, will follow in later draft conclusions on the present topic. |
关于“混合法院”及其产出，将在本专题的后续结论草案中加以讨论。 |
| Para. (1) of the commentary to conclusion 14 of the conclusions on identification of customary international law, Yearbook … 2018, vol. II (Part Two), para. 66, at p. 110; |
关于习惯国际法的识别的结论，结论14评注第(1)段，《2018年……年鉴》，第二卷(第二部分)，第66段，见第110页； |
| and the memorandum by the Secretariat on ways and means for making the evidence of customary international law more readily available (A/CN.4/710/Rev.1). |
以及秘书处关于使习惯国际法的证据更易于查考的方法和手段的备忘录(A/CN.4/710/Rev.1)。 |
| Ibid. |
同上。 |
| See also third report on identification of customary international law, by Sir Michael Wood, Special Rapporteur (A/CN.4/682), chap. V, and statement of the Chair of the Drafting Committee on identification of customary international law, p. 15, available from https://legal.un.org/ilc/guide/1_13.shtml#dcommrep. |
另见特别报告员迈克尔·伍德爵士关于习惯国际法的识别的第三次报告(A/CN.4/682)，第五章，以及起草委员会主席关于习惯国际法的识别的发言，第15页，可查阅 https://legal.un.org/ilc/guide/1_13.shtml#dcommrep。 |
| The commentary to draft conclusion 5 will be considered by the Commission at its next session. |
结论草案5的评注将在委员会下届会议上审议。 |
| See, in this regard, the detailed discussion of additional subsidiary means in A/CN.4/760, chap. IX. |
在这方面，见A/CN.4/760第九章中关于其他辅助手段的详细讨论。 |
| Contained in chap. IV of the present report. |
载于本报告第四章。 |
| Official Records of the General Assembly, Seventy-seventh Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/77/10), para. 43. |
《大会正式记录，第七十七届会议，补编第10号》(A/77/10)，第43段。 |
| Draft conclusion 9, contained in chap. IV of the present report. |
结论草案9，载于本报告第四章。 |
| Para. (5) of the commentary to conclusion 14 of the conclusions on identification of customary international law, Yearbook … 2018, vol. II (Part Two), para. 66, at p. 110. |
关于习惯国际法的识别的结论，结论14评注第(5)段，《2018年……年鉴》，第二卷(第二部分)，第66段，见第110页。 |
| Ibid. |
同上。 |
| Para. (5) of the commentary to conclusion 14 of the conclusions on identification of customary international law, Yearbook … 2018, vol. II (Part Two), para. 66, at p. 110. |
关于习惯国际法的识别的结论，结论14评注第(5)段，《2018年……年鉴》，第二卷(第二部分)，第66段，见第110页。 |
| Para. (2) of the commentary to Part Five, ibid., at pp. 104–105. |
第五部分评注第(2)段，同上，第104-105页。 |
| See draft conclusion 9, para. 2, and para. (8) of the commentary thereto of the draft conclusions on identification and legal consequences of peremptory norms of general international law (jus cogens), Official Records of the General Assembly, Seventy-seventh Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/77/10), para. 44, at p. 46. |
见关于一般国际法强制性规范(强行法)的识别和法律后果的结论草案，结论草案9第2段及其评注第(8)段，《大会正式记录，第七十七届会议，补编第10号》(A/77/10)，第44段，见第46页。 |
| Para. (8), ibid. |
第(8)段，同上。 |
| Para. (5) of the commentary to conclusion 14 of the conclusions on identification of customary international law, Yearbook … 2018, vol. II (Part Two), para. 66, at p. 110. |
关于习惯国际法的识别的结论，结论14评注第(5)段，《2018年……年鉴》，第二卷(第二部分)，第66段，见第110页。 |
| Para. (2) of the commentary to Part Five, ibid., pp. 104–105. |
第五部分评注第(2)段，同上，第104-105页。 |
| Statute of the International Law Commission, 1947, art. 1, para. 1. |
《国际法委员会章程》，1947年，第一条第一款。 |
| The Court explained that “[a]lthough the Court is in no way obliged, in the exercise of its judicial functions, to model its own interpretation of the Covenant on that of the Committee, it believes that it should ascribe great weight to the interpretation adopted by this independent body that was established specifically to supervise the application of that treaty. |
法院解释说，“虽然本院在行使司法职能时绝无义务参照该委员会对该《公约》的解释来解释《公约》，但本院认为，对于专门为监督该条约的适用情况而设立的这一独立机构所做的解释，应予以高度重视。 |
| The point here is to achieve the necessary clarity and the essential consistency of international law, as well as legal security, to which both the individuals with guaranteed rights and the States obliged to comply with treaty obligations are entitled.” |
关键在于，要实现国际法必要的明确性和至关重要的一致性，以及法律上的安全性，权利受到保障的个人和有义务遵守条约义务的国家都应享有这种法律上的安全性。 |
| In the same case, the Court referred to the interpretations of certain regional human rights provisions in various treaties by the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, the European Court of Human Rights and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. |
”在同一案件中，法院提到了非洲人权和民族权委员会、欧洲人权法院和美洲人权法院对特定区域人权条款的解释。 |
| In relation to issues of compensation for human rights violations, it also took into careful account the practice of various international courts, tribunals and commissions. |
关于对侵犯人权行为的赔偿问题，法院还认真考虑了各国际性法院、法庭和委员会的实践。 |
| See Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo), Compensation, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012, p. 324, at pp. 331, 334, 339 and 342, paras. 13, 24, 40 and 49. |
见艾哈迈杜·萨迪奥·迪亚洛案(几内亚共和国诉刚果民主共和国)，赔偿，判决，《2012年国际法院案例汇编》，第324页起，见第331、334、339和342页，第13、24、40和49段。 |
| Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Qatar v. United Arab Emirates), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2021, p. 71, at p. 104, para. 101; |
《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》的适用案(卡塔尔诉阿拉伯联合酋长国)，初步反对意见，判决，《2021年国际法院案例汇编》，第71页起，见第104页，第101段； |
| see also para. 100. |
另见第100段。 |
| Official Records of the General Assembly, Seventy-fourth Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/74/10), paras. 265–273. |
《大会正式记录，第七十四届会议，补编第10号》(A/74/10)，第265-273段。 |
| A/CN.4/740 and Corr.1. |
A/CN.4/740和Corr.1。 |
| A/CN.4/740/Add.1. |
A/CN.4/740/Add.1. |
| Official Records of the General Assembly, Seventy-sixth Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/76/10), paras. 247–296. |
《大会正式记录，第七十六届会议，补编第10号》(A/76/10)，第247-296段。 |
| A/CN.4/752. |
A/CN.4/752. |
| A/CN.4/752/Add.1. |
A/CN.4/752/Add.1. |
| Official Records of the General Assembly, Seventy-seventh Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/77/10), paras. 153–237. |
《大会正式记录，第七十七届会议，补编第10号》(A/77/10)，第153-237段。 |
| International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, Request for Advisory Opinion submitted by the Commission of Small Island States on Climate Change and International Law, Order of 16 December 2022, ITLOS Reports 2022–2023, to be published. |
国际海洋法法庭，小岛屿国家气候变化与国际法问题委员会征求咨询意见的函件，2022年12月16日的命令，海洋法法庭2022-2023年报告，即将发表。 |
| International Court of Justice, Request for an advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice on the obligations of States in respect of climate change, General Assembly resolution 77/276 of 29 March 2023. |
国际法院，“请求国际法院就各国在气候变化方面的义务提供咨询意见”，大会2023年3月29日第77/276号决议。 |
| Official Records of the General Assembly, Seventy-sixth Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/76/10), paras. 247–296. |
《大会正式记录，第七十六届会议，补编第10号》(A/76/10)，第247-296段。 |
| Ibid., Seventy-fourth Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/74/10), paras. 270–271. |
同上，《第七十四届会议，补编第10号》(A/74/10)，第270-271段。 |
| See S/PV.9260 and S/PV.9260 (Resumption 1). |
见S/PV.9260和S/PV.9260 (Resumption 1)。 |
| United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (Montego Bay, 10 December 1982), United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1833, No. 31363, p. 3. |
《联合国海洋法公约》(1982年12月10日，蒙特哥湾)，联合国，《条约汇编》，第1833卷，第31363号，第3页。 |
| Pacific Islands Forum Leaders’ Declaration on Preserving Maritime Zones in the Face of Climate Change-related Sea-level Rise, 6 August 2021 (available at https://www.forumsec.org/2021/08/11/declaration-on-preserving-maritime-zones-in-the-face-of-climate-change-related-sea-level-rise/); |
太平洋岛屿论坛领导人《关于面对与气候变化有关的海平面上升问题保护海区的宣言》，2021年8月6日(可查阅https://www.forumsec.org/2021/08/11/declaration-on-preserving-maritime-zones-in-the-face-of-climate-change-related-sea-level-rise/)； |
| and Alliance of Small Island States Leaders’ Declaration, 22 September 2021 (available at https://www.aosis.org/launch-of-the-alliance-of-small-island-states-leaders-declaration/). |
以及《小岛屿国家联盟领导人宣言》，2021年9月22日(可查阅https://www.aosis.org/launch-of-the-alliance-of-small-island-states-leaders-declaration/)。 |
| Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (Vienna, 23 May 1969), United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1155, No. 18232, p. 331. |
《维也纳条约法公约》(1969年5月23日，维也纳)，联合国，《条约汇编》，第1155卷，第18232号，第331页。 |
| See conclusions on subsequent agreements and subsequent practice in relation to the interpretation of treaties, Official Records of the General Assembly, Seventy-third Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/73/10), para. 51. |
见与条约解释相关的嗣后协定和嗣后实践的结论，《大会正式记录，第七十三届会议，补编第10号》(A/73/10)，第51段。 |
| Ibid., annex B. |
同上，附件B。 |
| A/CN.4/740 and Corr.1, paras. 113–141. |
A/CN.4/740和Corr.1, 第113-141段。 |
| See also Official Records of the General Assembly, Seventy-sixth Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/76/10), para. 281. |
另见《大会正式记录，第七十六届会议，补编第10号》(A/76/10)，第281段。 |
| Official Records of the General Assembly, Seventy-sixth Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/76/10), para. 261 (b). |
《大会正式记录，第七十六届会议，补编第10号》(A/76/10)，第261(b)段。 |
| Aegean Sea Continental Shelf, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1978, p. 3, at pp. 35–36, para. 85; |
爱琴海大陆架案，判决，《1978年国际法院案例汇编》，第3页起，见第35-36页，第85段； |
| Bay of Bengal Maritime Boundary Arbitration (Bangladesh v. India), Case No. 2010-16, Permanent Court of Arbitration, Award, 7 July 2014, p. 63, paras. 216–217 (available from www.pca-cpa.org/en/cases/18); |
孟加拉湾海洋边界仲裁案(孟加拉国诉印度)，案件编号2010-16，常设仲裁法院，裁决，2014年7月7日，第63页，第216-217段(可查阅www.pca-cpa.org/en/cases/18)； |
| and Maritime Delimitation in the Indian Ocean (Somalia v. Kenya), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2021, p. 206, at p. 263, para. 158. |
以及印度洋海洋划界案(索马里诉肯尼亚)，判决，《2021年国际法院案例汇编》，第206页起，见第263页，第158段。 |
| Maritime Delimitation in the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) and Land Boundary in the Northern Part of Isla Portillos (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2018, p. 139. |
加勒比海和太平洋海洋划界案(哥斯达黎加诉尼加拉瓜)和波蒂略岛北部的陆地边界案(哥斯达黎加诉尼加拉瓜)，判决，《2018年国际法院案例汇编》，第139页。 |
| Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary/Slovakia), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1997, p. 7, at p. 63, para. 103. |
加布奇科沃－大毛罗斯案(匈牙利/斯洛伐克)，判决，《1997年国际法院案例汇编》，第7页起，见第63页，第103段。 |
| Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and International Organizations or between International Organizations (Vienna, 21 March 1986, not yet in force), Official Records of the United Nations Conference on the Law of Treaties between States and International Organizations or between International Organizations (Documents of the Conference), vol. II, document A/CONF.129/15 (reproduced in A/CONF.129/16/Add.1 (Vol. II)). |
《关于国家和国际组织间或国际组织相互间条约法的维也纳公约》(1986年3月21日，维也纳，尚未生效)，《联合国关于国家和国际组织间或国际组织间的条约法会议正式记录》(会议文件)，第二卷，A/CONF.129/15号文件(转载于A/CONF.129/16/Add.1号文件，(第二卷))。 |
| Vienna Convention on Succession of States in respect of Treaties (Vienna, 23 August 1978), United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1946, No. 33356, p. 3. |
《关于国家在条约方面的继承的维也纳公约》(1978年8月23日，维也纳)，联合国，《条约汇编》，第1946卷，第33356号，第3页。 |
| Maritime Delimitation in the Caribbean Sea and in the Pacific Ocean (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) and Land Boundary in the Northern Part of Isla Portillos (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) (see footnote 291 above). |
加勒比海和太平洋海洋划界案(哥斯达黎加诉尼加拉瓜)和波蒂略岛北部的陆地边界案(哥斯达黎加诉尼加拉瓜)(见上文脚注291)。 |
| Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012, p. 624. |
领土和海洋争端案(尼加拉瓜诉哥伦比亚)，判决，《2012年国际法院案例汇编》，第624页。 |
| South China Sea Arbitration between the Philippines and the People’s Republic of China, Case No. 2013-19, Permanent Court of Arbitration, Award, 12 July 2016. |
菲律宾与中华人民共和国之间的南海仲裁案，案件编号2013-19，常设仲裁法院，2016年7月12日的裁决。 |
| A/CN.4/740 and Corr.1, paras. 172–190. |
A/CN.4/740和Corr.1，第172-190段。 |
| Official Records of the General Assembly, Seventy-sixth Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/76/10), paras. 247–296. |
《大会正式纪录，第七十六届会议，补编第10号》(A/76/10)，第247-296段。 |
| International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974 (London, 1 November 1974), United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1184, No. 18961, p. 2. |
《1974年国际海上人命安全公约》(1974年11月1日，伦敦)，联合国，《条约汇编》，第1184卷，第18961号，第2页。 |
| Convention on the High Seas (Geneva, 29 April 1958), United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 450, No. 6465, p. 11; |
《公海公约》(1958年4月29日，日内瓦)，联合国，《条约汇编》，第450卷，第6465号，第11页； |
| Convention on the Continental Shelf (Geneva, 29 April 1958), ibid., vol. 499, No. 7302, p. 311; |
《大陆架公约》(1958年4月29日，日内瓦)，同上，第499卷，第7302号，第311页； |
| Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone (Geneva, 29 April 1958), ibid., vol. 516, No. 7477, p. 205; |
《领海及毗连区公约》(1958年4月29日，日内瓦)，同上，第516卷，第7477号，第205页； |
| and Convention on Fishing and Conservation of the Living Resources of the High Seas (Geneva, 29 April 1958), ibid., vol. 559, No. 8164, p. 285. |
以及《捕鱼及养护公海生物资源公约》(1958年4月29日，日内瓦)，同上，第559卷，第8164号，第285页。 |
| Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction (London, Moscow and Washington, 10 April 1972), United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1015, No. 14860, p. 163. |
《禁止细菌(生物)和毒素武器的发展、生产及储存以及销毁这类武器的公约》，(1972年4月10日，伦敦、莫斯科和华盛顿)，联合国，《条约汇编》，第1015卷，第14860号，第163页。 |
| United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa (Paris, 14 October 1994), United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1954, No. 33480, p. 3. |
《联合国关于在发生严重干旱和/或荒漠化的国家特别是在非洲防治荒漠化的公约》(1994年10月14日，巴黎)，联合国，《条约汇编》，第1954卷，第33480号，第3页。 |
| At its 3354th meeting, on 9 May 2017. |
在2017年5月9日第3354次会议上。 |
| The topic had been included in the long-term programme of work of the Commission during its sixty-eighth session (2016), on the basis of the proposal contained in annex B to the report of the Commission (Official Records of the General Assembly, Seventy-first Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/71/10)). |
根据委员会报告(《大会正式记录，第七十一届会议，补编第10号》(A/71/10))附件B所载建议，委员会第六十八届会议(2016年)已将此专题列入长期工作方案。 |
| A/CN.4/708, A/CN.4/719, A/CN.4/731, A/CN.4/743 and Corr.1, and A/CN.4/751, respectively. |
分别为A/CN.4/708、A/CN.4/719、A/CN.4/731、A/CN.4/743及Corr.1和A/CN.4/751。 |
| A/CN.4/730. |
A/CN.4/730. |
| Yearbook … 2011, vol. II (Part Two), para. 378 (c). |
《2011年……年鉴》，第二卷(第二部分)，第378(c)段。 |
| Yearbook … 2008, vol. II (Part Two), pp. 146–147. Yearbook … |
《2008年……年鉴》，第二卷(第二部分)，第146-147页。 |
| 2009, vol. II (Part Two), p. 150, para. 231; Yearbook … |
《2009年……年鉴》，第二卷(第二部分)，第150页，第231段； |
| 2010, vol. II (Part Two), pp. 202–204, paras. 390–393; Yearbook … |
《2010年……年鉴》，第二卷(第二部分)，第202-204页，第390-393段； |
| 2011, vol. II (Part Two), p. 178, paras. 392–398; Yearbook … |
《2011年……年鉴》，第二卷(第二部分)，第178页，第392-398段； |
| 2012, vol. II (Part Two), p. 87, paras. 274–279; Yearbook … |
《2012年……年鉴》，第二卷(第二部分)，第87页，第274-279段； |
| 2013, vol. II (Part Two), p. 79, paras. 171–179; Yearbook … |
《2013年……年鉴》，第二卷(第二部分)，第79页，第171-179段； |
| 2014, vol. II (Part Two) and Corr.1, p. 165, paras. 273–280; |
《2014年……年鉴》，第二卷(第二部分)和Corr.1，第165页，第273-280段； |
| Yearbook … 2015, vol. II (Part Two), p. 85, paras. 288–295; |
《2015年……年鉴》，第二卷(第二部分)，第85页，第288-295段； |
| Yearbook … 2016, vol. II (Part Two), pp. 227–228, paras. 314–322; |
《2016年……年鉴》，第二卷(第二部分)，第227-228页，第314-322段； |
| Yearbook … 2017, vol. II (Part Two), pp. 149–150, paras. 269–278; |
《2017年……年鉴》，第二卷(第二部分)，第149-150页，第269-278段； |
| Official Records of the General Assembly, Seventy-third Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/73/10), paras. 372–380; |
《大会正式记录，第七十三届会议，补编第10号》(A/73/10)，第372-380段； |
| ibid., Seventy-fourth Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/74/10), paras. 293–301; |
同上，《第七十四届会议，补编第10号》(A/74/10)，第293-301段； |
| ibid., Seventy-sixth Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/76/10), paras. 304–312; |
同上，《第七十六届会议，补编第10号》(A/76/10)，第304-312段； |
| and ibid., Seventy-seventh Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/77/10), paras. 258–269. |
同上，《第七十七届会议，补编第10号》(A/77/10)，第258-269段。 |
| General Assembly resolution 67/1 of 24 September 2012 on the declaration of the high-level meeting of the General Assembly on the rule of law at the national and international levels, para. 41. |
联大关于《国内和国际的法治问题大会高级别会议宣言》的2012年9月24日第67/1号决议，第41段。 |
| Report of the Secretary-General on measuring the effectiveness of the support provided by the United Nations system for the promotion of the rule of law in conflict and post-conflict situations, S/2013/341, para. 70. |
秘书长关于衡量联合国系统在冲突中和冲突后支持促进法治的效力的报告(S/2013/341)，第70段。 |
| General Assembly resolution 77/276 of 29 March 2023, entitled, “Request for an advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice on the obligations of States in respect of Climate Change”. |
联大2023年3月29日题为“请求国际法院就各国在气候变化方面的义务提供咨询意见”的第77/276号决议。 |
| See International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, Request for an advisory opinion submitted by the Commission of Small Island States on Climate Change and International Law, 12 December 2022; |
见国际海洋法法庭，小岛屿国家气候变化与国际法问题委员会提交的咨询意见请求，2022年12月12日； |
| and Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Request for an advisory opinion on the climate emergency and human rights submitted by Chile and Colombia, 9 January 2023. |
美洲人权法院，智利和哥伦比亚提交的关于气候紧急情况与人权的咨询意见请求，2023年1月9日。 |
| General Assembly resolution 77/110 of 19 December 2022 on the rule of law at the national and international levels, paras. 2 and 19. |
联大2022年12月19日关于国内和国际的法治的第77/110号决议，第2和第19段。 |
| Ibid., para. 23. |
同上，第23段。 |
| See section 11, below, and https://legal.un.org/ilc/. |
见下文第11节和https://legal.un.org/ilc/。 |
| General Assembly resolution 77/110 of 19 December 2022 on the rule of law at the national and international level, para. 8. |
联大2022年12月19日关于国内和国际的法治的第77/110号决议，第8段。 |
| See, more specifically, Yearbook … 2015, vol. II (Part Two), para. 294. |
详见《2015年……年鉴》，第二卷(第二部分)，第294段。 |
| See United Nations Office of Legal Affairs, Statement by Mr. Miguel de Serpa Soares to the International Law Commission, Geneva, 11 May 2023, pp. 24–26. |
见联合国法律事务厅，米格尔·德塞尔帕·苏亚雷斯先生在国际法委员会的发言，日内瓦，2023年5月11日，第24-26页。 |
| General Assembly resolution 72/249 of 24 December 2017 on international legally binding instrument under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction, paras. 1, 2, 6–9, and 23 (considering the recommendations in the Report of the Preparatory Committee (A/AC.287/2017/PC.4/2), established by General Assembly resolution 69/292 of 19 June 2015). |
联大2017年12月24日关于根据《联合国海洋法公约》的规定就国家管辖范围以外区域海洋生物多样性的养护和可持续利用问题拟订一份具有法律约束力的国际文书的第72/249号决议，第1、2、6-9和23段(考虑到联大2015年6月19日第69/292号决议所设筹备委员会报告(A/AC.287/2017/PC.4/2)中的建议)。 |
| Intergovernmental conference on an international legally binding instrument under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction, Agreement under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction (A/CONF.232/2023/4). |
根据《联合国海洋法公约》的规定就国家管辖范围以外区域海洋生物多样性的保护和可持续利用拟订一份具有法律约束力的国际文书政府间会议，《联合国海洋法公约》下国家管辖范围以外区域海洋生物多样性的养护和可持续利用协定(A/CONF.232/2023/4)。 |
| See Yearbook … 2002, vol. II (Part Two), pp. 102–103, paras. 525–531; |
见《2002年……年鉴》，第二卷(第二部分)，第102-103页，第525-531段； |
| Yearbook … 2003, vol. II (Part Two), p. 101, para. 447; |
《2003年……年鉴》，第二卷(第二部分)，第101页，第447段； |
| Yearbook … 2004, vol. II (Part Two), pp. 120–121, para. 369; |
《2004年……年鉴》，第二卷(第二部分)，第120-121页，第369段； |
| Yearbook … 2005, vol. II (Part Two), p. 92, para. 501; |
《2005年……年鉴》，第二卷(第二部分)，第92页，第501段； |
| Yearbook … 2006, vol. II (Part Two), p. 187, para. 269; |
《2006年……年鉴》，第二卷(第二部分)，第187页，第269段； |
| Yearbook … 2007, vol. II (Part Two), p. 100, para. 379; |
《2007年……年鉴》，第二卷(第二部分)，第100页，第379段； |
| Yearbook … 2008, vol. II (Part Two), p. 148, para. 358; |
《2008年……年鉴》，第二卷(第二部分)，第148页，第358段； |
| Yearbook … 2009, vol. II (Part Two), p. 151, para. 240; |
《2009年……年鉴》，第二卷(第二部分)，第151页，第240段； |
| Yearbook … 2010, vol. II (Part Two), p. 203, para. 396; |
《2010年……年鉴》，第二卷(第二部分)，第203页，第396段； |
| Yearbook … 2011, vol. II (Part Two), p. 178, para. 399; |
《2011年……年鉴》，第二卷(第二部分)，第178页，第399段； |
| Yearbook … 2012, vol. II (Part Two), p. 87, para. 280; |
《2012年……年鉴》，第二卷(第二部分)，第87页，第280段； |
| Yearbook … 2013, vol. II (Part Two), p. 79, para. 181; |
《2013年……年鉴》，第二卷(第二部分)，第79页，第181段； |
| Yearbook … 2014, vol. II (Part Two) and Corr.1, p. 165, para. 281; |
《2014年……年鉴》，第二卷(第二部分)和Corr.1，第165页，第281段； |
| Yearbook … 2015, vol. II (Part Two), p. 87, para. 299; |
《2015年……年鉴》，第二卷(第二部分)，第87页，第299段； |
| Yearbook … 2016, vol. II (Part Two), p. 229, para. 333; |
《2016年……年鉴》，第二卷(第二部分)，第229页，第333段； |
| Yearbook … 2017, vol. II (Part Two), p. 150, para. 282; |
《2017年……年鉴》，第二卷(第二部分)，第150页，第282段； |
| Official Records of the General Assembly, Seventy-third Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/73/10), para. 382; |
《大会正式记录，第七十三届会议，补编第10号》(A/73/10)，第382段； |
| ibid., Seventy-fourth Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/74/10), para. 302; |
同上，《第七十四届会议，补编第10号》(A/74/10)，第302段； |
| ibid., Seventy-sixth Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/76/10), para. 317; |
同上，《第七十六届会议，补编第10号》(A/76/10)，第317段； |
| and ibid., Seventy-seventh Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/77/10), para. 270. |
同上，《第七十七届会议，补编第10号》(A/77/10)，第270段。 |
| For considerations relating to page limits on the reports of Special Rapporteurs, see, for example, Yearbook … 1977, vol. II (Part Two), p. 132, and Yearbook … 1982, vol. II (Part Two), pp. 123–124. |
关于对特别报告员报告页数限制的考虑因素，例如，见《1977年……年鉴》，第二卷(第二部分)，第132页，和《1982年……年鉴》，第二卷(第二部分)，第123-124页。 |
| See also General Assembly resolution 32/151 of 9 December 1977, para. 10, and General Assembly resolution 37/111 of 16 December 1982, para. 5, as well as subsequent resolutions on the annual reports of the Commission to the General Assembly. |
另见联大1977年12月9日第32/151号决议，第10段，和联大1982年12月16日第37/111号决议第5段，以及随后关于委员会提交联大的年度报告的各项决议。 |
| See Yearbook … 2007, vol. II (Part Two), paras. 387–395. |
见《2007年……年鉴》，第二卷(第二部分)，第387-395段。 |
| See also Yearbook … 2013, vol. II (Part Two), para. 185. |
另见《2013年……年鉴》，第二卷(第二部分)，第185段。 |
| See also General Assembly resolutions 69/324 of 11 September 2015; |
另见联大2015年9月11日第69/324号决议； |
| 71/328 of 17 September 2017; |
2017年9月17日第71/328号决议； |
| and 73/346 of 16 September 2019. |
和2019年9月16日第73/346号决议。 |
| See further General Assembly resolution 77/103 of 7 December 2022. |
还见联大2022年12月7日第77/103号决议。 |
| http://legal.un.org/ilc. |
http://legal.un.org/ilc. |
| In general, available from: http://legal.un.org/cod/. |
概况可查阅http://legal.un.org/cod/。 |
| http://legal.un.org/avl/intro/welcome_avl.html. |
http://legal.un.org/avl/intro/welcome_avl.html. |
| The statement is recorded in the summary record of that meeting. |
发言载于该次会议的简要记录。 |
| Idem. |
同上。 |
| Idem. |
同上。 |
| Idem. |
同上。 |
| Idem. |
同上。 |
| The following persons participated in the Seminar: Ms. Meriem Agrebi (Tunisia); |
下列人士参加了讲习班：Meriem Agrebi女士(突尼斯)； |
| Mr. Manduul Alimaa (Mongolia); |
Manduul Alimaa先生(蒙古)； |
| Mr. Gergó Barna Balázs (Hungary); |
Gergó Barna Balázs先生(匈牙利)； |
| Ms. Kezia Campbell-Erskine (Guyana); |
Kezia Campbell-Erskine女士(圭亚那)； |
| Mr. Stefano D’Aloia (Italy); |
Stefano D’Aloia先生(意大利)； |
| Mr. Joel Diaz Rodriguez (Peru); |
Joel Diaz Rodriguez先生(秘鲁)； |
| Mr. Moussa Fadiga (Côte d’Ivoire); |
Moussa Fadiga先生(科特迪瓦)； |
| Mr. Natnael Fitsum Tekeste (Eritrea); |
Natnael Fitsum Tekeste先生(厄立特里亚)； |
| Ms. Frida Fostvedt (Norway); |
Frida Fostvedt女士(挪威)； |
| Ms. Omnia Gadalla (Egypt); |
Omnia Gadalla女士(埃及)； |
| Ms. Bahareh Ghanoon (Islamic Republic of Iran); |
Bahareh Ghanoon女士(伊朗伊斯兰共和国)； |
| Ms. Randa Hasfura (El Salvador); |
Randa Hasfura女士(萨尔瓦多)； |
| Mr. Marvin Ikondere (Uganda); |
Marvin Ikondere先生(乌干达)； |
| Ms. Natalia Jiménez Alegria (Mexico); |
Natalia Jiménez Alegria女士(墨西哥)； |
| Ms. Jolane T. Lauzon (Canada); |
Jolane T. Lauzon女士(加拿大)； |
| Ms. Yasmine Luhandjula (Democratic Republic of the Congo); |
Yasmine Luhandjula女士(刚果民主共和国)； |
| Mr. Neil Nucup (Philippines); |
Neil Nucup先生(菲律宾)； |
| Ms. Magma Sountouma (Togo); |
Magma Sountouma女士(多哥)； |
| Ms. Dana Talic (Saudi Arabia); |
Dana Talic女士(沙特阿拉伯)； |
| Ms. Ornela Flavia Vanzillotta (Argentina); |
Ornela Flavia Vanzillotta女士(阿根廷)； |
| Ms. Anita Yadav (India); |
Anita Yadav女士(印度)； |
| Mr. Satomi Yanagidani (Japan); |
Satomi Yanagidani先生(日本)； |
| and Ms. Patricia Zghibarta (Republic of Moldova). |
以及Patricia Zghibarta女士(摩尔多瓦共和国)。 |
| The Selection Committee, chaired by Mr. Makane Moïse Mbengue, Professor of International Law at the University of Geneva, met on 3 May 2023 and selected 23 candidates from 105 applications. |
由日内瓦大学国际法教授Makane Moïse Mbengue先生担任主席的甄选委员会于2023年5月3日开会，从105名申请人中选出23名候选人。 |
